Prach transmission power control based on time difference between pdcch orders

Description

1 / 69 “PRACH TRANSMISSION POWER CONTROL BASED ON THE TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PDCCH ORDERS” CROSS-REFERENCE ON RELATED REQUEST

[001] This application claims priority over Provisional Patent Application No. US 63 / 456,957, filed April 4, 2023, and Provisional Patent Application No. US 63 / 465,411, filed May 10, 2023, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND

[002] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) can be configured to measure one or more beams from a cell (e.g., in RRC_CONNECTED mode). One or more measurement results (e.g., power values) can be used (e.g., averaged) to derive a cell quality. The cell quality from one or more beam measurements can be derived similarly for one or more service cells and / or for non-service cells.

[003] A WTRU can be configured to measure one or more beams from a cell and / or the result(s) of the measurement(s). In RRC_CONNECTED, for example, the WTRU can measure one or more (e.g., multiple) beams from a cell. One or more measurement results (e.g., the power value(s)) can be calculated to obtain the cell quality. When doing so, the WTRU can be configured to consider a subset of the one or more detected beams. Filtering can occur at one or more (e.g., two) different levels. Filtering can occur at the physical layer to derive beam quality. Filtering can occur at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) level to derive cell quality from one or more (e.g., multiple) beams. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 10 / 97 2 / 69 service cells and for non-service cells. One or more measurement reports may include one or more measurement results from one or more X stronger (e.g., better) beams, for example, if the WTRU is configured to do so by gNB. SUMMARY

[004] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) can be configured with respect to physical random access channel (PRACH) power control based on the time difference between one or more physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) orders. The WTRU can be configured with respect to PRACH power control with a transmission index within the PDCCH order. The WTRU can be configured with respect to PRACH power control based on one or more cell measurements.

[005] A WTRU can be configured to perform PRACH power control based on the time difference between PDCCH orders. The WTRU can perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU can reset the power increment counter for a first cell (e.g., it can set the counter to 1). The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order for a Random Access Channel (RACH) preamble transmission for a first cell (e.g., a candidate cell). The WTRU can determine a time difference between the time the PDCCH order was received and the time a previous PDCCH order was received.

[006] If the cell ID indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the ID of a previous PDCCH order, and provided that the time difference between the time the current PDCCH order was received and the previous PDCCH order was received is less than a threshold, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU may determine (e.g., set) a first power increment counter value equal to the increment counter of Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 11 / 97 3 / 69 power plus one (e.g., power increase counter = power increase counter +1). WTRU can determine a first PRACH transmission power, for example, based on the first determined power increase counter. WTRU can transmit a first PRACH, for example, using the first determined PRACH power.

[007] If the cell ID indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the ID of a previous PDCCH order, and provided that the time difference between the time the current PDCCH order was received and the previous PDCCH order was received is greater than or equal to a threshold, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU may determine (e.g., reset) a second power increment counter value. The WTRU may determine a second PRACH transmission power, for example, using the second determined power increment counter. The WTRU may transmit the PRACH, for example, using the second determined PRACH transmission power.

[008] The WTRU can determine the PRACH transmit power if a cell ID in the PDCCH order is the same as in a previous PDCCH order. The WTRU can determine the PRACH transmit power based on the indication in the PDCCH order. The previous PDCCH order may include a first cell identifier (e.g., a first physical cell identifier (PCI)) and / or a first RS index. The WTRU can determine that the PDCCH order is a retransmission when the PDCCH order comprises the first cell identifier and / or the first RS index. The WTRU can increase the power increase counter based on an indication in the PDCCH order.

[009] A WTRU can receive a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) order for a random access channel transmission. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 12 / 97 4 / 69 physical (PRACH) for a first cell. The WTRU may, provided that an identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in a previous PDCCH order and that the time difference between the time the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received is below a threshold, increase a PRACH power by one power step and / or transmit the PRACH transmission at the increased PRACH power. The WTRU may, provided that the identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in the previous PDCCH order and the time difference between the time the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received is equal to or greater than the threshold, reset the PRACH power and / or transmit the PRACH at the reset PRACH power.Redefining the PRACH power may involve determining the PRACH power without the power step and / or with a power step multiplier set to 0.

[010] The PDCCH order may include a physical cell identity (PCI), an index associated with the first cell, and / or a reference signal (RS). The WTRU may determine that a PCI indicated in the PDCCH order is the same PCI received in the previous PDCCH order. The WTRU may determine that an index associated with the first cell in the PDCCH order is the same index associated with the first cell received in the previous PDCCH order. The WTRU may determine that an RS in the PDCCH order is the same RS received in the previous PDCCH order.

[011] The WTRU can determine the power step based on a power control field. The WTRU can determine the power step based on a reference signal. The PDCCH order may include a synchronization signal block (SSB) index and / or a channel state interference-RS (CSIRS) index. The WTRU can determine a random access (RO) occasion to transmit the PRACH transmission. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 13 / 97 5 / 69

[012] The WTRU can start a timer, for example, when the first PDCCH order is received to determine the PRACH power increase. The WTRU can increase the PRACH power based on an explicit indication included in the PDCCH order. The WTRU can increase the PRACH power based on a progressive power increase counter value. The WTRU can update and / or reset the progressive power increase counter value. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[013] Figure 1A is a system diagram that illustrates an exemplary communications system in which one or more disclosed modalities can be implemented.

[014] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that can be used within the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A according to one embodiment.

[015] Figure 1C is a system diagram that illustrates an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary core network (CN) that can be used within the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A according to a modality.

[016] Figure 1D is a system diagram that illustrates an additional exemplary RAN and an additional exemplary CN that can be used within the communications system illustrated in Figure 1A according to a modality.

[017] Figure 2 represents a system diagram that illustrates an example of a (e.g., high-level) measurement model.

[018] Figure 3 represents a diagram that illustrates an example of L1 / 2 intercellular mobility using CA. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[019] Figure 1A is a diagram illustrating a communications system. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 14 / 97 6 / 69 100 is an exemplary system in which one or more disclosed modalities can be implemented. The 100 communications system can be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasting, etc., to multiple wireless users. The 100 communications system can allow multiple wireless users to access this content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, 100 communications systems can employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail single-word DFT scatter OFDM (ZT UW DFT-s OFDM), single-word OFDM (UWOFDM), filtered resource block OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[020] As shown in Figure 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110 and other networks 112, although it is understood that the disclosed embodiments may encompass any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment.By way of example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or a “STA”, may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop computer, a netbook computer, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet device. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 15 / 97 7 / 69 of Things (IoT), a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated process chain contexts), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as a WTRU.

[021] Communication systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interact with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110 and / or other networks 112. By way of example, base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a B-Node, an eNode B, a Home B-Node, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR B-Node, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router and the like. Although base stations 114a and 114b are each represented as a single element, it will be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[022] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be called a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or in a Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 16 / 97 8 / 69 Combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell can provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may also be divided into cellular sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In another embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[023] Base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d via an air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[024] More specifically, as noted above, communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and the like. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 / 113 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include high-speed downlink (DL) packet access (HSDPA) and / or high-speed UL packet access (HSUPA). Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 17 / 97 9 / 69

[025] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[026] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology, such as NR Radio Access, which can establish the 116 air interface using New Radio (NR).

[027] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[028] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), GSM Evolution Enhanced Data Rates (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN) and similar.

[029] Base station 114b in Figure 1A can be a wireless router, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, or an access point, for example, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a workplace, a home, a vehicle, a campus, a Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 18 / 97 10 / 69 industrial installation, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a highway, and similar. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in Figure 1A, base station 114b can have a direct connection to the 110 Internet. Therefore, base station 114b may not be required to access the 110 Internet via CN 106 / 115.

[030] RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calls, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication.Although not shown in Figure 1A, it will be understood that RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113, which may be using NR radio technology, CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not...). Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 19 / 97 11 / 69 shown) employing GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA or WiFi radio technology.

[031] Document CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a communication gateway for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110 and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks providing simple telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices using common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. Networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, 112 networks may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[032] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multimode capabilities (for example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communication with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, WTRU 102c shown in Figure 1A may be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[033] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a numeric keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136 and / or other peripherals 138, Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 20 / 97 12 / 69 among others. It will be understood that WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the preceding elements, while remaining consistent with a modality.

[034] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate array circuits (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that allows WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmit / receive element 122.Although Figure 1B depicts processor 118 and transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be understood that processor 118 and transceiver 120 can be integrated together in a single electronic package or chip.

[035] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive infrared, ultraviolet, or visible light signals, for example. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive RF and light signals. It will be understood that the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[036] Although the transmission / reception element 122 is represented in Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 21 / 97 13 / 69 Figure 1B shows that as a single element, the WTRU 102 can include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 can employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) to transmit and receive wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[037] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, WTRU 102 can have multimode capabilities. Thus, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to allow WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[038] The WTRU 102 processor 118 can be coupled to and can receive user input data from the speaker / microphone 124, the numeric keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 can also send user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the numeric keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 can access information and store data in any suitable type of memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 can include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory card, a secure digital memory (SD) card, and similar items.In other configurations, processor 118 can access information and store data in memory that is not physically located in WTRU 102, such as in a server or a home computer (not shown). Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 22 / 97 14 / 69

[039] Processor 118 can receive power from power source 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components in WTRU 102. Power source 134 can be any device suitable for powering WTRU 102. For example, power source 134 can include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[040] Processor 118 may also be coupled to GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) relative to the current location of WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from GPS chipset 136, WTRU 102 may receive location information via air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be understood that WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable method of location determination, remaining consistent with a mode.

[041] The processor 118 may also be coupled with other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or video), a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker and the like. Peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 23 / 97 15 / 69 sensors may be one or more of the following: gyroscope, accelerometer, Hall effect sensor, magnetometer, orientation sensor, proximity sensor, temperature sensor, time sensor; geolocation sensor; altimeter, light sensor, touch sensor, magnetometer, barometer, gesture sensor, biometric sensor and / or humidity sensor.

[042] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to substantially reduce and / or eliminate self-interference by means of hardware (e.g., an inductor) or signal processing by means of a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or by means of processor 118). In one embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) are performed.

[043] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one mode. As noted above, RAN 104 can employ E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can also be in communication with CN 106.

[044] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it is possible that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with a mode. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In a mode, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 24 / 97 16 / 69 implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[045] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown in Figure 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[046] The CN 106 shown in Figure 1C may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Service Communication Port (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) (or PGW) 166. Although each of the above elements is described as part of CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[047] MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in RAN 104 via an S1 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, carrier activation / deactivation, selecting a specific service communication port during an initial connection of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and similar. MME 162 can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[048] SGW 164 can be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. SGW 164 can generally route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring user planes during transfers between eNode Bs, triggering paging when DL data is available. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 25 / 97 17 / 69 available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, manage and store contexts of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and similar.

[049] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[050] CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional landline communication devices. For example, CN 106 can include, or communicate with, an IP communication port (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[051] Although the WTRU is described in Figures 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[052] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 can be a WLAN.

[053] A WLAN in Basic Services Infrastructure Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or other type of wired / wireless network that carries inbound and / or outbound traffic from the BSS. Traffic to STAs originating from outside the BSS may reach Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 26 / 97 Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS can be sent to the AP for delivery to the respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent through the AP, for example, where the originating STA can send traffic to the AP and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS can be considered and / or called point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic can be sent between (e.g., directly between) the originating and destination STAs with a Direct Link System (DLS) configuration. In certain representative modes, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS Mode (IBSS) may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all STAs) within or using the IBSS can communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication method may sometimes be referred to in this document as an “ad-hoc” communication method.

[054] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit a radio beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz bandwidth) or a width dynamically defined through signaling. The primary channel can be the BSS's trigger channel and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Collision Avoidance Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA), including the AP, can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed and / or determined to be occupied by a specific STA, that specific STA can back off. An STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any time on a given BSS.

[055] High-throughput (HT) STAs can use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, through a combination of Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 27 / 97 19 / 69 primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[056] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which can be called an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, can be passed through a segment analyzer that can split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed on each stream separately. Streams can be mapped to the two 80 MHz channels, and data can be transmitted via a broadcast STA.At the receiving STA receiver, the operation described above for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[057] Operating modes below 1 GHz are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel and carrier bandwidths are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports bandwidths of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz in the TV white space spectrum (TVWS), and 802.11ah supports bandwidths of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support Meter Type Control / Machine Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., support only for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 28 / 97 20 / 69 a battery with a lifespan exceeding a certain limit (for example, to maintain a very long lifespan).

[058] WLAN systems, which can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the highest common trigger operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be defined and / or limited by an STA, among all STAs operating in a BSS, that supports the lowest bandwidth operating mode. In the 802.11ah example, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sense and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the primary channel status.If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to an STA (which only supports a 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands can be considered occupied, even if most frequency bands remain idle and could be available.

[059] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is from 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[060] Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to a modality. As noted above, RAN 113 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 113 can also be in communication Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 29 / 97 21 / 69 with CN 115.

[061] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it is possible that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs, remaining consistent with a mode. gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In a mode, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may use beamforming to transmit signals and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown).A subset of these component carriers may be in unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be in licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement CoMP (Coordinated Multipoint) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[062] WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or the OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various time spans or scalable spans (e.g., containing a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting multiple absolute time spans). Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 30 / 97 22 / 69

[063] gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone and / or non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility docking point. In a standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN, such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c.For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in a substantially simultaneous manner. In a non-autonomous configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to support WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[064] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, network slicing support, dual connectivity, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data to the User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information to the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b, and similar. As shown in Figure 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can communicate with each other via an Xn interface. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 31 / 97 23 / 69

[065] The CN 115 shown in Figure 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the above elements is described as part of the CN 115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[066] The AMF 182a, 182b can be connected to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 113 via an N2 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, managing the log area, terminating NAS signaling, managing mobility, and similar tasks. Network slicing can be used by AMF 182a, 182b to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being used in WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on ultra-reliable low-latency access (URLLC), services that rely on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine-type communication (MTC) access, and / or similar. AMF 162 can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[067] SMF 183a, 183b can be connected to AMF 182a, 182b on CN 115 via an N11 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can also be connected to UPF 184a, 184b on CN 115 via an N4 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can select and control UPF 184a, 184b and configure traffic routing. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 32 / 97 24 / 69 via UPF 184a, 184b. SMF 183a, 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating WTRU IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy and QoS enforcement, providing downlink data notifications, and similar functions. A PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and similar.

[068] UPF 184a, 184b can be connected to one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184, 184b can perform other functions such as packet routing and forwarding, user plane policy enforcement, multi-domestic PDU session support, user plane QoS handling, downlink packet buffering, mobility tethering provision, and the like.

[069] CN 115 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 115 may include, or communicate with, an IP communication port (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 115 and PSTN 108. In addition, CN 115 may provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b via UPF 184a, 184b through interface N3 to UPF 184a, 184b and an interface N6 between UPF 184a, 184b and DN 185a, 185b.

[070] In view of Figures 1A-1D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described in this document relate to one or more of the following: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 33 / 97 25 / 69 B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, or any other devices described in this document may be implemented by one or more emulation devices (not shown). Emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described in this document. For example, emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[071] Emulation devices can be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in a carrier network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while being wholly or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may perform tests using wireless communications over the air.

[072] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more functions, including all, without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, emulation devices may be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or an undeployed wired and / or wireless communication network (e.g., test) to implement the testing of one or more components. One or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via an RF circuit array (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 34 / 97 26 / 69 transmit and / or receive data.

[073] A WTRU can be configured to measure one or more beams from a cell and / or the result(s) of the measurement(s). In RRC_CONNECTED, for example, the WTRU can measure one or more (e.g., multiple) beams from a cell. One or more measurement results (e.g., the power value(s)) can be calculated to obtain the cell quality. When doing so, the WTRU can be configured to consider a subset of the one or more detected beams. Filtering can occur at one or more (e.g., two) different levels. Filtering can occur at the physical layer to derive beam quality. Filtering can occur at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) level to derive cell quality from one or more (e.g., multiple) beams. Cell quality from one or more beam measurements can be derived similarly (e.g., in the same way) for one or more service cells and for non-service cells.One or more measurement reports may include one or more measurement results from one or more X stronger (i.e., better) beams, for example, if WTRU is configured to do so by gNB.

[074] Figure 2 depicts a system diagram that illustrates an exemplary high-level measurement model.

[075] A WTRU can be configured in relation to Channel Status Information (CSI) reports. The CSI can be used as an indicator of the WTRU to the network about how good or bad a channel is at any given time. The CSI can be used by gNB to make one or more scheduling determinations (e.g., modulation selection) and / or to assist in beamforming.

[076] The one or more time and / or frequency resources that can be used by WTRU to report CSI can be controlled by gNB. CSI can include a Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 35 / 97 27 / 69 or more among: Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI Reference Signal Feature Indicator (CSI-RS) (CRI), Synchronization Block Signal Feature Indicator (SS) / Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) (SSBRI), Layer Indicator (LI), Classification Indicator (RI), Received L1 Reference Signal Power (RSRP), L1 Interference Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SINR) and / or Capability[Set]Index.

[077] For CQI, PMI, CRI, SSBRI, LI, RI, L1-RSRP, L1-SINR and / or Capability[Set]Index, a WTRU can be configured by one or more top-level layers with N>1 CSI-ReportConfig reporting configurations, M>1 CSI-ResourceConfig resource configurations and / or one or more (e.g., two) trigger state lists (e.g., given by one or more top-level CSI-AperiodicTriggerStateList and / or CSI-SemiPersistentOnPUSCHTriggerStateList parameters). One or more (e.g., each) trigger states in CSIAperiodicTriggerStateList may include a list of associated CSI-ReportConfigs indicating the Resource Set IDs for channel and / or for interference. One or more (e.g., each) trigger states in CSI-SemiPersistentOnPUSCHTriggerStateList may include one or more associated CSI-ReportConfigs.

[078] One or more (e.g., each) CSIReportConfig reporting configurations may be associated with a (e.g., single) Downlink Bandwidth Part (BWP) (e.g., indicated by the top-layer parameter BWP-Id) provided in the associated CSI-ResourceConfig for channel measurement and / or may include one or more parameters for one or more CSI reporting bands: codebook configuration, including codebook subset restriction, time-domain behavior, frequency granularity for CQI and / or PMI, one or more measurement restriction configurations and / or one or more CSI-triggered quantities to be reported by the WTRU, such as Layer Indicator (LI), L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, CRI and / or Block Feature Indicator. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 36 / 97 28 / 69 Synchronization Signal (SSB) (SSBRI) and / or Capability[Set]Index.

[079] The CSI-ReportConfig time domain behavior can be indicated by the top-layer parameter reportConfigType and / or can be set to “aperiodic”, “semiPersistentOnPUCCH”, “semiPersistentOnPUSCH”, and / or “periodic”. For “periodic” and “semiPersistentOnPUCCH / semiPersistentOnPUSCH” CSI reporting, the configured periodicity and slot offset can be applied to the UL BWP numerology where CSI reporting is configured to be transmitted. The top-layer parameter reportQuantity can indicate the quantity (or quantities) re-triggered to CSI, L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, and / or Capability[Set]Index to be reported. reportFreqConfiguration can indicate the granularity of the report in the frequency domain, including the CSI reporting band and / or whether PMI / CQI reporting is broadband and / or sub-band.The `timeRestrictionForChannelMeasurements` parameter in CSI-ReportConfig can be configured to enable time-domain restriction for one or more channel measurements, and / or `timeRestrictionForInterferenceMeasurements` can be configured to enable time-domain restriction for one or more interference measurements. Additionally or alternatively, CSI-ReportConfig can include `CodebookConfig`, which can include one or more configuration parameters for Type I, Type II, Enhanced CSI Type II, and / or Enhanced Type II Port Selection, including codebook subset restriction when applicable, and / or one or more group-based reporting configurations.

[080] One or more (e.g., each) CSI-ResourceConfig CSI Resource Settings may include a configuration of a list of S>1 CSI Resource Sets (e.g., given by the top-layer parameter csi-RSResourceSetList), where the list may include one or more references to one or more (e.g., any one or both) power CSI-RS resource sets. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 37 / 97 29 / 69 non-zero (NZP) and / or SS / PBCH block set(s) or the list is composed of references to CSI-IM resource sets. One or more (e.g., each) CSI Resource Configurations may be located in the DL BWP identified by the top-layer parameter BWP-id, and / or one or more (e.g., all) CSI Resource Configurations linked to a CSI Reporting Configuration may have the same DL BWP.

[081] The time domain behavior of the CSI-RS resource(s) within a CSI Resource Configuration can be indicated by the top-tier parameter resourceType and / or can be set to aperiodic, periodic, and / or semi-persistent. For periodic and semi-persistent CSI resource configurations, when the WTRU is configured with groupBasedBeamReportingr17, the number of configured CSI resource sets can be S=2, and the number of configured CSI-RS resource sets can be (e.g., limited to) S=1. For periodic and / or semi-persistent CSI resource configurations, the configured periodicity and / or slot offset can be provided in the numerology of its associated DL BWP, as provided by the BWP-id. When a WTRU is configured with multiple CSI-ResourceConfigs consisting of the same NZP CSI-RS resource ID, the same time domain behavior can be configured for the CSI-ResourceConfigs.When a WTRU is configured with one or more (e.g., multiple) CSI-ResourceConfigs that include the same CSI-IM resource ID, the same time domain behavior can be configured for the CSI-ResourceConfigs. One or more (e.g., all) CSI resource configurations linked to a CSI reporting configuration can have the same time domain behavior.

[082] One or more of the following can be configured via top-layer signaling for one or more CSI feature configurations. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 38 / 97 30 / 69 for channel and interference measurement. The CSI-Interference Measurement (CSIIM) feature can be configured for one or more interference measurements. The NZP CSI-RS feature can be configured for one or more interference measurements. The NZP CSI-RS feature can be configured for one or more channel measurements.

[083] The WTRU can be configured with a list of one or more Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI) state settings. One or more (e.g., each) TCI states can include one or more parameters to configure a quasi-co-location relationship between one or more (e.g., two) downlink reference signals and one or more DM-RS ports of the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), the DM-RS port of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), and / or one or more CSIRS ports of a CSI-RS resource. The quasi-co-location relationship can be configured by the upper-layer parameter qcl-Type1 for the first DL RS and / or qcl-Type2 for the second DL RS (e.g., if configured).One or more types of quasi-co-localization corresponding to one or more (e.g., each) DL RSs may be provided by the qcl-Type upper-layer parameter in QCL-Info and / or may consider one or more of the following values: 'typeA'; 'typeB'; 'typeC'; and / or 'typeD'. 'TypeA' may include Doppler shift, Doppler spread, mean delay, and / or delay spread. 'TypeB' may include Doppler shift and / or Doppler spread. 'TypeC' may include Doppler shift and / or mean delay. 'TypeD' may include one or more Spatial receiver parameters.

[084] A WTRU can be configured with respect to intercellular L1 / 2 mobility. Intercellular L1 / 2 mobility can be used to manage one or more bundles in the case of carrier aggregation (CA), but cell switching and / or cell addition may not be supported. One or more WI objectives “Additional NR Mobility Enhancements” may specify one or more L1 / L2-based intercellular mobility mechanisms and / or procedures for reducing Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 39 / 97 31 / 69 Mobility Latency. A WTRU can be configured with respect to mobility based on L1 / L2 and / or intercellular beam management which includes one or more intra-DU and / or intrafrequency scenarios. In examples, the service cell may remain unchanged (e.g., there may be no possibility of changing the service cell using L1 / 2-based mobility). In one or more FR2 deployments, the CA can be used to exploit available bandwidth, for example, to aggregate one or more (e.g., multiple) Component Carriers (CCs) in one band. These CCs can be transmitted with the same pair of analog beams (e.g., gNB beam and / or WTRU beam). The WTRU can be configured with one or more TCI states (e.g., it can have a fairly large number) for PDCCH and / or PDSCH reception. For example, a WTRU can be configured with sixty-four (64) TCI states for PDCCH and / or PDSCH reception.One or more (e.g., each) TCI states may include an RS and / or SSB to which the WTRU refers to define its beam. The SSB may be associated with a non-service Physical Cell Identification (PCI). Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling (e.g., “TCI state indication for WTRU-specific PDCCH MAC-CE”) may activate the TCI state for a Coreset / PDCCH. PDCCH reception from a non-service cell may be supported by the MAC Control Element (CE) indicating a TCI state associated with the non-service PCI. MAC signaling (e.g., “Activation / deactivation of TCI states for WTRU-specific PDSCH”) may activate a subset of (e.g., up to) 8 TCI states for PDSCH reception. Downlink Control (DCI) information may indicate which of the 8 TCI states.WTRU can be configured to support "unified TCI state" with one or more different update mechanisms (e.g., DCI-based and / or multi-TRP).

[085] One or more targets of L1 / 2 intercellular mobility may be Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 40 / 97 32 / 69 Improve handover transfer latency; with an L3 and / or conditional handover transfer, the WTRU can (e.g., first) send a measurement report using RRC signaling. In response to this, for example, the network can provide a (e.g., additional) measurement configuration and / or potentially a conditional handover transfer configuration. With a handover transfer, the network can provide a configuration for a target cell, for example, after the WTRU reports using RRC signaling that the cell meets a configured radio quality criterion.

[086] One or more objectives of L1 / 2-based intercellular mobility include a rapid (e.g., efficient, fast) application of one or more configurations to one or more candidate cells, including dynamic switching of Secondary Cells (SCells) and / or switching of the Primary Cell (PCell) (e.g., switching functions between SCell and PCell) without performing RRC signaling. The Inter-Centralized Unit (CU) case may not be included, as inter-CU may involve relocation of the anchor Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) and / or may have (e.g., already) been excluded from the work item. Therefore, an RRC-based approach may be included (e.g., at least) to support inter-CU handover transfer.

[087] Furthermore, with one or more legacy L3 handover transfer mechanisms, one or more (e.g., any) currently active SCells may be released before the WTRU completes the handover transfer to a target cell in the coverage area of ​​another (e.g., new) site and / or may (e.g., only) be added again after the successful handover transfer, which may lead to throughput degradation during the handover transfer. One or more L1 / 2 targets, therefore, may be to allow the CA operation to be activated instantly upon meeting the cell change.

[088] Figure 3 illustrates an example of intercellular mobility operation. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 41 / 97 33 / 69 L1 / 2. As shown in Figure 2, a group of candidate cells can be configured by RRC and / or a dynamic PCell and SCell switching is achieved using L1 / 2 signaling. A WTRU can send a MeasurementReport message to the gNB. The gNB can determine the use of Lower Layer Triggered Mobility (LTM) (e.g., Layer 1) and / or can initiate LTM candidate preparation. The gNB can transmit an RRCReconfiguration message to the WTRU. The RRCReconfiguration message can include the configuration of one or more (e.g., multiple) LTM candidate target cells. The WTRU can store the configuration of one or more LTM candidate cells and / or can transmit an RRCReconfigurationComplete message to the gNB. The WTRU can perform Downlink (DL) synchronization and / or timing advance (TA) acquisition with one or more candidate cells, for example, before receiving the LTM cell switching command.The WTRU can perform one or more L1 measurements on one or more configured LTM candidate cells and / or transmit one or more lower layer measurement reports to the gNB. Lower layer measurement reports can be transmitted in L1 or MAC. The gNB can determine whether to perform LTM cell switching to a target cell and / or transmit a MAC control element (CE) triggering LTM cell switching, for example, including the target cell candidate configuration index. The WTRU can switch to the LTM candidate target cell configuration. The WTRU can perform a random access (RA) procedure towards the target cell, for example, if TA is unavailable. The WTRU can indicate the successful completion of LTM cell switching towards the target cell.

[089] A WTRU can be configured to perform random access. The physical random access procedure can be triggered by a request for a PRACH transmission from one or more upper layers and / or by a Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 42 / 97 34 / 69 PDCCH order. A configuration of one or more upper layers for a PRACH transmission may include one or more of the following: a configuration for PRACH transmission; and / or a preamble index, a preamble subcarrier spacing (SCS), a corresponding Radio Network Identifier with RA (RARNTI), and / or a PRACH feature.

[090] A PRACH can be transmitted using the selected PRACH format. For the Type 1 random access procedure, a WTRU can receive a number N of SS / PBCH block indices associated with a PRACH occasion and / or a number R of contention-based preambles per SS / PBCH block index per valid PRACH occasion per ssb-perRACH-OccasionAndCBPreamblesPerSSB.

[091] One or more PRACH occasions can be mapped consecutively by corresponding SS / PBCH block index. The PRACH occasion indexing indicated by the mask index value can be redefined by mapping consecutive PRACH occasions by SS / PBCH block index. WTRU can select, for a PRACH transmission, the PRACH occasion indicated by the PRACH mask index value for the SS / PBCH block index indicated in the (e.g., first) available mapping cycle.

[092] The indicated preamble index may include an order of one or more PRACH occasions. For example, the (e.g., first) order of PRACH occasions may be based on and / or include an ascending order of one or more frequency feature indices for one or more frequency-multiplexed PRACH occasions. For example, the (e.g., second) order of one or more PRACH occasions may be based on and / or include an ascending order of one or more time feature indices for one or more time-multiplexed PRACH occasions within a PRACH slot. For example, the (e.g., third) order of one or more PRACH occasions may be based Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 43 / 97 35 / 69 in ascending order of one or more indices for one or more PRACH slots.

[093] The random access procedure can be initiated by a PDCCH order, by the MAC entity itself and / or by RRC for one or more (e.g., certain) events.

[094] A WTRU can be configured with respect to the transmission power of the PRACH. A WTRU can determine a transmission power for a physical random access channel (PRACH), Ppracha / -,c(0 in the active Uplink (UL) BWP b of the carrier f of the service cell c based on DL RS for service cell c at transmission time i. The WTRU can determine the transmission power for a PRACH based on Equation 1. PpRACH,b,f,c(P) =min{PcMAX,f,c(i)'PpRACH,target,f,c(@@)PLb,f,c}(1) PCMAx,r,c(i') can be the maximum output power configured by the WTRU for carrier f of service cell c during transmission i. Pprach,target,r.c can be the target receive power of PRACH PREAMBLE_RECEIVED_TARGET_POWER provided by one or more upper layers for the active UL BWP b of carrier f of cell c. PLbific may be a path loss for the active UL b carrier BWP based on the DL RS associated with PRACH transmission in the active DL BWP of cell ce calculated by the UE in dB as referenceSignalPower - upper layer filtered RSRP in dBm. If the active DL BWP is the initial DL BWP and / or for the SS / PBCH block and / or CORESET 2 or 3 multiplexing standard, for example, the WTRU can determine PLb,f,c based on the SS / PBCH block associated with the PRACH transmission.

[095] If a PRACH transmission from a WTRU is in response to the detection of a PDCCH order by the WTRU that triggers a contention-free random access procedure and / or depending on the DL RS with which the DM-RS of the PDCCH order is quasi-colocalized, the referenceSignalPower may be Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 44 / 97 36 / 69 provided by ss-PBCH-BlockPower. Additionally or alternatively, if the WTRU is configured with resources for periodic CSI-RS reception and / or PRACH transmission is associated with a link recovery procedure (e.g., where a corresponding qnew index may be associated with a periodic CSI-RS configuration), the referenceSignalPower can be obtained by ssPBCH-BlockPower and / or powerControlDesvioSS where powerControlDesvioSS can provide a deviation of the CSI-RS transmission power relative to the SS / PBCH block transmission power. If powerControlDesvioSS is not provided to the WTRU, the WTRU can consider a deviation of 0 dB. If the active TCI status for the PDCCH providing the PDCCH order includes two RSs, for example, the WTRU can expect one RS to be configured with qcl-Type set to 'typeD' and / or the WTRU can use the RS when applying a value provided by powerControlDesvioSS.

[096] The DCI for the PDCCH order can be described as follows. If the CRC of the DCI 1_0 format is scrambled by C-RNTI and / or the frequency domain resource assignment field comprises ones (e.g., all ones(1)), the DCI 1_0 format can be associated with a random access procedure initiated by a PDCCH order, with one or more (e.g., all) of the remaining fields defined as follows. A random access preamble index field can include one or more (e.g., 6) bits, for example, according to ra-PreambleIndex. A UL indicator and / or a supplementary uplink (SUL) indicator can include one bit.If the Random Access Preamble index field value is not zero (e.g., all zeros) and / or if the WTRU is configured with a supplemental Uplink in a ServingCellConfig on the cell, for example, the Random Access Preamble index field can indicate which UL carrier on the cell will transmit the PRACH; otherwise, the Random Access Preamble index field can be reserved. The SS / PBCH index can include one or more (e.g., 6) bits. If the index field value... Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 45 / 97 If the Random Access Preamble index 37 / 69 is not zero (e.g., all zeros), the SS / PBCH index field may indicate the SS / PBCH that can be used to determine the RACH occasion for PRACH transmission; otherwise, the SS / PBCH index field may be reserved. The PRACH Mask index field may include one or more (e.g., 4) bits. If the Random Access Preamble index value is not zero (e.g., all zeros), the PRACH Mask index field may indicate the RACH occasion associated with the SS / PBCH indicated by the SS / PBCH index field for PRACH transmission; otherwise, the SS / PBCH index field may be reserved.One or more reserved bits may include one or more (e.g., 12) bits for operation in a cell with access to the shared spectrum channel in frequency band 1 and / or when the DCI format can be monitored in a common seek space for operation in a cell in frequency band 2-2; otherwise, the reserved bits may include one or more (e.g., 10) bits.

[097] In L1 mobility, a WTRU can be used to perform uplink timing alignment with a candidate cell before cell switching. Timing alignment can be performed by transmitting PRACH to the candidate cell. In one or more scenarios, such as insufficient WTRU transmission power, the PRACH may not be received and / or detected (e.g., reliably) to estimate timing advance. The WTRU can be configured to include a power control mechanism to improve reliability.

[098] In examples, a WTRU can reset the power boost counter for a first cell (for example, it can set the counter to 1). The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order for a RACH preamble transmission for a first cell (for example, a candidate cell). For example, the WTRU can receive a PDCCH order for a physical RACH transmission. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 46 / 97 38 / 69 (PRACH) for a first cell. WTRU can determine a time difference between the time the PDCCH order was received and the time a previous PDCCH order was received.

[099] If the ID of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the ID of a previous PDCCH order, and provided that the time difference between the time the current PDCCH order was received and the previous PDCCH order was received is less than a threshold, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU may set a power upscaling counter value equal to the power upscaling counter plus one (e.g., power upscaling counter = power upscaling counter + 1). The WTRU may determine a PRACH power, for example, using the determined power upscaling counter. The WTRU may transmit the PRACH, for example, using the determined PRACH power.For example, under the condition that an identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in a previous PDCCH order and that the time difference between the time the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received is below a threshold, the WTRU may increase a PRACH power by one power step and / or transmit the PRACH transmission at the increased PRACH power.

[0100] If the cell ID indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the ID of a previous PDCCH order, and provided that the time difference between the time the current PDCCH order was received and the previous PDCCH order is greater than or equal to a threshold, then the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU may reset the power increment counter. The WTRU may determine the PRACH power, for example, using the determined power increment counter. The WTRU may transmit PRACH, for example, using the determined PRACH power. For example, under the Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 47 / 97 39 / 69 condition that the identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in the previous PDCCH order and the time difference between the time the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order was received is equal to or greater than the limit, WTRU may reset the PRACH power and / or may transmit the PRACH transmission at the reset PRACH power.

[0101] In the examples, a WTRU might receive a PDCCH order for a RACH preamble transmission to a cell (e.g., a candidate cell), where the PDCCH order might include a retransmission attempt index. For example, a WTRU might receive a PDCCH order for a RACH preamble transmission to a candidate cell, where the PDCCH order includes a retransmission attempt index. For an initial attempt, the WTRU might determine the initial attempt from the retransmission attempt index (e.g., being equal to zero). The WTRU might determine the transmit power for the initial attempt, for example, using the path loss determined from the measurement of an associated RS (e.g., the SSB of the candidate cell with the highest RSRP). The WTRU might transmit the initial attempt using the determined transmit power.

[0102] For a retransmission attempt, if the current retransmission attempt index (n) is equal to the previous retransmission attempt index plus one (+1), the WTRU may determine the current transmission power by adding a deviation to the previous transmission power. For example, when the retransmission attempt index indicates that the PRACH retransmission is a subsequent PRACH transmission after a previous PRACH transmission attempt, the transmission power is increased by a deviation from the transmission power of the previous PRACH transmission. If the current retransmission attempt index (n) is not equal to the previous retransmission attempt index plus one (+1), the WTRU may determine a transmission power for the retransmission attempt. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 48 / 97 40 / 69 adding a deviation to a transmission power corresponding to a last received (e.g., successfully received) PDCCH order. For example, when the retransmission attempt index indicates that the PRACH transmission is not a subsequent PRACH transmission after a previous PRACH transmission attempt, the transmission power is increased based on the last successfully received PDCCH order. The WTRU can transmit the PRACH using the determined transmission power. For example, the WTRU can transmit the PRACH retransmission using a transmission power based on the retransmission attempt index.

[0103] In examples, a WTRU can measure a first candidate cell. The WTRU can send a CSI report to the service cell. The CSI report can include one or more measurements of the first candidate cell. The measurement results associated with the first candidate cell can be carried on the L1 signaling and / or by the MAC. The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order to transmit a preamble to the first candidate cell. The WTRU can determine a time difference between the time the CSI report is sent and the time the PDCCH order is received. If the time difference is less than a threshold, the WTRU can determine that the first candidate cell is a high-priority cell and / or the WTRU can calculate a PRACH transmission power by adding a deviation to a determined power value.For example, under the condition that the time difference between the time the CSI report is sent and the time the PDCCH order is received at the WTRU is less than the threshold, the WTRU can transmit the PRACH at a second transmission power that is a deviation greater than the first transmission power value. If the time difference is equal to or greater than a threshold, the WTRU can calculate the PRACH transmission power as a determined power value. The WTRU can transmit PRACH with the determined PRACH transmission power. For example, under the condition... Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 49 / 97 41 / 69 if the time difference between the time the CSI report is sent and the time the PDCCH order is received at WTRU is equal to or greater than a threshold, WTRU may transmit a PRACH at a first transmission power value.

[0104] A WTRU can be configured in relation to one or more sets of candidate cells. One or more sets of candidate cells can be groups of one or more RRC configurations corresponding to a handover configuration for one or more special candidate cells (SpCells) and / or SCells. The one or more sets of candidate cells can be modeled and / or received as one or more complete RRC reconfiguration messages, one or more cell group configurations, and / or one or more cell configurations. One or more (e.g., each) of the candidate cell configurations can include a candidate configuration identifier. One or more (e.g., each) of the groups of candidate cells can include a candidate cell group identifier.If grouping is performed in the RRC, switching between one or more different sets of candidate cells may include updating service cell indexes and / or one or more candidate configuration indexes that are used in L1 and / or MAC signaling to refer to (e.g., specific indexes). For example, a MAC-CE that triggers reconfiguration may include a candidate configuration index informing the WTRU which cell to perform the reconfiguration on.

[0105] A WTRU can be configured with respect to L1 measurement. An L1 measurement, as described in this document, may include a measurement of RSRP, received reference signal quality (RSRQ), reference signal strength indicator (RSSI), etc., performed by a WTRU of a cell, beam, set of one or more cells and / or set of one or more beams. The L1 measurement may be performed on one or more CSI-RS resources and / or on one or more SSBs. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 50 / 97 42 / 69 The terms CSI-RS and CSI-RS resource may be used interchangeably in this document.

[0106] A WTRU can be configured to perform PRACH power control based on the time difference between PDCCH orders. The WTRU can perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU can reset the power increment counter for a first cell (for example, you can set the counter to 1). The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order for a PRACH preamble transmission to a first cell (for example, a candidate cell). For example, the WTRU can receive a PDCCH order for a PRACH transmission to a first cell. The WTRU can determine a time difference between the time the PDCCH order was received and the time a previous PDCCH order was received.

[0107] If the cell ID indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the ID of a previous PDCCH order, and provided that the time difference between the time the current PDCCH order was received and the previous PDCCH order was received is less than a threshold, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU may determine (e.g., set) a power up counter equal to the power up counter plus one (e.g., power up counter = power up counter + 1). The WTRU may determine a PRACH power, for example, using the determined power up counter. The WTRU may transmit the PRACH, for example, using the determined PRACH power.For example, under the condition that an identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in a previous PDCCH order, and that the time difference between the time the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received is below a threshold, the WTRU may increase a PRACH power by one power step and / or. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 51 / 97 43 / 69 transmit the PRACH transmission at increased PRACH power.

[0108] If the cell ID indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the ID of a previous PDCCH order, and provided that the time difference between the time the current PDCCH order was received and the previous PDCCH order was received is greater than or equal to a threshold, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU may reset the power increment counter. The WTRU may determine the PRACH power, for example, using the determined power increment counter. The WTRU may transmit PRACH, for example, using the determined PRACH power. For example, provided that the identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the identifier received in the previous PDCCH order and the time difference between the time the PDCCH order was received and the previous PDCCH order was received is equal to or greater than the threshold, the WTRU may reset the PRACH power and / or transmit the PRACH transmission at the reset PRACH power.

[0109] The WTRU may receive a PDCCH order to initiate a PRACH preamble transmission. The PDCCH order may include an identifier for the target cell to which the preamble transmission may be intended. The identifier may be a PCI, an index associated with the target cell, etc. For example, the PDCCH order may include a PCI, an index associated with the first cell, and / or an RS index.

[0110] The WTRU, based on the cell identifier, can determine one or more PRACH features to be used for PRACH transmission. For example, the WTRU can determine one or more time and / or frequency features at which to transmit the PRACH. The PDCCH order can include a preamble index. The PDCCH order can include a reference signal (e.g., an SSB index and / or a CSI / RS index). The SSB index and / or the CSI-RS index can be used by the WTRU to determine the random access (RO) occasion at which Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 52 / 97 44 / 69 transmit the PRACH preamble. For example, the WTRU can determine the RO on which to transmit the PRACH transmission. The WTRU can determine the RO on which to transmit the PRACH transmission based on the SSB index and / or CSIRS index included in the PDCCH order. The WTRU can calculate the path loss using the indicated RS, for example, the indicated SSB. If the indicated RS is a CSI-RS, the WTRU can determine the path loss of the SSB that is quasi-colocalized with the CSI-RS. The PDCCH order can include a PRACH mask. For example, the WTRU can determine the power step (e.g., as described herein) based on a reference signal.

[0111] The WTRU may receive a first order (e.g., an initial PDCCH order). The initial PDCCH order may include a first PCI and / or a first RS index (e.g., an SSB index and / or a CSI-RS index). The WTRU may receive a second PDCCH order. The second PDCCH order may include the same PCI (e.g., the first PCI) and / or RS index (e.g., the first RS index) as the first PDCCH order. The second PDCCH order may indicate a PRACH retransmission. For example, the second PDCCH order may indicate a PRACH retransmission when the second PDCCH order includes the same PCI (e.g., the first PCI) as the first PDCCH order.

[0112] In examples, a PRACH retransmission may be performed if the PDCCH order includes the same PCI and / or RS index as the initial PDCCH order. Otherwise, the PDCCH order may indicate an initial transmission. For example, the WTRU may determine that a PCI indicated in the PDCCH order is the same PCI received in the previous PDCCH order. For example, the WTRU may determine that an index associated with the first cell in the PDCCH order is the same index associated with the first cell received in the previous PDCCH order. For example, the WTRU may determine that an RS in the PDCCH order is the same RS Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 53 / 97 45 / 69 received in the previous PDCCH order.

[0113] If the calculated transmission power (Tx) is greater than the maximum output power configured by the WTRU, the Tx power may be set to the maximum output power configured by the WTRU. The determination to set the Tx power to the maximum output power configured in the WTRU may apply to one or more (e.g., all) systems, methods and / or devices (e.g., techniques) described in this document.

[0114] The PDCCH order may include a power control field. The WTRU may determine (for example, as described in this document) the power step based on a power control field. In the power control field, for example, the WTRU may determine one or more of the following. The WTRU may determine, based on the power control field, the absolute value of the transmission power to be used for PRACH transmission. The power control field may indicate an index for one or more pre-configured transmission power values. The WTRU may determine, based on the power control field, a differential power value (e.g., delta_power) to be added to the PRACH transmission power determined by the WTRU.For example, WTRU can determine the transmission power as PRACH transmission power (Tx) equals preambleReceivedTargetPower plus DELTA_PREAMBLE plus Path Loss (e.g., PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + Path Loss) and / or add differential power delta_power to determine the power.

[0115] Alternatively, WTRU can determine the PRACH power as PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path Loss + delta_power. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 54 / 97 46 / 69 A set of one or more differential power values ​​can be configured and / or an index in the power control field can indicate one or more power values. A power value can include a differential power value that can be added to the power of a previous transmission, for example, the previous transmission. The WTRU can determine the current transmission power as the sum of the previous transmission power and the indicated differential power. In examples, the WTRU can apply differential power under the condition that the previous PRACH transmission was sent within a time window of the current PDCCH order. In examples, the WTRU can apply differential power under the condition that the previous PDCCH order (e.g., for the same target cell as the current PDCCH order) was received within a time window of the current PDCCH order.In examples, WTRU can apply differential power under the condition that the previous PDCCH order (e.g., for the same target cell as the current PDCCH order and with the same RS index (SSB index and / or CSI-RS index)) was received within a time window (e.g., predefined timeout) of the current PDCCH order. The time window value can be configured. For example, if the current PDCCH order is received at time n, WTRU can determine whether to apply differential power if the previous PDCCH order was received after nT, where T can be the duration of the configured time window. In examples, WTRU can start a timer when a PDCCH order (e.g., a first PDCCH order) is received and / or can apply differential power if another PDCCH order (e.g., a second PDCCH order) is received before the timer expires.For example, the WTRU can start a timer when the first PDCCH order is received to determine the PRACH power increase. The WTRU can apply differential power under the condition that the second PDCCH order indicates at least the same cell ID as the first PDCCH order. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 55 / 97 47 / 69 WTRU can apply differential power provided that the second order of PDCCH indicates at least the same cell ID and / or the same RS index as the first order of PDCCH.

[0116] A power value may include a power ramp value, which may be used for the current PRACH transmission. For example, the PRACH transmission power may be calculated as PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path Loss, where the power ramp step can be indicated in the order of PDCCH.

[0117] A power value may include a progressive power increase counter. The counter value may be indicated in the order of PDCCH. Additionally or alternatively, the power increase step may be indicated in the order of PDCCH and / or may be configured.

[0118] One or more of the following options may apply.

[0119] In examples, the power ramp step can be configured and / or the power ramp counter can be indicated in the order of PDCCH. The PRACH transmission power can be determined as a function of the power ramp counter and / or power ramp step. For example, PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path loss.

[0120] In examples, the power ramp step and / or the power ramp counter may be indicated in the PDCCH order. For example, WTRU may increase the PRACH power based on an indication (e.g., explicit) included in the PDDCH order.

[0121] In examples, the power increase step can be indicated in Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 56 / 97 48 / 69 PDCCH order. The WTRU can maintain a power increase counter parameter and / or update and / or reset it. For example, the WTRU can increase the PRACH power based on a power increase counter (e.g., power increase counter value / parameter). The WTRU can update and / or reset the power increase counter parameter / value.

[0122] In examples, for the first PDCCH order for a first cell, the power increment counter for that cell can be set to an initial value, for example, 1. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU can set the power increment counter to an initial value and can keep it unchanged when a first PDCCH order is received. The power increment counter can be incremented when another (e.g., new) PDCCH order (e.g., for a retransmission) is received. The new PDCCH order can include the same PCI and / or the same RS index as the initial PDCCH order. For example, the WTRU can determine that a PCI indicated in the PDCCH order is the same PCI received in the previous PDCCH order. The power increment counter can be incremented when another (e.g., new) PDCCH order is received within a time interval of a previous PDCCH order.The power increment counter can be incremented based on an indication (e.g., explicit) in the PDCCH order. For example, the PDCCH order might include a 1-bit indication. The bit might indicate an initial value (e.g., 0) for the initial transmission. Upon receiving this indication, the WTRU can set the power increment counter to an initial value and / or maintain the power increment counter value at the initial value. For the initial transmission, the power increment counter value might be 1 and / or the PRACH transmission power might be calculated using the 1 value of the power increment counter. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 57 / 97 49 / 69 When a PDCCH order is received (for example, a PDCCH order for retransmission) and / or the bit is set to a second value (for example, 1), the power upscaling counter can be increased, for example, increased by 1, and / or the PRACH transmission power can be calculated using the power upscaling counter value.

[0123] In examples, the WTRU may receive a PDCCH order with an indication (e.g., an explicit indication) of the second value (e.g., 1), but the WTRU may not receive a PDCCH order with the indication (e.g., the explicit indication) of the first value. This may happen, for example, when the WTRU misses the PDCCH order with the indication (e.g., the explicit indication) of the first value. In examples, the WTRU may set the power increment counter to 1. In other examples, the WTRU may set the power increment counter to a value if the WTRU has received a PDCCH order for an initial transmission (e.g., the WTRU may set the counter to 2).

[0124] The counter can be reset if a PDCCH order is not received within a time interval of a previous PDCCH order. The time interval can be defined in terms of absolute time (e.g., ms) and / or slots, etc. The time interval can be configured. For example, the initial PDCCH order can be received in slot ne / or the power increment counter can be set to 1. If another PDCCH order is not received within the time interval [nan + T], the power increment counter can be reset (e.g., or alternatively, it can be kept unchanged). If another PDCCH order is received within the time interval [nan + T], the power increment counter can be incremented by 1. In examples, the PDCCH order can indicate (e.g., explicitly indicate) whether the counter is incremented. For example, a 1-bit indicator (e.g., such as Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 58 / 97 The 50 / 69 value described in this document) in the PDCCH order can indicate whether the power increase counter is being increased. The time interval T can be measured using a stopwatch. The WTRU can start a timer when a PDCCH order is received and / or can increase the power increase counter if another PDCCH order is received before the timer expires. The WTRU can reset the counter when the timer expires and / or another PDCCH order is not received before the timer expires.

[0125] In examples, the power ramp stage can be configured and / or the power ramp counter can be maintained by the WTRU (for example, as described in this document).

[0126] In examples, one or more similar methods may be applicable.

[0127] Here are described a sample set of one or more procedures performed by the WTRU. The WTRU can reset the power increment counter for a first cell (for example, you can set the counter to 1). The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order for a RACH preamble transmission to a first cell (for example, a candidate cell). If the cell ID indicated in the PDCCH order is the same ID as a previous PDCCH order and / or if the time difference between receiving the current PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order is below a threshold, for example, the WTRU can set the power increment counter equal to the power increment counter plus 1 (for example, power increment counter = power increment counter + 1).WTRU can determine the power of PRACH as PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x. PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path Loss. If the ID of the cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same ID as a previous PDCCH order and / or Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 59 / 97 51 / 69 If the time difference between receiving the current PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order is equal to or greater than a threshold, the WTRU may reset the power ramping counter. WTRU can determine the PRACH power as PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path Loss.

[0128] As described in this document, a condition for retransmission may be that the PDCCH order includes the same PCI and / or the same RS index. For example, the WTRU may determine that an index associated with the first cell in the PDCCH order is the same index associated with the first cell received in the previous PDCCH order. For example, the WTRU may determine that an RS in the PDCCH order is the same RS received in the previous PDCCH order.

[0129] A WTRU can reset the power increment counter for a first cell (e.g., set the counter to 1). The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order for a RACH preamble transmission for a first cell (e.g., a 1-bit indicator can indicate an initial PRACH transmission). The WTRU can determine the transmission power. If the cell ID indicated in the PDCCH order is the same ID as a previous PDCCH order (e.g., and / or the RS index is the same), and / or if the time difference between receiving the current PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order is below a threshold, and / or an indication in the PDCCH order indicates that the counter should be incremented (e.g., a 1-bit indicator indicates a PRACH retransmission with higher power and the bit is set to 1), the WTRU can set the power increment counter = power increment counter + 1.If the ID of the cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the ID of a previous PDCCH order (for example, and / or the RS index is the same), and / or if the time difference between the time of the current PDCCH order and the previous order... Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 60 / 97 52 / 69 If the previous PDCCH received is below a threshold, and / or an indication in the PDCCH order indicates that the counter should not be increased (for example, the 1-bit indicator indicates a PRACH retransmission with the same power and the bit is set to 0), the WTRU may keep the power ramping counter value unchanged. If the cell ID indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the ID of a previous PDCCH order (for example, and / or the RS index is the same), the WTRU may determine the PRACH power as PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path Loss. If the time difference between the time the current PDCCH order was received and the previous PDCCH order is greater than or equal to a threshold, the WTRU may reset the power ramping counter (e.g., to 1) and / or may increment the counter or keep the counter value unchanged, for example, depending on the indicator. Resetting the PRACH power may include determining the PRACH power without the power step and / or with a power step multiplier set to 0. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU may (e.g., always) keep the counter value unchanged. If the ID of the cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same as the ID of a previous PDCCH order (for example, and / or the RS index is the same), WTRU can determine the PRACH power as PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path Loss.

[0130] A WTRU can be configured to perform PRACH power control based on a transmission index within a PDCCH order. In examples, the WTRU can perform one or more of the following actions. The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order for a RACH preamble transmission to Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 61 / 97 53 / 69 a cell (e.g., a candidate cell). The PDCCH order may indicate a retransmission attempt index. For example, the WTRU may receive a PDCCH order for a RACH preamble transmission to a candidate cell, where the PDCCH order includes a retransmission attempt index. The WTRU may determine the initial attempt from the retransmission attempt index (e.g., being equal to zero). The WTRU may determine the transmission power for the initial attempt, for example, using the path loss determined from the measurement of an associated RS (e.g., the SSB of the candidate cell with the highest RSRP).

[0131] If the current retransmission attempt index (n) is equal to the previous retransmission attempt index plus one (+1), the WTRU can determine the current transmission power for a retransmission attempt by adding a deviation to the previous transmission power. For example, when the retransmission attempt index indicates that the PRACH retransmission is a next PRACH transmission after a previous PRACH transmission attempt, the transmission power is increased by a deviation from the transmission power of the previous PRACH transmission. If the current retransmission attempt index (n) is not equal to the previous retransmission attempt index plus one (+1), the WTRU can determine the current transmission power for the retransmission attempt by adding a deviation to the transmission power corresponding to the last successfully received PDCCH order.For example, when the retransmission attempt index indicates that the PRACH transmission is not a subsequent PRACH transmission after a previous PRACH transmission attempt, the transmission power is increased based on the last successfully received PDCCH order. The WTRU can transmit the PRACH using the determined transmission power. For example, the WTRU can transmit a PRACH retransmission using a transmission power based on the attempt index. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 62 / 97 54 / 69 retransmission.

[0132] In examples, the power-up counter value may be determined by at least one indication carrier in the PDCCH order. In examples, a WTRU may not be able to decode the PDCCH order (e.g., miss the PDCCH) and, as a result, the WTRU may not transmit a PRACH. In examples, the WTRU may transmit a PRACH, but the target cell may not be able to detect the PRACH (e.g., due to the PRACH transmission power not being sufficient). In examples, the WTRU may retransmit a PRACH with a higher transmission power than the previous transmission. In examples, the WTRU may use the same transmission power for the transmission (e.g., if the WTRU is unable to decode the PDCCH order and / or fails to transmit the PRACH).

[0133] In examples, the PRACH transmission power can be determined based on a successfully detected PDCCH order. A PDCCH order can be associated with a transmission index. A WTRU can determine, based on the transmission index, the count of successfully detected PDCCH, which can be used to determine the PRACH power. The transmission index can be carried over in the PDCCH order. The transmission index can be used to determine the value of a power ramping counter, for example, the PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER.

[0134] WTRU can determine the PDCCH index and / or count using one or more of the following methods.

[0135] In examples, PDCCH transmission may include DCI. The DCI of the PDCCH order may include a transmission index. The WTRU may determine the transmission power based on a transmission index included in the DCI. The DCI may include a bit field. A bit field in the DCI may indicate the transmission index. The WTRU may determine the transmission power based on the Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 63 / 97 55 / 69 bit field. For example, if two bits are used, 00 could indicate transmission index 0, 01 could indicate transmission index 1, 10 could indicate transmission index 2, and 11 could indicate transmission index 3. The WTRU can expect the transmission indices in the initial PDCCH order and / or one or more subsequent PDCCH orders to be in order. For example, the DCI for the initial PDCCH order might include transmission index 0. The DCI for one or more subsequent PDCCH orders might include transmission indices 1, 2, etc. One or more subsequent PDCCH orders (for example, in this context) might be PDCCH orders that indicate a PRACH retransmission to the same PCI and / or with the same RS index as the initial PRACH transmission.

[0136] For one or more (e.g., each) successfully received DCIs (e.g., the WTRU can detect one or more (any) lost DCIs with an out-of-order index value), the WTRU can increment a counter. The initial value of the counter can be set to 1. The WTRU can determine the transmission power based on the association of a counter and the retransmission attempt index. Transmission index counter PRACH index n 0 (detected) 1 1 1 (not detected) N / AN / A (PRACH not transmitted due to lost DCI) 2 (detected) 2 2 3 (detected) 3 3 Table 1 describes an example of the transmission index, counter, and PRACH n index.

[0137] The initial PDCCH order (e.g., according to Table 1) may include a transmission index value of 0. The WTRU, upon receiving the PDCCH order, for example, may set the power increment counter to an initial value (e.g., 1). For example, the WTRU may receive Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 64 / 97 56 / 69 configuration information, including an association between the retransmission attempt index and the transmission power to determine the transmission power based on the association between the received retransmission attempt index and the configured transmission power. Additionally or alternatively, the power increment counter may be initialized by the WTRU earlier and / or the WTRU may keep the power increment counter value unchanged if the transmission index is determined to be 0. The second detected PDCCH order may include a transmission index value of 1 and / or the counter may be incremented by 1. If the second detected PDCCH order includes a transmission index value of 2, but not a transmission index value of 1, for example, the WTRU may increment the power increment counter by 1 and / or set the counter to 2.WTRU can infer that a previous PDCCH order with index 1 was lost.

[0138] In examples, there may be a one-to-one mapping between the index in the PDCCH order and the power-up counter. For example, the WTRU may set the counter as follows: counter = index; or counter = index + 1. In examples, an index and / or the corresponding counter value indicated by the index may be set, and / or the WTRU may use the corresponding counter value when it receives an index in a PDCCH order (e.g., a set of index values ​​and / or corresponding counter values ​​may be set). For example, indices 0, 1, 2, and 3 may correspond to counter values ​​1, 2, 3, and 4. One or more similar (e.g., equal) methods may be applicable regardless of the number of possible indices. For example, one or more similar (e.g., equal) methods may be applicable when a single bit is used to indicate one of two indices. transmission index counter PRACH index n 0 (detected) 1 1 Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 65 / 97 57 / 69 1 (not detected) N / AN / A (PRACH not transmitted due to lost DCI) 0 (detected) 2 2 1 (detected) 3 3 Table 2 describes an example where the transmission index reaches its maximum value as the counter and the PRACH n index increase.

[0139] In examples, when the transmission index reaches the maximum value, for example, the transmission index may be reset. For example, if a single bit is used for the index, the transmission index may be reset when it reaches the maximum value of 1 (for example, the WTRU may receive DCI with indices 0, 1, 0, etc.). For example, the WTRU may reset the retransmission attempt index when the retransmission attempt index reaches a maximum value.

[0140] The power ramping counter may be reset if the time between two PDCCH orders is greater than a threshold. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms counter, power ramping counter and / or PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER may be used interchangeably in this document.

[0141] In examples, a 1-bit index in the PDCCH order can indicate whether to set and / or reset the power increment counter and / or increment the power increment counter. For example, when the WTRU receives a PDCCH order and / or determines that the index is 0, the WTRU can set and / or reset the power increment counter to an initial value (e.g., 1). The power increment counter can be set to the initial value before receiving the first PDCCH order and / or (e.g., then) when index 0 is received, for example, the power increment counter can be kept unchanged. When the WTRU receives a PDCCH order and / or determines that the index is 1, for example, the WTRU can increment the power increment counter by 1. Table 3 illustrates an example of this approach. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 66 / 97 58 / 69 Transmission index counter PRACH index n 0 1 1 (initial transmission) 1 2 2 (1st retransmission) 1 3 3 (2nd retransmission) 1 4 4 (3rd retransmission) Table 3 shows an example where the counter increments by 1 when the transmission index is set to 1.

[0142] The counter increment can be based at least on the time a PDCCH order is received. The counter can be incremented if the PDCCH order for retransmission is received (e.g., only) within a time interval of the previous PDCCH order. For example, the PDCCH retransmission might be associated with an index that is a higher value than an index associated with the previous PRACH transmission. One or more of the following scenarios may describe how the counter can be incremented.

[0143] In examples, a WTRU may receive a PDCCH order with an indication value of 1 bit 0 (e.g., an initial PRACH transmission). Within T ms of the first order, for example, the WTRU may receive a PDCCH order (e.g., for the same target cell and / or with the same RS index) with an indication value of 1 bit 1 (e.g., a PRACH retransmission). The WTRU may increase the power increment counter, calculate the PRACH power, and / or transmit PRACH. Within T ms of the second PDCCH order, for example, the WTRU may receive a PDCCH order (e.g., for the same target cell and / or with the same RS index) with an indication value of 1 bit 1 (e.g., a PRACH retransmission). The WTRU may increase the power increment counter, calculate the PRACH power, and / or transmit PRACH.

[0144] In examples, a WTRU can receive a PDCCH order with an indication value of 1 bit 0 (for example, an initial PRACH transmission). Within Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 67 / 97 59 / 69 of T ms from the first PDCCH order, for example, the WTRU may receive a PDCCH order (e.g., for the same target cell and / or with the same RS index) with an indication value of 1 bit 1 (e.g., a PRACH retransmission). WTRU may increment the power increment counter. The WTRU may receive a PDCCH order (e.g., for the same target cell and / or with the same target cell and / or with the same RS index) with an indication value of 1 bit 1 (e.g., a PRACH retransmission, but the time since receiving the previous PDCCH order is greater than T ms). In this case, for example, the WTRU may infer that there was another PDCCH order for another initial transmission (e.g., new) (e.g., which may have been lost) and / or the WTRU may not increment the counter. In examples, WTRU can reset the meter to its initial value, calculate the transmission power, and / or transmit PRACH.In examples, WTRU can reset the counter to its initial value, increment it by one, calculate the transmission power, and / or transmit PRACH.

[0145] Time T can be measured using a stopwatch. For example, WTRU can start a timer and / or increment the power boost counter if a PDCCH order for retransmission is received before the timer expires.

[0146] In examples, the first PDCCH order received by the WTRU may include index 1 (for example, instead of index 0). The WTRU may follow the same procedures described in this document and / or may increment the counter (for example, if the counter was set to an initial value).

[0147] In examples, the transmission index can be associated with a control resource set (CORESET) in which the PDCCH is received. For example, if the PDCCH is received in CORESET 1, the WTRU can determine that the transmission index is 0; and if the PDCCH is received in CORESET 2, the WTRU can determine that the transmission index is 1. The WTRU can determine the index of Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 68 / 97 60 / 69 retransmission attempt based on an association of the retransmission attempt index and a CORESET in which the PDCCH is received.

[0148] In examples, the transmission index can be associated with the Radio Network Identifier (RNTI) of the PDCCH order.

[0149] WTRU can determine the PRACH power using the counter value. For example, PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path Loss, where PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER can be equal to the PDCCH count value. For example, PRACH Tx Power (n) = PRACH Tx Power (n-1) + Deviation, where the Deviation value can be configured and / or indicated and / or n is the PRACH index.

[0150] In examples, the WTRU may include a validity timer for one or more PDCCH orders associated with a target cell. The validity timer may be started and / or reset when a PDCCH order is received. For example, the WTRU may start and / or reset a validity timer when a PDCCH order is received. If the validity timer expires, for example, the WTRU may reset the counter value for that target cell. For example, the WTRU may reset a counter value for the candidate cell when the validity timer expires. When the validity timer expires, for example, the WTRU may expect the first PDCCH order for the same target cell to include transmission index 0. If the first PDCCH order does not have transmission index 0, for example, the WTRU may determine that the PDCCH order with transmission index 0 was lost.

[0151] In examples, the counter can be a fixed value. The WTRU can determine the transmission power based on the retransmission attempt rate and the fixed value. For example, the WTRU can set and / or can be Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 69 / 97 61 / 69 is indicated to set the power ramping counter PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER to a fixed value (e.g., 1). For example, the WTRU cannot change (e.g., increment) the power ramping counter value. The WTRU can use the same counter value for PRACH retransmissions and / or initial PRACH transmission. The WTRU can use the same counter value for PRACH retransmissions and an initial PRACH transmission when one or more of the following conditions apply. The WTRU can use the same counter value for PRACH retransmissions and / or initial PRACH transmission when the WTRU is configured to perform lower layer triggered mobility (LTM), is performing LTM, and / or is indicated with a PDCCH order to transmit PRACH to a specific cell, for example, a cell other than its own service cell.The WTRU can use the same counter value for PRACH retransmissions and an initial PRACH transmission when the WTRU is configured to run LTM, is running LTM, and / or is instructed with a PDCCH order to transmit PRACH to a specific cell, for example, a cell that is one of the cells in a configured LTM set and / or in an active LTM set. The WTRU can use the same counter value for PRACH retransmissions and an initial PRACH transmission when the WTRU is using a PRACH occasion (e.g., specific) for PRACH transmission. For example, when the WTRU uses a PO from a first set of configured PRACH occasions, the WTRU can be expected to correct the counter value. The set of configured PRACH occasions can be used to transmit PRACH to a specific set of cells, for example, a set of non-server cells and / or a set of cells in an active LTM set.

[0152] WTRU can use the same counter value for PRACH retransmissions and an initial PRACH transmission when the RNTI of the PDCCH order Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 70 / 97 62 / 69 indicates whether to set the progressive power increase counter value. The WTRU can use the same counter value for PRACH retransmissions and an initial PRACH transmission when the PDCCH order includes a cell identifier, for example, a PCI. The WTRU can use the same counter value for PRACH retransmissions and an initial PRACH transmission when the WTRU is using a specific preamble (for example, a preamble allocated to one or more LTM procedures). The WTRU can use the same counter value for PRACH retransmissions and an initial PRACH transmission when one or more (for example, any) other mechanisms (for example, a configuration and / or a field in the PDCCH order) imply that the PDCCH order is instructing the WTRU to initiate PRACH transmission as part of a mobility procedure.

[0153] When the power ramp counter is held fixed, the WTRU can be specified to apply a deviation to a given PRACH transmission power. The deviation can be configured and, for example, can be set to the same value as the power ramp step. In examples, the methods (e.g., techniques) provided here can be (e.g., similarly) applied with the difference that the counter variable held in the WTRU cannot be used to set the value of PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER, but the value of another counter parameter (e.g., NEW_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER). In examples, (e.g., then) the PRACH transmission power can be calculated as: PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path Loss + (NEW_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x deviation. Additionally or alternatively, one or more methods described in this document that include time T may be used. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 71 / 97 63 / 69 to be implemented (for example, implemented similarly) here.

[0154] In examples, PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER can be set, for example, to 1, and the PDCCH order can indicate whether to add a ramp power value to the transmit power of a previous PRACH transmission. WTRU is not expected to increment PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER for one or more retransmissions. In examples, the power ramp counter (e.g., new) may not be included (e.g., the index directly controls the transmit power). For example, with a bit indication of 1, the following may apply: PRACH Power transmission index PRACH index n 0 Power(1) = Initial transmission power 1 (initial transmission) 1 Power(2) = Power(1) + deviation 2 (1st retransmission) 1 Power(3) = Power(2) + deviation 3 (2nd retransmission) 1 Power(4) = Power(3) + deviation 4 (3rd retransmission) Table 4 describes an example of calculating PRACH power based on one or more retransmissions.

[0155] The WTRU can calculate (e.g., according to Table 4) an initial PRACH power and / or use that power (e.g., initial PRACH) when a PDCCH order with index 0 is received. When a subsequent PDCCH order is received for a retransmission (e.g., for the same PCI and / or with the same RS index as the initial PDCCH order), the WTRU can increase the previous PRACH power by a bypass and / or send the subsequent (e.g., new) PRACH with the determined (e.g., calculated) power (e.g., new). In examples, if the WTRU receives a PDCCH order with index 1, but not index 0, the WTRU can follow the procedure shown in Table 4, e.g., the WTRU can determine the PRACH power. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 72 / 97 64 / 69 as initial power + deviation where the initial power can be calculated as preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + (PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_COUNTER - 1) x PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP) + Path Loss and / or where the power ramping counter is set to 1.

[0156] Similar to the method or methods described in this document, the addition of a compensation power can be based at least on the moment a PDCCH order is received. One or more of the following examples may illustrate the methods described in this document (e.g., using the same power values ​​from Table 4).

[0157] In examples, a WTRU can receive a PDCCH order with an indication value of 1 bit 0 (e.g., an initial transmission of PRACH). The WTRU can transmit PRACH with Power(1). Within T ms of the first PDCCH order, for example, the WTRU can receive a PDCCH order (e.g., for the same target cell and / or with the same RS index) with an indication value of 1 bit 1 (e.g., a retransmission of PRACH). The WTRU can increase the transmission power by adding a bypass, calculate the PRACH power as Power(2), and / or transmit PRACH. Within T ms of the second PDCCH order, for example, the WTRU can receive a PDCCH order (e.g., for the same target cell and / or with the same RS index) with an indication value of 1 bit 1 (e.g., a retransmission of PRACH). WTRU can increase power to Power(3) and / or transmit PRACH.

[0158] In examples, a WTRU can receive a PDCCH order with an indication value of 1 bit 0 (for example, an initial PRACH transmission). The WTRU can transmit PRACH with Power(1). Within T ms of the first PDCCH order, for example, the WTRU can receive a PDCCH order (for example, for the same target cell and / or with the same RS index) with an indication value Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 73 / 97 65 / 69 of 1 bit 1 (e.g., a PRACH retransmission). The WTRU can increase the transmission power by adding a bypass, calculate the PRACH power as Power(2), and / or transmit the PRACH. The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order (e.g., for the same target cell and / or with the same RS index) with an indication value of 1 bit 1 (e.g., a PRACH retransmission, but the time difference between receiving this PDCCH order and receiving the previous PDCCH order is greater than T ms). In this case, the WTRU can infer that there was another PDCCH order for another initial transmission (e.g., new) (e.g., which may have been lost). In instances, the WTRU can calculate the transmission power without adding a bypass and / or transmit PRACH. In instances, the WTRU can calculate the transmission power by adding the bypass once (e.g., instead of twice) and / or transmit the PRACH.

[0159] Time T can be measured from the moment the PDCCH order is received (e.g., the interval in which the PDCCH order is received). Time T can be measured in one or more ways (e.g., options). For example, time T can be measured from the moment the PRACH is transmitted (e.g., the interval in which the PRACH is transmitted, etc.).

[0160] A WTRU can be configured to perform PRACH power control based on one or more cell measurements. The WTRU can measure a first candidate cell. The WTRU can send a CSI report to the service cell. The measurement result can be carried on the L1 signaling and / or by the MAC. The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order to transmit a preamble to the first candidate cell. The WTRU can determine the time difference between the time the CSI report is sent and the time the PDCCH order is received. If the time difference is less than a threshold, the WTRU can determine that the first candidate cell is a high-priority cell and / or the WTRU can calculate the PRACH transmission power by adding a deviation to a value of Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, p. 74 / 97 66 / 69 determined power. If the time difference is equal to or greater than a threshold, WTRU may calculate the PRACH transmission power as a determined power value. WTRU may transmit PRACH with the determined PRACH transmission power.

[0161] In examples, the PRACH transmission power for a target cell can be determined based on a priority assigned to the cell. The priority can be an explicit priority or an implicit priority. The WTRU can determine the first transmission power value and / or the second transmission power value based on a priority assigned to the first candidate cell.

[0162] The power boost step can be determined based on priority. For example, the power boost can be greater for a high-priority cell than for a lower-priority cell. A power boost step can be configured for one or more (e.g., each) cell(s). A priority can be assigned to one or more (e.g., each) cell(s) and / or the power boost step can be determined from a set of one or more configured values ​​depending on the priority.

[0163] The time difference between when a CSI (e.g., and / or a measurement) of a first cell is reported and the time a PDCCH order for PRACH transmission to the first cell is received can be used to determine a priority. For example, the priority can be based on the time difference between when a CSI report is sent and when the PDCCH order is received in the WTRU. One or more of the following options may be applicable. WTRU can measure a first candidate cell. The measurement quantity can be RSRP of SSBs and / or CSI-RS, SINR, etc. For example, the CSI report may include an RSRP of a candidate cell SSB, a candidate cell CSI-RS, an RSRP of a second cell SSB, and / or a Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 75 / 97 67 / 69 CSI-RS from the second cell. The WTRU can send one or more measurement results and / or the CSI derived from one or more measurements to the service cell, where the measurement result can be carried on L1 signaling and / or by MAC (e.g., MAC-CE). For example, the feedback time can be denoted as t_feedback. For example, the WTRU can start a timer when feedback is sent (e.g., the WTRU can start a timer when the CSI report is sent to determine the time difference). The WTRU can receive a PDCCH order to transmit a preamble to the first candidate cell. For example, the PDCCH order time can be denoted as t_order. For example, the WTRU can stop the timer when the PDCCH order is received. The WTRU can determine a time delta by subtracting the feedback time from the PDCCH order time (e.g., t_delta = t_order - t_feedback).For example, WTRU can determine the time delta (t_delta) from one or more times the timer is started and / or stopped. For example, WTRU can stop the timer when the PDCCH order is received to determine the time difference. If t_delta is less than (e.g., or less than or equal to) a threshold value, WTRU can determine that the first candidate cell is a high-priority cell. For example, WTRU can add an additional delta (Δ) transmit power to the initial transmit power and / or retransmit power. For example, WTRU can calculate the transmit power as PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE + Path Loss + Δ. The additional power Δ can be pre-configured. If t_delta is equal to and / or greater than the threshold value, WTRU can determine that the first candidate cell is a lower-priority cell.WTRU cannot add an additional transmission power Δ to the initial transmission power and / or relay power. For example, WTRU can calculate the transmission power as PRACH Tx Power = preambleReceivedTargetPower + DELTA_PREAMBLE. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 76 / 97 68 / 69 + Path Loss. WTRU can determine the first transmission power and / or the second transmission power for each PRACH retransmission. The deviation can be determined based on the PRACH transmission priority.

[0164] In examples, whether additional power Δ is added can be determined by one or more measurement quantities of the candidate cell. Δ can be added if a cell measurement is above a threshold. For example, the RSRP of an SSB and / or CSI-RS of the target cell is above a threshold. The WTRU can measure one or more other candidate cells. Δ can be added if a cell measurement is higher (e.g., stronger, better) than other cells. For example, the RSRP of an SSB and / or CSI-RS of the target cell is the highest value among one or more measured cell(s) and / or one or more candidate cell(s). Δ can be added if a cell measurement is above a threshold and / or the current cell measurement is below a threshold. Δ can be added if a cell measurement is stronger (e.g., better) than the current cell measurement. Δ can be added if a cell measurement is a better deviation than the current cell measurement.A WTRU, under the condition that one or more measurements of the candidate cell are equal to or greater than a threshold, transmits the PRACH at the second transmission power. For example, a WTRU may, under the condition that the RSRP of an SSB of the candidate cell is above the threshold, transmit the PRACH at the second transmission power. A WTRU may, under the condition that the RSRP of an SSB of the candidate cell and / or the CSI-RS of the candidate cell is the highest value among the candidate cell and one or more other measured candidate cells, transmit the PRACH at the second transmission power. A WTRU may, under the condition that one or more measurements of the candidate cell are above the threshold, and one or more measurements of the server cell are below the threshold, transmit the PRACH at the second transmission power.

[0165] In examples, for a target cell, there may be one or more (per Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 77 / 97 69 / 69 example, two, multiple) configured power ramp values. WTRU can determine the use of one of the power ramp values ​​based, for example, on the priority of the PRACH transmission. For one or more (e.g., each) PRACH retransmissions, one or more progressive power ramp values ​​corresponding to the priority of that PRACH transmission can be used. For example, for the initial transmission, the power can be equal to P0. For example, for the first retransmission, the power can be equal to P0 + PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP (1) (e.g., high priority). For example, the second retransmission can be equal to P0 + PREAMBLE_POWER_RAMPING_STEP (2) (e.g., low priority).

[0166] Although the attributes and elements are described above in specific combinations, someone with average skill in the field will understand that each attribute or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other attributes and elements. Furthermore, the methods described in this document can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embedded in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted via wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media.Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard drives and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROMs and digital versatile discs (DVDs). A processor in conjunction with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 78 / 97

Claims

1 / 5 CLAIMS 1. Wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises: a processor configured to: receive a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) order for a physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission to a first cell; and determine a PRACH power based on the condition that a first cell identifier indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in a previous PDCCH order and on a time difference between when the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received.

2. WTRU, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the processor is configured to increase a PRACH power in a power step and transmit the PRACH transmission at the increased PRACH power based on the determination that the identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in a previous PDCCH order and the time difference between when the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received is below a threshold.

3. WTRU, according to claim 2, CHARACTERIZED in that the processor is additionally configured to determine the power step based on a power control field or a reference signal.

4. WTRU, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the processor is configured to reset a PRACH power and transmit the PRACH transmission at the reset PRACH power based on Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 92 / 97 2 / 5, determining that the identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in the previous PDCCH order and the time difference between when the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received is at or above a threshold.

5. WTRU, according to claim 4, CHARACTERIZED in that the processor is configured to reset the PRACH power, comprises the processor being configured to determine the PRACH power without the power step or with a power step multiplier set to 0.

6. A WTRU, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the PDCCH order comprises a physical cell identity (PCI), an index associated with the first cell or a reference signal index (RS), and wherein the processor is further configured to: determine that a PCI indicated in the PDCCH order is the same PCI received in the previous PDCCH order, determine that an index associated with the first cell in the PDCCH order is the same index associated with the first cell received in the previous PDCCH order, or determine that an RS in the PDCCH order is the same RS received in the previous PDCCH order.

7. WTRU, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the PDCCH order comprises a synchronization signal block (SSB) index and a channel state interference reference signal (CSIRS) index, and in that the processor is further configured to determine a random access occasion on which to transmit the PRACH transmission.

8. WTRU, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 93 / 97 3 / 5, the processor is additionally configured to start a timer when the first PDCCH order is received to determine the increase in PRACH power.

9. WTRU, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that the processor is additionally configured to increase the PRACH power based on an explicit indication comprised in the order of PDCCH or a progressive power increase counter value.

10. WTRU, according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED in that the processor is additionally configured to update or reset the power boost counter value.

11. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), wherein the method is CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises: receiving a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) order for a physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission to a first cell; and determining a PRACH power based on the condition that a first cell identifier indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in a previous PDCCH order and on a time difference between when the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received.

12. Method, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises increasing a PRACH power by a power step and transmitting the PRACH transmission at the increased PRACH power based on the determination that the identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in a previous PDCCH order and the time difference between when the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received is below a threshold.

13. Method according to claim 12, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises determining the power step based on a power control field or a reference signal.

14. Method, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises redefining a PRACH power and transmitting the PRACH transmission at the redefined PRACH power based on the determination that the identifier of the first cell indicated in the PDCCH order is the same identifier received in the previous PDCCH order and the time difference between when the PDCCH order and the previous PDCCH order were received is at or above a threshold.

15. Method according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED in that redefining the PRACH power comprises determining the PRACH power without the power step or with a power step multiplier set to 0.

16. Method, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the PDCCH order comprises a physical cell identity (PCI), an index associated with the first cell or a reference signal index (RS), and in which the method further comprises: determining that a PCI indicated in the PDCCH order is the same PCI received in the previous PDCCH order, determining that an index associated with the first cell in the PDCCH order is the same index associated with the first cell received in the previous PDCCH order, or Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, page 95 / 97 5 / 5 determining that an RS in the PDCCH order is the same RS received in the previous PDCCH order.

17. Method, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that the PDCCH order comprises a synchronization signal block (SSB) index and a channel state interference reference signal (CSIRS) index, and in that the method further comprises determining a random access occasion on which to transmit the PRACH transmission.

18. Method according to claim 11, wherein the method is characterized in that it further comprises initiating a timer when the first PDCCH order is received to determine increasing the PRACH power.

19. Method according to claim 11, wherein the method is characterized in that it further comprises increasing the PRACH power based on an explicit indication comprised on the order of PDCCH or a progressive power increase counter value.

20. Method according to claim 19, wherein the method is CHARACTERIZED in that it further comprises updating or resetting the progressive power increase counter value. Petition 870250086527, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 96 / 97

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