Systems and methods for separating and / or removing water-soluble organic compounds from watercourses.

Description

1 / 38 Systems and methods for separating and / or removing water-soluble organic compounds from watercourses. RELATED ORDER DETAILS

[001] This application claims priority and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 462,155, filed April 26, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 636,793, filed April 21, 2024, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. FIELD

[002] The technology described in the present invention generally relates to systems, processes and methods for separating and / or removing water-soluble organic compounds from aqueous courses and, more particularly, to the separation and / or removal of water-soluble organic compounds from aqueous courses using electro-oxidation techniques. BACKGROUND

[003] In some industrial processes, such as oil and / or gas extraction in offshore locations, the produced water that is pumped from production facilities, such as remote or offshore oil wells, has concentrations of water-soluble organic compounds. In some cases, the produced water or wastewater produced as part of the overall oil and / or gas extraction or processing may have a significant concentration of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOs) or may be additionally acidic, for example, due to conventional methods and systems for WSO removal that use acids and implement processes that may cause an acidic byproduct.

[004] As will be observed, emissions from industrial processes into natural environments, such as the ocean, are becoming increasingly Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 225 / 302 2 / 38 regulated. In recent years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has used, for example, satellite monitoring of environmental regulations on offshore platforms to detect unacceptable levels of emissions.

[005] Consequently, there is a need in the art for systems and methods to remove water-soluble organic compounds from watercourses, particularly in applications where the watercourses are discharged into another environment, for example, a natural environment. SUMMARY

[006] This summary is provided to present a selection of concepts or aspects in a simplified manner that are further described in the detailed description below. This summary is not intended to identify main attributes or essential attributes of the claimed subject matter, nor should it be used in isolation as an aid to determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[007] Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods for removing WSOs from an aqueous course.

[008] In one aspect, a system is provided for removing water-soluble organic compounds from an aqueous course, comprising a titanium anode comprising a mixed metal oxide (MMO) coating, a titanium cathode, a channel between the anode and the cathode, and a power source for applying electricity along the channel, or to the anode and / or cathode.

[009] In some respects, the system is formed in a cartridge configured to reverse the polarity of the electrodes.

[010] In some respects, the system consists of a replaceable cartridge.

[011] In some respects, the system comprises a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 226 / 302 3 / 38

[012] In some respects, the MMO coating is iridium oxide.

[013] In some respects, the MMO coating comprises iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, tantalum oxide and platinum oxide.

[014] In some respects, the titanium cathode comprises an MMO coating.

[015] In some respects, a voltage of 5-10 V is applied along the channel.

[016] In some respects, a current of 10-25 amperes is applied along the channel.

[017] In some respects, the polarity of the anode and cathode are configured to be switched periodically.

[018] The context and development history described in more detail in the present invention, in the Detailed Description, are as follows: “discharge water” (e.g., volumes or watercourse periodically or continuously discharged into the sea or other body(ies) of water) that is emitted from “produced water” or “dirty water” production facilities and / or from “produced water” or “dirty water” processing facilities and / or that is likely to have a significant concentration of water-soluble organic compounds, is highly regulated or is becoming highly regulated. Furthermore, “discharge water emitted from remote “dirty water” production facilities, for example, from offshore oil or gas platforms; or that is likely to have a significant concentration of water-soluble organic compounds; or that is likely to be acidic, is highly regulated or is becoming highly regulated.

[019] In some respects, oil or gas wells are considered dirty water production facilities because they primarily produce / extract water that is not easily obtained or that has been sequestered in a Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 227 / 302 4 / 38 substrate or material that contains a small but economically valuable fraction of oil and gas.

[020] In some respects, the removal, capture and redirection of oil and / or gas fractions are generally associated with one or more related industrial trade channels and / or associated with specific regulations and understandings of what is acceptable.

[021] In some respects, the processing of “dirty water”, for example, what remains of “produced water” after processing for oil and gas, is often associated with its own different industrial trade channels and / or different regulations and understandings of what is acceptable.

[022] The development of some aspects according to the present disclosure can be outlined as follows: a conventional electro-oxidation / electrocoagulation system / process is provided. For example, an anode and a cathode connected to a voltage source. In some aspects, the anode and / or cathode are made of aluminum. In some aspects, if metals, oils or water-soluble organic compounds are in the dirty water, for example, flocculation will occur, with some flocs falling out of solution and settling to the bottom of a reaction tank, for example.

[023] In some respects, there are shortcomings, for example, (1) it requires the replacement of electrodes because the aluminum anode and cathode are consumed by the electro-oxidation reaction (aluminum in solution is toxic and a regulated contaminant, therefore introducing it into a dirty watercourse is less than preferable); (2) it produces quantities of hydrogen gas which, for a remote installation such as an offshore oil or gas platform, are considered extremely dangerous (this is due to the need to manage and pipe the hydrogen gas produced and the risk of explosion). Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 228 / 302 5 / 38 associated); (3) requires large quantities of supplies, such as filter media and aluminum electrodes, and space to store and prepare the supplies, and space to store and package waste materials (e.g., space to store, package, and ship saturated filter media loaded with highly concentrated contaminants) (if dealing with a remote facility, such as an offshore oil or gas platform, it also requires periodic and consistent transportation and replenishment of supplies, and requires handling and shipping of waste materials and then the associated logistics and processing infrastructure to manage those shipped supplies / waste);(4) requires relatively large amounts of manpower to manage the maintenance and upkeep of the reaction tank (e.g., to maintain and clean the reaction tanks and replace electrodes), to manage filter media changes, to manage the stock and processing of supplies, and to manage the processing and transport of tailings (if dealing with a remote facility, such as an offshore oil or gas platform, then it also requires a team that is willing and able to handle all the usual field work tasks, in addition to the additional tasks described above); and (5) for those situations where the produced / dirty water being processed is acidic or has been acidified, then the systems and subsystems will also have to be maintained, due to the effects of corrosion, or treated to prevent corrosion (this amplifies the problems listed above, e.g., more supplies, more manpower, more work).

[024] In some aspects, an electrochlorination system / process is provided. For example, a titanium anode and a titanium cathode connected to a voltage source. In some aspects, the anode alone is coated with a mixed metal oxide, i.e., iridium oxide (a type of metal oxide). Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 229 / 302 6 / 38 mixed). In some respects, the voltage / current is typically around 5-10 V DC and around 25 amperes. In some respects, if metals, oils or water-soluble organic compounds are in the dirty water, for example, the system / process will produce hydrogen gas, molecular halogen (e.g., fluorine gas, chlorine gas, bromine gas, iodine gas), for example, and / or associated halide compounds or complexes (e.g., fluorine compounds or complexes or mixtures, chloride compounds or complexes or mixtures, bromide compounds or complexes or mixtures, iodide compounds or complexes or mixtures).

[025] In some respects, there are shortcomings, for example, (1) it requires replacement of electrodes (the cathode, in particular) in a short period of time (e.g., about two days) and / or maintenance of electrodes (the anode, in particular) in a short period of time (due to rapid electrode fouling / scaling); (2) it produces quantities of chlorine gas and / or bromine gas which, for a remote installation such as an offshore oil or gas platform, are considered extremely dangerous (this is due to the need to manage and channel the chlorine gas and / or bromine gas produced and the associated corrosion / health risks);(3) requires space to store and prepare supplies, such as replacement titanium cathodes, and space to store and package waste materials (e.g., solids removed and collected from descaling / scaling of coated titanium anodes) (if dealing with a remote installation, such as an offshore oil or gas platform, it also requires periodic and consistent transport and replenishment of supplies, and requires handling and shipping of waste materials and then the associated logistics and processing infrastructure to manage those supplies / waste); and (4) requires relatively large amounts of manpower to manage tank maintenance and upkeep; Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 230 / 302 7 / 38 of the reaction (e.g., to maintain and clean reaction tanks and replace electrodes), to manage the stock and processing of supplies, and to manage the processing and transportation of tailings (if dealing with a remote installation, such as an offshore oil or gas platform, it is also necessary to have a team that is willing and able to handle all the usual fieldwork tasks, in addition to the additional tasks described above) (if dealing with a remote installation, such as an offshore oil or gas platform, it is also necessary to generate and maintain a significant electricity output for the electro-oxidation system / process of 5-10 V DC / 25 amperes).

[026] In some aspects, an electrooxidation system / process is provided including: a platinum-coated titanium anode and a mixed metal oxide combination having two or more ruthenium oxide, iridium(IV) oxide, tantalum oxide, or any combination thereof. For example, a mixed metal oxide, a titanium anode, and a titanium cathode connected to a voltage source. In some aspects, the mixed metal oxide titanium anode is specifically coated in a mixed metal oxide combination (two or more mixed metal oxides, i.e., those possessing rare earth metal elements) and platinum (distinct from platinum oxide; platinum is a noble metal). In some aspects, the voltage / current is typically around 3 V DC and around 25 amperes.In some respects, if there are water-soluble organic compounds in the dirty water, for example, the system / process will convert water-soluble organic compounds into free oil (available for recovery) without the need for acid treatment of the dirty water. In some respects, the process / system produces only generally harmless quantities of carbon dioxide gas (e.g., hydrocarbons), as well as generated H2O (clean water), without toxicity. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 231 / 302 8 / 38 additional to dirty water or wastewater and / or without the need for additional acidification. In some respects, if dealing with a remote installation, such as an offshore oil or gas platform, the process / system demands significantly less electricity over time than conventional 5-10 V DC / 25 amp systems / processes.

[027] In some aspects, an electrooxidation system / process is provided including a titanium-coated anode and a titanium-coated cathode equivalently connected to a voltage source. For example, the anode and cathode are coated with a mixed metal oxide, i.e., any one of ruthenium oxide, iridium (IV) oxide, tantalum oxide, or those listed above and in the present invention.In some respects, the process / system requires electrode replacement, but only after a significantly longer period of time (e.g., approximately one (1) year); requires significantly fewer types of supplies and fewer quantities of supplies, such as filter media and replacement electrodes, and requires significantly less space to store and prepare supplies (if dealing with a remote installation, such as an offshore oil or gas platform, it requires significantly less travel and less logistics for transporting and replenishing supplies); and requires significantly less labor to manage the systems / processes.

[028] In some aspects, an electrooxidation system / process is provided including a mixed metal oxide and platinum, titanium anode, and a mixed metal oxide and platinum, titanium cathode connected to a voltage source. For example, the mixed metal oxide and platinum and titanium electrodes may specifically include a combination of mixed metal oxides (two or more mixed metal oxides, i.e., two or more of ruthenium oxide, iridium (IV) oxide, tantalum oxide or those listed above and in the present invention, Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 232 / 302 9 / 38 or any combination thereof). In some aspects, reversed polarity is used to descale / scaling the electrode that was previously the anode and is now the cathode (after polarity reversal), so the system / process does not need to be shut down or ignored. In some aspects, the electrodes are configured as a selectively replaceable cartridge, making them an easily replaceable part when the electrodes reach the end of their service life. As such, the system / process is consistent in producing efficient and effective results (e.g., acceptable discharge water), even during maintenance and upkeep. Furthermore, the system / process has reduced size and footprint, reduced weight, and reduced capital expenditure and operating costs.

[029] Additional objects, advantages and new attributes of the invention will be presented in part in the following description and, in part, will become apparent to those skilled in the art by examining the following, or may be learned by practicing the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[030] Aspects of the present disclosure will be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale; instead, the emphasis is placed on clearly illustrating the principles of the disclosure. Aspects of the technology presented in the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawing figures, in which: FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a process for producing oil, gas, and water, according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention; FIG. 2 illustrates an example operational method for the removal and / or separation of water-soluble organic compounds (WSO), according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention; Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 233 / 302 10 / 38 FIG. 3 illustrates example electrodes and electrode assemblies, according to some aspects of the technology described; FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an electro-oxidation component, according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention; FIG. 5a illustrates an example of an electro-oxidation component, according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention; FIG. 5b illustrates an example of an electro-oxidation component, according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention; FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram of an example electro-oxidation system, according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention; FIG. 7 illustrates example aspects of an electro-oxidation separation system with electrode reaction chemistry, according to some aspects of the present technology; FIG. 8 illustrates a diagram of an example electro-oxidation system, according to some aspects of the present technology; FIG. 9 illustrates exemplary electro-oxidation systems, according to some aspects of the present technology; FIG. 10 illustrates an example of an electro-oxidation system, according to some aspects of the present technology; FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a produced water treatment system (Total Oil and Gas and WSO Removal Facility), according to some aspects of the present technology; FIG. 12 illustrates an example configuration of a produced water treatment system, according to some aspects of the present technology; FIG. 13 illustrates an example configuration of a produced water treatment system, according to some aspects of the present technology; Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 234 / 302 11 / 38 FIG. 14 graphically illustrates WSO implementing electrooxidation systems, according to some aspects of the present technology; FIG. 15 illustrates an example of an advanced oxidation process assisted by hydrodynamic cavitation, according to some aspects of the present technology; and FIG. 16 illustrates an example scheme of a hydrodynamic cavitation process for flow characteristics, according to some aspects of the present technology. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[031] The subject matter of the aspects of the present disclosure is described specifically in the present invention to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent. Instead, the inventors contemplated that the claimed subject matter could also be modalized in other ways, to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to those described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Furthermore, although the terms “step” and / or “block” may be used in the present invention to denote different elements of methods employed, the terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among the various steps disclosed in the present invention, unless and except where the order of the individual steps is explicitly described.

[032] Therefore, the embodiments described in the present invention can be more easily understood by reference to the following detailed description, examples, and figures. The elements, apparatus, and methods described in the present invention, however, are not limited to the specific embodiments presented in the detailed description, examples, and figures. It should be recognized that the exemplary embodiments in the present invention are merely Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 235 / 302 Figures 12 / 38 illustrate the principles of the invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[033] In addition, all ranges disclosed in the present invention should be understood as encompassing any and all subranges included therein. For example, a stated range of “1.0 to 10.0” should be considered to include any and all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1.0 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10.0 or less, for example, 1.0 to 5.3, or 4.7 to 10.0, or 3.6 to 7.9.

[034] All ranges disclosed in this invention should also be considered as including the range endpoints, unless expressly stated otherwise. For example, a range of “between 5 and 10” or “5 to 10” or “5-10” should generally be considered to include the endpoints 5 and 10.

[035] Additionally, when the phrase “up to” is used in connection with an amount or quantity; it should be understood that the amount is at least a detectable amount or quantity. For example, a material present in an amount “up to” a specified quantity may be present from a detectable quantity up to and including the specified quantity.

[036] Additionally, in any disclosed form, the terms “substantially”, “approximately” and “about” may be replaced by “within [a percentage] of” what is specified, where the percentage includes 0.1, 1, 5 and 10 percent.

[037] In some respects, the embodiments of the present technology generally relate to chemical processes or systems, more particularly, to processes, systems and methods for removing water-soluble organic compounds (WSOs) from watercourses, such as in processes or Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 236 / 302 13 / 38 industrial systems, or produced water (e.g., dirty water from oil wells). As used in the present invention, WSOs may, in some cases, refer to dissolved organic compounds or hexane-extractable organic compounds. In some aspects, the embodiments generally refer to chemical processes, methods, and / or systems for separating WSOs from aqueous streams in industrial processes or systems, or produced water. In some aspects, the embodiments generally refer to chemical processes, methods, and / or systems for converting water-soluble organic compounds in aqueous streams into free oils and / or dispersed oils. In some aspects, the embodiments generally refer to chemical processes, methods, and / or systems for removing strong oily aqueous emulsions and water-soluble oily components from produced and process wastewater.In some respects, the embodiments generally relate to chemical processes, methods, and / or systems for breaking down aromatic compounds, cyclic organic compounds, saturated or unsaturated organic compounds from the gasoline and diesel range into saturated or semi-saturated long-chain organic compounds. In some respects, the embodiments generally relate to chemical processes, methods, and / or systems for neutralizing negative colloidal charges (which break emulsions) and enabling the agglomeration of saturated or semi-saturated long-chain organic compounds (e.g., in a suspended or free phase layer). In some respects, the embodiments generally relate to chemical processes, methods, and / or systems for increasing the commercial longevity of an oil well (e.g., offshore oil well) by increasing the total oil and gas yield possible from a watercourse produced at the oil well.

[038] At a high level, the modalities of the present technology are directed to processes, systems and methods for removing compounds Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 237 / 302 14 / 38 Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOs) from watercourses, for example, contaminated watercourses. For example, in some cases, a contaminated watercourse may be a discharge watercourse emitted by produced water, sometimes called dirty water, from industrial production or processing facilities, for example, from oil or gas wells or systems associated with or related to oil or gas wells. In some cases, the water produced in these processes or that is considered discharge water, for example, volumes of water or courses that are periodically or continuously discharged from these facilities (e.g., the ocean), may, in some cases, have a high concentration of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOs) or a large amount of WSOs.

[039] In some respects, the embodiments of the technology described in the present invention may provide multiple benefits compared to conventional systems, for example, the implementation of systems and / or processes described in the present invention may reduce or shorten the residence time of water in the system, not require pH adjustment (e.g., without the addition of acid, which in some cases causes corrosion problems), not require medium-based operation (e.g., without the need for adsorbent / absorbent), provide less intensive operations (e.g., less labor, lower cost, less maintenance) and provide a compact footprint.

[040] As will be understood, oil or gas wells can be considered dirty water production facilities, since, in their operation, the production and / or extraction of water is part of the overall industrial process. For example, water can be obtained as a fraction of extracted or processed oil and / or gas. In certain industrial processes / systems, where the input materials / intermediate materials are or are associated with organic matter Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 238 / 302 15 / 38 fossilized, the arrangement or composition of the oil / gas / water separation system and / or the chemical reaction of the industrial process result in “dirty water”. Even with the oil / gas / water separation stage, the dirty water typically still has an unacceptable non-polar concentration and an unacceptable polar concentration, and the dirty water needs to be further treated (either by processing it or by storing / discharging / emitting it). The non-polar concentration is typically characterized as comprising free oils and / or dispersed oils. The polar concentration is typically characterized as comprising other organic and non-organic contaminants. More specifically, as produced or dirty water is processed and treated by conventional systems and methods, a discharge watercourse is created.Depending on industry standards, historical practices, internal or external regulations, and / or the geopolitical and geospatial characteristics that define the oil and gas well, discharge water can be a point of interest and analysis. For example, conventional systems and methods tend to be exceptionally good at removing, capturing, and redirecting the non-polar fraction (e.g., oil and / or gas) from produced water. Even with conventional oil / gas / water separation techniques, the dirty water exiting the oil / gas / water separation stage typically still has an unacceptable non-polar concentration and an unacceptable polar concentration.

[041] In some respects, dirty water treatment techniques may include separators, hydrocyclones, flotation units and are used to reduce free oils in what will become wastewater. In some respects, flotation units and media filters are also used in an attempt to reduce dispersed oils in what will become discharge water.

[042] Unfortunately, despite these processing techniques, the water of Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 239 / 302 16 / 38 The discharge from these industrial processes / systems may still have a total oil concentration (e.g., non-polar concentration and polar concentration considered together) or component concentration that exceeds regulatory limits (e.g., 29.0 parts per million for total oil concentration, USA). Furthermore, even if the discharge water has average contaminant concentrations below regulatory limits, real-time contaminant concentrations are likely to vary widely (e.g., fluctuate above regulatory limits) over the lifespan of these industrial processes / systems, and therefore the harmful effects of higher concentrations are not fully mitigated or avoided.

[043] There are multiple reasons why this happens. In one example, even if the discharge water has contaminant concentrations that are, on average, below regulatory limits, it is likely that the contaminants have simply been redirected, moved and / or concentrated in capture media or capture systems and that, when these capture media or capture systems are inoperative or being replaced, adjusted, maintained or updated (all of which tend to be periodic and necessary), the discharge water will have contaminant concentrations that are above regulatory limits.In another example, even if the discharge water has contaminant concentrations that are, on average, below regulatory limits, it is likely that the contaminants have simply been redirected, moved, and / or concentrated in capture media or capture systems, and that, although the concentrations in the discharge water are low, the concentrations in the emissions from the processing systems to the capture media are above regulatory limits (or unregulated or under-regulated). In another example, depending on the source of the fossilized organic matter (e.g., Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 240 / 302 17 / 38 For example, the location of oil or gas wells), the produced water or wastewater and therefore the discharge water from these industrial processes / systems will have higher concentrations of water-soluble organic compounds (characterized as polar) than you would normally expect and which may contribute to overall contaminant concentration(s) above regulatory limits.In another example, depending on the age of the fossilized organic matter (e.g., the age of an oil or gas well), the amount of produced water or wastewater extracted from the source will increase significantly, and therefore the total output of these industrial processes / systems must also increase significantly (e.g., be able to scale up) or risk being unable to manage the increased amount of produced water / wastewater and consequently risk having discharge water with contaminant concentrations above regulatory limits or a facility shutdown.

[044] For situations where the source of fossilized organic matter (e.g., the location of oil or gas wells) results in produced / dirty / discharged water with high concentrations of water-soluble organic compounds, there may be additional industry conditions and forces that lead to problems and concerns. More specifically, high concentrations of water-soluble organic compounds in produced water can be a source of value. For example, conventional systems and methods for processing produced / dirty water tend to be exceptionally good at removing, capturing, and redirecting the non-polar fraction (e.g., oil and / or gas and / or free oils) from the produced water and worse at removing, capturing, and redirecting the water-soluble organic fraction. In some conventional systems and methods to make the water-soluble organic fraction accessible as free oils in the dirty water; however, they Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 241 / 302 18 / 38 processes typically involve adding acid to the aqueous stream. This can create problems, especially for remote installations (e.g., offshore oil or gas wells) with minimal storage space (both for supplies such as concentrated acids or filter media, and for process streams or volumes such as tanks or reservoirs), with minimal readily available resources, and with minimal manpower (e.g., minimal teams). Furthermore, and unfortunately, despite these conventional dirty water treatment techniques, the discharge water from the acidification stage tends to be acidic, which creates its own problems (e.g., corrosion problems, environmental issues). As will be noted, dirty water is generally not naturally acidic.However, some current conventional water treatment methods (e.g., removal of water-soluble organic compounds) use acids that can create a layer of WSOs that can be removed, but leaves an acidic byproduct.

[045] Consequently, the systems, processes and methods described in the present invention surpass conventional systems and methods for removing a polar fraction from a contaminated aqueous course and, more particularly, for removing water-soluble organic compounds (WSOs) from a contaminated aqueous course.

[046] In one aspect of the present technology, systems and methods are provided for creating a chemical reaction condition / tank / stage that is ideal for remote “dirty water” production facilities, for example, offshore oil or gas platforms, which are characterized by having: minimal storage space (for example, having minimal storage space for supplies such as concentrated acid(s), or for replacement filter media for used filter media that are rapidly depleted, and having minimal space for diversion courses or Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 242 / 302 19 / 38 drainage or tanks / reservoirs); minimum readily available resources (e.g., having minimum capacity to readily accommodate changes in contaminant concentration(s) / dirty water flow rate or to accommodate changes in the total amount of contaminants being processed); and minimum manpower (e.g., having minimum capacity to manage working hours for secondary systems and processes and related tasks).

[047] In one aspect of current technology, systems and methods are provided to create a chemical reaction condition / tank / stage that keeps the concentrations of water-soluble organic compounds consistently and continuously (as far as possible) low, and that does not require significant bypass or drainage processes / systems / components / stages (or that does not require any bypass or drainage) (bypass or drainage systems / processes would likely cause the discharge water to have periodic / intermittent periods of time in which the contaminant concentration(s) would be above regulatory limits).

[048] In one aspect of current technology, systems and methods are provided to create a chemical reaction condition / tank / stage that does not add any significant extra toxicity to the discharge water (especially if the discharge water is flowing directly into ecosystems or population centers, or sources of commercial use).

[049] In one aspect of the present technology, systems and methods are provided for creating a chemical reaction condition / tank / stage that produces the least amount of hydroxyl radicals, as quickly as possible (or relatively quickly), using the least possible energy consumption (or relatively low energy consumption). Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 243 / 302 20 / 38

[050] According to some embodiments of the present invention, an implementation or pseudo-implementation of an electrochlorination process using an electrocell (e.g., electrolyzer), also referred to as an electro-oxidation (EO) unit in the present invention, having one or more channels that can be implemented or used for the removal of WSOs from an aqueous course. In some embodiments, an EO unit may comprise one or more anode-cathode pairs. In some aspects, an anode and / or a cathode may be formed as a plate.

[051] In one aspect, an EO unit or electrocell comprises a titanium anode and a titanium cathode connected to a voltage source. The anode alone may be coated with a mixed metal oxide, for example, iridium oxide (a type of mixed metal oxide). Mixed metal oxide electrodes, also called dimensionally stable anodes, are devices with high conductivity and corrosion resistance for use as electrodes (specifically, anodes) in electrolysis. They are typically made by coating a substrate, such as a pure titanium plate or expanded mesh, with one or more types of metal oxides, such as ruthenium oxide (RuO2), iridium(IV) oxide (IrO2), or platinum oxide (PtO2), which conduct electricity and catalyze the reaction. Oxides containing two or more different types of metal cations are known as mixed metal oxides.Oxides can be binary, ternary, and quaternary, and so on, in relation to the presence of a number of different metallic cations. They can be further classified based on whether they are crystalline or amorphous. If the oxides are crystalline, the crystal structure can determine the oxide composition. For example, perovskites have the general formula ABO3; scheelites, ABO4; spinels, AB2O4; and palmeirites, A3B2O8. The different metallic cations (MI and MII) are present as polyhedra MIn+-Ox and MIIn+-Ox, which connect to... Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 244 / 302 21 / 38 various possible ways, such as sharing corners or edges, forming MI-O-MII-O, MI-O-MI-O or MII-O-MII-O chains. Therefore, MMO coatings typically consist of an electrocatalytic conductive component that catalyzes the reaction to generate current flow and bulk oxides (cheaper filler materials) that prevent corrosion of the substrate material (titanium). For cathodic protection applications, one of the main electrocatalysts that can be used is ruthenium oxide. Other oxides are a mixture of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and tantalum oxide (TaO5). Titanium dioxide and / or tantalum oxide can additionally provide an oxide film over the substrate material (e.g., titanium) to prevent substrate corrosion.

[052] In some respects, the voltage / current may be around 5-10 V DC and around 25 amperes passed along the channel between an anode and a cathode and / or delivered to the anode and / or cathode.

[053] If metals, oils or water-soluble organic compounds are in the dirty water, for example, the system / process will produce hydrogen gas, molecular halogen (e.g., fluorine gas, chlorine gas, bromine gas, iodine gas), for example, and / or associated halide compounds or complexes (e.g., fluorine compounds or complexes or mixtures, chloride compounds or complexes or mixtures, bromide compounds or complexes or mixtures, iodide compounds or complexes or mixtures).

[054] In some embodiments of the technology, an electro-oxidation system and / or process is provided that incorporates a platinum-coated titanium anode and a mixed metal oxide combination having two or more ruthenium oxide, iridium(IV) oxide, tantalum oxide, or any combination thereof. Mixed metal oxide, titanium anode, and a titanium cathode connected to a voltage source. Mixed metal oxide titanium anode Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 245 / 302 22 / 38 is specifically coated in a combination of mixed metal oxide (two or more mixed metal oxides, i.e., those possessing rare earth metal elements) and platinum (distinct from platinum oxide; platinum is a noble metal). The voltage / current can be around 3 V DC and around 25 amperes. In some embodiments, the voltage / current can have a range of around 5-10 V DC and around 25 amperes. If there are water-soluble organic compounds in the dirty water, for example, the system / process can convert water-soluble organic compounds into free oil (available for recovery) without the need for acid treatment of the dirty water.

[055] As will be appreciated, the above electro-oxidation system process can, in some respects, produce only generally harmless amounts of carbon dioxide gas (e.g., hydrocarbons), generate clean water, add no toxicity to dirty or wastewater, and eliminate the need for the use of acids in dirty water treatment. When dealing with a remote installation, such as an offshore oil or gas platform, it demands significantly less electricity over time than conventional 5-10 V DC / 25 amp systems / processes.

[056] In some aspects, a titanium-coated anode and a titanium-coated cathode equivalently can be connected to a voltage source (in some aspects described in the present invention, this may be called an electrocell). In some aspects, an electrocell may have a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes, or a plurality of anode-cathode pairs. In some aspects, the plurality of anodes and cathodes may alternate. In some aspects, the distance between the anodes and / or cathodes may be the same or may vary or may be adjusted based on reaction feedback. In some aspects, the anode and cathode are coated with a mixed metal oxide, i.e., any one of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 246 / 302 23 / 38 (IV), tantalum oxide or those listed above and in the present invention. This configuration provides multiple advantages, including: it requires electrode replacement, but only after a significantly longer period of time (e.g., about one (1) year); it requires significantly fewer types of supplies and fewer quantities of supplies, such as filter media and replacement electrodes, and requires significantly less space to store and prepare supplies; it requires significantly less travel and less logistics for transporting and replenishing supplies; and it requires significantly less labor to manage the systems / processes than conventional systems or processes.

[057] In some other embodiments, mixed metal oxide and platinum, titanium anode, and a mixed metal oxide and platinum, titanium cathode can be connected to a voltage source (e.g., as an electrocell). The mixed metal oxide and platinum and titanium electrodes specifically include a combination of mixed metal oxide (two or more mixed metal oxides, i.e., two or more of ruthenium oxide, iridium(IV) oxide, tantalum oxide or those listed above and in the present invention, or any combination thereof). Dirty water can pass through a channel of the electrocell and the WSOs can be removed.

[058] In some other embodiments, the electrocell can be implemented and reverse polarity can be used to descale / scald the electrode that was previously the anode and is now the cathode (after polarity reversal), so that the system / process does not need to be switched off or ignored. In this way, the system / process operates continuously without a significant decrease in effectiveness or efficiency, even if the electrode is being maintained. The electrocell can be formed in a replaceable cartridge configuration, so that it is a piece of Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 247 / 302 24 / 38 easy replacement when the electrodes (which switch from anode to cathode and from cathode to anode, depending on the direction of the current / polarity) reach the end of their service life.

[059] In some aspects, an electrocell or electrooxidation (EO) unit can be configured to operate in the range of 10-70 mA / cm2 along an anode-cathode pair. In some aspects, 10-70 mA / cm2 can be applied along one or more anode-cathode pairs, or along an electrode array. In some aspects, an electrocell can be configured to operate above 70 mA / cm2. In some cases, the unit (EO) can operate at a voltage of 0.5-10 V. In some cases, the unit (EO) can operate at a voltage of 1-10 V.

[060] In some respects, the cathode may be Ti, may be Ti coated with MMO and / or may be coated with a diamond film doped with Ti and Boron. In some respects, the anode may be Ti, Ti coated with MMO and / or may be coated with a diamond film doped with Ti and Boron.

[061] In some respects, when in operation, the polarity of at least one anode-cathode pair may be reversed (for example, designating the anode as the cathode and the cathode as the anode). The polarity may be reversed for any period of time not inconsistent with this disclosure. In some respects, the polarity may be reverted to the original configuration.

[062] In some respects, an EO system may comprise one or more EO units. In some embodiments where two or more EO units are in operation, the parameters of each, and / or including the polarity, may differ or be the same.

[063] In some embodiments, a system comprising an EO unit may incorporate one or more hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) units. In some cases, an HC unit may be located Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 248 / 302 25 / 38 before an EO unit. In some cases, a HC unit may be located after (e.g., downstream) an EO unit. Any cavitation device not inconsistent with the present technology may be implemented in methods and systems disclosed in the present invention.

[064] As will be understood, the treatment of organic contaminants in wastewater has always been a major challenge in terms of efficiency and cost. Emerging technologies, such as Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), which take advantage of the reactivity of hydroxyl / peroxygen radicals for the mineralization of organic contaminants, have gained significant attention for many years. Cavitation methods, although considered a nuisance in flow systems, have demonstrated great potential in wastewater treatment. In particular, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), which is the formation of cavitation bubbles when a liquid is subjected to dynamic pressure reduction due to the presence of constriction in the flow system, has generated substantial interest due to its effectiveness. The advantage of using HC-based treatment technology is the fact that no additional capital equipment is required.It allows for minor modifications to existing treatment systems to achieve improved contaminant removal efficiencies. The HC mechanism is based on the generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH·) induced by pressure / temperature. The cavity created downstream of the constriction creates intense turbulence, micro-level liquid flow, as well as hot spots, which in turn generate significant amounts of hydroxyl radicals or peroxygen radicals necessary for the degradation of organic pollutants. Hydrodynamic cavitation, when operated under the correct optimized conditions, establishes the continuous generation of free radicals with maximum contact between the radicals and the pollutants in the shortest possible time. Thus, it reduces: (1) operational costs, (2) the need for chemicals. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 249 / 302 26 / 38 additional, (3) energy requirements and allows for the effective treatment of large quantities of wastewater. Effective hydrodynamic cavitation is typically estimated to reduce operating costs by at least 50%. In one respect, the key to successful implementation of the technology is: (a) the physicochemical properties of the fluid, (b) the chemical substance to be degraded, and (c) the type and geometry of the cavitation device.

[065] In one aspect, a Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Based Wastewater Treatment was developed, in particular, a process effluent treatment technology based on HC, for a petrochemical company that discharges propylene glycol into the effluent. The process reduced the glycol concentration from 500 mg / L to ~150 mg / L (discharge limit of 250 mg / L) and the TOC from ~250 mg / L to 75 mg / L.

[066] The typical design of an HC unit is shown in the FIGS. The geometry of the cavitation device affects the intensity of cavitation and therefore the efficiency of the HC process. A suitable design for fluid flow through the constriction is necessary, as it influences the pressure conditions during flow, thus the number of cavitations and the intensity of the cavities generated. Additionally, the constrictions must be located in appropriate positions so that sufficient cavities are generated for efficient pollutant degradation. Commonly used cavitation devices include throttling valves, relief valves, orifice plates, high-speed rotors, homogenizers, and vortex diodes.

[067] In one aspect, an HC unit is a vortex diode-based unit, which will be modified to include an orifice plate-based unit. Wastewater contains 60% ethylene glycol and 40% propylene glycol (total glycol concentration ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 mg / L). Total dissolved solids (TDS) will comprise 60% chlorides of Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 250 / 302 27 / 38 sodium, 10% sodium carbonate and 30% sodium sulfate. The TDS of the wastewater will be maintained at 30,000 mg / L (ppm).

[068] Referring now to the FIGS, FIG. 1 illustrates various aspects of an example of a process for producing oil, gas and water 100, according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention. In the production of oil and / or gas, particularly in an offshore environment, a well may produce or pump components of oil, gas and water (e.g., produced water, dirty water), among others. A combined stream of materials pumped from a well may undergo one or more separation processes to separate the oil, gas (e.g., natural gas) and water. As will be observed, in some cases, the produced or dirty water may additionally contain oil (such as free oil and / or dispersed oil), which may be further removed from the water.In some cases, the separated water may be further processed in a free oil separation unit (e.g., separator, hydrocyclones, flotation units) or separation process 104 and / or a dispersed oil separation unit or separation process 106 (e.g., flotation units, media filtration). As will be appreciated, the total oil in the produced water may include free oil (as a percentage of non-polar fraction) and a water-soluble fraction (as a polar fraction), which may be dispersed oils and / or WSOs. In another step, after the free oil and dispersed oil are removed and / or recovered, the WSOs may be removed from the watercourse, for example, before discharging the water back into the sea (i.e., the process removes oils and WSOs below a threshold quantity for discharge). This stage may be implemented as a WSO removal unit 108, removal stage or process (e.g., carbon filters, media, electrocell, etc.).

[069] Referring to FIG. 2, an example operational method for Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 251 / 302 28 / 38 removal and / or separation of WSO 200 is illustrated. An aqueous stream (e.g., produced or dirty water) 202 containing, among other components, aromatic / cyclic organic compounds, saturated / unsaturated gasoline and / or organic compounds from the diesel range can be passed to an electro-oxidation unit and / or system 204, such as a unit or system described in the present invention. In step 206, an electro-oxidation unit and / or system can receive an aqueous stream (in batch, buffer or continuous flow) and break down organic compounds into saturated / semi-saturated long-chain organic compounds, or further break down emulsions and / or neutralize or reverse negative colloidal charges of organic particles. Additionally, within the electro-oxidation unit and / or system 204, in step 208, agglomerated, saturated / semi-saturated long-chain organic compounds can be formed (both in suspended and free phase layers).In step 210, the separation of oils and suspended particles flowing out of the unit and / or electro-oxidation system 204 can be carried out, for example, in one or more separation or filtration steps.

[070] Returning now to FIG. 3, FIG. 3 illustrates example electrode assemblies 300a, 300b, comprising two or more electrodes, according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention. As shown, an electrode assembly can be used in or as part of an electro-oxidation system, component and / or unit, as described in the present invention. An electrode assembly may comprise two or more electrodes, which may be electrode pairs (i.e., anode-cathode pairs). In some aspects, an electrode assembly comprises a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes. In some aspects, an electrode assembly comprises alternating electrodes (e.g., anode-cathode-anode-cathode, etc.). In some aspects, an electrode assembly may comprise Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 252 / 302 29 / 38 a plurality of electrode pairs. Anodes and / or cathodes forming an electrode array may be formed in any shape that is not inconsistent with the objectives of this technology. In some embodiments, the electrode(s) may be formed into a rod or a plate. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the anode(s) and / or cathode(s) of an electrode array may be coated. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the anode(s) and / or cathode(s) may remain uncoated or untreated.

[071] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an electro-oxidation component, system or unit 400, according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention. As will be appreciated, multiple electro-oxidation units or components can be used in a system for WSO removal, for example, multiple electro-oxidation (EO) units can be placed in parallel or in series along a flow of an aqueous course that requires WSO removal. In some aspects, an EO unit may include an electrode assembly 402 composed of at least two electrodes (e.g., anode 404a and cathode 406a). As will be appreciated, an electrode can be formed or implemented in any shape that is not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present technology, for example, a square or rectangular plate, a rod, etc.In some cases, the electrode array 402 may comprise a plurality of electrodes, such as anodes 404a, 404b, 404n and corresponding cathodes 406a, 406b, 406n. In some embodiments, an EO unit may have from 2 to 100 electrodes, which in some cases may be configured as plates. An EO unit may have between 2-90 electrodes, 2-80 electrodes, 2-70 electrodes, 2-60 electrodes, 2-50 electrodes. In some embodiments, an EO unit may have between 50 and 100 electrodes. In some embodiments, the electrodes of an electrode array may be... Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 253 / 302 30 / 38 spaced in any manner not inconsistent with the technology described in the present invention. In some embodiments, the gap between consecutive electrodes may be the same or may vary (i.e., electrode spacing). In some embodiments, the gap (or spacing) between electrodes and / or consecutive electrodes may be from about 2 mm to about 60 mm, from about 5 mm to 50 mm, from about 10 to 40 mm, or from about 15 to 30 mm. In some embodiments, the gap may be from about 2 to 10 mm, about 2 to 5 mm, or about 5 to 20 mm.

[072] In some embodiments, a pair of electrodes or, in some cases, a set of electrodes 402 may be contained in a housing 418, for example, a tube, tank or container. In some embodiments, multiple sets of electrodes may be arranged within a housing or tank. A set of electrodes 402 may be connected to a voltage source, for example, a positive and a negative terminal, such as terminals 410 and 412. One or more positive terminals 410 may be connected (or be in operable communication with) to one or more positive electrodes (i.e., cathodes) and one or more negative terminals 412 may be connected (or be in operable communication with) to one or more negative electrodes (i.e., anodes). In some embodiments, an EO unit may have one or more inputs 414 and one or more outputs 416, which are configured to enable the passage of an aqueous current through the EO unit.In some embodiments, the EO unit may comprise 416 inlets and 414 outlets. In some embodiments, during operation, an outlet may be closed or restricted to allow an aqueous stream to fill an EO unit for a specified residence time. In some embodiments, an aqueous stream may have a residence time within an EO unit. In some cases, the residence time in an EO unit may be approximately [length missing]. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 254 / 302 31 / 38 from 30 seconds to about 4 minutes. In some cases, the residence time may be from about 30 seconds to about 2 minutes. In some cases, the residence time may be from about 30 seconds to about 3 minutes, or from about 1 minute to about 3 minutes. In some aspects, the parameters corresponding to an EO unit (e.g., residence time, electrode gap, number of electrodes and / or electrode coating) can be adjusted based on the desired production of hydroxyl radicals. In some embodiments, the systems described in the present invention require only a single pass through one or more EO units to remove or separate WSOs from an aqueous course to below a threshold quantity.

[073] FIG. 5a and FIG. 5b further illustrate aspects of an example of an electro-oxidation component and / or unit, according to aspects of the present technology. Therefore, an EO component and / or unit 500 may comprise an electrode assembly 502 comprising two or more electrodes. Electrodes and / or electrode assembly 502 may be operatively coupled or in communication with a power source, for example, via a positive and negative terminal 510, 512. In some aspects, the electrode assembly 502 may be formed in a cartridge and further contained in a housing 518. In some aspects, the housing 518 may be a non-conductive material, such as a thermoplastic or polymeric material. In some further aspects, the EO component and / or unit 500 may comprise an input 514 (or one or more inputs) and an output 516 (or one or more outputs).As will be appreciated, an inlet and an outlet can be positioned anywhere in a container or housing that is not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the technology.

[074] FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram of an example of an electro-oxidation system, or electro-oxidation separation and / or removal system 600, Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 255 / 302 32 / 38 according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention. In step 602, produced and / or dirty water (i.e., aqueous stream) can enter a system at an inlet for separation and / or removal of WSOs. At an inlet 602, an aqueous stream can comprise one or more WSOs that are solubilized in water. In step 604, an electro-oxidation unit, or multiple units, can be implemented to react with WSOs in the aqueous stream and convert the water-soluble organic compounds into water-insoluble materials, for example, through the production of hydroxyl radicals. As will be appreciated, the operating parameters of an electro-oxidation unit 604 (e.g., residence time, number of electrodes, electrode gap, volumetric and / or size parameters of each electro-oxidation unit) can be adjusted to produce sufficient hydroxyl radicals to convert the WSOs into water-insoluble species.Furthermore, the operating parameters of an electro-oxidation unit 604 can be adjusted to ensure that hydroxyl production remains low enough to avoid generating and / or prevent unwanted byproducts. After conversion by reaction of WSOs into water-insoluble species, an aqueous stream (i.e., containing water-insoluble species) can pass through one or more additional separation and / or removal units, such as a separator 606, a screen 608, and / or a stripping / extraction unit 610. Subsequently, clean or treated water can exit the system via one or more streams 612a, 612b, where contaminants are reduced and / or removed and / or separated. As will be appreciated, some additional aspects of an electro-oxidation system are provided in U.S. Application Ser. No. 17 / 327.781, entitled Rapid Response, Transportable and Autonomous System for Removing Volatile Compounds from Contaminated Fluid Courses and Method of Use thereof, the content of which is incorporated by. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 256 / 302 33 / 38 reference in the present invention in its entirety.

[075] FIG. 7 illustrates exemplary aspects of an electro-oxidation separation system with electrode reaction chemistry, according to some aspects of the present technology. As will be appreciated, hydroxyl radical production chemistry is implemented for the separation and removal of WSOs from an aqueous course. Hydroxyl radicals have a high oxidation potential for the removal of organic compounds and can be generated in situ and instantaneously in a vessel or pipeline flow (e.g., from reaction with electrodes, such as coated electrodes described in the present invention) without the addition of other chemicals.

[076] FIG. 8 illustrates a diagram of an example electro-oxidation system 800, according to some aspects of the present technology. As will be appreciated, in system 800, multiple EO units 802a, 802b, 802n are implemented in parallel for removal and / or separation of WSO.

[077] FIG. 9 illustrates examples of electro-oxidation systems 900, according to some aspects of the present technology. The EO 900 systems may incorporate one or more EO 902a, 902b, 902n units and may be further arranged on a platform. As will be appreciated, a compact arrangement on a platform may be implemented to reduce the total area occupied by an EO system. Additionally, an EO system arranged on a platform may further incorporate a control panel 904 and / or electrical system (e.g., for polarity reversal of any of the electrodes or electrode assemblies, e.g., anodes and cathodes are configured in such a way that their polarity is switchable) directly on it.

[078] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of an electro-oxidation system 1000, according to some aspects of the technology described in the present invention. In Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 257 / 302 34 / 38 In some cases, the 1000 system may include one or more EO units 1002a, 1002b, 1002n, which may be contained in a larger housing. 1004. As will be appreciated, each EO unit may be connected to its own power source. In some additional aspects, each EO unit may be considered as a cartridge that can be swapped or replaced.

[079] FIG. 11 illustrates an example scheme of a produced water treatment system (Total Oil and Gas Removal Plant and WSO) 1100, according to some aspects of the present technology. As illustrated, the system 1100 may include multiple stages, for example, EO cell stage 1102, separator stage 1103 and screen stage 1104. The EO cell stage may include one or more EO units, 1105a, 1105b, 1105n.

[080] Referring briefly to FIG. 12 and FIG. 13, example configurations of a produced water treatment system are illustrated, incorporating one or more separation and / or removal units comprising one or more EO units or cells.

[081] FIG. 14 graphically illustrates the removal of WSO by implementing electro-oxidation systems, according to some aspects of the present technology. As shown, the implementation of EO units or cells according to the aspects described in the present invention enables a significant reduction of WSOs from aqueous courses.

[082] In some aspects, the systems described in the present invention may additionally incorporate hydrocavitation (HC) units. FIG. 15 and FIG. 16 illustrate various aspects and implementation of an HC unit. In some aspects, an HC unit may be implemented to generate and / or create microbubbles in any portion or segment of an aqueous course. In some cases, an HC unit may additionally generate hydroxyl radicals. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 258 / 302 35 / 38 by means of pressure and / or temperature release. In some cases, the incorporation of an HC unit can increase the flow capacity within the system, reduce the intensity and energy use (e.g., reduce mA / cm2) along the electrodes, and alter the time of an aqueous stroke through the system, thus improving the efficiency of WSO removal. CLAUSES

[083] Certain implementations of systems and methods consistent with this disclosure are provided as follows: Clause 1. A system for removing water-soluble organic compounds from an aqueous course, comprising: an electro-oxidation (EO) unit comprising: a titanium anode comprising a mixed metal oxide (MMO) coating; a titanium cathode; a channel between the anode and the cathode; and a power source configured to apply electricity along the channel.

[084] Clause 2. The system of clause 1, an electrode array comprising a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes.

[085] Clause 3. The system of clause 2, in which the system is formed in a cartridge.

[086] Clause 4. The system of clause 1, in which the MMO coating is iridium oxide.

[087] Clause 5. The system of clause 1, wherein the MMO coating comprises iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, tantalum oxide and platinum oxide.

[088] Clause 6. The system of clause 1, in which the titanium cathode comprises an MMO coating.

[089] Clause 7. The system of clause 6, where the MMO coating is iridium oxide. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 259 / 302 36 / 38

[090] Clause 8. The system of clause 6, in which the MMO comprises iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, tantalum oxide and platinum oxide.

[091] Clause 9. The system of clause 1, where a voltage of 5-10 V is applied along the channel.

[092] Clause 10. The system of clause 1, where a current of 1025 amperes is applied along the channel.

[093] Clause 11. The system of clause 1, where the polarity of the anode and cathode can be switched.

[094] Clause 12. The system of clause 1, where 10-70 mA / cm2 are applied to the anode and cathode.

[095] Clause 13. The system of clause 1, where the gap between the anode and the cathode is from about 2 mm to about 60 mm.

[096] Clause 14. The system of clause 2, in which the electrode array comprises from 2 to 100 anodes and cathodes.

[097] Clause 15. The system of clause 1, where the residence time in the electro-oxidation unit is between about 30 seconds and about 4 minutes.

[098] Clause 16. The system of clause 1, additionally comprising a hydrocavitation unit.

[099] Clause 17. The system of clause 1, additionally comprising a plurality of EO units.

[100] Clause 18. The system of clause 17, in which a portion of the plurality of EO units has a reversed polarity.

[101] Clause 19. The system of clause 1, wherein the cathode is one of Ti, Ti coated with MMO and / or Ti coated with boron-doped diamond film and the anode is one of Ti, Ti coated with MMO and / or Ti coated with boron-doped diamond film. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 260 / 302 37 / 38

[102] Clause 20. A method for removing water-soluble organic compounds from an aqueous course, comprising: placing a system of clause 1 in contact with an aqueous course or a portion of an aqueous course from another process, wherein the aqueous course comprises WSOs; and removing at least a portion of the WSOs from the aqueous course. EXAMPLES

[103] Aspects of the technology described in the present invention can be further understood with reference to the following non-limiting examples. On-site treatment of oily wastewater operating at 1-500 m3 / h Influencing Parameters Feed Output Oils 10,000-50,000 ppm 0-10 ppm Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl, Xylene, Styrene, VCM, EDC, VOCs 100-5,000 ppm 0.01-0.16 ppm TOC / COD 1,000-50,000 ppm 20-800 ppm TDS (as a recycling option) 5,000-25,000 ppm 100-2,000 ppm Ammonia (free and dissolved) 100-5,000 ppm 1-100 ppm Sulfides and Mercaptans 100-60,000 ppm 0.05-1 ppm On-site residual caustic treatment operating at 1-20 m3 / h Influential Parameters Feed Output Sulfides, hydrosulfides, polysulfides and mercaptans (total sulfur) 10,000-60,000 ppm 0.01-1 ppm TOC / COD 1,000-50,000 ppm 50-200 ppm TDS (optional) 30,000-60,000 ppm 100-1,000 ppm pH 12-14 6-9 Water treatment for produced water on-site operating at 100-500 m3 / h Influential Parameters Feed Output Strong oily aqueous emulsions, Water-Soluble Organic Compounds (emulsified) 50-1000 ppm 0-10 ppm TSS Removal 0.1-100 microns 0.1-5 microns Process Water and Cooling Water Treatment - Unit of Lateral flow operating at 100-2,000 m3 / h Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 261 / 302 38 / 38 Influential Parameters Feed Output Turbidity 50-100 NTU <10 NTU TSS Removal 0.1-100 microns 0.1-5 microns (<10 ppm)

[104] The embodiments described in the present invention can be more easily understood by reference to the embodiments and examples described above. The elements, apparatus and methods described in the present invention, however, are not limited to any specific embodiment presented in the Examples. It should be recognized that these are merely illustrative of some principles of this disclosure and are not limiting. Various modifications and adaptations will be readily apparent without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

[105] Many different arrangements of the various components and / or steps represented and described, as well as those not shown, are possible without departing from the scope of the claims below.

[106] The embodiments of the current technology have been described for illustrative purposes only and are not restrictive. Alternative embodiments will become apparent from reference to this disclosure. Alternative means of implementing the above may be devised without departing from the scope of the claims below. Certain attributes and subcombinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other attributes and subcombinations and are contemplated within the scope of the claims. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pages 262 / 302

Claims

1 / 3 CLAIMS 1. System for removing water-soluble organic compounds from an aqueous course, characterized in that it comprises: an electro-oxidation (EO) unit comprising: a titanium anode comprising a mixed metal oxide (MMO) coating comprising iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, platinum oxide and tantalum oxide; a titanium cathode comprising a coating (MMO) comprising iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, platinum oxide and tantalum oxide; a channel between the anode and the cathode; and a power source configured to apply electricity along the channel, capable of periodically reversing polarity.

2. System according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises an electrode array comprising at least 6 anodes and at least 6 cathodes.

3. System according to claim 2, characterized in that the system is formed in a selectively replaceable cartridge.

4. System for removing water-soluble organic compounds from an aqueous course, characterized in that it comprises: an electro-oxidation (EO) unit comprising: a titanium anode comprising a mixed metal oxide (MMO) coating comprising iridium oxide, platinum oxide and tantalum oxide; a titanium cathode comprising a coating (MMO) comprising ruthenium oxide and platinum oxide; a channel between the anode and the cathode; and a power source configured to apply electricity along the channel and capable of reversing the polarity of the electrodes during operating cycles. Petition 870250086534, dated 09 / 24 / 2025, pp. 300 / 302 2 / 3 5. System according to claim 1, characterized in that the polarity of the anode and cathode can be switched for a period of 2 to 60 minutes.

6. System according to claim 1, characterized in that 10-70 mA / cm2 is applied to the anode and cathode.

7. System according to claim 1, characterized in that the gap between the anode and the cathode is from 2 mm to 6 mm.

8. System according to claim 2, characterized in that the electrode assembly comprises from 6 to 100 anodes and cathodes.

9. System according to claim 1, characterized in that the residence time in the electro-oxidation unit is between about 30 seconds and about 4 minutes.

10. System according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a hydrocavitation unit.

11. System according to claim 1, characterized in that it further comprises a plurality of selectively replaceable EO units.

12. System according to claim 11, characterized in that a portion of the plurality of selectively replaceable EO units has a reversed polarity.

13. Method for removing water-soluble organic compounds from an aqueous course, characterized in that it comprises: placing a system defined in claim 1 in contact with an aqueous course or a portion of an aqueous course from another process, wherein the aqueous course comprises water-soluble organic compounds; and removing at least a portion of the water-soluble organic compounds from the aqueous course.

Images