Apparatus and method for estimating soh

Description

1 / 58 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SOH FIELD OF TECHNIQUE

[001] This request is based on and claims priority from the Request of Korean Patent Number 10-2023-0115852, filed on August 31, 2023 with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the invention of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

[002] The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for estimating a SOH (State Of Health) and, more specifically, to an apparatus and method for estimating an SOH, which estimates the SOH of a battery using an OCV (Open Circuit Voltage). BACKGROUND OF THE TECHNIQUE

[003] Recently, the demand for portable electronic products, such as notebook computers, video cameras, and mobile phones, has increased sharply, and electric vehicles, energy storage batteries, robots, satellites, and the like have been developed with great effort. Consequently, high-performance batteries that allow repeated charging and discharging are being actively studied.

[004] Commercially available batteries currently include nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, lithium batteries, and similar batteries. Among these, lithium batteries stand out because they exhibit virtually no memory effect compared to nickel-based batteries, and also have a low self-charging rate and high energy density.

[005] Much research is being conducted on these batteries in terms of high capacity and high density, but the aspect of improving service life and safety is also important. In order to improve battery safety, a technology to accurately diagnose the current state of the battery is required. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 8 / 93 2 / 58

[006] Conventionally, battery status is diagnosed by analyzing the battery profile, which represents the correspondence between the battery's capacity and voltage. For example, during the battery charging process, capacity and voltage are measured, and the battery status is diagnosed through battery profile analysis, which represents the correspondence between the measured capacity and voltage. As another example, battery status can be diagnosed based on the capacity and voltage measured during the battery discharge process.

[007] Here, in order to more precisely diagnose the current state of the battery, a battery profile that accurately reflects the current state of the battery is required. However, in order to obtain this battery profile, there is a problem that low charging and discharging rates, such as 0.05 C (rate C), are required. That is, in the past, low charging and discharging rates were required to diagnose the battery state, so there are limitations in diagnosing the battery state. For example, since it takes approximately 20 hours to fully charge the battery at 0.05 C, there is a problem that a considerable amount of time is required to diagnose the battery condition according to conventional low-rate charging and discharging. INVENTION Technical Problem

[008] The present invention is designed to solve the problems of the relevant art and, therefore, the present invention is directed to providing an apparatus and method for estimating a SOH, which estimates the SOH of a battery using an OCV.

[009] These and other objects and advantages of the present invention can be understood from the following detailed description and will be Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 9 / 93 3 / 58 more fully apparent exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Also, it will be readily understood that the objects and advantages of the present invention can be realized by the means shown in the appended claims and combinations thereof. Technical Solution

[0010] An apparatus for estimating an SOH according to an aspect of the present invention may comprise a profiling unit configured to obtain an OCV profile for a plurality of OCVs of a battery measured at different points in time; a profile correction unit configured to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to match the OCV profile; and a control unit configured to extract a diagnostic factor for the battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, and to estimate an SOH of the battery based on the extracted diagnostic factor.

[0011] The plurality of OCVs can be configured to include an OCV measured at a point in time when the battery transitions from an idle state to a discharge state and an OCV measured while a condition in which a battery discharge current is equal to or less than a predefined limit current is maintained for a predefined criterion time or more.

[0012] The plurality of OCVs can be configured to include a plurality of measured OCVs within a predefined criteria period.

[0013] The criterion period can be defined based on a predefined target period, a period required to measure a predefined number of OCVs, a period required for the SOH of the beat Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 10 / 93 4 / 58 ria be reduced to a predefined criterion SOH or a combination thereof.

[0014] The profile correction unit can be configured to generate a full comparison cell profile based on the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile, and generate the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile by adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile until the generated full comparison cell profile matches the OCV profile.

[0015] The profile correction unit can be configured to determine a target capacity range that corresponds to the OCV profile and compare the full comparison cell profile and the OCV profile at the target capacity range.

[0016] The control unit can be configured to estimate a battery SOH by comparing the diagnostic factor value with a predefined criterion value for the diagnostic factor.

[0017] The control unit can be configured to estimate at least one of a positive electrode SOH, a negative electrode SOH, an available lithium SOH, and a battery capacity SOH, depending on the diagnostic factor type.

[0018] The control unit can be configured to extract at least one positive electrode factor based on the adjusted positive electrode profile and one negative electrode factor based on the adjusted negative electrode profile as the diagnostic factor.

[0019] The positive electrode factor can be configured to include at least one of a positive electrode engagement start point, a positive electrode engagement end point, and a positive electrode change rate of the battery based on the adjusted positive electrode profile.

[0020] The negative electrode factor can be set to in Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 11 / 93 5 / 58 include at least one of a negative electrode engagement start point, a negative electrode engagement end point, and a battery negative electrode change rate based on the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0021] The control unit can be configured to adjust a usage condition for the battery based on the estimated SOH.

[0022] A battery pack according to another aspect of the present invention may comprise the apparatus for estimating an SOH according to the present invention.

[0023] A vehicle according to yet another aspect of the present invention may comprise the apparatus for estimating a SOH, according to the present invention.

[0024] A server according to yet another aspect of the present invention may comprise the apparatus for estimating a SOH, according to the present invention.

[0025] A method for estimating an SOH, according to yet another aspect of the present invention, may comprise a profiling step of obtaining an OCV profile for a plurality of OCVs of a battery, measured at different points in time; a profiling step of generating a tuned positive electrode profile and a tuned negative electrode profile, by tuning a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to match the OCV profile; a diagnostic factor extraction step of extracting a diagnostic factor for the battery from at least one of the tuned positive electrode profile and the tuned negative electrode profile; and an SOH estimation step to estimate an SOH of the battery based on the extracted diagnostic factor. Advantageous Effects

[0026] According to an aspect of the present invention, such as the Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 12 / 93 6 / 58 device for estimating a battery estimates the battery's SOH using the OCV profile; this has the advantage of not forcing the battery to charge and discharge to obtain the battery profile. In other words, according to the present invention, charging and discharging the battery are not required in the process of estimating the battery's SOH. Therefore, compared with the conventional method that requires obtaining a battery profile during the charging and discharging process to estimate the battery's SOH, the present invention has the advantage of quickly estimating the battery's SOH based on the OCV profile.

[0027] Furthermore, according to one aspect of the present invention, the apparatus for estimating a SOH has the advantage of diagnosing the battery's condition from various perspectives, based on the type of diagnostic factor that can be extracted.

[0028] The effects of the present invention are not limited to the effects mentioned above, and other effects not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description of the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] The accompanying drawings illustrate a preferred embodiment of the present invention and, together with the invention above, serve to provide a better understanding of the technical features of the present invention and, therefore, the present invention is not interpreted as being limited to the drawing.

[0030] Figure 1 is a diagram that schematically shows an apparatus for estimating a SOH according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0031] Figure 2 is a diagram that schematically shows an OCV profile according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0032] Figure 3 is a diagram showing a measured OCV of Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 13 / 93 7 / 58 battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] Figure 4 is a diagram that schematically shows a criterion positive electrode profile and a criterion negative electrode profile according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0034] Figure 5 is a diagram that schematically shows a complete comparison cell profile, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0035] Figure 6 is a diagram that schematically shows a complete comparison cell profile and an OCV profile, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0036] Figures 7 to 14 are diagrams to explain the process of adjusting a criterion positive electrode profile and a criterion negative electrode profile, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0037] Figure 15 is a diagram that schematically shows an exemplary configuration of a battery pack, according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0038] Figure 16 is a diagram that schematically shows an exemplary configuration of a vehicle, according to yet another embodiment of the present invention.

[0039] Figure 17 is a diagram that schematically shows a method for estimating a SOH, according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. BEST WAY

[0040] It should be understood that the terms used in the specification and appended claims should not be interpreted as limited to general and dictionary meanings, but interpreted based on the meanings and concepts corresponding to the technical aspects of the present invention, on the principle that the inventor is permitted to define the terms appropriately for the best explanation. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, p. 14 / 93 8 / 58 shark.

[0041] Therefore, the description proposed here is only a preferable example for illustrative purposes only, it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, thus it should be understood that other equivalents and modifications can be made to this without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0042] Furthermore, when describing the present invention, where it is considered that a detailed description of known relevant elements or functions would make the main subject of the present invention ambiguous, the detailed description is omitted herein.

[0043] Terms that include the ordinal number, such as first, second, and the like, can be used to distinguish one element from another among several elements, but are not intended to limit the elements by the terms.

[0044] Throughout the specification, when a portion is referred to as comprising or including any element, this means that the portion may include other additional elements, without excluding other elements, unless specifically indicated otherwise.

[0045] Furthermore, from the specification, when a portion is referred to as being connected to another portion, it is not limited to the case where they are directly connected, but also includes the case where they are indirectly connected with another element being interposed between them.

[0046] Hereafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0047] Figure 1 is a diagram that schematically shows an apparatus 100 for estimating a SOH (Status of Health) according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0048] Referring to Figure 1, the apparatus 100 to estimate a SOH Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 15 / 93 9 / 58 may include a profile acquisition unit 110, a profile correction unit 120 and a control unit 130.

[0049] The 110 profile acquisition unit can be configured to obtain an OCV Rocv profile for a plurality of OCVs (Open Circuit Voltages) of a battery measured at different points in time.

[0050] Here, battery refers to an independent cell that has a negative terminal and a positive terminal and is physically separable. As an example, a lithium-ion battery or a lithium polymer battery can be considered a battery. Furthermore, the battery type can be a cylindrical type, a prismatic type, or a pouch type. Additionally, battery can mean a battery bank, a battery module, or a battery array in which a plurality of cells are connected in series and / or parallel. Below, for convenience of explanation, battery is explained as meaning an independent cell.

[0051] Here, the OCV Rocv profile is a profile that represents the correspondence relationship between the OCV and the battery capacity. Specifically, the OCV of a battery can be measured at a point in time that satisfies a predetermined condition. More specifically, the plurality of OCVs can be configured to include the OCV measured at the point in time when the battery transitions from the idle state to the discharge state and the OCV measured while the condition that the battery discharge current is equal to or less than a predefined limit current is maintained for a predefined criterion time or more.

[0052] First, the battery's OCV can be measured at the point in time when the battery transitions from the idle state to the discharge state. Here, the idle state refers to a stabilized state in which the battery is maintained in a discharged state for a certain period. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 16 / 93 10 / 58 of a time or more. For example, when a battery is included in a vehicle, the battery's OCV can be measured at the point in time the key is turned on, when the vehicle's engine, which has been parked for a certain period of time, is started. Also, the battery's capacity can be determined according to the capacity at the point in time the key is turned off, when the vehicle's engine is turned off.

[0053] Next, the battery's OCV can be measured while the condition in which the battery discharge current is equal to or less than the predefined limit current is maintained for the predefined criterion time or more. Here, the state in which the battery discharge current is equal to or less than the limit current means a state in which the amount of battery discharge can be ignored. In other words, when the battery is being discharged, but the amount of discharge is minimal, the measured battery voltage can be estimated as OCV. This is because, if the amount of battery discharge is negligible, the battery can be considered to be in a stable state, even if the battery is being discharged beyond the criterion time. For example, when a battery is included in a vehicle and the vehicle is stopped for a criterion time or more, the battery may be continuously discharged to supply power to the electrical components.However, the amount of battery discharge required to power the electronic components is very small relative to the battery's capacity. Therefore, even though the battery is actually in a discharged state, the battery voltage can be estimated as 0CV.

[0054] Figure 2 is a diagram that schematically shows an OCV Rocv profile according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to Figure 2, the OCV Rocv profile represents the correspondence relationship between the OCV and the battery capacity in a capacity range of 10 (Ah) to 45 (Ah). As previously Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 17 / 93 11 / 58 explained, the conditions under which OCV can be measured are limited, so the plurality of OCVs included in the Rocv OCV profile may be discontinuous.

[0055] For example, the 110 profile acquisition unit can directly receive the Rocv OCV profile from the outside. That is, the 110 profile acquisition unit can obtain the Rocv OCV profile by receiving the Rocv OCV profile being connected to the outside via wired and / or wireless connection.

[0056] As another example, the profile acquisition unit 110 can receive battery information about the OCV (V) and capacity (Q) of the battery. Furthermore, the profile acquisition unit 110 can generate an OCV Rocv profile based on the received battery information. That is, the profile acquisition unit 110 can obtain the OCV Rocv profile by directly generating the OCV Rocv profile based on the battery information.

[0057] The profile acquisition unit 110 can be connected to enable communication with the profile correction unit 120. For example, the profile acquisition unit 110 can be connected to the profile correction unit 120 via wired and / or wireless connection. The profile acquisition unit can transmit the obtained Rocv OCV profile to the profile correction unit 120.

[0058] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile Rp and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile Rn to match the OCV profile Rocv.

[0059] The criterion positive electrode profile Rp can be a profile that represents a matching relationship between the capacitance and OCV of a predefined criterion positive electrode cell to match the positive electrode of the battery. For example, the criterion positive electrode cell can be a coin half-cell of Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 18 / 93 12 / 58 positive electrode or a positive electrode of a three-electrode cell. Additionally, the criterion negative electrode profile Rn can be a profile that represents a matching relationship between the capacitance and OCV of a predefined criterion negative electrode cell to match the negative electrode of the battery. For example, the criterion negative electrode cell could be a negative electrode coin cell or a negative electrode of a three-electrode cell.

[0060] Specifically, the 120 profile correction unit can adjust the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn to match the OCV profile Rocv. More specifically, the 120 profile correction unit can adjust the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile. Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can generate a complete comparison cell profile S from the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile. The 120 profile correction unit can adjust the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn until the complete comparison cell profile S matches the OCV profile Rocv.Here, the target capacity range T of the Rocv OCV profile may differ from the capacity range of the comparison full-cell profile S. Therefore, the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn may be adjusted depending on the match between the comparison full-cell profile S and the Rocv OCV profile in the target capacity range T.

[0061] For example, the 120 profile correction unit can generate a plurality of full-cell comparison S profiles, shifting the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the electrode profile Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 19 / 93 13 / 58 negative electrode criterion Rn or scaling their capabilities, and specify a full-cell comparison profile S with the minimum error with the OCV profile Rocv among the plurality of full-cell comparison profiles S. Also, an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile that correspond to the specified full-cell comparison profile S can be determined.

[0062] In relation to this, a more specific embodiment in which the profile correction unit 120 determines the positive electrode profile of the battery, adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn to match the OCV profile Rocv, will be described later with reference to Figures 7 to 14.

[0063] Control unit 130 can be configured to extract a diagnostic factor for the battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[0064] Specifically, control unit 130 can extract a diagnostic factor related to the positive electrode profile from the adjusted positive electrode. Additionally, control unit 130 can extract a diagnostic factor related to the negative electrode from the adjusted negative electrode profile. For ease of explanation, specific examples regarding the diagnostic factor will be described later.

[0065] Control unit 130 can be configured to diagnose battery SOH based on the extracted diagnostic factor.

[0066] Specifically, control unit 130 can be configured to estimate the battery SOH by comparing the diagnostic factor value with a predefined criterion value for the diagnostic factor.

[0067] Here, the predefined criterion value can be a obtained value Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 20 / 93 14 / 58 in advance for a battery in BOL (Beginning of Life) state. Preferably, the OCV Rocv profile for the battery in BOL state can represent the OCV-capacity matching relationship for the entire capacity range. Control unit 130 can determine the criterion value corresponding to the diagnostic factor extracted from the OCV Rocv profile for the battery in BOL state. In other words, the criterion value is a battery state value in BOL state, and the diagnostic factor is a battery state value in current state. Consequently, control unit 130 can estimate the battery's SOH based on the diagnostic factor indicating the battery's current state and the criterion value indicating the battery's BOL state.

[0068] The apparatus 100 for estimating SOH, according to an embodiment of the present invention, can estimate the SOH of a battery based on the battery's OCV measured under predetermined conditions. In other words, according to the present invention, there is an advantage that low-rate charging and discharging for SOH estimation is not mandatory.

[0069] For example, if a low-rate charge and discharge at 0.05 C is required to estimate the SOH, battery utilization may be limited to approximately 20 hours. In contrast, the 100 device for estimating an SOH can estimate the SOH of a battery by only obtaining the OCV Rocv profile, which includes a plurality of OCVs. Also, the conditions under which the OCV is measured are conditions in which battery use is not restricted by strength. Therefore, since the 100 device for estimating an SOH can quickly estimate the SOH of the battery based on the OCV Rocv profile without restricting battery use, there is an advantage in that the conventional problem where battery use must be excessively limited to estimate the SOH can be solved. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, p. 21 / 93 15 / 58

[0070] Meanwhile, the control unit 130 included in the device 100 for estimating a SOH optionally includes a processor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), another chipset, a logic circuit, a register, a communication modem, a data processing device, etc., known in the art for executing various control logics described in the present invention. Also, when the control logic is implemented as software, the control unit 130 can be implemented as a set of program modules. At this time, the program module can be stored in memory and executed by the control unit 130. The memory can be inside or outside the control unit 130 and can be connected to the control unit 130 by various known means.

[0071] In addition, the apparatus 100 for estimating a SOH may also include a storage unit 140. The storage unit 140 may store data necessary for the operation and function of each component of the apparatus 100 for estimating a SOH, data generated in the process of executing the operation or function, or similar. The storage unit 140 is not specifically limited in its type, provided it is a known information storage medium that can record, erase, update, and read data. As an example, the information storage medium may include RAM, flash memory, ROM, EEPROM, registers, and the like. In addition, the storage unit 140 may store program codes in which the processes executable by the control unit 130 are defined.

[0072] For example, storage unit 140 can store the OCV profile Rocv, the criterion positive electrode profile Rp, the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, the adjusted positive electrode profile, the adjusted negative electrode profile, and the diagnostic factor. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 22 / 93 16 / 58 nostico.

[0073] The plurality of OCVs can be configured to include a plurality of OCVs measured within a predefined criteria period.

[0074] Specifically, the OCV may have limited measurement conditions. In other words, the time at which the plurality of OCVs is measured may be aperiodic. For example, it is assumed that the vehicle is started only once a day and that the vehicle's downtime is less than a criterion time. In this case, since the OCV is measured only at the point in time when the vehicle's engine is started, one OCV may be measured per day. Therefore, the plurality of OCVs included in the Rocv OCV profile may be measured values ​​with a time interval of one day.

[0075] Considering the OCV measurement conditions, a grouping condition for the plurality of OCVs used to estimate the battery's SOH is necessary. In other words, if the battery's SOH is estimated using the plurality of OCVs obtained over an excessively long period of time, the battery may deteriorate further during this period, so the estimated battery SOH may not be accurate. Therefore, the Rocv OCV profile can only include a plurality of OCVs measured within the predefined criterion period. Preferably, the criterion period can be defined experimentally or theoretically, or it can be defined in consideration of the operating pattern (e.g., driving pattern or charge / discharge pattern) for the corresponding battery.

[0076] In one embodiment, the criterion period can be defined as a predefined target period. For example, the Rocv OCV profile may include a plurality of OCVs measured within the last two weeks. Therefore, the estimated SOH based on the Rocv OCV profile, which includes only a plurality of OCVs measured within the pe Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 23 / 93 17 / 58 criterion radio, may well reflect the current state of the battery.

[0077] Figure 3 is a diagram showing a measured OCV of the battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0078] For example, in the modality of Figure 3, the first to fifth periods P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 may be shorter than the predefined criterion period. Therefore, the device 100 for estimating a SOH can continuously diagnose the battery status, estimating the battery SOH based on the OCV Rocv profile for each of the first to fifth periods P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5.

[0079] In another embodiment, the criterion period can be defined as a period required to measure a predefined number of OCVs. For example, the number of OCVs measured is proportional to the clarity or precision of the Rocv OCV profile. In other words, the greater the number of OCVs measured, the clearer the Rocv OCV profile becomes, so that the results of fitting the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn can better reflect the current state of the battery. Therefore, the period until non-overlapping OCVs are measured as many as a predefined number (e.g., 30) can be predefined as the criterion period.

[0080] In yet another embodiment, the criterion period can be defined as the period required for the battery's SOH to decrease to a predefined criterion SOH. For example, when the OCV measurement frequency is low, the plurality of OCVs included in the Rocv OCV profile may be measured at different SOHs. In this case, a problem arises where the results of adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn based on the Rocv OCV profile evenly reflect the battery's previous state. Consequently, the period until the battery's SOH decreases to a predefined criterion SOH (e.g., 0.1%) Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 24 / 93 18 / 58 can be predefined as the criterion period.

[0081] In yet another embodiment, the criterion period may be defined as a shorter period between the predefined target period, the period required to measure OCVs of a predefined number and the period required to reduce the battery SOH to the predefined criterion SOH.

[0082] Although a limited modality of the criterion period has been described above, it should be noted that the criterion period for generating an appropriate Rocv OCV profile used to diagnose the current battery status can be defined considering several aspects.

[0083] The apparatus 100 for estimating a SOH according to the present invention has an advantage of estimating the battery's SOH more precisely by limiting the measurement time points of the plurality of OCVs used to estimate the SOH.

[0084] Below, an embodiment in which the 120 profile correction unit adjusts the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn will be described in detail.

[0085] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to generate a complete comparison cell profile S based on the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn.

[0086] Specifically, the complete cell profile comparison S can be generated according to the voltage difference per capacitance (specifically, OCV difference) for the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn. For example, it is assumed that the voltage of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp corresponding to a certain capacitance X is Vp, and the voltage of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn is Vn. The voltage of the comparison full-cell profile S corresponding to the capacitance Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 25 / 93 19 / 58 dade X can be calculated as Vp - Vn. The 120 profile correction unit can generate a full cell comparison profile S by calculating the voltage difference between the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn for the entire capacity.

[0087] Figure 4 is a diagram schematically showing a positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and a negative electrode profile of criterion Rn, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 5 is a diagram schematically showing a complete comparison cell profile S, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment of Figures 4 and 5, the complete comparison cell profile S can be generated based on the voltage-to-capacity difference between the positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and the negative electrode profile of criterion Rn.

[0088] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn until the generated full comparison cell profile S matches the OCV profile Rocv.

[0089] Specifically, the 120 profile correction unit can calculate an error between the full-cell comparison profile S and the OCV Rocv profile. Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can adjust the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn until the error between the full-cell comparison profile S and the OCV Rocv profile is minimized. If the full-cell comparison profile S that minimizes the error with the OCV Rocv profile is determined, the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, which are the basis of the determined full-cell comparison profile S, can be... Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 26 / 93 20 / 58 estimated as the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile that represent the current state of the battery. With current technology, there is the problem of not being able to directly obtain the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile, indicating the current state of the battery, without directly disassembling the battery. Therefore, it can be strongly assumed that the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, which are the basis of the complete cell comparison profile S determined through the tuning process, are the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile that reflect the current state of the battery.

[0090] Figure 6 is a diagram that schematically shows a full-cell comparison profile S and an OCV Rocv profile, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment of Figure 6, the profile correction unit 120 can calculate an error between the two profiles based on the voltage-per-capacity difference of the full-cell comparison profile S and the OCV Rocv profile. Also, the profile correction unit 120 can determine the full-cell comparison profile S in which the calculated error is minimized.

[0091] Preferably, the 120 profile correction unit can be configured to determine a target capacity range T that corresponds to the Rocv OCV profile.

[0092] For example, in the embodiment of Figure 6, since the plurality of OCVs included in the Rocv OCV profile is measured aperiodically, the correspondence relationship between OCV and capacity can only appear in the target capacity range T. In other words, the target capacity range T is a capacity range of the Rocv OCV profile. Therefore, the profile correction unit 120 can first determine the target capacity range T based on the Rocv OCV profile. For example, in the embodiment of Figure 6, the capacity range Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 27 / 93 21 / 58 target T can be determined to be a capacity range of 10 [Ah] or more and 45 [Ah] or less.

[0093] The 120 profile correction unit can be configured to compare the full comparison cell profile S and the OCV Rocv profile in the target capacity range T.

[0094] Specifically, since the full-cell comparison profile S is generated based on the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, it can represent the voltage-to-capacity matching relationship for the entire capacity range. In contrast, the OCV profile Rocv represents the OCV-to-capacity matching relationship for the target capacity range T. Therefore, the profile correction unit 120 can compare the two profiles only for the target capacity range T, which is the common capacity range of the full-cell comparison profile S and the OCV profile Rocv.

[0095] For example, in the embodiment of Figure 6, the 120 profile correction unit can compare the full cell profile S and the OCV profile Rocv in the target capacity range T. In addition, the 120 profile correction unit can also adjust the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, according to the comparison results.

[0096] Below, diagnostic factors that the control unit 130 allows you to select from the adjusted positive electrode profile and / or the adjusted negative electrode profile, which will be described in detail.

[0097] The control unit 130 can be configured to extract at least one positive electrode factor based on the adjusted positive electrode profile and one negative electrode factor based on the adjusted negative electrode profile as a diagnostic factor.

[0098] Here, the adjusted positive electrode profile is the result of adjusting the criterion Rp positive electrode profile, and the electrode profile Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 28 / 93 The adjusted negative value of 22 / 58 is the result of adjusting the negative electrode profile according to criterion Rn. Specifically, as described above, the 120 profile correction unit can adjust the positive electrode profile according to criterion Rp and the negative electrode profile according to criterion Rn, so that the complete comparison cell profile S matches the OCV profile Rocv.

[0099] The positive electrode factor can be configured to include at least one of the positive electrode engagement start point pi, positive electrode engagement end point pf, and positive electrode change rate ps of the battery, based on the adjusted positive electrode profile.

[00100] The initial point of positive electrode participation pi can be a point that corresponds to the initial capacity (lower limit capacity) of the target capacity range T in the adjusted positive electrode profile. For example, in the embodiment of Figure 6, the initial capacity of the target capacity range T is 10 (Ah), therefore, the point where the capacity value is 10 (Ah) in the adjusted positive electrode profile can be the initial point of positive electrode participation pi. Furthermore, the value of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi can be a potential value or a SOC (State of Charge) value that corresponds to the initial point of positive electrode participation pi in the adjusted positive electrode profile.

[00101] The positive electrode participation endpoint pf can be a point that corresponds to the final capacity (upper limit capacity) of the target capacity range T in the adjusted positive electrode profile. For example, in the embodiment of Figure 6, the final capacity of the target capacity range T is 45 (Ah), therefore, the point where the capacity value is 45 (Ah) in the adjusted positive electrode profile can be the positive electrode participation endpoint pf. Also, the value of the positive electrode participation endpoint pf can be a Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 29 / 93 23 / 58 potential value or SOC value that corresponds to the endpoint of positive electrode participation pf in the adjusted positive electrode profile.

[00102] The positive electrode change rate ps can mean the rate of change [%] of the adjusted positive electrode profile relative to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp. Specifically, the positive electrode change rate ps can be a contraction ratio or an expansion ratio of the adjusted positive electrode profile relative to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp. For example, if the adjusted positive electrode profile is a 10% contraction of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp, the positive electrode change rate ps will be 90%. Conversely, if the adjusted positive electrode profile is a 10% extension of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp, the positive electrode change rate ps will be 110%.

[00103] The negative electrode factor can be configured to include at least one of a negative electrode engagement start point ni, a negative electrode engagement end point nf, and a negative electrode change rate ns of the battery based on the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00104] The initial point of negative electrode participation ni can be a point that corresponds to the initial capacity (lower capacity) of the target capacity range T in the adjusted negative electrode profile. For example, in the embodiment of Figure 6, the initial capacity of the target capacity range T is 10 (Ah), therefore, the point where the capacity value is 10 (Ah) in the adjusted negative electrode profile can be the initial point of negative electrode participation ni. Also, the value of the initial point of negative electrode participation ni can be a potential value or SOC value that corresponds to the initial point of negative electrode participation ni in the adjusted negative electrode profile. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 30 / 93 24 / 58

[00105] The nf negative electrode participation endpoint can be a point that corresponds to the final capability (upper limit capability) of the target capability range T in the adjusted negative electrode profile. For example, in the embodiment of Figure 6, the final capability of the target capability range T is 45 (Ah), therefore, the point where the capability value is 45 (Ah) in the adjusted negative electrode profile can be the nf negative electrode participation endpoint. Also, the nf negative electrode participation endpoint value can be a potential value or SOC value that corresponds to the nf negative electrode participation endpoint in the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00106] The negative electrode change rate ns can mean the rate of change [%] of the adjusted negative electrode profile relative to the criterion negative electrode profile Rn. Specifically, the negative electrode change rate ns can be a contraction ratio or an expansion ratio of the adjusted negative electrode profile relative to the criterion negative electrode profile Rn. For example, if the adjusted negative electrode profile is a 10% contraction of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, the negative electrode change rate ns will be 90%. Conversely, if the adjusted negative electrode profile is a 10% extension of the negative electrode profile Rn, the negative electrode change rate ns will be 110%.

[00107] Control unit 130 can be configured to estimate at least one of a positive electrode SOH, negative electrode SOH, available lithium SOH, and battery capacity SOH, depending on the diagnostic factor type. Hereafter, it will be explained that the positive electrode participation start point (pi) and positive electrode participation end point (pf) values ​​refer to the corresponding SOHs in the adjusted positive electrode profile, and the negative electrode participation start point values... Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 31 / 93 25 / 58 ni and the endpoint of negative electrode participation nf refer to the corresponding SOCs in the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00108] The positive electrode SOH indicates the degree of deterioration of the battery's positive electrode. In other words, the positive electrode SOH is an indicator of the degree to which the battery's positive electrode has deteriorated. As the battery deteriorates, the positive electrode reaction area decreases due to side reactions, etc., so the positive electrode capacity participating in the reaction may decrease. Consequently, control unit 130 can estimate the degree of deterioration for the loss of positive electrode capacity by calculating the positive electrode SOH.

[00109] Specifically, when control unit 130 extracts the positive electrode engagement endpoint pf as a diagnostic factor, the positive electrode SOH can be calculated using Equation 1 or 2 below. Equation 1 _ PfbtOL ~ P^BOL d C / fi p — Pjbol ~PlBOL·

[00110] Here, SOHp is the positive electrode SOH, pímol is the value of the positive electrode participation endpoint corresponding to the battery in the current state, píbol is the value of the positive electrode participation endpoint corresponding to the battery in the BOL state, and píbol is the value of the positive electrode participation endpoint corresponding to the battery in the BOL state. Here, píbol, píbol, and pímol can be SOC values ​​corresponding to the corresponding endpoint. Equation 2 _ PÍMOL ~ PÍ-BOL iOHp —nJBOL ~nlBOL·

[00111] Here, nfeoL is the value of the negative electrode participation endpoint corresponding to the battery in the BOL state, and nieoL is Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, p. 32 / 93 26 / 58 is the value of the initial point of negative electrode participation that corresponds to the battery in the BOL state. Here, nieoL and nÍMoL can be SOC values ​​that correspond to the corresponding point.

[00112] For example, if pfBOL, pfBOL, are defined based on the positive electrode capacity of the BOL state, nieoL, and nfeoL can also be defined based on the positive electrode capacity of the BOL state. As another example, if pfBOL and pfBOL are defined based on the negative electrode capacity of the BOL state, nieoL, and nfeoL can also be defined based on the negative electrode capacity of the BOL state. That is, the criterion capacity (positive electrode capacity or negative electrode capacity of the BOL state), which is the criterion for calculating pfBOL, pfBOL, nieoL, and nfeoL, can be the same. Therefore, referring to Equations 1 and 2, pfBOL-pfBOL can be replaced by nfeoL-nfeoL.

[00113] Furthermore, when control unit 130 extracts the positive electrode change rate ps as a diagnostic factor, control unit 130 can calculate the positive electrode SOH using Equation 3 below. Equation 3 S0HP = PSBOL

[00114] Here, psbol is the rate of change of the positive electrode corresponding to the battery in the BOL state, and psmol is the rate of change of the positive electrode corresponding to the battery in the current state. Specifically, psbol refers to the rate of change of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp relative to the initial positive electrode profile. Here, if the initial positive electrode profile and the criterion positive electrode profile Rp are the same, psbol can be 1 or 100%. Hereafter, for convenience of explanation, the initial positive electrode profile and the criterion positive electrode profile Rp are described co Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 33 / 93 27 / 58 mo being the same. Also, psmol means the rate of change of the adjusted positive electrode profile relative to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp.

[00115] The negative electrode SOH indicates the degree to which the negative electrode of the battery has deteriorated. In other words, the negative electrode SOH is an indicator of the degree to which the negative electrode of the battery has deteriorated. As with the loss of positive electrode capacity, as the battery deteriorates, the negative electrode reaction area decreases due to side reactions, etc., so the negative electrode capacity participating in the reaction may decrease. Consequently, control unit 130 can estimate the degree of deterioration for the loss of negative electrode capacity by calculating the negative electrode SOH.

[00116] Specifically, when control unit 130 extracts the negative electrode change rate as a diagnostic factor, the negative electrode SOH can be calculated using Equation 4 below. Equation 4 sohn'nSMOL71SBOL

[00117] Here, SOHn is the negative electrode SOH, nseoL is the rate of change of the negative electrode corresponding to the battery in the BOL state, and osmol is the rate of change of the negative electrode corresponding to the battery in the current state. Specifically, nseoL refers to the rate of change of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn relative to the initial negative electrode profile. Here, if the initial negative electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn are the same, nseoL can be 1 or 100%. Hereafter, for convenience of explanation, the initial negative electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn are described as being the same. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 34 / 93 28 / 58 Also, osmol means the rate of change of the adjusted negative electrode profile relative to the criterion negative electrode profile Rn.

[00118] Available lithium SOH indicates the degree of degradation of available lithium in the battery. In other words, available lithium SOH is an indicator of the degree of degradation of lithium ions participating in the reaction. When lithium deposition (Li-plating) occurs, lithium metal can precipitate onto the surface of the negative electrode. As the lithium deposition phenomenon progresses, the amount of precipitated lithium metal increases, so the number of lithium ions participating in the reaction may decrease. Therefore, control unit 130 can estimate the degree of degradation in relation to the number of lithium ions participating in the reaction compared to the initial reaction by calculating available lithium SOH.

[00119] Specifically, when control unit 130 extracts the initial point of positive electrode engagement pi as diagnostic factors, the available lithium SOH can be calculated using Equation 5 or 6 below. Equation 5 _ PfsüL ~ P^MOL — r PjBOL ~PlBOL· Equation 6 _ PfsOL ~ P^MOL - £njBüL ~mBOL·

[00120] Here, SOHu is the available lithium SOH, pímol is the initial point value of the positive electrode engagement that corresponds to the current state of the battery. Here, pímol can be the SOC value that corresponds to the corresponding point. Also, referring to Equations 5 and 6, as to Equations 1 and 2, píbol-Píbol can be replaced by nÍBOL-niBOL.

[00121] The SOH capacity indicates the degree of degradation of ca Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, p. 35 / 93 29 / 58 Battery capacity. In other words, the SOH capacity is an indicator of the degree of degradation of current available capacity compared to the initial capacity of the battery. As the battery deteriorates, the available battery capacity may naturally decrease. Therefore, control unit 130 can estimate the degree of degradation of current capacity compared to the initial capacity by calculating the SOH capacity.

[00122] Specifically, when control unit 130 extracts the positive electrode participation endpoint pf and the positive electrode participation start point pi as diagnostic factors, the capacity SOH can be calculated using Equation 7 below. Equation 7 _ Pmol ~ Pmol Süi-ÍQ — Píbol ~ PlBOL

[00123] Here, SOHq is SOH for capacity, píbol, Píbol, PÍmol and pimol are as described above. Also, pfeoL-piBOL can be replaced by nÍBOL-niBOL.

[00124] Furthermore, when control unit 130 extracts the negative electrode participation endpoint nf and the negative electrode participation start point ni as diagnostic factors, control unit 130 can calculate the capacity SOH using Equation 8 below. Equation 8 _nÁíOL— n^MOL Süííq — - ; nÍBOL ~mBOL

[00125] Here, SOHq is the SOH of capacity, nIMOL is the value of the negative electrode participation endpoint corresponding to the battery in the current state, and nIMOL is the value of the negative electrode participation endpoint corresponding to the battery in the current state. That is, referring to Equations 7 and 8, pfBOL-piBOL can be substituted Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 36 / 93 30 / 58 of nfBOL-niBOL, and pímol-pímol can be replaced by nfMOLnÍMOL.

[00126] To date, an embodiment in which control unit 130 estimates the positive electrode SOH (SOHp), the negative electrode SOH (SOHN), the available lithium SOH (SOHi), and the capacity SOH (SOHq) has been described. However, control unit 130 can calculate the complement of 1 (or 100%) of SOH to estimate the positive electrode degradation rate, the negative electrode degradation rate, the available lithium degradation rate, and the capacity degradation rate. For example, control unit 130 can estimate the positive electrode degradation rate by calculating 1 positive electrode SOH.

[00127] The apparatus 100 for estimating SOH, according to an embodiment of the present invention, can estimate the SOH of a battery from various aspects, depending on the diagnostic factor extracted. For example, according to the diagnostic factor extracted, it is possible to estimate the positive electrode SOH, the negative electrode SOH, the available lithium SOH and the capacity SOH, so that the degree of battery degradation for each item can be specifically diagnosed.

[00128] Control unit 130 can be configured to adjust the operating conditions for the battery based on the estimated SOH.

[00129] Specifically, control unit 130 can adjust the available SOC range for the battery based on the estimated SOH. For example, control unit 130 can lower the upper limit of the available SOC range for the battery. As another example, control unit 130 can raise the lower limit of the available SOC range for the battery. As yet another example, control unit 130 can lower the upper limit of the available SOC range. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 37 / 93 31 / 58 for the battery and increase the lower limit of the available SOC range.

[00130] By adjusting the available SOC range, the loss of positive electrode response area and negative electrode response area can be avoided. In addition, as the loss of available lithium is avoided, lithium metal precipitation can be prevented. Furthermore, gas generation within the battery can be suppressed.

[00131] From here on, with reference to Figures 7 to 14, an embodiment in which the profile correction unit 120 adjusts the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn will be described in more detail.

[00132] Figures 7 to 14 are diagrams to explain the process of adjusting a positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and a negative electrode profile of criterion Rn, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[00133] Figure 7 is a referenced graph to explain an example of the positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and the negative electrode profile of criterion Rn, respectively. In the graph of Figure 7, the horizontal geometric axis (X-axis) represents capacitance (Ah) and the vertical geometric axis (Y-axis) represents voltage (V).

[00134] Figure 8 is a referenced graph to explain an example of the target battery's OCV Rocv profile. In the graph in Figure 8, the horizontal geometric axis (X-axis) represents capacity (Ah) and the vertical geometric axis (Y-axis) represents voltage (V). Referring to Figure 8, it is assumed that the target capacity range T is a capacity range from 5 (Ah) to 45 (Ah).

[00135] The profile correction unit 120 can be configured to compare the OCV Rocv profile and at least one full-cell comparison profile S. Here, the full-cell comparison profile S can be the result of the synthesis (combination) of the profile of Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 38 / 93 32 / 58 adjusted positive electrode and adjusted negative electrode profile based on the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, respectively, stored in storage unit 140.

[00136] In other words, when the criterion complete cell profile R is the result of subtracting a part of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn from a part of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp, the comparison complete cell profile S can be said to be the result of subtracting a part of the adjusted negative electrode profile from a part of the adjusted positive electrode profile.

[00137] Profile correction unit 120 can generate at least one complete comparison cell profile S by directly adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn. Alternatively, at least one complete comparison cell profile S can be secured in advance based on the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn and stored in storage unit 140. In this case, profile correction unit 120 can obtain the complete comparison cell profile S by accessing storage unit 140 and reading the complete comparison cell profile S.

[00138] The 120 profile correction unit can generate a plurality of full-cell comparison profiles Ss of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn by repeating the adjustment process of each of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn at various levels and then synthesizing them. The full-cell comparison profile S can also be referred to as the 'adjusted criterion full-cell profile'.

[00139] The profile correction unit 120 can specify which Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 39 / 93 33 / 58 wants a complete cell comparison profile S that has a minimum error with the OCV Rocv profile among the plurality of complete cell comparison profiles Ss.

[00140] Next, the profile correction unit 120 can determine that the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile mapped to the specified full cell comparison profile S are the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery. Next, it should be noted that the positive electrode profile is a finally determined adjusted positive electrode profile, and the negative electrode profile is a finally determined adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00141] In this regard, several methods known at the time of filing of the present invention can be employed to determine the error between two profiles, each of which can be expressed in a two-dimensional coordinate system. For example, the integral value of the absolute value of the area between two profiles or RMSE (Mean Squared Error) can be used as the error between two profiles.

[00142] According to this configuration of the present invention, various state information about the battery can be obtained based on the finally determined positive electrode profile and negative electrode profile. The finally determined positive electrode profile and negative electrode profile can be mapped to the full cell comparison profile S mapped to the minimum error. Specifically, it can be said that the full cell comparison profile S based on the finally determined positive electrode profile and negative electrode profile is almost identical to the OCV Rocv profile in terms of shape.

[00143] Therefore, according to the present invention, the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery can be obtained even without disassembling the battery. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 40 / 93 34 / 58

[00144] If the battery is a new battery, the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery can be analyzed to more easily diagnose whether a defect has occurred in the battery and, if so, what type of defect it is.

[00145] If the battery is being used after it has been verified to be a good product, it is possible to determine the degree to which the battery has deteriorated for each item of deterioration through the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery.

[00146] Furthermore, according to one embodiment of the present invention, the positive electrode profile and the negative electrode profile of the battery can be obtained in a simple manner. Even if only one positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and one negative electrode profile of criterion Rn are stored in the storage unit 140, the present invention can be implemented. That is, there is no need to store a plurality of positive electrode profiles of criterion Rp and / or a plurality of negative electrode profiles of criterion Rn in the storage unit 140. Consequently, the storage capacity of the storage unit 140 does not need to be high and there is no need to conduct numerous preliminary tests required to ensure a plurality of positive electrode profiles of criterion Rp and / or a plurality of negative electrode profiles of criterion Rn.

[00147] Figures 9 to 11 are referenced diagrams to explain an example of a procedure for generating a complete comparison cell profile S used for comparison with the OCV Rocv profile according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[00148] The procedure for generating a complete S-comparative cell profile, which will be described with reference to Figures 9 to 11, proceeds in the following order: a first routine that defines four points (initial point of positive electrode participation, final point of Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 41 / 93 35 / 58 positive electrode participation, initial point of negative electrode participation, final point of negative electrode participation) to match the voltage range of interest (see Figure 9), a second routine that performs profile shifting (see Figure 10), and a third routine that performs capacity scaling (see Figure 11). That is, the procedure for generating a complete comparison cell profile S according to an embodiment of the present invention includes the first to third routines.

[00149] First, in Figure 9, the positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and the negative electrode profile of criterion Rn are the same as those shown in Figure 7.

[00150] The 120 profile correction unit determines a positive electrode participation start point pi, a positive electrode participation end point pf, a negative electrode participation start point ni, and a negative electrode participation end point nf in the Rp criterion positive electrode profile and in the Rn criterion negative electrode profile.

[00151] The initial point of participation of the positive electrode pi or the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni depend on each other.

[00152] As an example, the 120 profile correction unit divides the positive electrode voltage range from the criterion positive electrode profile starting point Rp to the endpoint (or second adjustment voltage) into a plurality of microvoltage sections and then defines the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections among the plurality of microvoltage sections as the positive electrode participation starting point pi. Each microvoltage section can have a predetermined size (e.g., 0.01 V). Next, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, which is smaller than the pon. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 42 / 93 36 / 58 to the initial point of positive electrode engagement pi by the first adjustment voltage (e.g., 3 V), as the initial point of negative electrode engagement ni.

[00153] As another example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the negative electrode voltage range from the initial point to the final point of the negative electrode profile Rn into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections as the initial negative electrode participation point ni. Next, the 120 profile correction unit can search for a point, which is greater than the initial negative electrode participation point ni by the first adjustment voltage, of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and define the searched point as the initial positive electrode participation point pi.

[00154] The positive electrode participation endpoint pf and the negative electrode participation endpoint nf are interdependent.

[00155] As an example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the voltage range from the second adjustment voltage to the criterion positive electrode profile endpoint Rp into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections among the plurality of microvoltage sections as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf. Subsequently, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, which is less than the positive electrode participation endpoint pf by a second adjustment voltage (e.g., 4 V), as the negative electrode participation endpoint nf.

[00156] As another example, the profile correction unit 120 Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 43 / 93 37 / 58 can divide the negative electrode voltage range from the initial point to the final point of the negative electrode profile Rn into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections among the plurality of microvoltage sections as the negative electrode participation endpoint nf. Next, the profile correction unit 120 can search for a point, which is greater than the negative electrode participation endpoint nf by a second adjustment voltage, of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and define the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf.

[00157] If the determination of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi, the final point of positive electrode participation pf, the initial point of negative electrode participation ni, and the final point of negative electrode participation nf is completed, the profile correction unit 120 shifts at least one of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion positive electrode profile Rn to the left or right along the horizontal geometric axis.

[00158] Referring to Figure 10, the profile correction unit 120 can shift the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and / or the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, so that the capacitance values ​​of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi and the initial point of negative electrode participation ni correspond.

[00159] Alternatively, the profile correction unit 120 can shift the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and / or the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, so that the voltages at the positive electrode participation endpoint pf and the negative electrode participation endpoint nf match.

[00160] Figure 10 shows the situation in which the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' is generated by displacing only the profile Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 44 / 93 38 / 58 of the criterion positive electrode Rp to the left, and as a result, the voltage at the initial point of participation of the positive electrode pi' corresponds with the voltage at the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni. The adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' is the result of applying a leftward shift adjustment procedure based on the voltage difference between the initial point of participation of the positive electrode pi and the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp. Therefore, the two points pi, pi' differ only in capacitance value and have the same voltage. The two points pf, pf' differ only in capacitance value and have the same voltage.

[00161] When the adjustment result profiles Rp', Rn, in which at least one of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn is displaced, are ensured, the profile correction unit 120 scales the capability range of at least one of the adjustment result profiles Rp', Rn.

[00162] According to the example shown in Figure 10, the profile correction unit 120 performs an additional adjustment procedure to contract or expand at least one of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn along the horizontal geometric axis.

[00163] Referring to Figure 11, the profile correction unit 120 can generate a criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp by contracting or expanding the criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp' so that the capacitance band size between the two points pi', pf' of the criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp' corresponds to the target capacitance band size T of the OCV profile Rocv. At this point, either of the two points pi', pf' can be fixed. Consequently, the capacitance difference between the two points pi', pf' of the criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp' is p. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 45 / 93 39 / 58 must be matched to the target capacity range T of the Rocv OCV profile.

[00164] Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can generate an adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' by contracting or expanding the criterion negative electrode profile Rn so that the size of the capacitance band between two points ni, nf of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn matches the size of the target capacitance band T of the Rocv OCV profile. At this point, either of the two points ni, nf can be fixed. Consequently, the capacitance difference between the two points ni, nf' of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' can be matched with the target capacitance band T of the Rocv OCV profile.

[00165] In Figure 11, the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp is the result of the contraction of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' shown in Figure 8, and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' is the result of the expansion of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn shown in Figure 10.

[00166] The endpoint of positive electrode participation pf in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp corresponds to the endpoint of positive electrode participation pf in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp'. The endpoint of negative electrode participation nf' in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' corresponds to the endpoint of negative electrode participation nf in the criterion negative electrode profile Rn.

[00167] The capacity difference between the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' and the final point of positive electrode participation pf of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp corresponds to the target capacity band size T of the OCV profile Rocv. Similarly, the capacity difference between the initial point of negative electrode participation ni and the final point of participation Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 46 / 93 40 / 58 negative electrode placement nf' of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' corresponds to the target capacitance band size T of the OCV Rocv profile.

[00168] Furthermore, the capacity range at two points pi', pf'' of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp'' corresponds to the capacity range at two points ni, nf' of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn'. The profile correction unit 120 can generate the complete comparison cell profile S by subtracting the profile between two points pi, pf' of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp'' from the profile between two points ni, nf' of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn'.

[00169] The profile correction unit 120 can calculate the error (profile error) between the full-cell comparison profile S and the OCV profile Rocv. When the error between the full-cell comparison profile S and the OCV profile Rocv is minimized, the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp that corresponds to the full-cell comparison profile S can be determined as the adjusted positive electrode profile, and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' can be determined as the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00170] The profile correction unit 120 can map at least two of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp, the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn', the initial point of positive electrode participation pi', the final point of positive electrode participation pf, the initial point of negative electrode participation ni, the final point of negative electrode participation nf', the first scaling factor, the second scaling factor, the complete cell comparison profile S, and the profile error to each other and record them in the storage unit 140. The first scaling factor can represent the rate of capacity difference between two points pi', Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 47 / 93 41 / 58 pf'' in relation to the capacity difference between two points pi0, pf0. The second scaling factor can represent the rate of capacity difference between two points ni, nf' in relation to the capacity difference between two points ni0, nf0.

[00171] Here, the profile correction unit 120 can calculate the positive electrode change rate ps from the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp'' to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp. Also, the profile correction unit 120 can calculate the negative electrode change rate ns from the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rn' to the criterion negative electrode profile Rn. For example, the profile correction unit 120 can determine the first scaling factor as the positive electrode change rate ps and determine the second scaling factor as the negative electrode change rate ns.

[00172] Meanwhile, as described above, when the positive electrode voltage range of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp is divided into a plurality of microvoltage sections, the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections can be defined as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi.

[00173] For example, if the positive electrode voltage range of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp is divided into one hundred small voltage ranges, there may be one hundred limit points that can be defined as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi. Furthermore, if the voltage range equal to or greater than the second adjustment voltage in the criterion positive electrode profile Rp is divided into 40 small voltage ranges, there may be 40 limit points that can be defined as the final point of positive electrode participation pf. In this case, up to 4000 different complete comparison cell profiles Ss can be generated. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 48 / 93 42 / 58

[00174] Of course, it will be easy to understand for those skilled in the art that, as the size of the microvoltage section decreases, the number of complete comparison cell profiles Ss that can be maximally generated increases and, conversely, as the size of the microvoltage section increases, the number of complete comparison cell profiles Ss that can be maximally generated decreases.

[00175] The profile correction unit 120 can identify the minimum value among the profile errors of the plurality of full-cell comparison profiles S generated as described above and then obtain information mapped to the minimum profile error (e.g., at least one of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi, the final point of positive electrode participation pf, the initial point of negative electrode participation ni, the final point of negative electrode participation nf, the rate of change of positive electrode (ps) and the rate of change of negative electrode ns) from the storage unit 140.

[00176] Figures 12 to 14 are referenced diagrams to explain another example of a procedure for generating a complete comparison cell profile S used for comparison with the OCV Rocv profile according to an embodiment of the present invention. For reference, the embodiments shown in Figures 12 to 14 are independent of the embodiments shown in Figures 9 to 11. Consequently, terms or symbols commonly used in the invention of the embodiments shown in Figures 9 to 11 and the embodiments shown in Figures 12 to 14 should be understood as being limited to each embodiment.

[00177] The procedure for generating the complete SA comparison cell profile, to be explained with reference to Figures 12 to 14, proceeds in the following order: a fourth routine to execute the scale Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 49 / 93 43 / 58 capacity offset (see Figure 12), a fifth routine to define four points (the initial point of positive electrode participation, the final point of positive electrode participation, the initial point of negative electrode participation and the final point of negative electrode participation (see Figure 13)) and a sixth routine to perform profile offset (see Figure 14). That is, the procedure for generating the complete comparison cell profile S, according to another embodiment of the present invention, includes the fourth to sixth routines.

[00178] Referring to Figure 12, the positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and the negative electrode profile of criterion Rn are the same as those shown in Figure 7.

[00179] The profile correction unit 120 generates a criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp' and a criterion-adjusted negative electrode profile Rn', applying the first scaling factor and the second scaling factor selected from the scaling value range to the criterion-adjusted positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion-adjusted negative electrode profile Rn, respectively.

[00180] The scaling range can be predetermined or can vary depending on the ratio of the target capacity band size T of the Rocv OCV profile relative to the full-cell capacity band size of the criterion R. As an example, assuming that the first scaling factor and the second scaling factor can be selected from values ​​spaced at 0.1% (i.e., 90%, 90.1%, 90.2%, ..., 98.9%, 99%) in the numerical scaling range (e.g., 90 to 99%), 91 values ​​can be selected as the first scaling factor and the second scaling factor, respectively. In this case, up to 8.281 pairs of fitted profiles can be generated for 91 χ 91 = 8.281 fitting levels (combination of the first scaling factor and the second scaling factor). The pair of fitted profiles refers to a combination of the electrode profile posi Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 50 / 93 44 / 58 adjusted criterion Rp and negative electrode profile adjusted criterion Rn.

[00181] Figure 12 shows an example in which the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' are the results of applying a first scaling factor and a second scaling factor less than 100% to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn, respectively.

[00182] Since the first scale factor and the second scale factor are less than 100%, the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' is the contraction of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp along the horizontal geometric axis, and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' is also the contraction of the criterion negative electrode profile Rn along the horizontal geometric axis. For ease of understanding, the example is illustrated in the form where the starting point of each of the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn is fixed and the remaining portions are reduced to the left along the horizontal geometric axis.

[00183] Referring to Figure 13, the profile correction unit 120 determines the initial point of positive electrode participation pi', the final point of positive electrode participation pf', the initial point of negative electrode participation ni', and the final point of negative electrode participation nf' in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn'.

[00184] The initial point of positive electrode participation pi' or the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' may depend on each other. Furthermore, the final point of positive electrode participation pf' or the final point of negative electrode participation nf' may depend on each other. Additionally, both the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' and the final point of negative electrode participation po Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 51 / 93 45 / 58 sitivo pf' can be defined based on each other.

[00185] That is, if any of the initial positive electrode participation point pi', the final positive electrode participation point pf', the initial negative electrode participation point ni' and the final negative electrode participation point nf' are set, the remaining three points can be automatically set by the first adjustment voltage, the second adjustment voltage and / or the target capacitance range size T of the Rocv OCV profile (e.g., SOC charging capability from 0% to 100%).

[00186] As an example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the positive electrode voltage range, from the initial point of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' to the endpoint (or second adjustment voltage) into a plurality of microvoltage sections and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi'. Next, the 120 profile correction unit can define the point in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn, which is less than the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' by the first adjustment voltage (e.g., 3 V), as the initial point of negative electrode participation ni'.

[00187] As another example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the negative electrode voltage range from the starting point to the ending point of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent voltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections as the negative electrode participation starting point ni'. The 120 profile correction unit can then search for a point which is greater than the negative electrode participation starting point ni'. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 52 / 93 46 / 58 by the first adjustment voltage, of the positive electrode profile of criterion Rp and define the researched point as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi'.

[00188] As another example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the voltage range from the second adjustment voltage to the positive electrode profile endpoint of the adjusted criterion Rp' into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of the two microvoltage sections between the plurality of microvoltage sections as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf'. Next, the 120 profile correction unit can search for a point which is smaller than the positive electrode participation endpoint pf' by the second adjustment voltage (e.g., 4 V) in the negative electrode profile of the adjusted criterion Rn' and define the searched point as the negative electrode participation endpoint nf'.

[00189] As another example, the 120 profile correction unit can divide the negative electrode voltage range from the initial point to the endpoint of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' into a plurality of microvoltage sections of a predetermined size and then define the boundary point of two adjacent microvoltage sections among the plurality of microvoltage sections as the negative electrode participation endpoint nf'. Next, the 120 profile correction unit can search for a point, which is greater than the negative electrode participation endpoint nf' by the second adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and define the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf'.

[00190] If any of the initial point of participation of the positive electrode pi', the final point of participation of the positive electrode pf', the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni' and the final point of Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 53 / 93 47 / 58 participation of the negative electrode nf' is determined, the 120 profile correction unit can further determine the remaining points based on the determined point.

[00191] As an example, if the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' is determined first, the profile correction unit 120 can define the point in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', which has a capacitance value that is greater than the capacitance value of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' by the target capacitance band size T of the OCV profile Rocv, as the final point of positive electrode participation pf'. Furthermore, the profile correction unit 120 can search for a point which is less than the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' by the first adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn', and define the searched point as the initial point of negative electrode participation ni'.Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn', which has a higher capacity value than the initial negative electrode participation point capacity value ni' by the target capacity band size T of the OCV profile Rocv, as the negative electrode participation endpoint nf'.

[00192] As another example, if the positive electrode engagement endpoint pf' is determined first, the profile correction unit 120 can define a point in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', which has a capacitance value lower than the capacitance value of the positive electrode engagement endpoint pf' by the target capacitance band size T of the OCV profile Rocv, as the positive electrode engagement starting point pi'. Furthermore, the profile correction unit 120 can search for a point which is lower than the positive electrode engagement endpoint pf' pe Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 54 / 93 48 / 58 the second adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn', and define the searched point as the endpoint of negative electrode participation nf'. Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn', which has a value lower than the capacitance value of the endpoint of negative electrode participation nf' by the target capacitance band size T of the OCV Rocv profile, as the initial point of negative electrode participation ni'.

[00193] As yet another example, if the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' is determined, the profile correction unit 120 can define a point in the criterion negative electrode profile Rn', which has a capacitance value greater than the capacitance value of the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' by the target capacitance band size T of the OCV profile Rocv, defined as the final point of negative electrode participation nf'. Furthermore, the profile correction unit 120 can search for a point, which is greater than the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' by the first adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and define the searched point as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi'.Furthermore, the 120 profile correction unit can define a point in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', which has a higher capacity value than the capacity value of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' by the target capacity band size T of the OCV profile Rocv, as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf'.

[00194] As yet another example, if the endpoint of negative electrode participation nf' is determined, the profile correction unit 120 can define a point in the criterion negative electrode profile Rn', which has a capacitance value lower than the value of ca Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 55 / 93 49 / 58 The capacity of the negative electrode participation endpoint nf' is determined by the target capacity band size T of the OCV Rocv profile, as the initial point of negative electrode participation ni'. Furthermore, the profile correction unit 120 can search for a point that is greater than the negative electrode participation endpoint nf' by the second adjustment voltage, of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', and set the searched point as the positive electrode participation endpoint pf'. Additionally, the profile correction unit 120 can set a point in the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', which has a capacity value less than the capacity value of the positive electrode participation endpoint pf' by the target capacity band size T of the OCV Rocv profile, as the initial point of positive electrode participation pi'.

[00195] If the determination of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi', the final point of positive electrode participation pf', the initial point of negative electrode participation ni', and the final point of negative electrode participation nf' is completed based on the pair of first scale factor and second scale factor, the profile correction unit 120 can shift at least one of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' along the horizontal geometric axis, so that the capacity values ​​of the initial point of positive electrode participation pi' and the initial point of negative electrode participation ni' match, or the capacity values ​​of the final point of positive electrode participation pf' and the final point of negative electrode participation nf' match.

[00196] The adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn shown in Figure 14 is obtained by shifting only the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn' shown in Figure 13 to the right. Consequently, the capacitance values ​​at the initial pair point Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 56 / 93 50 / 58 The capacitance of the positive electrode pi' and the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni correspond to each other. In this respect, since the capacitance difference between the initial point of participation of the positive electrode pi' and the final point of participation of the positive electrode pf' is the same as the capacitance difference between the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni' and the final point of participation of the negative electrode nf', if the capacitance values ​​of the initial point of participation of the positive electrode pi' and the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni correspond to each other, the capacitance values ​​of the final point of participation of the positive electrode pf' and the final point of participation of the negative electrode nf also correspond to each other.

[00197] Referring to Figure 14, the profile correction unit 120 can generate the complete comparison cell profile U by subtracting a partial profile between two points pi', pf' from the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' from the partial profile between two points ni, nf from the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn.

[00198] The 120 profile correction unit can calculate the error (profile error) between the full-cell comparison profile U and the OCV Rocv profile. When the error between the full-cell comparison profile U and the OCV Rocv profile is minimized, the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' that corresponds to the full-cell comparison profile U can be determined as the adjusted positive electrode profile, and the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn can be determined as the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00199] The 120 profile correction unit can map at least two of the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp', the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn, the initial point of positive electrode participation pi', the final point of participation of the electrode Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 57 / 93 51 / 58 positive electrode pf', from the initial point of participation of the negative electrode ni, from the final point of participation of the negative electrode nf, from the rate of change of the positive electrode ps, from the rate of change of the negative electrode ns, from the complete cell profile comparison U and from the profile error with each other, and record in storage unit 140.

[00200] Here, the profile correction unit 120 can calculate the positive electrode change rate ps from the adjusted criterion positive electrode profile Rp' to the criterion positive electrode profile Rp. Furthermore, the profile correction unit 120 can calculate the negative electrode change rate ns from the adjusted criterion negative electrode profile Rn to the criterion negative electrode profile Rn. For example, the profile correction unit 120 can determine the first scaling factor as the positive electrode change rate ps and determine the second scaling factor as the negative electrode change rate ns.

[00201] As described above, the 120 profile correction unit can generate a full comparison cell profile that corresponds to each selected pair of first scaling factor and second scaling factor from the scaling value range. Since the pair of first scaling factor and second scaling factor is plural, it is obvious that the full comparison cell profile will also be generated in plural. The 120 profile correction unit can identify the minimum value among the profile errors of the plurality of full comparison cell profiles and then obtain mapped information for the minimum profile error of the 140 storage unit.

[00202] The device 100 for estimating SOH according to the present invention can be connected to a display device (not shown) and output information about the SOH of a battery. Therefore, the information about the battery's SOH can be displayed on Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 58 / 93 52 / 58 display device.

[00203] The apparatus 100 for estimating a SOH, according to the present invention, can be connected to an alarm device (not shown) and emit information about the SOH of a battery to operate the alarm device.

[00204] The apparatus 100 for estimating an SOH, according to the present invention, can be applied to a BMS. In other words, the BMS, according to the present invention, can include the apparatus 100 described above for estimating an SOH. In this configuration, at least some of the components of the apparatus 100 for estimating an SOH can be implemented by supplementing or adding functions of components included in a conventional BMS. For example, the profile acquisition unit 110, the profile correction unit 120, the control unit 130, and the storage unit 140 of the apparatus 100 for estimating an SOH can be implemented as components of a BMS. Furthermore, the apparatus 100 for estimating an SOH according to the present invention can be provided in the battery pack. That is, the battery pack according to the present invention can include the apparatus 100 described above for estimating an SOH and at least one battery cell.In addition, the battery pack may also include electrical components (relays, fuses, etc.) and a case.

[00205] Figure 15 is a diagram showing an exemplary configuration of battery assembly 1, including, according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[00206] The positive electrode terminal of battery 10 can be connected to the positive electrode terminal P+ of battery pack 1, and the negative electrode terminal of battery 10 can be connected to the negative electrode terminal P- of battery pack 1.

[00207] The measuring unit 20 can be connected to the terminal Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 59 / 93 53 / 58 from the positive electrode and to the negative electrode terminal of battery 10. In addition, the measuring unit 20 can measure the voltage of battery 10 by measuring the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential of battery 10 and calculating the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential. Preferably, the measuring unit 20 can measure the OCV of battery 10.

[00208] In addition, measuring unit 20 can be connected to a current measuring unit A. For example, the current measuring unit A can be an ammeter or shunt resistor that can measure the charging current and the discharging current of battery 10. Measuring unit 20 can calculate the amount of charging by measuring the charging current of battery 10 using the current measuring unit A. In addition, measuring unit 20 can calculate the amount of discharging by measuring the discharging current of battery 10 through the third detection line SL3.

[00209] For example, information about the voltage and capacity of battery 10 measured by measuring unit 20 can be transmitted to profiling unit 110. Furthermore, profiling unit 110 can directly generate an OCV Rocv profile based on the received information about voltage and capacity.

[00210] As another example, information about the voltage and capacity of battery 10, measured by measuring unit 20, can be stored in storage unit 140. When the charging or discharging of battery 10 is complete, profile acquisition unit 110 can access storage unit 140 to obtain the OCV Rocv profile.

[00211] As yet another example, the measurement unit 20 can directly generate an OCV Rocv profile based on the information Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 60 / 93 54 / 58 measurements on the voltage and battery capacity 10. In this case, the generated Rocv OCV profile can be transmitted to the profile acquisition unit 110 and also stored in the storage unit 140.

[00212] A charging / discharging or charging device can be connected to the positive electrode terminal P+ and the negative electrode terminal P- of battery pack 1.

[00213] Figure 16 is a diagram that schematically shows an exemplary configuration of a vehicle according to yet another embodiment of the present invention.

[00214] Referring to Figure 16, the battery pack 1610, according to one embodiment of the present invention, can be included in a vehicle 1600, such as an electric vehicle (EV) or a hybrid vehicle (HV). Furthermore, the battery pack 1610 can power the vehicle 1600 by supplying power to a motor via an inverter included in the vehicle 1600. Here, the battery pack 1610 can include the device 100 for estimating a SOH. That is, the vehicle 1600 can include the device 100 for estimating a SOH.

[00215] In this case, the device 100 for estimating an SOH can be an on-board diagnostic device included in the vehicle 1600. That is, the device 100 for estimating an SOH can estimate the battery's SOH in several aspects based on the OCV profile for the battery included in the vehicle 1600. Also, the device 100 for estimating an SOH can provide information about the estimated SOH to the user.

[00216] A server, according to yet another embodiment of the present invention, may include the device 100 for estimating a SOH. For example, the server may receive the OCV Rocv profile from the BMS connected to the battery. As another example, the server may receive information about the battery capacity and the OCV from the BMS and directly generate an OCV Rocv profile based on the received information. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 61 / 93 55 / 58 bids.

[00217] The server can generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting the criterion Rp positive electrode profile and the criterion Rn negative electrode profile to match the Rocv OCV profile. Additionally, the server can extract a diagnostic factor from the adjusted positive electrode profile and / or the adjusted negative electrode profile and estimate the SOH for the battery based on the extracted diagnostic factor. Furthermore, the server can provide battery status information by transmitting the estimated SOH information to the BMS.

[00218] Figure 17 is a diagram that schematically shows a method for estimating a SOH according to yet another embodiment of the present invention.

[00219] Referring to Figure 17, the method for estimating a SOH may include a profile acquisition step S100, a profile adjustment step S200, a diagnostic factor extraction step S300, and an SOH estimation step S400.

[00220] Preferably, each step of the method for estimating a SOH can be performed by the apparatus 100 for estimating a SOH. Hereafter, for convenience of explanation, content that overlaps with the content described above will be omitted or briefly described.

[00221] The S100 profiling step is a step to obtain an OCV Rocv profile for a plurality of OCVs of a battery measured at different points in time and can be performed by the 110 profiling unit.

[00222] For example, the 110 profile acquisition unit can directly receive the Rocv OCV profile from the outside. That is, the 110 profile acquisition unit can obtain the Rocv OCV profile by receiving the Rocv OCV profile being connected to the outside via wired and / or wireless connection. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 62 / 93 56 / 58

[00223] As another example, the profile acquisition unit 110 can receive battery information about the battery's capacity and OCV. Furthermore, the profile acquisition unit 110 can generate an OCV Rocv profile based on the received battery information. That is, the profile acquisition unit 110 can obtain the OCV Rocv profile by directly generating the OCV Rocv profile based on the battery information.

[00224] The profile adjustment step (S200) is a step to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to match the Rocv OCV profile, and can be performed by the 120 profile correction unit.

[00225] For example, the 120 profile correction unit can generate a plurality of full-cell comparison profiles Ss, shifting the criterion positive electrode profile Rp and the criterion negative electrode profile Rn or scaling their capabilities, and specify a full-cell comparison profile S that has a minimum error with the OCV profile Rocv among the plurality of full-cell comparison profiles Ss. Also, an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile that correspond to the specified full-cell comparison profile S can be determined.

[00226] The S300 diagnostic factor extraction step is a step to extract a diagnostic factor for the battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profiles and the adjusted negative electrode profile, and can be performed by control unit 130.

[00227] Specifically, control unit 130 can extract a diagnostic factor related to the positive electrode from the adjusted positive electrode profile. Furthermore, control unit 130 can extract Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 63 / 93 57 / 58 a diagnostic factor related to the negative electrode of the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00228] For example, the positive electrode factor may include at least one of the initial positive electrode participation point value pi and the final positive electrode participation point value pf of the battery, based on the adjusted positive electrode profile. The negative electrode factor may include at least one of the initial negative electrode participation point value ni, the final negative electrode participation point value nf, and the negative electrode change rate ns of the battery, based on the adjusted negative electrode profile.

[00229] The S400 SOH estimation step is a step to estimate the battery's SOH based on the extracted diagnostic factor and can be performed by control unit 130.

[00230] Specifically, control unit 130 can estimate the The battery's SOH is determined by comparing the diagnostic factor value to a predefined criterion value for the diagnostic factor. For example, control unit 130 can estimate at least one of the positive electrode SOH, negative electrode SOH, available lithium SOH, and capacity SOH for the battery, depending on the diagnostic factor type.

[00231] For example, control unit 130 can estimate the positive electrode SOH (SOHp) by referring to at least one of Equations 1 to 3. Also, control unit 130 can estimate the negative electrode SOH (SOHN) with reference to Equation 4.

[00232] In addition, control unit 130 can estimate the available lithium SOH (SOHlí) by referring to Equation 5 or 6. Finally, control unit 130 can estimate the capacity SOH (SOHQ) by referring to Equation 7 or 8.

[00233] The embodiments of the present invention described above may not be implemented solely by means of an apparatus and a Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 64 / 93 58 / 58 method, but can be implemented through a program that performs a function corresponding to the configuration of the embodiments of the present invention or a recording medium in which the program is recorded. The program or recording medium can be easily implemented by those skilled in the art of the above description of the embodiments.

[00234] The present invention has been described in detail. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, as various alterations and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art of this detailed description.

[00235] Furthermore, many substitutions, modifications and alterations can be made to the present invention described above by those skilled in the art without departing from the technical aspects of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above and the accompanying drawings, and each embodiment can be selectively combined, in part or in whole, to allow for various modifications. INVENTION OF REFERENCE NUMBERS 1: battery pack 10: battery 20: unit of measurement 100: device for estimating a SOH 110: Profile acquisition unit 120: Profile correction unit 130: control unit 140: storage unit 1600: vehicle 1610: battery pack Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 65 / 93

Claims

1 / 4 CLAIMS 1. Apparatus for estimating a SOH, characterized in that it comprises: a profiling unit configured to obtain an OCV profile for a plurality of OCVs of a battery measured at different points in time; a profile correction unit configured to generate an adjusted positive electrode profile and an adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to match the OCV profile; and a control unit configured to extract a diagnostic factor for the battery from at least one of the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, and to estimate a battery SOH based on the extracted diagnostic factor.

2. Apparatus for estimating a SOH according to claim 1, characterized in that the plurality of OCVs is configured to include an OCV measured at a point in time when the battery transitions from an idle state to a discharge state and an OCV measured while a condition in which a battery discharge current is equal to or less than a predefined limit current is maintained for a predefined criterion time or more.

3. Apparatus for estimating a SOH according to claim 2, characterized in that the plurality of OCVs is configured to include a plurality of OCVs measured within a predefined criterion period.

4. Apparatus for estimating a SOH according to claim 3, characterized in that the criterion period is defined based on a predefined target period, a period required to measure a predefined number of OCVs, a period required for the battery SOH to be reduced to a predefined criterion SOH, or a combination thereof.

5. Apparatus for estimating a SOH according to claim 1, characterized in that the profile correction unit is configured to generate a complete comparison cell profile based on the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile, and to generate the adjusted positive electrode profile and the adjusted negative electrode profile, adjusting the criterion positive electrode profile and the criterion negative electrode profile until the generated complete comparison cell profile matches the OCV profile.

6. Apparatus for estimating a SOH according to claim 5, characterized in that the profile correction unit is configured to determine a target capacity range that corresponds to the OCV profile and to compare the full comparison cell profile and the OCV profile in the target capacity range.

7. Apparatus for estimating a SOH according to claim 1, characterized in that the control unit is configured to estimate a battery SOH by comparing the diagnostic factor value with a predefined criterion value for the diagnostic factor.

8. Apparatus for estimating an SOH according to claim 7, Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 67 / 93 3 / 4 characterized in that the control unit is configured to estimate at least one of a positive electrode SOH, a negative electrode SOH, an available lithium SOH and a battery capacity SOH, depending on the type of diagnostic factor.

9. Apparatus for estimating a SOH according to claim 1, characterized in that the control unit is configured to extract at least one of a positive electrode factor based on the adjusted positive electrode profile and a negative electrode factor based on the adjusted negative electrode profile as the diagnostic factor.

10. Apparatus for estimating a SOH according to claim 9, characterized in that the positive electrode factor is configured to include at least one of a positive electrode engagement start point, a positive electrode engagement end point, and a battery positive electrode change rate based on the adjusted positive electrode profile, and in that the negative electrode factor is configured to include at least one of a negative electrode engagement start point, a negative electrode engagement end point, and a battery negative electrode change rate based on the adjusted negative electrode profile.

11. Apparatus for estimating SOH according to claim 1, characterized in that the control unit is configured to adjust a usage condition for the battery based on the estimated SOH.

12. Battery pack, characterized in that Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, page 68 / 93 4 / 4 comprises the apparatus for estimating a SOH as defined in any of claims 1 to 11.

13. Vehicle, characterized in that it comprises the apparatus for estimating a SOH as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11.

14. Server, characterized in that it comprises the apparatus for estimating a SOH as defined in any one of claims 1 to 11.

15. Method for estimating a SOH, characterized in that it comprises: a profiling step of obtaining an OCV profile for a plurality of OCVs of a battery measured at different points in time; a profile fitting step of generating a fitted positive electrode profile and a fitted negative electrode profile, fitting a predefined criterion positive electrode profile and a predefined criterion negative electrode profile to match the OCV profile; a diagnostic factor extraction step of extracting a diagnostic factor for the battery from at least one of the fitted positive electrode profiles and the fitted negative electrode profiles; and an SOH estimation step to estimate an SOH of the battery based on the extracted diagnostic factor. Petition 870250086729, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 69 / 93

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