Adaptive Allocation of Radio Resources for Energy Efficiency

Description

1 / 96 Adaptive Allocation of Radio Resources for Energy Efficiency Technical Field

[001] This disclosure relates to the field of telecommunications and, in particular, to a network node, a User Equipment (UE) and methods for adaptive allocation of radio resources for energy efficiency. Background

[002] With the development of electronic and telecommunications technologies, mobile devices, such as cell phones, smartphones, laptops, tablets, and vehicle-mounted devices, have become an important part of our daily lives. To support a large number of mobile devices, a Radio Access Network (RAN) with high power efficiency, such as a fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) RAN, will be necessary.

[003] Operators have been considering energy efficiency for some years now; however, 5G will bring this issue to the forefront, as it will consume more energy than 4G. Some operators spend, on average, 5% to 6% of their operating expenses, excluding depreciation and amortization, on energy costs, and this percentage is expected to increase with the migration from 4G to 5G.

[004] A typical 5G base station consumes up to twice or more the power of a 4G base station, and energy costs may increase even further at higher frequencies due to the need for more antennas and a denser layer of small cells. The edge computing resources needed to support local processing and new Internet of Things (IoT) services will also increase overall network power usage. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 256 / 372 2 / 96

[005] According to data on Remote Radio Unit (RRU) / Baseband Unit (BBU) requirements per site, a typical 5G site has power requirements of over 11.5 kilowatts, an increase of almost 70% compared to a base station implementing a combination of 2G, 3G, and 4G radios. 5G macro-base stations may require several new and power-hungry components, including microwave or millimeter wave transceivers, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), faster data converters, high-power / low-noise amplifiers, and integrated MIMO antennas.

[006] Increasing the energy demand of a 5G base station can create several problems: - Insufficient power supply in alternating current (AC); - Insufficient battery capacity: greater reserve battery capacity is needed, however, traditional lead-acid batteries have low energy density and their capacities are difficult to expand; - Inability to support long-distance transmission at high power: In 5G scenarios that require high power supply to remote active antenna units (AAUs), voltage drop means that the transmission distance is limited. Summary

[007] Spectrum is a precious resource, and therefore spectral efficiency should always be considered. However, in real-world traffic, even during peak hours, the probability of utilizing more than 90% of PRBs per Transmission Time Interval (TTI) is less than 2%. Most of the time, there are some free or unallocated PRBs per TTI or slot. Sometimes, the radio may overheat. To avoid damage to the radio, the radio may report to the band. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 257 / 372 3 / 96 base to reduce power spectral density (PSD). In this case, the PSD of all downlink PRBs can always be reduced, affecting both cell coverage and cell throughput. For example, some UEs at the cell edge may no longer be able to connect to the cell. Additionally, sometimes the base station radio may not meet the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) requirement in high-order scheme mode.

[008] To solve or at least partially alleviate at least one of the problems, some options are provided in this disclosure.

[009] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided on a network node for allocating radio resources. The method comprises: determining several radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with a first UE; determining whether the signal quality of the first UE is above a first threshold or not; determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated; and allocating a second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is above the first threshold and in response to the determination that there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, the second number being greater than the number determined.

[010] In some embodiments, the step of determining various radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with a first UE comprises at least one of: calculating a first number of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with the first UE; and estimating a third number of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with the first UE.

[011] In some forms, when the determined number is the first number, the method additionally comprises: allocating the first Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 258 / 372 4 / 96 number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is less than or equal to the first threshold and / or in response to the determination that all radio resources should be allocated. In some embodiments, when the determined number is the first number, before the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, the method further comprises: estimating one or more third numbers of radio resources to be allocated for transmissions associated with one or more UEs comprising the first UE, wherein the one or more UEs are served by the same cell associated with the network node; and calculating a sum of the one or more third numbers, wherein the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated comprises: determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated based at least on the sum of the one or more third numbers.In some embodiments, the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated based on at least the sum of one or more third numbers comprises at least one of the following: determining that there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated in response to the determination that a difference, which is calculated by subtracting the sum of a total number of radio resources in the cell, is greater than zero; and determining that all radio resources should be allocated in response to the determination that the difference is less than or equal to zero.

[012] In some embodiments, when the number determined is the first number, the method further comprises: calculating a first spectral efficiency for the transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the second number; determining a first signal quality based at least on the first spectral efficiency; and calculating a first power spectral density (PSD) for the transmission by the second number. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 259 / 372 5 / 96 of radio resources based at least on the first signal quality. In some embodiments, the first spectral efficiency for the transmission associated with the first UE is calculated by: dividing a total number of bits to be transmitted in a Transmission Time Interval (TTI) for the first UE by a product of the multiplication between the second number and a number of symbols per radio resource. In some embodiments, the step of determining a first signal quality comprises: determining the first signal quality by searching for an entry corresponding to the first spectral efficiency in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or spectral efficiencies to signal qualities.In some embodiments, the step of calculating a first PSD for transmission by the second number of radio resources based at least on the first signal quality comprises: calculating a difference by subtracting the first signal quality from a second signal quality; and calculating the first PSD by subtracting the difference from a second PSD, where the second signal quality is a signal quality calculated when the first number of radio resources is allocated to the transmission associated with the first UE, where the second PSD is a PSD calculated when the first number of radio resources is allocated to the transmission associated with the first UE. In some embodiments, prior to the step of calculating the first PSD, the method further comprises: determining whether the difference is greater than a maximum permissible difference; and adjusting the difference to be equal to the maximum permissible difference in response to the determination that the difference is greater than the maximum permissible difference.In some embodiments, the method additionally comprises: adjusting the transmission power for the transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the first PSD and / or the second number.

[013] In some modalities, when the determined number is the Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 260 / 372 6 / 96 first number, the step of allocating the second number of radio resources comprises: allocating the first number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE; and allocating a fourth number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is greater than the first threshold, where the second number is equal to the sum of the first number and the fourth number. In some embodiments, the method further comprises: determining whether a ratio of the second number to the first number is greater than or equal to a second threshold; and not allocating further radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the ratio of the second number to the first number is greater than or equal to the second threshold.

[014] In some embodiments, when the determined number is the first number, the step of allocating the second number of radio resources comprises: allocating, at a given time, the second number of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than the first threshold. In some embodiments, the second number is equal to the product of the multiplication between the first number and a configured or pre-configured ratio.

[015] In some embodiments, when the determined number is the first number, the method further comprises: determining whether the signal quality of the first UE is less than a third threshold, the third threshold being less than the first threshold; wherein the method further comprises at least one of: allocating the first number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is greater than or equal to the third threshold, but less than or equal to the first threshold; and allocating a fifth number of resources to Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 261 / 372 7 / 96 radio for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is lower than the third threshold, the fifth number being lower than the first number. In some modes, the third threshold is configured or pre-configured. In some modes, the third threshold is equal to -4 dB.

[016] In some embodiments, the fifth number is determined by: determining an augmented maximum PSD; calculating a third signal quality based at least on the augmented maximum PSD and the second signal quality; determining a third spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index based at least on the third signal quality; and calculating the fifth number based at least on the third spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index. In some embodiments, the augmented maximum PSD is predetermined and / or configured for the first UE. In some embodiments, the third signal quality is determined as a sum of the augmented maximum PSD and the second signal quality.

[017] In some embodiments, the step of determining a third spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index comprises: determining the third spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index by searching for an entry corresponding to the third signal quality in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or spectral efficiencies to signal qualities. In some embodiments, the step of calculating the fifth number comprises: dividing a total number of bits to be transmitted in a TTI to the first UE by a product of the multiplication between the third spectral efficiency and a number of symbols per radio resource; and rounding up the quotient of the division as the fifth number.

[018] In some forms, when the number determined is the third number, the method additionally comprises: allocating a first Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 262 / 372 8 / 96 number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is less than or equal to the first threshold and / or in response to the determination that all radio resources must be allocated, the first number being less than the second number.In some embodiments, when the determined number is the third number, before the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, the method further comprises: estimating one or more third numbers of radio resources to be allocated for transmissions associated with one or more UEs comprising the first UE, wherein the one or more UEs are served by the same cell associated with the network node; and calculating a sum of the one or more third numbers, wherein the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated comprises: determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated based at least on the sum of the one or more third numbers.In some embodiments, the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated based on at least the sum of one or more third numbers comprises at least one of the following: determining that there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated in response to the determination that a difference, which is calculated by subtracting the sum of a total number of radio resources in the cell, is greater than zero; and determining that all radio resources should be allocated in response to the determination that the difference is less than or equal to zero.

[019] In some embodiments, when the number determined is the third number, before the step of allocating the second number of radio resources, the method further comprises: determining a first target signal quality based at least on the signal quality of the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 263 / 372 9 / 96 exceeding the first threshold, where the step of allocating the second number of radio resources comprises: allocating the second number of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the first target signal quality. In some embodiments, the first target signal quality is determined by subtracting a first offset signal quality from the signal quality of the first UE. In some embodiments, the first offset signal quality is less than or equal to the maximum permissible offset signal quality. In some embodiments, one or more offset signal qualities are independently configured or pre-configured for one or more signal qualities of the first UE, respectively.

[020] In some embodiments, the step of allocating the second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the first target signal quality comprises: determining a second spectral efficiency and / or a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) index based at least on the first target signal quality; calculating the second number based at least on the second spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index; and allocating the second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE. In some embodiments, the step of determining a second spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index comprises: determining the second spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index by searching for an entry corresponding to the first target signal quality in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or maps spectral efficiencies to signal qualities.

[021] In some modes, the step of calculating the second number comprises: dividing a total number of bits to be transmitted in a TTI to the first UE by a product of the multiplication between the second efficiency Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 264 / 372 10 / 96 spectral and a number of symbols per radio resource; and rounding up the quotient of the division as the second number. In some embodiments, when the determined number is the third number, the method further comprises: calculating a first spectral efficiency for the transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the second number; determining a first signal quality based at least on the first spectral efficiency; and calculating a first PSD for the transmission by the second number of radio resources based at least on the first signal quality. In some embodiments, the first spectral efficiency for the transmission associated with the first UE is calculated by: dividing a total number of bits to be transmitted in a TTI for the first UE by a product of the multiplication between the second number and a number of symbols per radio resource.

[022] In some embodiments, the step of determining a first signal quality comprises: determining the first signal quality by searching for an entry corresponding to the first spectral efficiency in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or spectral efficiencies to signal qualities. In some embodiments, the step of calculating a first PSD for transmission by the second number of radio resources based at least on the first signal quality comprises: calculating a difference by subtracting the first signal quality from a second signal quality; and calculating the first PSD by subtracting the difference from a second PSD, wherein the second signal quality is a signal quality calculated when the first number of radio resources is allocated to transmission associated with the first UE, wherein the second PSD is a PSD calculated when the first number of radio resources is allocated to transmission associated with the first UE.In some applications, before calculating the first PSD, the method additionally includes: determining. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 265 / 372 11 / 96 if the difference is greater than a maximum permissible difference; and adjust the difference to be equal to the maximum permissible difference in response to the determination that the difference is greater than the maximum permissible difference.

[023] In some embodiments, the method further comprises: adjusting the transmission power for the transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the first PSD and / or the second number. In some embodiments, the step of allocating the second number of radio resources comprises: allocating the third number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE; and allocating a fourth number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is above the first threshold, where the second number is equal to the sum of the third and fourth numbers.In some embodiments, the method further comprises: determining whether the ratio of the second number to the third number is greater than or equal to a fourth threshold; and not allocating further radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the ratio of the second number to the third number is greater than or equal to the fourth threshold.

[024] In some embodiments, the step of allocating the second number of radio resources comprises: allocating, at a given time, the second number of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than the first threshold. In some embodiments, the second number is equal to the product of the multiplication between the third number and a configured or pre-configured ratio. In some embodiments, the method further comprises: determining whether the signal quality of the first UE is lower than a third threshold, the third threshold being lower than the first threshold; wherein the method further comprises at least one of: allocating the first Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 266 / 372 12 / 96 number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is greater than or equal to the third threshold, but less than or equal to the first threshold; and allocate a fifth number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is less than the third threshold, the fifth number being less than the first number. In some modes, the third threshold is configured or pre-configured. In some modes, the third threshold is equal to -4 dB.

[025] In some embodiments, the fifth number is determined by: determining an augmented maximum PSD; calculating a third signal quality based at least on the augmented maximum PSD and the second signal quality; determining a third spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index based at least on the third signal quality; and calculating the fifth number based at least on the third spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index. In some embodiments, the augmented maximum PSD is predetermined and / or configured for the first UE. In some embodiments, the third signal quality is determined as a sum of the augmented maximum PSD and the second signal quality.

[026] In some embodiments, the step of determining a third spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index comprises: determining the third spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index by searching for an entry corresponding to the third signal quality in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or spectral efficiencies to signal qualities. In some embodiments, the step of calculating the fifth number comprises: dividing a total number of bits to be transmitted in a TTI to the first UE by a product of the multiplication between the third spectral efficiency and a number of symbols per radio resource; and rounding up the quotient of the division. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 267 / 372 13 / 96 as the fifth number.

[027] In some embodiments, the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated is performed in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is greater than a first threshold. In some embodiments, the second number of radio resources is allocated to the transmission associated with the first UE, so that the transmission associated with the first UE is capable of being modulated with a lower-order modulation scheme than that which will be used for modulation when the determined number of radio resources is allocated. In some embodiments, the first UE is a UE with signal quality greater than or equal to that of any other UEs to which radio resources should be allocated by the network node. In some embodiments, the first threshold is configured or pre-configured. In some embodiments, the first threshold is equal to 1 dB.

[028] In some modes, signal quality comprises at least one of: Received Reference Signal Power (RSRP); Received Reference Signal Quality (RSRQ); Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SINR); Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR); and Channel Quality Indicator (CQI). In some modes, radio resources are Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) or Resource Block Groups (RBGs). In some modes, the transmission associated with the first UE comprises at least one of: transmission of a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH); and transmission of a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) associated with a PDSCH.

[029] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a network node is provided. The network node comprises: a processor; a memory that stores instructions which, when executed by the processor, Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 268 / 372 14 / 96 causes the processor to perform either of the methods described in the first aspect.

[030] According to a third aspect of this disclosure, a network node is provided for allocating radio resources. The network node comprises: a first determination module configured to determine a number of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with a first UE; a second determination module configured to determine whether a signal quality of the first UE is higher than a first threshold or not; a third determination module configured to determine whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated; and an allocation module configured to allocate a second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than the first threshold and in response to the determination that there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, the second number being greater than the determined number.In some embodiments, the network node may comprise one or more additional modules, each of which may perform any of the steps of any of the methods in the first aspect.

[031] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided in a UE for communicating with a network node. The method comprises: receiving from the network node a message indicating various radio resources by which the network node should communicate with the UE; and communicating with the network node by the allocated number of radio resources, where the number is less than or equal to a first number or a third number when the UE signal quality is less than or equal to a first limit, where the number is a second number when the UE signal quality is greater than the first limit, the second number being greater than the first. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 269 / 372 15 / 96 number or the third number.

[032] In some modes, the first threshold is set or pre-set. In some modes, the first threshold is equal to 1 dB. In some modes, the ratio of the second number to the first number is less than or equal to a threshold. In some modes, the number is a fifth number when the UE signal quality is less than a third threshold, the fifth number being less than the first number; and where the number is the first number when the UE signal quality is greater than or equal to the third threshold, but less than or equal to the first threshold. In some modes, the third threshold is set or pre-set. In some modes, the third threshold is equal to -4 dB.

[033] In some modes, signal quality comprises at least one of: RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, SNR and CQI. In some modes, radio resources are PRBs or RBGs. In some modes, UE-associated transmission comprises at least one of: PDSCH transmission; and DMRS transmission associated with a PDSCH.

[034] According to a fifth aspect of this disclosure, a UE is provided. The UE comprises: a processor; a memory that stores instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to execute any of the methods of the fourth aspect.

[035] According to a sixth aspect of this disclosure, a UE is provided for communication with a network node. The UE comprises: a receiving module configured to receive, from the network node, a message indicating various radio resources by which the network node should communicate with the UE; and a communication module configured to communicate with the network node by the allocated number of radio resources, wherein the number is less than or equal to a first number or a third number when the signal quality of Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 270 / 372 16 / 96 UE is less than or equal to a first threshold, where the number is a second number when the UE signal quality is greater than the first threshold, the second number being greater than the first number or the third number. In some embodiments, UE may comprise one or more additional modules, each of which may perform any of the steps of any of the methods of the fourth aspect.

[036] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, a computer program comprising instructions is provided. The instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause that at least one processor to perform any of the methods of the first and / or fourth aspects.

[037] According to an eighth aspect of this disclosure, a carrier containing the computer program of the seventh aspect is provided. In some embodiments, the carrier is an electronic signal, optical signal, radio signal or computer-readable storage medium.

[038] According to a ninth aspect of this disclosure, a telecommunications system is provided. The telecommunications system comprises at least one network node and a first UE. In some embodiments, each of the at least one network node comprises: a processor; a memory that stores instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: determine a number of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with a first UE; determine whether the signal quality of the first UE is greater than the first threshold or not; determine whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated; and allocate a second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is greater than the first threshold and in response to the determination that Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 271 / 372 17 / 96 there is one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, the second number being greater than the determined number. In some embodiments, the first UE comprises: a processor; a memory that stores instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: receive, from the network node, a message indicating a series of radio resources by which the network node must communicate with the first UE; and communicate with the network node by the allocated number of radio resources, where the number is less than or equal to the first number when the signal quality of the first UE is less than or equal to the first threshold, where the number is the second number when the signal quality of the first UE is greater than the first threshold.

[039] In some embodiments, instructions stored in the network node's memory, when executed by the network node's processor, cause the network node's processor to additionally perform any of the methods of the first aspect. In some embodiments, instructions stored in the first UE's memory, when executed by the first UE's processor, cause the first UE's processor to additionally perform any of the methods of the fourth aspect.

[040] With some embodiments of the present disclosure, the cell transmission power can be reduced in some TTIs, and the power consumption of the power amplifier (PA) in the base station radio can be reduced. In addition, less transmission power means less interference in the neighboring cell and therefore the peak throughput of the neighboring cell can be increased. Furthermore, the transmission power can be distributed to more PRBs / spectrum, and the impact of interference is less than in the legacy solution. In addition, the power amplifier can be prevented from overheating and the cell coverage, throughput and latency are not affected. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 272 / 372 18 / 96 Brief Description of the Drawings

[041] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary telecommunications network in which UEs and gNB can be operated in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[042] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary architecture of a general base station to which adaptive allocation of radio resources for energy efficiency is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[043] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary procedure for radio resource management in which adaptive allocation of radio resources for energy efficiency is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[044] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating radio output power versus radio power consumption for an exemplary base station to which adaptive allocation of radio resources for energy efficiency is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[045] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating a ratio of saved radio output power versus PRB allocation factor for a base station to which adaptive radio resource allocation for energy efficiency is applied according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[046] Fig. 6 is a flowchart that illustrates an exemplary method for allocating radio resources according to a modality of the present disclosure.

[047] Fig. 7 is a flowchart that illustrates another exemplary method for allocating radio resources according to another aspect of this disclosure.

[048] Fig. 8 is a flowchart that illustrates yet another exemplary method for allocating radio resources according to yet another modality of Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 273 / 372 19 / 96 present disclosure.

[049] Fig. 9 is a flowchart that illustrates an exemplary method at a network node for allocating radio resources in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[050] Fig. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method in a UE for communication with a network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[051] Fig. 11 schematically shows an embodiment of an arrangement that can be used in a UE or in a network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[052] Fig. 12 is a block diagram of an exemplary network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[053] Fig. 13 is a block diagram of an exemplary UE according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[054] Fig. 14 shows an example of a communication system according to some of the modalities of the present disclosure.

[055] Fig. 15 shows an exemplary EU in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[056] Fig. 16 shows an exemplary network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[057] Fig. 17 is a block diagram of an exemplary host, which may be an embodiment of the host of Fig. 14, according to various aspects described in the present invention.

[058] Fig. 18 is a block diagram that illustrates an exemplary virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some modalities can be virtualized.

[059] Fig. 19 shows a communication diagram of an exemplary host. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 274 / 372 20 / 96 communicating via an exemplary network node with an exemplary UE over a partially wireless connection, according to some embodiments of this disclosure. Detailed Description

[060] The present disclosure is described herein with reference to the embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings. However, it should be understood that these descriptions are provided for illustrative purposes only and do not limit the present disclosure. Furthermore, descriptions of known structures and techniques are omitted herein so as not to unnecessarily obscure the concept of the present disclosure.

[061] Those skilled in the art will understand that the term exemplary is used in the present invention to mean illustrative or serving as an example, and is not intended to imply that a particular embodiment is preferred over another or that a particular feature is essential. Similarly, the terms first, second, third, fourth, and similar terms are used simply to distinguish a particular instance of an item or feature from another, and do not indicate a particular order or arrangement unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, the term step, as used in the present invention, should be considered synonymous with operation or action. Any description in the present invention of a sequence of steps does not imply that these operations must be performed in a particular order, or even that these operations are performed in any order, unless the context or the details of the operation described clearly indicate otherwise.

[062] The conditional language used in the present invention, such as may, could, might be, for example and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise or understood otherwise within Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 275 / 372 21 / 96, depending on the context in which it is used, generally intends to convey that certain modalities include, while others do not include, certain features, elements, and / or states. Therefore, this conditional language generally does not intend to imply that features, elements, and / or states are somehow necessary for one or more modalities, or that one or more modalities necessarily include logic to decide, with or without the author's contribution or request, whether these features, elements, and / or states are included or must be performed in any specific modality. Furthermore, the term "or" is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense), so that when used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term "or" means one, some, or all of the elements in the list.Furthermore, the term "each," as used in the present invention, in addition to its common meaning, may signify any subset of a set of elements to which the term "each" is applied.

[063] The term “based on” should be read as “based at least in part on”. The terms “a specific modality” and “a modality” should be read as “at least one modality”. The term “another modality” should be read as “at least one other modality”. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below. Furthermore, language such as the phrase at least one of X, Y and Z, unless specifically stated otherwise, should be understood in the general context as meaning that an item, term, etc. can be X, Y or Z, or a combination thereof.

[064] The terminology used in the present invention is intended to describe only specific embodiments and is not intended to be a limitation of exemplary embodiments. As used in the present invention, the singular forms a, an, and the should also include the plural forms, a Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 276 / 372 22 / 96 unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should be further understood that the terms comprise, including, has, having, includes and / or including, when used in the present invention, specify the presence of stated features, elements and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. It will also be understood that the terms connect(s), connecting, connected etc., when used in the present invention, mean only that there is an electrical or communicative connection between two elements and they may be connected directly or indirectly, unless explicitly stated otherwise.

[065] It is evident that the present disclosure can be carried out in other specific ways besides those set forth in the present invention, without departing from the scope and essential characteristics of the disclosure. One or more of the specific processes discussed below can be carried out in any electronic device comprising one or more appropriately configured processing circuits, which may, in some embodiments, be embodied in one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). In some embodiments, these processing circuits may comprise one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers and / or digital signal processors programmed with appropriate software and / or firmware to perform one or more of the operations described above, or variants thereof. In some embodiments, these processing circuits may comprise custom hardware to perform one or more of the functions described above.The present options should therefore be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 277 / 372 23 / 96

[066] Although multiple embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated in the accompanying Drawings and described in the Detailed Description below, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the embodiments disclosed, but is also capable of numerous reorganizations, modifications and substitutions without departing from the present disclosure, as will be set forth and defined in the claims.

[067] Furthermore, it is worth noting that although the following description of some embodiments of the present disclosure is provided in the context of 5G NR, the present disclosure is not limited to it. In fact, provided that adaptive allocation of radio resources for energy efficiency is involved, the inventive concept of the present disclosure may be applicable to any appropriate communication architecture, for example, to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) / General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), Synchronous Time Division CDMA (TD-SCDMA), CDMA2000, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Long Term Evolution (LTE) 4-Generation, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) or 5G NR etc.Therefore, a person skilled in the art can easily understand that the terms used in the present invention can also refer to their equivalents in any other infrastructure. For example, the term UE used in the present invention can refer to a terminal device, a mobile device, a mobile terminal, a mobile station, a user device, a wireless device, a wireless terminal, or any other equivalents. As another example, the term network node used in the present invention can refer to a transmit and receive point (TRP), a base station, a base transceiver station, an access point, a hotspot, a NodeB, a... Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 278 / 372 24 / 96 An evolved NodeB (eNB), a gNB, a network element, or any other equivalent.

[068] In addition, the following 3GPP documents are incorporated into the present invention by reference in their entirety: - 3GPP TS 38.141-1 V18.0.0 (2022-12), Technical Specification, Partnership Project for the 3rd Generation; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Base Station (BS) Conformance Tests, Part 1: Conformance Tests Conducted (Release 18); - 3GPP TS 38.141-2 V18.0.0 (2022-12), Technical Specification, Partnership Project for the 3rd Generation; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Base Station (BS) Conformance Tests, Part 2: Irradiated Conformance Tests (Release 18); - 3GPP TS 38.211 V17.4.0 (2022-12), Technical Specification, Partnership Project for the 3rd Generation; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Physical channels and modulation (Release 17); - 3GPP TS 38.212 V17.4.0 (2022-12), Technical Specification, Partnership Project for the 3rd Generation; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Multiplexing and channel coding (Release 17); - 3GPP TS 38.213 V17.4.0 (2022-12), Technical Specification, Partnership Project for the 3rd Generation; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Physical Layer Procedures for Control (Release 17); - 3GPP TS 38.214 V17.4.0 (2022-12), Technical Specification, Partnership Project for the 3rd Generation; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Physical Layer Procedures for Data (Release 17); - 3GPP TS 38.321 V17.3.0 (2022-12), Technical Specification, 35th Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Specification (Release) Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 279 / 372 25 / 96 17); and - 3GPP TS 38.331 V17.3.0 (2022-12), Technical Specification, 35th Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; NR; Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol Specification (Release 17).

[069] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary telecommunications network 10 in which a UE No. 1 100-1, a UE No. 2 100-2 and a RAN node (e.g., gNB) 105 can be operated in accordance with an embodiment of this disclosure. Although the telecommunications network 10 is a network defined in the context of 5G NR, this disclosure is not limited to it.

[070] As shown in Fig. 1, network 10 may comprise one or more UEs 100-1 and 100-2 (collectively, UE(s) 100) and a RAN node 105, which may be a base station, a B Node, an evolved B Node (eNB), a gNB, or an AN node that provides the UEs 100 with network access. In addition, network 10 may comprise its core network portion which is not shown in Fig. 1.

[071] However, the present disclosure is not limited to this. In some other embodiments, the network 10 may comprise additional nodes, fewer nodes, or some variants of the existing nodes shown in Fig. 1. For example, in a network with a 4G architecture, the entities (e.g., an eNB) that perform these functions may be different from those (e.g., the gNB 105) shown in Fig. 1. In another example, in a network with a mixed 4G / 5G architecture, some of the entities may be the same as those shown in Fig. 1, and others may be different.

[072] Furthermore, although two UEs 100 and one gNB 105 are shown in Fig. 1, the present disclosure is not limited to them. In some other embodiments, any number of UEs and / or any number of gNBs may be included in the network 10. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 280 / 372 26 / 96

[073] As shown in Fig. 1, the UEs 100 can be communicatively connected to the gNB 105, which in turn can be communicatively connected to a corresponding core network (CN) and then to the Internet, so that the UEs 100 can finally communicate their user plane data with other devices outside the network 10, for example, via the gNB 105.

[074] As mentioned above, energy conservation is playing an increasingly significant role in the 4G, 5G, and future 6G radio communication system, especially in a base station. Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary architecture of a general 105 base station to which adaptive allocation of radio resources for energy efficiency is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The 105 base station generally includes two parts, one is the 210 baseband (e.g., a Baseband Unit (BBU)) and the other is the 220 radio (e.g., a Radio Unit (RU), a Remote Radio Unit (RRU), a Remote Radio Head (RRH)). Most of the power is consumed by the 220 radio.

[075] As shown in Fig. 2, baseband 210 may include a Radio Resource Manager (RRM) 221, a physical layer 213 transmitter, and a physical layer 215 receiver, etc. In recent years, the physical layer in some gNB products may be divided into upper physical layer and lower physical layer. Typically, the upper physical layer is located in baseband 210, and the lower physical layer is located in radio 220.

[076] As shown in Fig. 2, baseband 210 and radio 220 can communicate with each other via the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), which defines the publicly available specification for the main internal interface of base radio stations between a Radio Equipment Control (REC) (by Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 281 / 372 27 / 96 example, the 210 baseband shown in Fig. 2) and a Radio Equipment (RE) (e.g., the 220 radio shown in Fig. 2).

[077] A detailed description of the RRM 211 operations will be given below with reference to Fig. 3.

[078] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary procedure for radio resource management in which adaptive allocation of radio resources for energy efficiency is applicable according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[079] In the RRM module (for example, RRM 211 shown in Fig. 2), one or more Scheduling Entities (SEs) can be scheduled in each transmission time interval (TTI) or slot. In some embodiments, a Scheduling Entity can be a UE or a service associated with a UE. The data to be transmitted can be stored in the buffer, and each piece of data has a related SE. For example, when the data to be transmitted is destined for a single UE, the related SE is the UE itself. In another example, when the data must be transmitted to all UEs served by the same cell, the related SE is an SE associated with all UEs for transmission.

[080] In some forms, a SE may generally include at least one of the following pieces of information: a) CQI: In 5G, a UE can measure the Channel Status Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) and estimate the Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), and then report the CQI to gNB. gNB can store CQI for each SE. This is shown as step S301a / S301b in Fig. 3. b) Estimated downlink SINR: According to the EU's CQI and ACK / NACK, the base station can estimate the SINR of the downlink. c) Priority: Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 282 / 372 28 / 96 EU prioritization, which may be related to service quality, type of service, etc. d) The length of the data to be transmitted.

[081] The general exemplary RRM procedure can begin at step S310, where SEs can be selected according to priority, for example, quality of service, waiting time, etc.

[082] In step S320, the PRBs required for the selected SEs can be estimated based on the buffer status and channel information. Then, the total PRBs estimated in the TTI or slot can be obtained or determined in another way. An exemplary implementation of the estimate can be provided as follows: a) Estimate the approximate CQI / SINR for the SEs that have data to be transmitted; b) Estimate the approximate allocation of PRB according to the CQI and the length of the data in the buffer to be transmitted to each UE; and c) Estimate the approximate total PRBs for all UEs in the TTI or slot.

[083] In step S330, the MCS can be estimated in the link adaptation module and then the PRB can be allocated to the selected SE.

[084] In some modes, the term link adaptation may refer to the calculation of the coding rate and modulation scheme.

[085] In some modes, the link adaptation module can estimate the SINR according to CQI and ACK / NACK, and then the number of bits per symbol and scheme mode (e.g., Quadrature Phase Shift (QPSK), 16-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM), 64QAM, 256QAM, among others) can be determined according to the following SINRToSpectralEfficiency table 1. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 283 / 372 29 / 96 Table 1 SINRToSpectralEfficiency Spectral Efficiency SINR (Unit: dB) QPSK (bits per symbol) 16QAM (bits per symbol) 64QAM (bits per symbol) 256QAM (bits per symbol) -12 0.014 0 0 0 -11 0.02 0.002 0 0 -10 0.03 0.01 0 0 -9 0.04 0.02 0 0 -8 0.06 0.03 0.01 0 24 2 4 5.8 6.2 25 2 4 5.9 6.6 26 2 4 5.96 6.9 27 2 4 6 7.14 28 2 4 6 7.34 29 2 4 6 7.52 30 2 4 6 7.68 31 2 4 6 7.8 32 2 4 6 7.9 33 2 4 6 7.96

[086] It is worth noting that this table is provided for illustrative purposes only and many other tables or other types, organizations or formats of data may be used in its place.

[087] In step S340, PRBs can be allocated to all SEs in this cell, and the MCS of each SE can be estimated or otherwise determined. In addition, the total output power and total PRB utilization in the cell can be obtained or otherwise determined.

[088] In step S350, the data in the buffer and its allocation of PRBs and MCS can be sent to the physical layer for further implementation. In some embodiments, a detailed description of the physical layer procedures is provided in 3GPP TS 38.211 v17.4.0 and 38.212 v17.4.0 for 5G NR, and is omitted in the present invention for simplicity.

[089] Typically, the downlink portion of the radio (e.g., the 220 radio shown in Fig. 2) may consist of: Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 284 / 372 30 / 96 - Part of the digital process, for example, channel filter, Crest Factor Reduction (CFR); - Transceiver Integrated Circuit (IC) (TRX), for example, Digital to Analog (DAC), Analog to Digital (ADC); Power amplifier (PA).

[090] PAs can consume most of the radio power. Fig. 4 shows the PA power consumption (vertical axis) versus the radio output power (horizontal axis). In some modes, the maximum average cell transmission power is set by the operator and runs during cell setup. For example, the maximum average cell transmission power might be 160 Watts, as shown in Fig. 4. As the radio output power increases, the radio power consumption increases as a cell is set up.

[091] Table 2 below is the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) requirement for base station radio according to 3GPP TS 38.141-1 V18.0.0 or 38.141-2 V18.0.0, the high scheme mode (or a modulation scheme with a higher modulation order) has a higher EVM requirement than the low scheme mode (or a modulation scheme with a lower modulation order). For example, the EVM requirement of 256 QAM is 4.5%, which is higher than the EVM requirement of 64 QAM (i.e., 9%). The PA has to work at high PA sizes, e.g., high voltage and high bias current, for high EVM requirements. This consumes more power than the low EVM requirement when the average maximum transmit power of the cell is the same. Sometimes, the radio cannot adequately meet the high EVM scheme mode requirement due to temperature and aging. Table 2 EVM requirements for BS type 1-C and BS type 1-H Modulation scheme for PDSCH EVM required (%) QPSK 18.5% Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 285 / 372 31 / 96 Modulation scheme for PDSCH EVM required (%) 16QAM 13.5% 64QAM 9% 256QAM 4.5%

[092] Spectrum is a precious resource, and therefore spectral efficiency should always be considered. However, in real-world traffic, even during peak hours, the possibility of using PRBs above 90% per TTI is less than 2%. Most of the time, there are some free or unallocated PRBs per TTI or slot. Sometimes, the radio may overheat. To avoid damage to the radio, the radio may inform the baseband to reduce the power spectral density (PSD). In this case, the PSD of all downlink PRBs may always be reduced, and both cell coverage and cell throughput are affected. For example, some UEs at the edge of the cell may no longer be able to connect to the cell. In addition, sometimes the base station radio may not meet the EVM requirements of the high-order scheme mode well.

[093] Therefore, in some embodiments of this disclosure, after the legacy RRM completes the PRB scaling to a TTI, some new operations are provided as follows: - Check if there is any unallocated PRB available for any UE. a. If not, do nothing. b. If yes, the scheduler will execute the iterative loop: while (there is free PRB) and (scheduled UE whose SINR is greater than a threshold) { I. Discover the EU with the highest SINR; ii. Allocate more PRB, for example, allocate 1 more RBG to this UE; iii. The PSD of the PRB allocated to the EU is reduced in accordance with the EU's MAC volume requirement. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 286 / 372 32 / 96 iv. Recalculate the EU's SINR in accordance with the new PSD. }

[094] In some modes, when not all PRBs are used and the UE's SINR is greater than a limit, more PRBs can be allocated to the UE and the PRBs' PSD can be reduced. Then, it consumes less transmission power than the old model.

[095] In some modalities, when the SINR is less than a threshold, the same PRBs may be maintained or may be reduced, and the PSD may remain unchanged or increased.

[096] In some modalities, the UE with a high SINR may have high priority to be allocated with more PRBs.

[097] In some schemes, the UE with a high SINR may be allocated more additional PRBs than the UE with a low SINR.

[098] In some modes, a PRB allocation factor (e.g., maxTimesPRBForEachSINR) can be defined for each SINR.

[099] With some embodiments of the present disclosure, the cell transmission power can be reduced in each TTI, and the PA power consumption in the base station radio can be reduced. In addition, less transmission power means less interference in the neighboring cell and therefore the peak throughput of the neighboring cell can be increased. Furthermore, the transmission power can be distributed to more PRBs / spectrum, and the impact of interference is less than in the legacy solution. In addition, the power amplifier can be prevented from overheating and the cell coverage, throughput and latency are not affected.

[100] Next, some rules regarding PRB allocations will be presented below. When there are unused (or free / available / unallocated) PRBs in this TTI, some rules for allocation of Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 287 / 372 33 / 96 PRBs are provided below: Rule 1: When the SINR exceeds a threshold, more PRBs are allocated to the UE and, at the same time, the PSD is reduced, and the transmission power is decreased.

[101] Assuming that the maximum average transmission power of a cell is 100 Watts and that the cell supports 100 PRBs, one PRB consumes 1 Watt and 1 Watt = 30 dBm. Example 1

[102] If the SINR of a UE is 30 dB, a symbol with 256QAM can carry 7.68 bits, according to Table 1. Assuming there are 70 symbols per PRB, then a PRB with 256QAM can carry 70*7.68 bits = 537.6 bits. Assuming there are 5376 bits in the data buffer for this UE, therefore 10 PRBs are allocated for the UE. If only this UE is transmitted in this TTI, the transmitted power of the cell in this TTI will be 10 Watts for the conventional method.

[103] In the new method according to some modalities, if 12 PRBs are allocated to this UE, each PRB can carry 5376 / 12 = 448 bits, and each symbol can carry 448 / 70 = 6.4 bits. According to table 1, 6.6 bits per symbol are carried when SINR = 25dB for 256QAM. Then the PSD can decrease 30 - 25 = 5 dB for this UE. Then the transmission power of each PRB is 30dBm - 5dB = 25 dBm ~= 0.32 Watts, and the transmission power of the cell in this TTI is 0.32 * 12 = 3.84 Watts in this TTI. In other words, the new method can consume 10 Watts less - 3.84 Watts = 6.16 Watts of transmission power - than the conventional method, saving 6.16 / 10 = 61.6% of transmission power. According to Fig. 4, the radio's power consumption can be significantly reduced with the new method.

[104] Fig. 5 is the ratio of saved radio output power versus X times the allocation of PRBs, where the horizontal axis refers to the factor of Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 288 / 372 34 / 96 PRB allocation (the higher the factor, the more PRBs are allocated), the vertical axis refers to the ratio of radio transmission power saved.

[105] Rule 2: For the same PRB allocation factor, more power can be saved for the UE with a higher SINR.

[106] Rule 3: When the SINR is less than a threshold, the scheduler will no longer allocate PRBs to reduce the PSD. Sometimes it is possible to save transmission power if the PSD is increased and the allocation of PRBs is reduced.

[107] For example, according to Fig. 5, when SINR is -8, as indicated by the 550 curve, increasing PRB and reducing PSD leads to more transmission power. In other words, decreasing PRB and increasing PSD may lead to less transmission power in some modes.

[108] Rule 4: the PRB allocation factor, maxTimesPRBForEachSINR, is defined for each SINR.

[109] For example, when SINR = 30, a PRB allocation factor of 1.5 can achieve 82% power savings, as shown by curve 510 in Fig. 5. Furthermore, a PRB allocation greater than 1.5 saves only slightly more power, as also shown by curve 510 in Fig. 5. Therefore, the PRB allocation factor can be defined for each SINR. For example, maxTimesPRBForEachSINR can be 1.5 for SINR 30.

[110] Based on the rules above, some modalities (or proposals) are proposed below and will be described with reference to Fig. 6 to Fig. 8. Proposal 1

[111] Fig. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method 600 for allocating radio resources according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. This proposal is based on the conventional method and can be incorporated into the procedure shown in Fig. 3.

[112] After step S340 shown in Fig. 3, this proposal can be Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 289 / 372 35 / 96 triggered. The proposal may include two phases, the 1st phase, which is not shown in Fig. 6, is provided for EUs with lower SINRs, and the 2nd phase, which is shown in Fig. 6, is provided for EUs with higher SINRs. It is worth noting that neither phase is inevitable and therefore the procedure may comprise only the 1st phase, only the 2nd phase, or both. Phase 1

[113] As mentioned above, this phase is provided for UEs with SINR less than a threshold: SINRiimiari (sometimes also known as “the third threshold” in the present invention). In some embodiments, SINRiimiari can be corrected and configured during the initialization phase. For example, SINRiimiari = -4 dB. In some other embodiments, SINRiimiari can be pre-configured or encoded at the base station. In some other embodiments, SINRiimiari can be dynamically changed, for example, based on traffic load, base station load, etc. Power savings are possible if the PSD is increased and the PRB allocation is reduced. An exemplary method is provided below. 1) Obtain the maximum PSD increase, deltaPSD.

[114] In some modes, the PSD for each UE cannot be increased much. It is restricted by other channels / signals. If the UE cannot receive the common channel / signals correctly or the base station cannot detect the UE channel / signal correctly, simply increasing the PSD for each UE will not work.

[115] In some modes, the maximum increase in PSD can generally be constant and configured according to experience or simulation. 2) Obtain the new SINR and MCS: newSINR = originalSINR + deltaPSD (Equation 1) Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 290 / 372 36 / 96

[116] According to Table 1, the new spectral efficiency per symbol, newbitPerSymbol, can be obtained or otherwise determined. In addition, the new MCS can also be obtained or otherwise determined. 3) Recalculate the number of PRBs.

[117] If the total number of bits to be transmitted to this UE in this TTI is If TransTotBits contains numSymbolPerPRB symbols per PRB, then T TransTotBits \ the new number of PRBs = rounding ----——r— ---·.—·.----------·.—77—777-77 ni^vbiLPrrSymOoi * numSymbolPerPRB / (Equation 2) if the new number of PRBs (sometimes also known as N5 in the present invention) is less than the original number of PRBs (sometimes also known as N1 in the present invention), then some PRBs can be saved with this method in Phase 1.

[118] In some modes, saved PRBs can be used for UEs with a higher SINR in Phase 2. 2nd Phase

[119] After the 1st phase (if there is a 1st phase), it is possible to obtain more free PRBs. However, as mentioned above, the 1st phase is optional and can sometimes be skipped, and the procedure can go directly to the 2nd phase.

[120] As shown in Fig. 6, the procedure can begin with step S610, where the base station can check whether there is a free PRB or not. If there is no free PRB available for allocation, the procedure can end.

[121] In step S620, the base station can check if there are staggered UEs with SINR higher than a threshold: SINRthreshold (sometimes also known as the first threshold in the present invention).

[122] In some modes, SINRlimiar can be corrected and configured during the initialization phase. For example, SINRlimiar = 1 dB. In some other modes, SINRlimiar can be pre-configured or encoded at the base station. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 291 / 372 37 / 96 In some other modes, the SINR threshold can be dynamically changed, for example, based on traffic load, base station load, etc. If there is no scheduled UE with a SINR greater than the threshold, the procedure can be terminated.

[123] In some modes, if there are staggered UEs with SINR greater than the limit, the base station may discover the UE with the highest SINR in step S630.

[124] In step S640, more PRB (e.g., 1 more RBG) (sometimes also known as N4 in the present invention) can be allocated to this UE. At the same time, the number of free PRBs can be reduced. For example, if 1 RBG has 16 PRBs, New free PRB = old free PRB - 1 RBG = old free PRB - 16 PRBs. (Equation 3)

[125] In step S650, a new encoding rate can be recalculated according to the newly added PRB.

[126] In some modes, if the total number of bits to be transmitted to this UE in this TTI is TransTotBits and there are numSymbolPerPRB symbols per PRB, then: newbitPerSymbol TransTotBits (PRB originally allocated + PRB newly added) * numSymbolPerPRB (Equation 4) in step S660, the PSD for PRB can be recalculated, and the SINR of this UE can be updated.

[127] In some embodiments, according to Table 1, the new SINR, newSINR, can be obtained or otherwise determined according to the new spectral efficiency per symbol, newbitPerSymbol, and a difference, delPSD, between the original SINR and the new SINR can be calculated as follows: Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 292 / 372 38 / 96 delPSD = originalSINR - newSINR (Equation 5).

[128] Based on this, the EU SINR can be updated from original SINR to newSINR.

[129] In addition, the new PSD for the corresponding PRB can be calculated as follows: new PSD = original PSD - delPSD (Equation 6).

[130] In step S670, it can be checked whether the PRB allocation factor for this UE is greater than or equal to maxTimesPRBForEachSINR (sometimes also known as “the second threshold” in the present invention). If so, this final UE scaling result is obtained or otherwise determined, and this UE can be removed from the scaling result or list. After that, the procedure can return to step S610. Otherwise, the procedure can return directly to step S610 without removing the UE from the scaling list. In that case, if the recalculated SINR or newSINR for this UE is still greater than the threshold, SINRthreshold, then this UE can still be allocated with even more PRBs in the next scaling round to further reduce its PSD.

[131] However, this disclosure is not limited to that. In some other modes, if the verification response in step S670 is no, the procedure may still remove this UE from the scheduling list, even if the PRB allocation factor is still less than maxTimesPRBForEachSINR.

[132] After the RRM implementation is complete, the allocated PRBs and the corresponding new PSD can be sent to the physical transmitter, for example, in a manner similar to that shown in step S350 of Fig. 3. In this case, the physical transmitter can adjust the PDSCH and / or the PDSCH DMRS according to the new PSD.

[133] In some forms, PSD of common channels, for example, Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 293 / 372 39 / 96 SSB can remain the same as conventional RRM. In other words, for common channels like SSB, no additional PRB will be allocated to reduce its PSD.

[134] In the embodiment shown in Fig. 6, the base station can allocate additional PRBs (N4) to a UE with a higher SINR based on the number of PRBs already allocated (N1) in step S330 shown in Fig. 3. For example, the number of PRBs that is originally allocated (N1) in step S330 may be 10, and the base station may additionally allocate 1 PRB (N4) to the UE in step S640 shown in Fig. 6, resulting in a total of 11 PRBs allocated to the UE (sometimes also known as N2 in the present invention). In other words, the reference number for additional PRB allocation may be the number of PRBs determined in step S330 shown in Fig. 3.

[135] However, the present disclosure is not limited to this. For example, the estimated number of PRBs (sometimes also known as N3 in the present invention) in step S320 shown in Fig. 3 can be used as a quicker, but less precise, determination of the original (or reference) number of PRBs to be allocated. For example, the number of PRBs that is originally estimated (N3) in step S320 might be 12, and the base station might additionally estimate 1 more PRB (N4) for the UE in step S640 shown in Fig. 6, resulting in a total of 13 PRBs (N2) to be allocated to the UE.

[136] With some simulations, it is observed that the additionally allocated PRBs (or, equivalently, the decrease in PSD in the modality) can sometimes result in a degraded EVM. For example, the results of an exemplary simulation are provided in Table 3 below. Table 3 Impact of PSD on EVM Ratio of PSD EVM to 94.44% of PRB with PSD unchanged EVM to 5.56% of PRB with PSD changed 1 4.128209656 4.024573925 Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 294 / 372 40 / 96 Ratio of PSD EVM to 94.44% of PRB with unchanged PSD EVM to 5.56% of PRB with changed PSD 0.81 3.94194628 4.28338442 0.64 3.835503508 4.60065955 0.49 3.643444239 4.943651478 0.36 3.58839274 5.714384748 0.25 3.542957206 6.687739637 0.16 3.490242416 8.666666825 0.09 3.506231058 11.06349318 0.04 3.349051716 15.89077512 0.01 3.449797277 32.66777651

[137] In Table 3, the first column indicates different PSD indices, where the decrease in PSD becomes greater as the PSD index becomes smaller. For example, a PSD ratio of 1 means there is no decrease in PSD. The second column indicates an average EVM for 94.44% of PRBs that had their PSDs unchanged, while the third column indicates an average EVM for the remaining 5.56% of PRBs that had their PSDs changed by a decrease in PSD indicated by the corresponding entry in the first column. For example, when the PSD reduction is 0.64, the average EVM for the 94.44% of PRBs that had their PSD unchanged is 3.835503508, while the average EVM for the remaining 5.56% of PRBs that had their PSD changed to 64% of their original PSDs is 4.60065955.In another example, when the PSD reduction is 0.01, the average EVM for the 94.44% of PRBs that had their PSD unchanged is 3.449797277, while the average EVM for the remaining 5.56% of PRBs that had their PSD changed to 1% of their original PSDs is 32.66777651.

[138] From Table 3 above, it is clear that when the decrease in PSD becomes greater (or, equivalently, the PSD ratio becomes smaller), the corresponding EVMs for the affected PRBs (with their altered PSDs) will become unacceptably high. Therefore, in some modalities, a limit may be provided to prevent the PSD from being reduced to a certain extent.

[139] For example, in step S660, after the delPSD is calculated, it can Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 295 / 372 41 / 96 to be compared with a maximum permissible difference. If it is greater than the maximum permissible difference, it may be adjusted to be equal to the maximum permissible difference, so that the PSD is not reduced to an unacceptable level.

[140] Furthermore, in some other modalities, the PSD itself may have its own lower threshold, so that no matter what the delPSD is, the new calculated PSD will not be lower than that lower threshold. Proposal 2

[141] Fig. 7 is a flowchart that illustrates another exemplary method 700 for allocating radio resources according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. This proposal is also based on the conventional method and can be incorporated into the procedure shown in Fig. 3.

[142] Similar to the modality shown in Fig. 6, this proposal may also include two phases, the 1' phase, which is not shown in Fig. 7, is provided for UEs with lower SINRs, and the 2' phase, which is shown in Fig. 7, is provided for UEs with higher SINRs. It is worth noting that neither phase is inevitable and therefore the procedure may comprise the 1' phase only, the 2' phase only, or both. Furthermore, since the 1' phase of proposal 2 is substantially similar to that of proposal 1 described above, the description of the 1' phase of proposal 2 is omitted for simplicity.

[143] Furthermore, proposal 1 is triggered after step S340 shown in Fig. 3 and takes longer to run. In contrast, proposal 2 is triggered after step S320, which does not require a longer timeframe.

[144] In step S320 of the method shown in Fig. 3, the RRM can estimate the required PRBs (N3) approximately according to the buffer data volume and / or channel information (e.g., CSI report) and then the estimated total PRBs in the TTI or slot can be obtained or determined otherwise.

[145] Once proposal 2 is triggered, the procedure can Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 296 / 372 42 / 96 begins with step S710, where the base station can check if there are staggered UEs with SINRs greater than a threshold: SINRiimiar (or the first threshold), and if there is free PRB, for example, freePRBForAdditionAllocation. In some modes, if at least one of the determinations has a negative response, the procedure can continue with a legacy solution, such as steps S330 to S350 shown in Fig. 3. If both responses are yes, the procedure proceeds to step S720.

[146] In step S720, UEs with SINRs greater than SINRRiimiar can be reclassified from high SINR to low SINR. In some modes, the reordered UEs can be handled according to the following steps S730 to S770, one by one. In some other modes, some or all of the reordered UEs can be handled in parallel.

[147] In step S730, according to Rule 4, a series of PRBs (N2) (which is determined by multiplying the PRB allocation factor, maxTimesPRBForEachSINR, with the estimated number of PRBs (N3)) can be allocated to an UE of interest (for example, the UE with the highest SINR). For example, if the originally estimated number of PRBs (N3) for this UE is M, then the number of PRBs allocated to the UE (N2) can be maxTimesPRBForEachSINR * M.

[148] Furthermore, it is worth noting that this term, maxTimesPRBForEachSINR, is used in proposal 1 as a threshold, while it is used in proposal 2 in a different way. However, the present disclosure is not limited to this. In some embodiments, after being pre-configured or configured on the base station, it can be used in different ways under different conditions, depending on the specific implementation of the base station.

[149] In step S740, a corresponding encoding rate can be calculated according to the number of PRBs allocated (N2). In some Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 297 / 372 43 / 96 modes, if the total bits to be transmitted to this UE in this TTI is TransTotBits and there are numSymbolPerPRB symbols per PRB, then: TransTotBits newbitPerSymbol = —----——τ------------—-——(number of PRBs allocated) * numSymbolPerPRB (Equation 7)

[150] In step S750, the PRB's PSD can be calculated, and this UE's SINR can be updated.

[151] According to Table 1, the new SINR, newSINR, can be determined according to the new spectral efficiency per symbol, newbitPerSymbol, and a difference between the original SINR and the new SINR can be determined: delPSD = originalSINR - newSINR (Equation 8).

[152] After that, the EU SINR can be updated from originalSINR to newSINR as follows: new PSD = original PSD - delPSD (Equation 9).

[153] In step S760, freePRBForAdditionAllocation can be recalculated. freePRBForAdditionAllocation = freePRBForAdditionAllocation — (maxTimesPRBForEachSINR — 1) * M (Equation 10)

[154] In step S770, the base station can check if freePRBForAdditionAllocation is 0. If so, the procedure can continue with the legacy solution. Otherwise, the procedure can proceed to step S730 and repeat steps S730 to S770 for another UE (e.g., the UE with the second highest SINR) or for the same UE, for example, depending on whether the UE still has the highest SINR or not.

[155] After the RRM implementation is complete, the allocated PRBs and the corresponding new PSD can be sent to the physical transmitter, by Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 298 / 372 44 / 96 example, similarly to that shown in step S350 of Fig. 3. In this case, the physical transmitter can adjust the PDSCH and / or the PDSCH DMRS according to the new PSD.

[156] In some modes, the PSD of common channels, for example, SSB, may be kept the same as that of conventional RRM. In other words, for common channels such as SSB, no additional PRB will be allocated to reduce its PSD.

[157] In the embodiment shown in Fig. 7, the base station may allocate additional PRBs (N4) to a UE with a higher SINR based on the number of PRBs estimated (N3) in step S320 shown in Fig. 3. For example, the number of PRBs that is originally estimated (N3) in step S320 may be 12, and the base station may allocate 18 PRBs (for example, when the PRB allocation factor is 1.5) (N2) to the UE in step S730 shown in Fig. 7. However, the present disclosure is not limited to this. For example, the number of PRBs allocated (N1) in step S330 shown in Fig. 3 may be used as an accurate, but slower, determination of the original (or reference) number of PRBs to be allocated.For example, the number of PRBs that is originally determined (N1) in step S330 may be 10 (which is less than the originally estimated number of 12 (N3) due to a noisy channel condition), and the base station may actually allocate 15 PRBs (e.g., when the PRB allocation factor is 1.5) (N2) to the UE in step S730 shown in Fig. 7. In other words, the reference number for PRB assignment may be the number of PRBs determined (N1) in step S330 shown in Fig. 3, instead of the number of PRBs estimated in step S320 shown in Fig. 3.

[158] In addition, similarly to proposal 1, a threshold could be established to prevent the PSD from being reduced to a certain extent.

[159] For example, in step S750, after the delPSD is calculated, it can Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 299 / 372 45 / 96 should be compared to a maximum permissible difference. If it is greater than the maximum permissible difference, it may be adjusted to be equal to the maximum permissible difference so that the PSD is not reduced to an unacceptable level.

[160] Furthermore, in some other modalities, the PSD itself may have its own lower threshold, so that no matter what the delPSD is, the new calculated PSD will not be lower than that lower threshold. Proposal 3

[161] Fig. 8 is a flowchart that illustrates yet another exemplary method 800 for allocating radio resources according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. This proposal is also based on the conventional method and can be incorporated into the procedure shown in Fig. 3.

[162] Similar to the modality shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, this proposal may also include two phases, the 1' phase, which is not shown in Fig. 8, is provided for EUs with lower SINRs, and the 2' phase, which is shown in Fig. 8, is provided for EUs with higher SINRs. It is worth noting that neither phase is inevitable and therefore the procedure may comprise the 1' phase only, the 2' phase only, or both. Furthermore, as the 1' phase of proposal 3 is substantially similar to that of proposals 1 and 2 described above, the description of the 1' phase of proposal 3 is omitted for simplicity.

[163] Furthermore, similar to proposal 2, proposal 3 can also be triggered after step S320. In step S320 of the method shown in Fig. 3, the RRM can estimate the required PRBs approximately according to the buffer data volume and / or channel information (e.g., CSI report) and then the total PRBs estimated in the TTI or slot can be obtained or determined otherwise.

[164] In proposal 3, the SINR can be reduced first. In other words, the PSD can be reduced first and then the number of PRBs. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 300 / 372 46 / 96 allocated to this UE can be increased. In some modes, a reduced target SINR, targetSINR, can be set for each SINR in an offline mode. For example, when SINR = 27 dB, its corresponding targetSINR can be preset as 20 dB, and therefore the SINR can be reduced by 7 dB.

[165] In some embodiments, proposal 3 can be triggered in the link adaptation module, and each UE can be selected for link adaptation, one by one, in step S810, and steps S820 to S850 can be performed for the selected UE. However, this disclosure is not limited to this. In some other embodiments, link adaptation can be performed for some UEs in parallel.

[166] In step S820, the base station can check if the UE's SINR is above a threshold, SINRiimiar, and if there is a free PRB. Otherwise, the legacy link adaptation can be used for this UE. If so, the procedure can proceed to step S830.

[167] In step S830, the SINR of this UE can be updated to the target SINR and the corresponding PSD can be calculated.

[168] In some modes, according to an offline configuration, the SINR can be updated to targetSINR. In addition, the decrease in PSD can be determined as follows: Reduced PSD = SINR - targetSINR (Equation 11).

[169] In the S840 stage, the legacy link adaptation module can be called according to the target SINR. In some modes, the newly allocated MCS and PRB (N2) can be calculated according to the target SINR.

[170] In step S850, freePRBForAdditionAllocation can be recalculated. In some modes, it can be recalculated as follows: Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 301 / 372 47 / 96 PRB additionally allocated to this UE = PRB newly allocated - PRB approximately estimated freePRBForAdditionAllocation = freePRBForAdditionAllocation - PRB additionally allocated to this UE (Equation 12).

[171] After that, the procedure can proceed to step S810 to select another UE.

[172] After the RRM implementation is complete, the allocated PRBs and the corresponding new PSD can be sent to the physical transmitter, for example, in a manner similar to that shown in step S350 of Fig. 3. In this case, the physical transmitter can adjust the PDSCH and / or the PDSCH DMRS according to the new PSD.

[173] In some modes, the PSD of common channels, for example, SSB, may be kept the same as that of conventional RRM. In other words, for common channels such as SSB, no additional PRB will be allocated to reduce its PSD.

[174] In addition, similarly to proposals 1 and 2, a threshold could be established to prevent PSD from being reduced to a certain extent.

[175] For example, in the S830 stage, the reduced PSD can be compared to a maximum permissible offset signal quality. If it is greater than the maximum permissible offset signal quality, it can be adjusted to be equal to the maximum permissible offset signal quality so that the PSD is not reduced to an unacceptable level.

[176] Furthermore, in some other modes, the targetSINR itself may have its own lower threshold, so that no matter what the decreased PSD is, the new calculated PSD will not be lower than that lower threshold.

[177] With some embodiments of the present disclosure, the transmission power of the cell can be reduced in each TTI, and the power consumption Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 302 / 372 48 / 96 PA on the base station radio can be reduced. Furthermore, less transmit power means less interference in the neighboring cell, and therefore the peak throughput of the neighboring cell can be increased. Additionally, transmit power can be distributed to more PRBs / spectrum, and the impact of interference is less than in the legacy solution. Moreover, the power amplifier can be prevented from overheating, and cell coverage, throughput, and latency are not affected.

[178] Fig. 9 is a flowchart of an exemplary method 900 on a network node for allocating radio resources according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 900 can be performed on a network node (e.g., gNB 105). The method 900 may comprise steps S910, S920, S930, and S940. However, the present disclosure is not limited to this. In some other embodiments, the method 900 may comprise more steps, fewer steps, different steps, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, the steps of the method 900 may be performed in a different order than that described in the present invention when multiple steps are involved. Additionally, in some embodiments, a step in the method 900 may be divided into several substeps and performed by different entities, and / or multiple steps in the method 900 may be combined into a single step.

[179] Method 900 can start at step S910, where the network node can determine a series of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with a first UE.

[180] In step S920, the network node can determine whether the signal quality of the first UE is above a first threshold or not.

[181] In step S930, the network node can determine if there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 303 / 372 49 / 96

[182] In the S940 step, the network node may allocate a second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than the first threshold and in response to the determination that there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, the second number being greater than the number determined.

[183] ​​In some embodiments, the step of determining a number of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with a first UE may comprise at least one of: calculating a first number of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with the first UE; and estimating a third number of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with the first UE.

[184] In some embodiments, when the number determined is the first number, method 900 may additionally comprise: allocating the first number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is less than or equal to the first limit and / or in response to the determination that all radio resources must be allocated.In some embodiments, when the determined number is the first number, before the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, method 900 may additionally comprise: estimating one or more third numbers of radio resources to be allocated for transmissions associated with one or more UEs comprising the first UE, wherein the one or more UEs may be served by the same cell associated with the network node; and calculating a sum of the one or more third numbers, wherein the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated may comprise: determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 304 / 372 50 / 96 to be allocated based on at least the sum of one or more third numbers. In some embodiments, the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated based on at least the sum of one or more third numbers may comprise at least one of: determining that there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated in response to the determination that a difference, which is calculated by subtracting the sum of a total number of radio resources in the cell, is greater than zero; and determining that all radio resources should be allocated in response to the determination that the difference is less than or equal to zero.

[185] In some embodiments, when the determined number is the first number, method 900 may additionally comprise: calculating a first spectral efficiency for the transmission associated with the first UE based on at least the second number; determining a first signal quality based on at least the first spectral efficiency; and calculating a first PSD for the transmission by the second radio resource number based on at least the first signal quality. In some embodiments, the first spectral efficiency for the transmission associated with the first UE may be calculated by: dividing a total number of bits to be transmitted in a TTI for the first UE by a product of the multiplication between the second number and a number of symbols per radio resource.In some embodiments, the step of determining a first signal quality may comprise: determining the first signal quality by searching for an entry corresponding to the first spectral efficiency in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or spectral efficiencies to signal qualities. In some embodiments, the step of calculating a first PSD for transmission by the second radio resource number based at least on the first signal quality may comprise: calculating. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 305 / 372 51 / 96 a difference by subtracting the first signal quality from a second signal quality; and calculating the first PSD by subtracting the difference from a second PSD, where the second signal quality may be a signal quality calculated when the first number of radio resources is allocated to the transmission associated with the first UE, where the second PSD may be a PSD calculated when the first number of radio resources is allocated to the transmission associated with the first UE. In some embodiments, prior to the step of calculating the first PSD, method 900 may additionally comprise: determining whether the difference is greater than a maximum permissible difference; and adjusting the difference to be equal to the maximum permissible difference in response to the determination that the difference is greater than the maximum permissible difference.In some embodiments, method 900 may additionally comprise: adjusting the transmission power for the transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the first PSD and / or the second number.

[186] In some embodiments, when the determined number is the first number, the step of allocating the second number of radio resources may comprise: allocating the first number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE; and allocating a fourth number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is greater than the first threshold, where the second number may be equal to the sum of the first number and the fourth number. In some embodiments, the 900 method may further comprise: determining whether a ratio of the second number to the first number is greater than or equal to a second threshold; and not allocating any more radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the ratio of the second number to the first number is greater than or equal to the second threshold. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 306 / 372 52 / 96

[187] In some embodiments, when the determined number is the first number, the step of allocating the second number of radio resources may comprise: allocating, at a given time, the second number of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than the first threshold. In some embodiments, the second number may be equal to the product of the multiplication between the first number and a configured or pre-configured ratio.

[188] In some embodiments, when the determined number is the first number, method 900 may further comprise: determining whether the signal quality of the first UE is less than a third threshold, the third threshold being less than the first threshold; wherein method 900 may further comprise at least one of: allocating the first number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is greater than or equal to the third threshold, but less than or equal to the first threshold; and allocating a fifth number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is less than the third threshold, the fifth number being less than the first number. In some embodiments, the third threshold may be set or pre-set. In some embodiments, the third threshold may be equal to -4 dB.

[189] In some embodiments, the fifth number can be determined by: determining an augmented maximum PSD; calculating a third signal quality based at least on the augmented maximum PSD and the second signal quality; determining a third spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index based at least on the third signal quality; and calculating the fifth number based at least on the third spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index. In Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 307 / 372 53 / 96 In some modes, the maximum boosted PSD can be predetermined and / or configured for the first UE. In some modes, the third signal quality can be determined as a sum of the maximum boosted PSD and the second signal quality.

[190] In some embodiments, the step of determining a third spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index may comprise: determining the third spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index by searching for an entry corresponding to the third signal quality in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or spectral efficiencies to signal qualities. In some embodiments, the step of calculating the fifth number may comprise: dividing a total number of bits to be transmitted in a TTI to the first UE by a product of the multiplication between the third spectral efficiency and a number of symbols per radio resource; and rounding up the quotient of the division as the fifth number.

[191] In some embodiments, when the determined number is the third number, method 900 may further comprise: allocating a first number of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is less than or equal to the first threshold and / or in response to the determination that all radio resources should be allocated, the first number being less than the second number. In some embodiments, when the determined number is the third number, before the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, method 900 may further comprise: estimating one or more third numbers of radio resources to be allocated for transmissions associated with one or more UEs comprising the first UE, wherein the one or more UEs may be served by the same cell associated with the network node; and calculating a sum Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 308 / 372 54 / 96 of one or more third numbers, where the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated may comprise: determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated based on at least the sum of one or more third numbers. In some embodiments, the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated based on at least the sum of one or more third numbers may comprise at least one of: determining that there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated in response to the determination that a difference, which is calculated by subtracting the sum of a total number of radio resources in the cell, is greater than zero; and determining that all radio resources should be allocated in response to the determination that the difference is less than or equal to zero.

[192] In some embodiments, when the determined number is the third number, prior to the step of allocating the second number of radio resources, method 900 may further comprise: determining a first target signal quality based at least on the signal quality of the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is greater than the first threshold, wherein the step of allocating the second number of radio resources may comprise: allocating the second number of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the first target signal quality. In some embodiments, the first target signal quality may be determined by subtracting a first offset signal quality from the signal quality of the first UE. In some embodiments, the first offset signal quality may be less than or equal to the maximum permissible offset signal quality.In some modes, one or more offset signal qualities can be independently configured or pre-configured for one or more. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 309 / 372 55 / 96 signal qualities of the first EU, respectively.

[193] In some embodiments, the step of allocating the second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the first target signal quality may comprise: determining a second spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index based at least on the first target signal quality; calculating the second number based at least on the second spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index; and allocating the second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE. In some embodiments, the step of determining a second spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index may comprise: determining the second spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index by searching for an entry corresponding to the first target signal quality in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or maps spectral efficiencies to signal qualities.

[194] In some embodiments, the step of calculating the second number may comprise: dividing a total number of bits to be transmitted in a TTI for the first UE by a product of the multiplication between the second spectral efficiency and a number of symbols per radio resource; and rounding up the quotient of the division as the second number. In some embodiments, when the number determined is the third number, method 900 may further comprise: calculating a first spectral efficiency for the transmission associated with the first UE based on at least the second number; determining a first signal quality based on at least the first spectral efficiency; and calculating a first PSD for the transmission by the second number of radio resources based on at least the first signal quality. In some embodiments, the first spectral efficiency for the transmission associated with the first UE may be calculated by: Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 310 / 372 56 / 96 divides the total number of bits to be transmitted in a TTI to the first UE by the product of the multiplication between the second number and the number of symbols per radio resource.

[195] In some embodiments, the step of determining a first signal quality may comprise: determining the first signal quality by searching for an entry corresponding to the first spectral efficiency in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or spectral efficiencies to signal qualities.In some embodiments, the step of calculating a first PSD for transmission by the second number of radio resources based at least on the first signal quality may comprise: calculating a difference by subtracting the first signal quality from a second signal quality; and calculating the first PSD by subtracting the difference from a second PSD, where the second signal quality may be a signal quality calculated when the first number of radio resources is allocated to the transmission associated with the first UE, where the second PSD may be a PSD calculated when the first number of radio resources is allocated to the transmission associated with the first UE.In some embodiments, prior to the step of calculating the first PSD, method 900 may additionally comprise: determining whether the difference is greater than a maximum allowable difference; and adjusting the difference to be equal to the maximum allowable difference in response to the determination that the difference is greater than the maximum allowable difference.

[196] In some embodiments, method 900 may additionally comprise: adjusting the transmission power for the transmission associated with the first UE based at least on the first PSD and / or the second number. In some embodiments, the step of allocating the second radio resource number may comprise: allocating the third radio resource number to the Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 311 / 372 57 / 96 transmission associated with the first UE; and allocate a fourth radio resource number to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than the first threshold, where the second number may be equal to the sum of the third and fourth numbers. In some embodiments, method 900 may further comprise: determining whether a ratio of the second number to the third number is greater than or equal to a fourth threshold; and not allocating further radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the ratio of the second number to the third number is greater than or equal to the fourth threshold.

[197] In some embodiments, the step of allocating the second number of radio resources may comprise: allocating, at a given time, the second number of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than the first threshold. In some embodiments, the second number may be equal to the product of the multiplication between the third number and a configured or pre-configured ratio.In some embodiments, method 900 may further comprise: determining whether the signal quality of the first UE is less than a third threshold, the third threshold being less than the first threshold; wherein method 900 may further comprise at least one of: allocating the first number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is greater than or equal to the third threshold, but less than or equal to the first threshold; and allocating a fifth number of radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is less than the third threshold, the fifth number being less than the first number. In some embodiments, the third threshold. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 312 / 372 58 / 96 can be configured or pre-configured. In some modes, the third threshold can be equal to -4 dB.

[198] In some embodiments, the fifth number can be determined by: determining an augmented maximum PSD; calculating a third signal quality based at least on the augmented maximum PSD and the second signal quality; determining a third spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index based at least on the third signal quality; and calculating the fifth number based at least on the third spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index. In some embodiments, the augmented maximum PSD can be predetermined and / or configured for the first UE. In some embodiments, the third signal quality can be determined as a sum of the augmented maximum PSD and the second signal quality.

[199] In some embodiments, the step of determining a third spectral efficiency and / or an MCS index may comprise: determining the third spectral efficiency and / or the MCS index by searching for an entry corresponding to the third signal quality in a table that maps signal qualities to spectral efficiencies and / or spectral efficiencies to signal qualities. In some embodiments, the step of calculating the fifth number may comprise: dividing a total number of bits to be transmitted in a TTI to the first UE by a product of the multiplication between the third spectral efficiency and a number of symbols per radio resource; and rounding up the quotient of the division as the fifth number.

[200] In some embodiments, the step of determining whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated is performed in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than a first threshold. In some embodiments, the second number of radio resources may be allocated for transmission associated with the first UE, so Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 313 / 372 59 / 96 that the transmission associated with the first UE may be modulated with a lower-order modulation scheme than that which will be used for modulation when the determined number of radio resources is allocated. In some embodiments, the first UE may be a UE with signal quality greater than or equal to that of any other UEs to which radio resources must be allocated by the network node. In some embodiments, the first threshold may be configurable or pre-configured. In some embodiments, the first threshold may be equal to 1 dB.

[201] In some modes, signal quality may comprise at least one of: RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, SNR and CQI. In some modes, radio resources may be PRBs or RBGs. In some modes, transmission associated with the first UE may comprise at least one of: transmission of a PDSCH and transmission of a DMRS associated with a PDSCH.

[202] Fig. 10 is a flowchart of an exemplary method 1000 in a UE for communication with a network node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 1000 can be performed in a UE (for example, the UE 100). The method 1000 may comprise steps S1010 and S1020. However, the present disclosure is not limited to this. In some other embodiments, the method 1000 may comprise more steps, fewer steps, different steps, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, the steps of the method 1000 may be performed in a different order than that described in the present invention when multiple steps are involved. In addition, in some embodiments, a step in the method 1000 may be divided into several substeps and performed by different entities, and / or multiple steps in the method 1000 may be combined into a single step.

[203] Method 1000 can start at step S1010, where the EU can Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 314 / 372 60 / 96 receive, from the network node, a message indicating a series of radio resources by which the network node must communicate with the UE.

[204] In the S1020 stage, the UE can communicate with the network node by the allocated number of radio resources, where the number can be less than or equal to a first number or a third number when the UE signal quality is less than or equal to a first threshold, where the number can be a second number when the UE signal quality is greater than the first threshold, the second number being greater than the first number or the third number.

[205] In some modes, the first threshold can be set or pre-set. In some modes, the first threshold can be equal to 1 dB. In some modes, the ratio of the second number to the first number can be less than or equal to a threshold. In some modes, the number can be a fifth number when the UE signal quality is less than a third threshold, the fifth number being less than the first number; and where the number can be the first number when the UE signal quality is greater than or equal to the third threshold, but less than or equal to the first threshold. In some modes, the third threshold can be set or pre-set. In some modes, the third threshold can be equal to -4 dB.

[206] In some modes, signal quality may comprise at least one of: RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, SNR and CQI. In some modes, radio resources may be PRBs or RBGs. In some modes, UE-associated transmission may comprise at least one of: PDSCH transmission and DMRS transmission associated with a PDSCH.

[207] Fig. 11 schematically shows one embodiment of an 1100 arrangement that can be used in a UE (e.g., the UE 100) or a network node. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 315 / 372 61 / 96 (for example, gNB 105) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Arrangement 1100 comprises a processing unit 1106, for example, with a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) or a Central Processing Unit (CPU). The processing unit 1106 may be a single unit or a plurality of units to perform different procedural actions described in the present invention. Arrangement 1100 may also comprise an input unit 1102 for receiving signals from other entities and an output unit 1104 for providing signal(s) to other entities. The input unit 1102 and the output unit 1104 may be arranged as an integrated entity or as separate entities.

[208] In addition, the 1100 array may comprise at least one 1108 computer program product in the form of non-volatile or volatile memory, for example, an electrically erasable read-only programmable memory (EEPROM), a flash memory and / or a hard disk. The 1108 computer program product comprises a 1110 computer program, which comprises computer-readable code / instructions that, when executed by the 1106 processing unit in the 1100 array, cause the 1100 array and / or the UE / network node in which it is comprised to perform the actions, for example, of the procedure described above in conjunction with Fig. 3 and Fig. 6 to Fig. 10 or any other variant.

[209] The 1110 computer program can be configured as a computer program code structured in the 1110A, 1110B, 1110C, and 1110D computer program modules. Therefore, in an exemplary embodiment, when the 1100 arrangement is used in a network node to allocate radio resources, the code in the 1100 arrangement computer program includes: an 1110A module configured to determine a number of radio resources. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 316 / 372 62 / 96 to be allocated for transmission associated with a first UE; a module 1110B configured to determine whether a signal quality of the first UE is higher than a first threshold or not; a module 1110C configured to determine whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated; and a module 1110D configured to allocate a second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than the first threshold and in response to the determination that there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, the second number being greater than the determined number.

[210] Additionally or alternatively, the 1110 computer program can be configured as a computer program code structured in the 1110E and 1110F computer program modules. Therefore, in an exemplary embodiment, when the 1100 arrangement is used in a UE for communication with a network node, the code in the 1100 arrangement computer program includes: an 1110E module configured to receive, from the network node, a message indicating various radio resources by which the network node should communicate with the UE; and an 1110F module configured to communicate with the network node by the allocated number of radio resources, wherein the number may be less than or equal to a first number or a third number when the UE signal quality is less than or equal to a first threshold, wherein the number may be a second number when the UE signal quality is greater than the first threshold, the second number being greater than the first number or the third number.

[211] The computer program modules could essentially perform the flow actions illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 6 through Fig. 10, to emulate the UE or network node. In other words, when the different computer program modules are executed on the processing unit Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 317 / 372 63 / 96 1106, they may correspond to different modules in the EU or network node.

[212] Although the code means in the embodiments disclosed above in conjunction with Fig. 11 are implemented as computer program modules which, when executed on the processing unit, cause the arrangement to perform the actions described above in conjunction with the figures mentioned above, at least one of the code means may, in alternative embodiments, be implemented at least partially as hardware circuits.

[213] The processor may be a single CPU (central processing unit), but it may also comprise two or more processing units. For example, the processor may include general-purpose microprocessors; instruction set processors and / or related chip assemblies and / or special-purpose microprocessors, such as Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). The processor may also include onboard memory for caching purposes. The computer program may be carried by a computer program product connected to the processor. The computer program product may comprise a computer-readable medium on which the computer program is stored.For example, the computer program product could be a flash memory, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), or an EEPROM, and the computer program modules described above could, in alternative embodiments, be distributed across different computer program products in the form of memories within the UE and / or the network node.

[214] Corresponding to method 900 as described above, an exemplary network node is provided for allocating radio resources. Fig. 12 is a block diagram of a 1200 network node according to an embodiment of Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 318 / 372 64 / 96 present disclosure. Network node 1200 may be, for example, gNB 105 in some modes.

[215] Network node 1200 can be configured to perform method 900 as described above in connection with Fig. 9. As shown in Fig.12, network node 1200 may comprise: a first determination module 1210 configured to determine a number of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with a first UE; a second determination module 1220 configured to determine whether a signal quality of the first UE is higher than a first threshold or not; a third determination module 1230 configured to determine whether there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated; and an allocation module 1240 configured to allocate a second number of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE is higher than the first threshold and in response to the determination that there are one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, the second number being greater than the determined number.

[216] The above 1210, 1220, 1230 and / or 1240 modules may be implemented as a pure hardware solution or as a combination of software and hardware, for example, by one or more of: a processor or microprocessor and suitable software and memory for software storage, a Programmable Logic Device (PLD) or other electronic component(s) or set of processing circuits configured to perform the actions described above and illustrated, for example, in Fig. 9. In addition, the 1200 network node may comprise one or more additional modules, each of which may perform any of the steps of the 900 method described with reference to Fig. 9.

[217] Corresponding to method 1000 as described above, is Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 319 / 372 65 / 96 provided an exemplary UE for communication with a network node. Fig. 13 is a block diagram of a UE 1300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The UE 1300 may be, for example, the UE 100 in some embodiments.

[218] The UE 1300 can be configured to perform method 1000 as described above in connection with Fig. 10. As shown in Fig. 13, the UE 1300 may comprise: a receiving module 1310 configured to receive, from the network node, a message indicating various radio resources by which the network node should communicate with the UE; and a communication module 1320 configured to communicate with the network node by the allocated number of radio resources. In some embodiments, the number may be less than or equal to a first number or a third number when the UE signal quality is less than or equal to a first threshold. In some embodiments, the number may be a second number when the UE signal quality is greater than the first threshold, the second number being greater than the first number or the third number.

[219] The above 1310 and / or 1320 modules may be implemented as a pure hardware solution or as a combination of software and hardware, for example, by one or more of: a processor or microprocessor and suitable software and memory for software storage, a PLD or other electronic component(s) or processing circuit set(s) configured to perform the actions described above and illustrated, for example, in Fig. 10. In addition, the UE 1300 may comprise one or more additional modules, each of which may perform any of the steps of method 1000 described with reference to Fig. 10.

[220] Fig. 14 shows an example of a QQ100 communication system. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 320 / 372 66 / 96 according to some modalities.

[221] In the example, the QQ100 communication system includes a QQ102 telecommunications network which includes a QQ104 access network, such as a radio access network (RAN), and a QQ106 core network, which includes one or more QQ108 core network nodes. The QQ104 access network includes one or more access network nodes, such as QQ110a and QQ110b network nodes (one or more of which may generally be referred to as QQ110 network nodes), or any other similar access node from the 3GPP Partnership Project or non-3GPP access point. QQ110 network nodes facilitate the direct or indirect connection of user equipment (UE), such as by connecting QQ112a, QQ112b, QQ112c and QQ112d UEs (one or more of which may generally be referred to as QQ112 UEs) to the QQ106 core network via one or more wireless connections.

[222] Examples of wireless communications via a wireless connection include the transmission and / or reception of wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves and / or other types of signals suitable for transmitting information without the use of wires, cables or other conductive materials. Furthermore, in different embodiments, the QQ100 communication system may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals, via wired or wireless connections. The QQ100 communication system may include and / or interact with any type of communication, telecommunications, data, cellular, radio network and / or other similar type of system.

[223] QQ112 UEs can be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 321 / 372 67 / 96 QQ110 and other communication devices. Similarly, QQ110 network nodes are arranged, capable, configured and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with QQ112 UEs and / or with other network nodes or equipment on the QQ102 telecommunications network to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration on the QQ102 telecommunications network.

[224] In the example depicted, the QQ106 core network connects the QQ110 network nodes to one or more hosts, such as the QQ116 host. These connections can be direct or indirect via one or more intermediate networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The QQ106 core network includes one more core network node (e.g., QQ108 core network node) which are structured with hardware and software components. The characteristics of these components may be substantially similar to those described in relation to UEs, network nodes, and / or hosts, so their descriptions are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the QQ108 core network node.Examples of core network nodes include functions from one or more of the following: Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Mobility Management Entity (MME), Residential Subscriber Server (HSS), Mobility and Access Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Authentication Server Function (AUSF), Signature Identifier Unmasking Function (SIDF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP), Network Exposure Function (NEF), and / or User Plane Function (UPF).

[225] The QQ116 host may be owned or controlled by a service provider other than an operator or provider of the QQ104 access network and / or the QQ102 telecommunications network, and may be operated by Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 322 / 372 68 / 96 service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The QQ116 host can host a variety of applications to provide one or more services. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various environmental conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions to control or otherwise interact with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other function performed by a server.

[226] As a whole, the QQ100 communication system of Fig. 14 enables connectivity between UEs, network nodes and hosts. In this sense, the communication system can be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards which include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G); wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the 802 standards.11 (Wi-Fi) from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE); and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC), ZigBee, LiFi and / or any low-power geographically distributed network (LPWAN) standards, such as LoRa and Sigfox.

[227] In some examples, the QQ102 telecommunications network is a cellular network that implements standardized 3GPP features. Consequently, the QQ102 telecommunications network can support network slicing to provide different logical networks for different devices connected to the QQ102 telecommunications network. For example, the QQ102 telecommunications network Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 323 / 372 69 / 96 can provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive IoT services to still other UEs.

[228] In some examples, QQ112 UEs are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For example, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the QQ104 access network at a predetermined rate when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the QQ104 access network. In addition, a UE may be configured to operate in single or multiple RAT mode or in multi-pattern mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or a combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e. being configured for dual multi-radio connectivity (MR-DC), such as Dual New Radio Connectivity - E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) (EN-DC).

[229] In the example, the QQ114 hub communicates with the QQ104 access network to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE QQ112c and / or QQ112d) and network nodes (e.g., network node QQ110b). In some examples, the QQ114 hub may be a controller, router, content and analytics source, or any other communication device described in this invention in relation to the UEs. For example, the QQ114 hub may be a broadband router that allows access to the QQ106 core network for UEs. As another example, the QQ114 hub may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from UEs, QQ110 network nodes, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the QQ114 hub. As another Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 324 / 372 70 / 96 example, the QQ114 hub can be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, can perform analytics or other data processing. As another example, the QQ114 hub can be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a virtual reality (VR) headset, display, speaker, or other media delivery device, the QQ114 hub can retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or sensory information-related data via a network node, which the QQ114 hub then provides to the UE directly, after performing local processing and / or after adding additional local content. In another example, the QQ114 hub acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for UEs, especially if one or more UEs are low-power IoT devices.

[230] The QQ114 hub can have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection with the QQ110b network node. The QQ114 hub can also allow a different communication and / or scaling scheme between the QQ114 hub and the UEs (e.g., QQ112c and / or QQ112d UEs) and between the QQ114 hub and the QQ106 core network. In other examples, the QQ114 hub is connected to the QQ106 core network and / or to one or more UEs via a wired connection. Additionally, the QQ114 hub can be configured to connect to an M2M service provider via the QQ104 access network and / or to another UE via a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs can establish a wireless connection with the QQ110 network nodes while still being connected via the QQ114 hub via a wired or wireless connection. In some configurations, the QQ114 hub may be a dedicated hub, meaning a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from UEs to / from the QQ110b network node.In other configurations, the QQ114 hub may be a non-dedicated hub, meaning a device capable of routing communications between UEs and the QQ110b network node, but also capable of... Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 325 / 372 71 / 96 to operate as a starting and / or ending point of communication for certain data channels.

[231] Fig. 15 shows a QQ200 UE according to some embodiments. As used in the present invention, a UE refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other UEs. Examples of UEs include, but are not limited to, a smartphone, mobile phone, cellular phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback device, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop embedded equipment (LEE), laptop mounted equipment (LME), smart device, wireless customer premises equipment (CPE), vehicle mounted or embedded / integrated wireless device, etc.Other examples include any UE identified by the 35th Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine-type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.

[232] A UE may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example, by implementing a 3GPP standard for side-link communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), or vehicle-to-everything (V2X). In other examples, a UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale or operation by a human user, but which may not be, or may not initially be, associated with a Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 326 / 372 72 / 96 specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale or operation by an end user, but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter).

[233] The QQ200 UE includes a set of QQ202 processing circuits that are operationally coupled via a QQ204 bus to an input / output interface QQ206, a QQ208 power supply, a QQ210 memory, a QQ212 communication interface and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain UEs may use all or a subset of the components shown in Fig. 15. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another. In addition, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[234] The QQ202 processing circuitry is configured to process instructions and data and can be configured to implement any operational sequential state machine to execute stored instructions as machine-readable computer programs in QQ210 memory. The QQ202 processing circuitry can be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.); programmable logic in conjunction with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP), along with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the QQ202 processing circuitry may include multiple units Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 327 / 372 73 / 96 central processing units (CPUs).

[235] In the example, the QQ206 input / output interface can be configured to provide one or more interfaces for an input device, an output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, a transmitter, a smart card, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information on the UE QQ200. Examples of an input device include a touch or presence-sensitive screen, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a webcam, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a command ball, a directional keypad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smart card, and the like. The presence-sensitive screen may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to detect user input.A sensor can be, for example, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An output device can use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port can be used to provide both an input and an output device.

[236] In some embodiments, the QQ208 power source is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources may be used, such as an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), photovoltaic device, or power cell. The QQ208 power source may additionally include a set of power circuits to provide power from the QQ208 power source itself. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 328 / 372 74 / 96 and / or from an external power source to the various parts of the UE QQ200 via a set of input circuits or an interface, such as a power cable. The power supply may be, for example, for charging the QQ208 power source. The power circuit assembly may perform any shaping, conversion or other modification to the power of the QQ208 power source to make the power suitable for the respective components of the UE QQ200 to which the power is supplied.

[237] The QQ210 memory may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), read-only programmable memory (PROM), read-only erasable programmable memory (EPROM), read-only electrically erasable programmable memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the QQ210 memory includes one or more QQ214 application programs, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding QQ216 data. The QQ210 memory may store, for use by the UE QQ200, any one of a variety of operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

[238] The QQ210 memory can be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant independent disk array (RAID), flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 329 / 372 75 / 96 micro-DIMM external SDRAM, smart card memory, as a tamper-resistant module in the form of a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC), including one or more Subscriber Identity Modules (SIMs), such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may be, for example, an embedded UICC (eUICC), an integrated UICC (iUICC), or a removable UICC, commonly known as a SIM card. The QQ210 memory may allow the UE QQ200 to access instructions, application programs, and the like, stored on transient or non-transient memory media, to download or load data. A manufactured article, such as one utilizing a communication system, may be tangibly modalized as or in QQ210 memory, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.

[239] The QQ202 processing circuitry can be configured to communicate with an access network or another network using the QQ212 communication interface. The QQ212 communication interface may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to a QQ222 antenna. The QQ212 communication interface may include one or more transceivers used for communication, such as, for example, communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another UE or a network node in an access network). Each transceiver may include a QQ218 transmitter and / or a QQ220 receiver suitable for providing network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth).Furthermore, the QQ218 transmitter and the QQ220 receiver can be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., QQ222 antenna) and can share circuit components, software, or firmware, or alternatively, be implemented separately. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 330 / 372 76 / 96

[240] In the embodiment illustrated, the communication functions of the QQ212 communication interface may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, other similar communication functions, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented in accordance with one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR), UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP / IP), Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and so on.

[241] Regardless of the sensor type, a UE can provide an output of data captured by its sensors, through its QQ212 communication interface, via a wireless connection to a network node. The data captured by the sensors of a UE can be communicated via a wireless connection to a network node via another UE. The output can be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if reporting the detected temperature), random (e.g., to balance the reporting load of multiple sensors), in response to a trigger event (e.g., when humidity is detected, an alert is sent), in response to a request (e.g., a user-initiated request), or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient).

[242] As another example, a UE comprises an actuator, a motor or a switch, related to a configured communication interface. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 331 / 372 77 / 96 to receive wireless input from a network node via a wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input, the states of the actuator, motor, or switch can change. For example, the UE can understand a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input, or a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.

[243] A UE, when in the form of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, urban wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an IoT device are a device that is or is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice-controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / humidity sensor, an electric lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system such as a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a climate monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device,An electric vehicle charging station, a smartwatch, a fitness tracker, a head-mounted display for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR), a wearable device for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal or item tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and any type of medical device, such as a heart rate monitor or a controlled surgical robot. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 332 / 372 78 / 96 remotely. An UE in the form of an IoT device comprises a set of circuits and / or software depending on the intended application of the IoT device, in addition to other components, as described in relation to the QQ200 UE shown in Fig. 15.

[244] As another specific example, in an IoT scenario, a UE can represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another UE and / or a network node. The UE can, in this case, be an M2M device, which, in a 3GPP context, can be referred to as an MTC device. As a specific example, the UE can implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, a UE can represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship, and an airplane, or other equipment capable of monitoring and / or reporting its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.

[245] In practice, any number of UEs can be used together in relation to a single use case. For example, a first UE might be or be integrated into a drone and provide drone speed information (obtained via a speed sensor) to a second UE which is a remote controller that operates the drone. When the user makes changes on the remote controller, the first UE can adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g., by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone's speed. The first and / or second UE can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, a UE might understand the sensor and the actuator and handle data communication for the speed sensor and the actuators.

[246] Fig. 16 shows a QQ300 network node according to some embodiments. As used in the present invention, network node refers to Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 333 / 372 79 / 96 equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment in a telecommunications network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, B nodes, evolved B nodes (eNBs) and NR B nodes (gNBs)).

[247] Base stations can be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, in other words, their transmission power level) and, therefore, depending on the amount of coverage provided, can be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station can be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node can also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed base radio station, such as centralized digital units and / or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as remote radio heads (RRHs). These remote radio units may or may not be integrated into an antenna as an antenna-integrated radio. Parts of a distributed base radio station can also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS).

[248] Other examples of network nodes include 5G multi-transmission point (multi-TRP) access nodes, multi-standard radio equipment (MSR) such as BS MSRs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multicellular / multicast coordination entities (MCEs), operation and maintenance (O&M) nodes, operations support system (OSS) nodes, self-organizing network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., centers of Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 334 / 372 80 / 96 evolved service mobile location (E-SMLCs) and / or minimization of driving tests (MDTs).

[249] The QQ300 network node includes a set of QQ302 processing circuits, a QQ304 memory, a QQ306 communication interface, and a QQ308 power supply. The QQ300 network node can be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and an RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios where the QQ300 network node comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among multiple network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In this scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair may, in some cases, be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the QQ300 network node can be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs).In such configurations, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate QQ304 memory for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same QQ310 antenna may be shared by different RATs). The QQ300 network node may also include multiple sets of various components illustrated for different wireless technologies integrated into the QQ300 network node, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or sets of chips and other components within the QQ300 network node.

[250] The QQ302 processing circuitry may comprise a combination of one or more microprocessors, Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 335 / 372 81 / 96 controllers, microcontrollers, central processing units, digital signal processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays or any other suitable computing device, resource or combination of hardware, software and / or operable coded logic to provide, alone or in conjunction with other components of the QQ300 network node, such as the QQ304 memory, the functionality of the QQ300 network node.

[251] In some embodiments, the QQ302 processing circuitry includes a system-on-a-chip (SOC). In some embodiments, the QQ302 processing circuitry includes one or more QQ312 radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry and QQ314 baseband processing circuitry. In some embodiments, the QQ312 radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry and the QQ314 baseband processing circuitry may be on separate chips (or chip assemblies), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In other embodiments, all or part of the QQ312 RF transceiver circuitry and the QQ314 baseband processing circuitry may be on the same chip or chip assemblies, boards, or units.

[252] QQ304 memory may comprise any form of computer-readable volatile or non-volatile memory, including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (e.g., a hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., a flash drive, a compact disc (CD) or a digital video disc (DVD)) and / or any other volatile or non-volatile memory devices, Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 336 / 372 82 / 96 non-transient device-readable and / or computer-executable memory that stores information, data, and / or instructions that can be used by the QQ302 processing circuitry. QQ304 memory can store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more logical instructions, rules, codes, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the QQ302 processing circuitry and used by the QQ300 network node. QQ304 memory can be used to store any calculations performed by the QQ302 processing circuitry and / or any data received via the QQ306 communication interface. In some embodiments, the QQ302 processing circuitry and QQ304 memory are integrated.

[253] The QQ306 communication interface is used in wired or wireless signaling and / or data communication between a network node, access network and / or UE. As illustrated, the QQ306 communication interface comprises QQ316 port(s) / terminal(s) for sending and receiving data, for example, to and from a network via a wired connection. The QQ306 communication interface also includes the QQ318 radio front-end circuit set which can be coupled to, or in certain embodiments, part of, the QQ310 antenna. The QQ318 radio front-end circuit set comprises QQ320 filters and QQ322 amplifiers. The QQ318 radio front-end circuit set can be connected to a QQ310 antenna and the QQ302 processing circuit set. The radio front-end circuitry can be configured to condition signals communicated between the QQ310 antenna and the QQ302 processing circuitry.The QQ318 radio front-end circuit set can receive digital data that will be sent to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The QQ318 radio front-end circuit set can convert the data. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 337 / 372 83 / 96 digital signals are converted into a radio signal with the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of QQ320 filters and / or QQ322 amplifiers. The radio signal can then be transmitted via the QQ310 antenna. Similarly, when receiving data, the QQ310 antenna can collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the QQ318 radio frontend circuitry. The digital data can be passed to the QQ302 processing circuitry. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[254] In certain alternative embodiments, the QQ300 network node does not include a separate QQ318 radio front-end circuit set; instead, the QQ302 processing circuit set includes a radio front-end circuit set and is connected to the QQ310 antenna. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or part of the QQ312 RF transceiver circuit set is part of the QQ306 communication interface. In other embodiments, the QQ306 communication interface includes one or more QQ316 ports or terminals, the QQ318 radio front-end circuit set, and the QQ312 RF transceiver circuit set as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the QQ306 communication interface communicates with the QQ314 baseband processing circuit set, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[255] The QQ310 antenna may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The QQ310 antenna may be coupled to the QQ318 radio front-end circuitry and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving wireless data and / or signals. In certain embodiments, the QQ310 antenna is separate from the QQ300 network node and may be connected to the QQ300 network node via an interface or port. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 338 / 372 84 / 96

[256] The QQ310 antenna, the QQ306 communication interface and / or the QQ302 processing circuitry can be configured to perform any reception operations and / or certain acquisition operations described in this invention as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals can be received from a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the QQ310 antenna, the QQ306 communication interface and / or the QQ302 processing circuitry can be configured to perform any transmission operations described in this invention as being performed by the network node. Any information, data and / or signals can be transmitted to a UE, another network node and / or any other network equipment.

[257] The QQ308 power source provides power to the various components of the QQ300 network node in a format suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level required for each respective component). The QQ308 power source may additionally comprise, or be coupled to, a set of power management circuits to provide the components of the QQ300 network node with power to perform the functionality described in the present invention. For example, the QQ300 network node may be connected to an external power source (e.g., the electrical grid, an electrical outlet) via a set of input circuits or interface, such as an electrical cable, through which the external power source supplies power to the power circuits of the QQ308 power source.As a further example, the QQ308 power source may comprise a power source in the form of a battery or battery pack that is connected to or integrated into a power circuit. The battery may provide backup power if the source fails. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 339 / 372 85 / 96 external power fails.

[258] The QQ300 network node embodiments may include additional components beyond those shown in Fig. 16 to provide certain aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionalities described in the present invention and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described in the present invention. For example, the QQ300 network node may include user interface equipment to allow information to be entered into the QQ300 network node and to allow information to be output from the QQ300 network node. This may enable a user to perform diagnostics, maintenance, repairs, and other administrative functions for the QQ300 network node.

[259] Fig. 17 is a block diagram of a QQ400 host, which may be an embodiment of the QQ116 host of Fig. 14, according to various aspects described in the present invention. As used in the present invention, the QQ400 host may be or comprise various combinations of hardware and / or software, including a standalone server, a blade server, a cloud-deployed server, a distributed server, a virtual machine, a container, or processing resources in a server farm. The QQ400 host may provide one or more services to one or more UEs.

[260] The QQ400 host includes a set of QQ402 processing circuits that are operationally coupled via a QQ404 bus to an input / output interface QQ406, a network interface QQ408, a power supply QQ410, and a memory QQ412. Other components may be included in other embodiments. The characteristics of these components may be substantially similar to those described in relation to the devices in the preceding figures, such as Fig. 15 and Fig. 16, so that their descriptions are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the QQ400 host. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 340 / 372 86 / 96

[261] QQ412 memory may include one or more computer programs, including one or more QQ414 host application programs and QQ416 data, which may include user data, for example, data generated by a UE for the QQ400 host or data generated by the QQ400 host for a UE. QQ400 host configurations may utilize only a subset or all of the components shown. QQ414 host application programs can be implemented in a container-based architecture and can provide support for video codecs (e.g., Versatile Video Coding (VVC), High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), Advanced Video Coding (AVC), MPEG, VP9) and audio codecs (e.g., FLAC, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), MPEG, G.711), including transcoding for various different classes, types, or implementations of UEs (e.g., mobile phones, desktop computers, wearable display systems, heads-up display systems).QQ414 host application programs can also provide user authentication and licensing checks and can periodically report the integrity, routes, and availability of content to a central node, such as a device within or at the edge of a core network. Therefore, the QQ400 host can select and / or specify a different host for over-the-top services for a UE. QQ414 host application programs can support various protocols, such as HTTP Live Streaming Protocol (HLS), Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP), Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH), among others.

[262] Fig. 18 is a block diagram illustrating a QQ500 virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some modalities can be virtualized. In the current context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of appliances or devices, which may include platforms of Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 341 / 372 87 / 96 virtualization hardware, storage devices, and network resources. As used in the present invention, virtualization can be applied to any device described in the present invention, or components thereof, and refers to an implementation in which at least part of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described in the present invention may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMMs) implemented in one or more QQ500 virtual environments hosted by one or more hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device operating as a network node, UE, core network node, or host. Furthermore, in embodiments in which the virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host), the node may be fully virtualized.

[263] The QQ502 applications (which may also be called software instances, virtual devices, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) are run in the QQ500 virtualization environment to implement some of the features, functions and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed in the present invention.

[264] The QQ504 hardware includes processing circuits, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuits and / or other hardware devices as described in the present invention, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. The software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more QQ506 virtualization layers (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs)), provide QQ508a and QQ508b VMs (one or more of which may generally be referred to as QQ508 VMs), and / or perform any of the functions, Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 342 / 372 88 / 96 resources and / or benefits described in relation to some embodiments described in the present invention. The QQ506 virtualization layer may present a virtual operating platform that resembles network hardware for the QQ508 VMs.

[265] QQ508 VMs comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual network or interface, and virtual storage and can be run by a corresponding QQ506 virtualization layer. Different instance modes of a QQ502 virtual device can be implemented in one or more QQ508 VMs, and the implementations can be done in different ways. Hardware virtualization is, in some contexts, referred to as network functions virtualization (NFV). NFV can be used to consolidate many types of network equipment into industry-standard high-volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers and equipment on customer premises.

[266] In the context of NFV, a QQ508 VM can be a software implementation of a physical machine that executes programs as if they were running on a non-virtualized physical machine. Each of the QQ508 VMs and the QQ504 hardware that runs that VM, whether dedicated hardware for that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with other VMs, form separate virtual network elements. Also in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run on one or more QQ508 VMs on the QQ504 hardware and corresponds to the QQ502 application.

[267] The QQ504 hardware can be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. The QQ504 hardware can implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, the hardware Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 343 / 372 89 / 96 QQ504 can be part of a larger hardware cluster (e.g., in a data center or CPE), where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via QQ510 management and orchestration, which, among other things, oversees the lifecycle management of QQ502 applications. In some embodiments, the QQ504 hardware is coupled to one or more radio units, each including one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that can be coupled to one or more antennas. The radio units can communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and can be used in combination with virtual components to provide a virtual radio resource node, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided using a QQ512 control system, which can alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.

[268] Fig. 19 shows a communication diagram of a QQ602 host communicating via a QQ604 network node with a QQ606 UE over a partially wireless connection, according to some embodiments. Example implementations, according to various embodiments, of the UE (such as a QQ112a UE of Fig. 14 and / or QQ200 UE of Fig. 15), network node (such as QQ110a network node of Fig. 14 and / or QQ300 network node of Fig. 16) and host (such as QQ116 host of Fig. 14 and / or QQ400 host of Fig. 17) discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to Fig. 19.

[269] Like the QQ400 host, the QQ602 host modes include hardware, such as a communication interface, processing circuits, and memory. The QQ602 host also includes software, which is stored or accessible by the QQ602 host and executable by the processing circuitry. The software includes a host application that can be operated Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pp. 344 / 372 90 / 96 to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE QQ606 connecting via an over-the-top (OTT) QQ650 connection extending between UE QQ606 and host QQ602. When providing the service to the remote user, a host application can provide user data that is transmitted using the OTT QQ650 connection.

[270] The QQ604 network node includes hardware that enables communication with the QQ602 host and the QQ606 UE. The QQ660 connection can be direct or pass through a core network (such as the QQ106 core network in Fig. 14) and / or one or more other intermediate networks, such as one or more public, private, or hosted networks. For example, an intermediate network could be a backbone network or the Internet.

[271] The UE QQ606 includes hardware and software, which are stored or accessible by the UE QQ606 and executable by the UE's processing circuitry. The software includes a client application, such as a web browser or operator-specific app, that can be operated to provide a service to a human or non-human user via the UE QQ606 with support from the QQ602 host. On the QQ602 host, a running host application can communicate with the running client application via the QQ650 OTT connection terminating on the UE QQ606 and the QQ602 host. In providing the service to the user, the UE client application can receive request data from the host application and provide user data in response to the request data. The QQ650 OTT connection can transfer both the requested data and the user data. The UE client application can interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides to the host application through the QQ650 OTT connection.

[272] The QQ650 OTT connection can be extended via a QQ660 connection between host QQ602 and network node QQ604 and via a QQ670 wireless connection between network node QQ604 and UE QQ606 to provide the connection between host QQ602 and UE QQ606. The QQ660 connection and the QQ670 wireless connection, by Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 345 / 372 Figures 91 / 96, which show how the QQ650 OTT connection can be provided, were drawn abstractly to illustrate communication between host QQ602 and UE QQ606 via network node QQ604, without explicit reference to any intermediate devices and the precise routing of messages via those devices.

[273] As an example of data transmission via the QQ650 OTT connection, in step QQ608, host QQ602 provides user data, which can be performed by running a host application. In some embodiments, the user data is associated with a specific human user interacting with UE QQ606. In other embodiments, the user data is associated with a UE QQ606 that shares data with host QQ602 without explicit human interaction. In step QQ610, host QQ602 initiates a transmission carrying the user data towards UE QQ606. Host QQ602 may initiate the transmission in response to a request transmitted by UE QQ606. The request may be caused by human interaction with UE QQ606 or by the operation of the client application running on UE QQ606. The transmission may pass through network node QQ604, according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.Thus, in step QQ612, network node QQ604 transmits to UE QQ606 the user data that was carried over in the transmission initiated by host QQ602, in accordance with the principles of the modes described throughout this disclosure. In step QQ614, UE QQ606 receives the user data carried over in the transmission, which can be performed by a client application running on UE QQ606 associated with the host application running on host QQ602.

[274] In some examples, UE QQ606 runs a client application that provides user data to host QQ602. User data may be provided in reaction to or response to data received from host QQ602. Thus, in step QQ616, UE QQ606 may provide user data, which may be Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 346 / 372 92 / 96 performed by running the client application. When providing user data, the client application may additionally consider user input received from the user via an input / output interface of the UE QQ606. Regardless of the specific way in which the user data was provided, the UE QQ606 initiates, in step QQ618, the transmission of user data to host QQ602 via network node QQ604. In step QQ620, according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, network node QQ604 receives user data from the UE QQ606 and initiates the transmission of the received user data towards host QQ602. In step QQ622, host QQ602 receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the UE QQ606.

[275] One or more of the various modes improve the performance of OTT services provided to the UE QQ606 using the QQ650 OTT connection, in which the QQ670 wireless connection forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these modes can improve data rate, latency, power consumption and thus provide benefits such as reduced user waiting time, more flexible file size restriction, improved content resolution, better responsiveness and longer battery life.

[276] In one example scenario, factory status information can be collected and analyzed by the QQ602 host. As another example, the QQ602 host can process audio and video data that may have been retrieved from a UE for use in map creation. As another example, the QQ602 host can collect and analyze real-time data to help control vehicle congestion (e.g., controlling traffic lights). As another example, the QQ602 host can store surveillance video sent by a UE. As another example, the QQ602 host can store or control access to Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 347 / 372 93 / 96 media content such as video, audio, VR or AR, which can be broadcast, multicast or unicast to UEs. As other examples, the QQ602 host can be used for energy pricing, remote control of non-critical electrical load to balance power generation needs, location services, presentation services (such as compiling diagrams etc. from data collected from remote devices) or any other data collection, retrieval, storage, analysis and / or transmission function.

[277] In some examples, a measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency, and other factors in which one or more modes improve. There may also be an optional network functionality to reconfigure the QQ650 OTT connection between the QQ602 host and the QQ606 UE in response to variations in measurement results. The measurement procedure and / or the network functionality to reconfigure the OTT connection may be implemented in the software and hardware of the QQ602 host and / or QQ606 UE. In some embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with other devices through which the QQ650 OTT connection passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by providing values ​​of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or by providing values ​​of other physical quantities from which the software can calculate or estimate the monitored quantities.The reconfiguration of the QQ650 OTT connection may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc.; the reconfiguration does not need to directly alter the operation of the QQ604 network node. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates measurements of transfer rates, propagation times, latency, and the like, by the QQ602 host. The measurements may be implemented in such a way that the software causes this. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 348 / 372 94 / 96 messages are transmitted, in particular empty or 'dummy' messages, using the QQ650 OTT connection while monitoring propagation times, errors, etc.

[278] Although the computing devices described in the present invention (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It should be understood that such computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software necessary to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed in the present invention. Determining, calculating, obtaining, or similar operations described in the present invention may be performed by processing circuits, which may process information, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained or converted information with information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained or converted information and, as a result of said processing, making a determination.Furthermore, although the components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise several different physical components that constitute a single illustrated component, and functionality may be partitioned among separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described in the present invention, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of these. Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 349 / 372 95 / 96 components can be implemented in software or firmware, and computationally intensive functions can be implemented in hardware.

[279] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionalities described in the present invention may be provided by processing circuits that execute instructions stored in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transient, computer-readable storage medium. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionalities may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored in a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In either of these specific embodiments, whether executing instructions stored in a non-transient, computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry may be configured to perform the described functionality.The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry or other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole and / or by end users and by a wireless network in general.

[280] The present disclosure is described above with reference to embodiments thereof. However, such embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes only, and do not limit the present disclosure. The scope of the disclosure is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. Those skilled in the art may make various alterations and modifications without departing from the scope of the disclosure, all of which fall within the scope of the disclosure. Explanation of the Abbreviation Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 350 / 372 96 / 96 CCE Control Channel Element CQI Channel Quality Indicator CSI Channel Status Indicator gNB Next Generation Node B MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme PA Power Amplifier PA VDD Power Amplifier Drain Voltage PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel PSS Primary Synchronization Signals RB Resource Block RGB Resource Block Group RE Resource Element RSRP Received Power of Reference Signal SE Scheduling Entity SR Escalation Request SSB Synchronization Signal and PBCH Block SSS Secondary Synchronization Signals TTI Transmission Time Interval EU User Equipment Petition 870250086747, dated 09 / 25 / 2025, pages 351 / 372

Claims

1 / 5 CLAIMS 1. Method (900) at a network node (105) for allocating radio resources, the method (900) characterized in that it comprises: determining (S320, S330, S910) a number (N1, N3) of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with a first User Equipment (UE) (100); determining (S620, S710, S820, S920) whether a signal quality of the first UE (100) is above a first threshold or not; determining (S610, S710, S820, S930) whether there is one or more radio resources that should not be allocated; and allocate (S640, S730, S840, S940) a second number (N2) of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE (100) in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE (100) is higher than the first threshold and in response to the determination that there is one or more radio resources that should not be allocated, the second number (N2) being greater than the number determined (N1, N3).

2. Method (900), according to claim 1, characterized in that the step of determining (S320, S330, S910) a number (N1, N3) of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with a first UE (100) comprises at least one of: calculating (S330) a first number (N1) of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with the first UE (100); and estimating (S320) a third number (N3) of radio resources to be allocated for transmission associated with the first UE (100).

3. Method (900), according to claim 2, characterized in that, when the determined number (N1, N3) is the first number (N1), the method (900) further comprises: Petition 870260015536, dated 19 / 02 / 2026, p. 13 / 38 2 / 5 allocating the first number (Ni) of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE (100) in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE (100) is less than or equal to the first limit and / or in response to the determination that all radio resources must be allocated.

4. Method (900), according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that, when the determined number (Ni, N3) is the first number (Ni), the step of allocating (S640, S730, S840, S940) the second number (N2) of radio resources comprises: allocating (S330) the first number (N1) of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE (100); and allocating (S640) a fourth number (N4) of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE (100) in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE (100) is higher than the first threshold, wherein the second number (N2) is equal to the sum of the first number (N1) and the fourth number (N4).

5. Method (900), according to claim 4, characterized in that it further comprises: determining whether a ratio of the second number (N2) to the first number (N1) is greater than or equal to a second threshold; and not allocating more radio resources to the transmission associated with the first UE (100) in response to the determination that the ratio of the second number (N2) to the first number (N1) is greater than or equal to the second threshold.

6. Method (900), according to any one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that, when the determined number (N1, N3) is the first number (N1), the step of allocating (S640, S730, S840, S940) the second number (N2) of radio resources comprises: allocating (S730), at a given time, the second number (N2) of radio resources for the transmission associated with the first UE (100) in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE (100) is higher than the first threshold.

7. Method (900), according to claim 2, characterized in that, when the determined number (N1, N3) is the third number (N3), the method (900) further comprises: allocating a first number (N1) of radio resources for transmission associated with the first UE (100) in response to the determination that the signal quality of the first UE (100) is less than or equal to the first threshold and / or in response to the determination that all radio resources must be allocated, the first number (N1) being less than the second number (N2).

8. Method (900), according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the first UE (100) is a UE having a signal quality superior to or equal to that of any other UEs to which radio resources must be allocated by the network node (105).

9. Method (900), according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the first threshold is set or pre-set.

10. Method (900), according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the signal quality comprises at least one of: - Received Reference Signal Power (RSRP); - Received Reference Signal Quality (RSRQ); - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SINR); - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR); and - Channel Quality Indicator (CQI).

11. Method (900), according to any one of claims 1 to 10, Petition 870260015536, dated 2 / 19 / 2026, page 15 / 38 4 / 5 characterized in that the radio resources are Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) or Resource Block Groups (RBGs).

12. Method (900), according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the transmission associated with the first UE (100) comprises at least one of: - transmission of a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH); and - transmission of a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) associated with a PDSCH.

13. Network node (105, 1100, 1200) characterized in that it comprises: a processor (1106); a memory (1108) storing instructions which, when executed by the processor (1106), cause the processor (1106) to perform the method (900) defined in any of claims 1 to 12.

14. Method (1000) in a User Equipment (UE) (100) for communication with a network node (105), the method (1000) characterized in that it comprises: receiving (S1010), from the network node (105), a message indicating a number (Ni, N2, N5) of radio resources by which the network node (105) must communicate with the UE (100); and communicate (S1020) with the network node (105) by the allocated number (Ni, N2, N5) of radio resources, wherein the number (Ni, N5) is less than or equal to a first number (Ni) or a third number (N3) when a signal quality of UE (100) is less than or equal to a first threshold, wherein the number (N2) is a second number (N2) when the signal quality of UE (100) is greater than the first threshold, the second number (N2) being greater than the first number (N1) or the third number (N3).

15. User Equipment (UE) (100, 1100, 1300) characterized in that it comprises: a processor (1106); a memory (1108) storing instructions which, when executed by the processor (1106), cause the processor (1106) to perform the method (1000) defined in claim 14.

16. Product, process, system, kit, means or use characterized by the fact that it comprises one or more elements described in the descriptive report, claims, drawings, sequence listing, or summary of this application, when applicable. Petition 870260015536, dated 19 / 02 / 2026, p. 17 / 38

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