Methods for selecting, determining, and indicating beam measurement sets based on KPIs for AIML systems.

Description

1 / 77 “METHODS FOR SELECTION, DETERMINATION AND INDICATION OF BEAM MEASUREMENT SETS BASED ON KPIs FOR AIML SYSTEMS” RELATED APPLICATIONS

[001] This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 494,141, entitled Methods on Selecting, Determining and Indicating Beam Measurement Set Based on KPIs For AIML Systems, filed April 4, 2023, the full content of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND

[002] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) approved a study item on Radio Access Network (RAN) using Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) for the 5G New Radio (NR) air interface. Beam management, used to optimally align highly directional transmit and receive beams, was selected as one of the target use cases for AI / ML for the air interface. With 5G millimeter wave (mmWave) enabling directional communications with a greater number of antenna elements and providing additional beamforming gain, effective beam management is necessary for WTRUs and gNBs to efficiently identify and utilize optimal beams over time. SUMMARY

[003] Techniques can be used for Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) beam management, for example in 5G New Radio (NR) systems. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) can receive configuration information from a gNodeB (gNB) for a reference signal (RS) feature set A, where the RS A feature set includes features for all beams associated with the gNB. The WTRU can receive configuration information for an RS B feature set with a size smaller than the size of the RS A feature set. The WTRU can receive information from Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 11 / 109 2 / 77 configuration for a plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets for the RS B feature set, where each QCL assumption set in the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets is associated with at least one RS feature from the RS A feature set. The WTRU may receive information indicating one or more key performance indicators (KPIs). The WTRU may perform measurements on the received RSs for each feature in the RS B feature set based on at least one of the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets. The WTRU may perform measurements on the received RSs for the features in the RS A feature set and select one of the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets based on the measurements performed and the determined values ​​of the one or more indicated KPI(s). The WTRU may send a message to gNB reporting the selected QCL assumption set from Set B. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[004] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, presented as an example in conjunction with the drawings shown here, where similar reference numbers in the figures indicate similar elements, and where:

[005] FIG. 1A is a system diagram that illustrates an exemplary communications system, in which one or more disclosed realizations can be implemented;

[006] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that can be used in the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to one embodiment;

[007] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary central network (CN) that can be used in the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to a Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 12 / 109 3 / 77 implementation;

[008] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary additional RAN and an exemplary additional CN that can be used in the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[009] FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system including a base station employing directional communication with a large number of directional beams for communication with one or more WTRU(s) via an air interface; and

[010] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a procedure for a WTRU to select and indicate a set of configured RS features (Set B) and an associated quasi-colocalization (QCL) assumption as part of a beam management procedure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[011] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary 100 communications system, in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The 100 communications system may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, streaming, etc., to multiple wireless users. The 100 communications system may allow multiple wireless users to access this content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth.For example, communication systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), single-word zero-tailed discrete Fourier transform spreading OFDM (ZT-UW-DFT-S-OFDM), single-word OFDM (UW-OFDM), feature block filtering OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 13 / 109 4 / 77

[012] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104, a central network (CN) 106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110 and other networks 112, although it is important to note that the embodiments mentioned contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a station (STA), may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a mobile or fixed subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone,A laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated processing line context), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and similar devices. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as a UE.

[013] Communication systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to perform a wireless interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106, Internet 110 and / or others. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 14 / 109 5 / 77 networks 112. As an example, base stations 114a, 114b can be a base transceiver station (BTS), a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a Next Generation NodeB, such as a gNode B (gNB), a New Radio (NR) NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. Even though base stations 114a, 114b are represented as a single element, it is understood that base stations 114a, 114b can include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[014] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, and the like. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors.Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, one for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may utilize multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[015] Base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d via an air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 15 / 109 6 / 77 (RF), microwaves, centimeter waves, micrometer waves, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The 116 air interface can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[016] More specifically, as mentioned above, communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and the like. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) - Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or HSPA Enhanced (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[017] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as Evolved Terrestrial Radio Access UMTS (E-UTRA), which can establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[018] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which can establish the 116 air interface using NR.

[019] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using the principles of dual connectivity (DC). Thus, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 16 / 109 7 / 77 is characterized by various types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent / received by various types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[020] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), GSM Evolution Enhanced Data Rates (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN) and similar.

[021] Base station 114b in FIG. 1A can be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a workplace, a residence, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a highway, and so on. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can use a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell.As shown in FIG. 1A, base station 114b can have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106.

[022] RAN 104 may be in communication with CN 106, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or services. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 17 / 109 8 / 77 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) for one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. CN 106 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calls, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it is understood that RAN 104 and / or CN 106 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs employing the same RAT as RAN 104 or a different RAT.For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104, which may be using NR radio technology, CN 106 may also be communicating with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[023] CN 106 can also serve as a gateway for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide traditional telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. Networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, 112 networks may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 or a different RAT.

[024] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multimodal capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 18 / 109 9 / 77 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers to communicate with different wireless networks via different wireless links. For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A can be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[025] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136 and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It is noted that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the above elements, remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[026] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 may be coupled to transceiver 120, which may be coupled to transmit / receive element 122. While FIG.1B represents processor 118 and transceiver 120 as separate components; it is understood that processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated together in a single electronic package or chip.

[027] The 122 transmit / receive element can be configured to Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 19 / 109 10 / 77 transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It is important to note that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[028] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is represented in FIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 can include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 can employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) to transmit and receive wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[029] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate the signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As mentioned above, WTRU 102 can have multimodal capabilities. Thus, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to allow WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[030] The WTRU 102 processor 118 can be coupled to, and can receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keyboard 126 and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 can also send user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keyboard Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 20 / 109 11 / 77 126 and / or the display / keyboard 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access information from, and store data in, any suitable type of memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, a pen drive, a Secure Digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located in the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[031] Processor 118 can receive power from power source 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components in WTRU 102. Power source 134 can be any device suitable for powering WTRU 102. For example, power source 134 can include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[032] Processor 118 may also be coupled to GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) pertaining to the current location of WTRU 102. In addition to, or in substitution for, information from GPS chipset 136, WTRU 102 may receive location information via air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the reception time of signals from two or more nearby base stations. It is understood that WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location determination method, remaining consistent with an embodiment. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 21 / 109 12 / 77

[033] The processor 118 may also be coupled with other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional wired or wireless features, functionality and / or connectivity. For example, peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or videos), a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a wireless headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game playback module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker and the like. Peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors.The sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, a humidity sensor, and the like.

[034] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception) may be simultaneous and / or concurrent. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to substantially reduce and / or eliminate self-interference by means of hardware (e.g., a filter) or signal processing by means of a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or by means of processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception) may be simultaneous and / or concurrent. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 22 / 109 13 / 77 example, for reception)).

[035] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 104 can use E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can be in communication with CN 106.

[036] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it is important to note that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs, remaining consistent with an embodiment. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, WTRU 102a.

[037] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user escalation in the UL and / or DL, and so on. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[038] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a service gateway (SGW) 164 and a packet data network gateway (PDN) 166. Although the above elements are represented as part of the CN 106, it is understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[039] The MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in RAN 104 via an S1 interface and can function as a node of Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 23 / 109 14 / 77 control. For example, MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, enabling / disabling the carrier, selecting a specific service gateway during an initial connection of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and so on. MME 162 may provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that use other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[040] SGW 164 can be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. SGW 164 can generally route and forward user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring user planes during handovers between eNode Bs, triggering paging when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and so on.

[041] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[042] CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional terrestrial communication devices. For example, CN 106 can include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. In addition, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[043] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1A-1D as a terminal without Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 24 / 109 15 / 77 wire, it is considered that in certain representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (for example, temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[044] In representative embodiments, the other 112 network may be a WLAN.

[045] A WLAN in Basic Services Set (BSS) Infrastructure mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to or an interface with a Distribution System (DS) or other type of wired / wireless network that allows traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs originating outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to the respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the originating STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic.Point-to-point traffic can be sent between (e.g., directly between) the respective source and destination STAs with a Direct Link Service (DLS) configuration. In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to here as an ad-hoc communication mode.

[046] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz bandwidth) or a dynamically defined width. The primary channel can be Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 25 / 109 16 / 77 The BSS operating channel can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA), including APs, can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed and / or determined to be occupied by a specific STA, that specific STA can back off. An STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time on a specific BSS.

[047] High Throughput (HT) STAs can utilize a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, by combining the 20 MHz primary channel with an adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[048] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, can be passed through a segment analyzer that can split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed on each stream separately. Streams can be mapped to the two 80 MHz channels, and data can be transmitted via a broadcast STA.At the receiving STA receiver, the operation described above for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[049] Operating modes below 1 GHz are supported by 802.11af and Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 26 / 109 17 / 77 802.11ah. The operating channel bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11ne and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports bandwidths of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports bandwidths of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz using the non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support Meter / Machine Type Control (MTC) communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include a battery with a lifespan above a certain limit (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[050] WLAN systems, which can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the highest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be configured and / or limited by an STA, among all STAs operating in a BSS, that supports the lowest bandwidth operating mode. In the 802.11ah example, the primary channel may have a 1 MHz bandwidth for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the primary channel status.If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which only supports a 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands can be considered occupied, even if most of the bands are... Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 27 / 109 18 / 77 frequency available, remain idle.

[051] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are between 902 MHz and 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands range from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands range from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah varies from 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[052] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 104 can use NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can be in communication with CN 106.

[053] RAN 104 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it is possible that RAN 104 may include any number of gNBs, remaining consistent with an embodiment. gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may use beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown).A subset of these component carriers may be in the unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be in the licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Coordinated Multiple Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 28 / 109 19 / 77

[054] WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different parts of the wireless transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable durations (e.g., containing a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time durations).

[055] gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a stand-alone configuration and / or in a non-stand-alone configuration. In the stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility docking point. In standalone configurations, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN, such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c.For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in a substantially simultaneous manner. In a non-independent configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can act as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to support WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[056] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b and 180c may be associated with a Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 29 / 109 20 / 77 specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, network slicing support, DC, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, user plane data routing to User Plane Function (UPF) 184a and 184b, control plane information routing to Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a and 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[057] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Even though the above elements are represented as part of CN 106, it is understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[058] AMF 182a, 182b can be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 104 via an N2 interface and can function as a control node. For example, AMF 182a, 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, managing the log area, terminating non-access stratum signaling (NAS), managing mobility, among others. Network slicing can be used by AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on ultra-reliable low-latency access (URLLC), and services that rely on enhanced access. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 30 / 109 21 / 77 massive mobile broadband (eMBB), MTC access services, and similar services. AMF 182a, 182b can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that use other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[059] SMF 183a, 183b can be connected to AMF 182a, 182b on CN 106 via an N11 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can also be connected to UPF 184a, 184b on CN 106 via an N4 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can select and control UPF 184a, 184b and configure traffic routing through UPF 184a, 184b. SMF 183a, 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy and QoS enforcement, providing DL data notifications, and so on. A PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and similar.

[060] UPF 184a, 184b can be connected to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 104 via an N3 interface, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184, 184b can perform other functions such as packet routing and forwarding, user plane policy enforcement, multi-homed PDU session support, user plane QoS management, DL packet buffering / buffering, mobility tethering provision, and so on.

[061] CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 106 may include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 106 may provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wired networks. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 31 / 109 22 / 77 wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b via UPF 184a, 184b through the N3 interface to UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between UPF 184a, 184b and DN 185a, 185b.

[062] In view of FIGS. 1A-1D, and the corresponding description in FIGS. 1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described in this document in relation to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b and / or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, emulation devices can be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[063] Emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in a carrier network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while being wholly or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or to perform tests using over-the-air wireless communications.

[064] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, including all, functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, devices of Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 32 / 109 23 / 77 emulation devices can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or on an undeployed wired and / or wireless communication network (e.g., test network) to implement tests of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuits (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) can be used by emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[065] Beam management procedures may include selecting a better (higher quality) analog beam for transmission. For example, a WTRU may measure one or more reference signals (RSs) associated with one or more beams and received from a gNB. The WTRU may indicate the measured RS qualities to the gNB. The gNB may select a beam based on the communication / report received of the RS qualities measured by the WTRU, and the gNB may transmit downlink signals (e.g., on PDSCH / PDCCH) accordingly. AI / ML technology can be used to improve performance and complexity in conventional beam management procedures. In accordance with the exemplary embodiments described herein, AI / ML can be used for beam prediction in the temporal and / or spatial domain in order to reduce overhead and latency, and improve beam selection accuracy.

[066] In one example, AI / ML can be used for beam management to predict the best (highest quality) beam (or beam pairs) among a set of beams (or beam pairs) with greater accuracy and less overhead than legacy beam management procedures. In legacy beam management procedures that do not employ AI / ML, the reference signals (RSs) associated with a beam are measured by the WTRU to determine beam quality, and one or more best beam(s) among the measured beams are reported by the WTRU to the gNB. The gNB can then make a decision about which beams to use for a Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 33 / 109 24 / 77 downlink transmission (e.g., for PDSCH / PDCCH). In legacy beam management, the WTRU measures all configured RSs to determine the highest quality beam(s). In one example, an AI / ML model applied by a WTRU (or gNB) to a beam management procedure can be used to predict one or more beams (or beam pairs) from all possible beams (or beam pairs), including those beams not measured by the WTRU (or gNB) (i.e., those beams for which the WTRU did not perform measurements on the RSs). With the use of AI / ML, the WTRU can measure fewer RSs compared to legacy beam management procedures, while still being able to determine the highest quality beam(s) among all beams (i.e., measured and unmeasured beams).In one example, the input to the AI / ML model might be beam measurements and / or beam parameters from a set (e.g., referred to as Set B), which might also be referred to as beam measurement set(s) (or beam pairs). Set B is a subset of a predicted beam set (e.g., called Set A), which includes all possible beams (or beam pairs). In other words, an AI / ML model performed by a WTRU (or gNB) might predict one or more beams (or beam pairs) from the predicted Set A, based on beam measurement inputs and / or beam parameters from beams (or beam pairs) in Set B.

[067] FIG. 2 is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system 200 including a base station 214 employing directional communication with a large number of directional beams for communication with one or more WTRU(s) 202 via an air interface. For example, the base station 214 may be equipped with a large number of antenna elements that provide directional beams and achieve higher beamforming gain and consequently higher data rates. The base station 214 may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 34 / 109 25 / 77 can be referred to as a 208 cell. In one example, the predicted beamset, also referred to as Set A, includes all beams emitted from base station 214, including beams 204 illustrated with solid lines and beams 206 illustrated with dashed lines. The measurement beamset, referred to as Set B, is a subset of Set A and includes only beams 206 illustrated with dashed lines. In one example, Set A has 64 beams, and Set B has one of 4, 8, 16, or 32 beams for spatial prediction. A quasi-colocation assumption (QCL) refers to an assumption about the QCL reference of the RSs (e.g., QCL-assumption 1: The QCL reference for Set B {RS#1, RS#2, ...} is SSB#1 SSB#3...; QCL-assumption 2: The QCL reference for Set B {RS#1, RS#2, ...} is SSB#2 SSB#4.; where all SSBs {SSB#1, SSB#2, SSB#3.} are associated with different bundles).

[068] AI / ML models for beam measurement procedures can be trained with different types and sizes (in terms of number of beams) of Set B. For example, an AI / ML model trained with a larger Set B size may have improved prediction accuracy, but at the expense of overhead. Similarly, an AI / ML model trained with a smaller Set B size may have lower prediction accuracy and less overhead. In one example, an AI / ML model trained with a single fixed Set B may exhibit better performance (higher prediction accuracy) at the expense of input flexibility for the AI / ML model. Conversely, an AI / ML model trained with random or multiple Set B(s) has greater input flexibility for the AI / ML, possibly at the expense of performance.In one example, a first Set B (or its respective AI / ML model) might be ideal for maximizing a subset of key performance indicators (KPIs) from a larger group or all possible KPIs, while the second Set B (or its respective AI / ML model) might be suitable for meeting / satisfying a different KPI threshold. Another. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 35 / 109 26 / 77 An exemplary Set B may be robust enough to meet several different KPI thresholds, without being the best for any specific KPI. Consequently, there is a need for AI / ML-based beam selection procedures to determine and report an optimal Set B selection based on one or more KPI(s).

[069] This document discloses beam measurement procedures that employ AI / ML for a WTRU to determine and indicate an ideal Set B to be used for beam measurements that achieves one or more KPI targets. In this case, Set B can be a set of measurement beam features including a set of beams / features to be measured, and the predicted Set B can be a set of beams / features for which measurements are predicted (e.g., using AI / ML).

[070] In one example, procedures are used to select and indicate a set of (configured) measurement beam features (e.g., Set B) based on one or more KPIs (the configured measurement beam feature set refers to the fact that the WTRU is configured to know which RSs belong to the measurement beam feature set). According to an exemplary procedure, a WTRU may receive configuration information for any one or more of the following: a cell-specific RS feature set, a WTRU-specific RS feature set, candidate quasi-co-location (QCL) assumptions, and / or corresponding threshold(s) for KPIs. The WTRU may (dynamically) determine the need for a new candidate QCL assumption and may select one or more new candidate QCL assumptions based on the KPIs.

[071] Henceforth, 'um' and 'uma' and similar expressions should be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. Similarly, any term ending with the suffix '(s)' should be interpreted as 'one or more' and 'at least one'. The term 'pode' should be interpreted as 'can, for example'. Artificial intelligence Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 36 / 109 27 / 77 (AI) can be broadly defined as the behavior exhibited by machines. Such behavior can, for example, mimic cognitive functions to perceive, reason, adapt, and act. Machine Learning (ML) can refer to a type of algorithm that solves a problem based on learning from experience ('data'), without being explicitly programmed ('setting up a set of rules'). Machine learning can be considered a subset of AI. Different machine learning paradigms can be envisioned based on the nature of the data or feedback available to the learning algorithm. For example, a supervised learning approach might involve learning a function that maps input to output based on a labeled training example, where each training example might be a pair consisting of an input and its corresponding output.For example, an unsupervised learning approach might involve detecting patterns in data without pre-existing labels. For example, a reinforcement learning approach might involve performing a sequence of actions in an environment to maximize accumulated reward. In one example, machine learning algorithms are applied using a combination or interpolation of the approaches mentioned above. For example, the semi-supervised learning approach might use a combination of a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this sense, semi-supervised learning lies between unsupervised learning (without labeled training data) and supervised learning (with only labeled training data).

[072] Deep Learning (DL) refers to a class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (specifically deep neural networks (DNNs)), which were loosely inspired by biological systems. DNNs are a special class of machine learning models. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 37 / 109 28 / 77 inspired by the human brain, where the input is linearly transformed and passes through a non-linear activation function multiple times. DNNs typically consist of multiple layers, where each layer is composed of a linear transformation and specific non-linear activation functions. DNNs can be trained using training data via the backpropagation algorithm. Recently, DNNs have shown top-tier performance in a variety of domains (e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc.) and for various machine learning configurations (e.g., supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised). Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML)-based methods / processing can refer to achieving behaviors and / or conforming to requirements through data-driven learning, without explicitly setting up a sequence of action steps.These methods can enable the learning of complex behaviors that may be difficult to specify and / or implement when using legacy methods.

[073] A WTRU can transmit or receive signals (carrying data or control information) on a physical channel or reference signals according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term beam can be used to refer to a spatial domain filter. A beam pair can refer to a set of two beams, a transmit beam (Tx) and a receive beam (Rx). The WTRU can transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used to receive an RS (e.g., a channel status information reference signal (CSI-RS)) or a synchronization signal block (SS). The WTRU transmission can be referred to as the “target,” and the received RS or SS block can be referred to as the “reference” or “source.” In this case, it can be said that the WTRU transmits the physical channel or target signal according to a spatial relationship with reference to the RS or SS block.

[074] WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal in accordance with Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 38 / 109 29 / 77 The same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used to transmit a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions can be referred to as destination / target and reference (or origin), respectively. In this case, it can be said that the WTRU transmits the first physical channel or signal (target) according to a spatial relationship with reference to the second physical channel or signal (reference).

[075] For example, the spatial relationship may be implicit, or may be configured by gNB messages, such as, but not limited to, radio resource control (RRC) messages, a medium access control (MAC) element control (CE) (MAC CE), or L1 / L2 control information, such as downlink control information (DCI). For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit information on a shared physical uplink channel (PUSCH) and may transmit the demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) on the PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as a sounding reference signal (SRS) indicated by an SRS feature indicator (SRI), which may, for example, be indicated in DCI or configured by an RRC message.In another example, a spatial relationship can be set up by an RRC message to an SRS feature indicator (SRI) or signaled by a CE MAC (e.g., via PUCCH) to a PUCCH (e.g., to a PUCCH received after X slots, symbols, milliseconds, or microseconds after the spatial relationship signaling). This spatial relationship can also be referred to as a beam indication. The WTRU can receive information on a first downlink channel or signal (target) according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second downlink channel or signal (reference). For example, such a spatial association can exist between a physical channel, such as PDCCH, or shared physical downlink channel (PDSCH) and its respective DM-RS. In one example, if the first and second signals are reference signals, such a spatial association can exist when... Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 39 / 109 30 / 77 WTRU is configured with a type D quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption between corresponding antenna ports. The spatial association can be configured as a state of the transmission configuration indicator (TCI). A WTRU can receive an indication of an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS via an index to a set of TCI states, which can be configured by the RRC and / or signaled by the MAC CE. The indication of an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS can be referred to as a beam indication.

[076] Hereafter, a transmit and receive point (TRP) may be used interchangeably with any of the following: transmit point (TP), receive point (RP), remote radio head (RRH), distributed antenna (DA), base station (BS), sector (of a BS) and cell (e.g., a geographic cell area served by a BS). Hereafter, a multi-TRP may be used interchangeably with any of the following: MTRP, M-TRP and multiple TRPs.

[077] A WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components. For example, CSI components may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: a CSI-RS feature indicator (CRI); a synchronization signal block (SSB) feature indicator (SSBRI); an indication of a panel used for reception on the WTRU (e.g., panel identifier or group identifier); measurements such as received Layer 1 reference signal power (L1-RSRP) and / or Layer 1 signal-to-noise ratio plus interference (L1-SINR) taken from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g., cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR); and / or other channel status information (CSI) including, but not limited to, a classification indicator (RI), channel quality indicator (CQI), pre-coding matrix indicator (PMI), and / or layer index (LI).

[078] Exemplary procedures can be used for channel measurements and / or interference measurements. For example, a WTRU can receive a Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 40 / 109 31 / 77 Physical Broadcast Channel Block / Synchronization Signal (SS / PBCH). The SS / PBCH block, also known as SSB, may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). WTRU may monitor, receive, and / or attempt to decode an SSB during exemplary procedures, including but not limited to initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, and / or cell switching.

[079] In one example, a WTRU can measure and report channel state information (CSI), wherein the CSI for each connection mode may include or be configured with one or more of the following information: CSI Reporting Configuration, CSI-RS Feature Set, and / or Non-Zero Power (NZP) CSI-RS Features. The CSI Reporting Configuration may include, but is not limited to, any of the following information: CSI Reporting Quantity (e.g., Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Classification Indicator (RI), Pre-encoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Feature Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI)), CSI reporting type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, periodic), CSI reporting codebook configuration (e.g., Type I, Type II, Type II port selection, etc.), and / or CSI reporting frequency.The CSI-RS Resource Set may include, but is not limited to, any of the following CSI Resource configurations: NZP-CSI-RS Resource for channel measurement; NZP-CSI-RS Resource for interference measurement; and / or CSI-IM Resource for interference measurement. NZP CSI-RS Resources may include, but are not limited to, any of the following information: NZP CSI-RS Resource ID; Periodicity and offset; QCL and TCI status information; and / or Resource Mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, CDM type, etc.).

[080] In one example, a WTRU can indicate, determine and / or be Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 41 / 109 32 / 77 configured with one or more RSs. The WTRU can monitor, receive, and / or measure one or more parameters based on the respective RSs. Example parameters that can be included in the RS measurements include, but are not limited to, any of the following: received reference signal strength of the synchronization signal (SS) (SS-RSRP); CSI-RSRP; SS-SINR; CSI-SINR; received signal strength indicator (RSSI); inter-layer interference RSSI (CLI-RSSI); and / or SRSRSRP. These example parameters are described below.

[081] In one example, SS-RSRP can be measured by WTRU based on received synchronization signals (e.g., demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in PBCH or SSS). SS-RSRP can be defined as the linear average with respect to the power contribution of the resource elements (REs) carrying the respective synchronization signal. During RSRP measurement, power scaling can be used for the reference signals. In one example where SS-RSRP is used for L1-RSRP, the measurement can be based on CSI reference signals in addition to the synchronization signals. In one example, CSI-RSRP can be measured based on the linear average with respect to the power contribution of the REs carrying the respective CSI-RS. CSI-RSRP measurement can be configured within measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasions.

[082] In one example, SS-SINR can be measured by WTRU based on received synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS on PBCH or SSS). SS-SINR can be defined as the linear average with respect to the power contribution of the REs carrying the respective synchronization signal, divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In an example where SS-SINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement can be performed based on the features configured by higher layers. In one example, CSI-SINR can be measured based on the linear average with respect to the power contribution of the REs carrying the respective CSI-RS divided by the linear average. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 42 / 109 33 / 77 of the noise and interference power contribution. In an example where CSISINR is used for L1-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement can be performed based on the features configured by higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power can be measured based on the features carrying the respective CSI-RS.

[083] In one example, RSSI can be measured by WTRU based on an average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols (DL) and bandwidth. The power contribution can be received from different resources (e.g., server cells and / or non-server cells on the same channel (cochannel), adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.). In another example, CLIRSSI can be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols from the configured time and frequency (DL) resources. The power contribution can be received from different resources (e.g., inter-layer interference, server cells and / or non-server cells on the same channel, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc.). SRS-RSRP can be measured based on the linear average with respect to the power contribution of the REs carrying the respective SRS.

[084] Exemplary procedures may be used for beam configuration and / or CSI report configuration. A CSI report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfigs) may be associated with a single bandwidth portion (BWP) (e.g., indicated by BWP-Id) and may provide information for configuring parameters, including but not limited to one or more of the following parameters: CSI-RS features and / or CSI-RS feature sets for channel and interference measurement; CSI-RS report configuration type including periodic, semi-persistent, and / or aperiodic; CSI-RS transmission periodicity for periodic and / or semi-persistent CSI reports; CSI-RS transmission slot offset for periodic, semi-persistent, and / or aperiodic CSI reports. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 43 / 109 34 / 77 aperiodic; CSI-RS transmission slot offset list for semi-persistent and / or aperiodic CSI reports; time constraints for channel measurements and / or interference measurements; reporting frequency band configuration (e.g., broadband / sub-band CQI, PMI, etc.); limits and / or calculation modes for reporting quantities (e.g., CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.); codebook configuration; group-based beam reporting; CQI table; sub-band size; non-PMI port indication; and / or port index.

[085] Exemplary procedures can be used for configuring CSI-RS resources. A CSI-RS resource set (e.g., NZP-CSIRS-ResourceSet) can include one or more CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZPCSI-RS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig), where a WTRU can be configured with one or more of the following in a CSI-RS Resource: CSI-RS periodicity and slot offset for periodic and semi-persistent CSI-RS Resources; CSI-RS resource mapping to define the number of CSI-RS ports, density, CDM type, OFDM symbol, and subcarrier occupancy; the bandwidth portion to which the configured CSI-RS is allocated; and / or the reference to the TCI State including the QCL source RS(s) and the corresponding QCL type(s).

[086] Exemplary procedures can be used for RS feature set configuration. A WTRU can be configured with one or more RS feature sets. For example, the RS feature set configuration may include, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following: RS feature set ID; one or more RS features for the RS feature set; repetition (i.e., on or off); aperiodic trigger offset (e.g., one of 0-6 slots); and / or tracking reference signal (TRS) information (e.g., true or not).

[087] Exemplary procedures can be used for configuring RS features. A WTRU can be configured with one or more features of Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 44 / 109 35 / 77 RS. For example, the RS resource configuration may include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: RS resource identifier (ID); Resource Mapping (e.g., REs in a physical resource block (PRB)); Power control offset (e.g., a value of -8, ..., 15); Power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 dB); Shuffle ID; Periodicity and offset; and / or QCL information (e.g., based on a TCI state). An RS resource set may be a set of one or more RS resources.

[088] Exemplary properties of a grant or assignment are described here.A property of a grant or assignment may include, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following properties: frequency allocation; time allocation aspect (e.g., a duration); priority; modulation and coding scheme (MCS); transport block size (TBS); number of spatial layers; number of transport blocks; TCI state; CRI; SRI; number of repetitions; repetition scheme type (e.g., type A or type B); grant type (e.g., grant type 1, grant type 2, or dynamic grant); assignment type (e.g., dynamic assignment, semi-persistent scheduling assignment (configured)); configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index; periodicity of a configured grant or assignment; channel access priority class (CAPC); and / or any parameter provided in DCI, by the MAC element, or by RRC message for grant or assignment scheduling.

[089] In one example, a DCI indication may include, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following: an explicit indication by a DCI field or by RNTI used to mask the PDCCH redundancy check cycle (CRC); and / or an implicit indication by a property such as DCI format, DCI size, CORESET or search space, Aggregation Level, first RE Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 45 / 109 36 / 77 of the received DCI (e.g., index of the first Control Channel Element), where the mapping between property and value can be signaled, for example, by RRC message or MAC element. Here, RS can be used interchangeably with one or more of the RS features, RS feature set, RS port, and / or RS port group. Here, RS can be used interchangeably with any of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, DMRS, tracking reference signal (TRS), positioning reference signal (PRS), and / or phase tracking reference signal (PTRS). Here, a reference signal (RS) can be, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following exemplary signals: polling reference signal (SRS); channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS); demodulation reference signal (DM-RS); phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS); and / or synchronization signal block (SSB).

[090] Here, a channel may be referred to, but is not limited to, one or more of the following exemplary channels: PDCCH; PDSCH; Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH); Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH); and / or Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH).

[091] Here, a key performance indicator (KPI) may, for example, refer to, but is not limited to, one or more of the following indicators or indications: signal quality (e.g., L1-RSRP, SINR, CQI, RSSI, received reference signal quality (RSRQ)); prediction performance (e.g., the percentage that a genie-aided beam (i.e., the highest true quality beam) is part of the K best predicted beams; in other words, the percentage of times the best true beam is included in the set of K best predicted beams); link quality (e.g., throughput, block error rate (BLER)); data distribution (e.g., mean and / or variance of measured and / or predicted beam measurements); RSRP difference (e.g., L1-RSRP) (i.e., the difference between measured and predicted RSRP of a beam). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 46 / 109 37 / 77

[092] Here, a signal, information (on a channel), transmission, and message (e.g., as in a DL or UL signal, information on a DL or UL channel, and message) can be used interchangeably. Here, an RS feature set can be used interchangeably with an RS feature and / or a beam group (in the sense that a feature or feature set can correspond to a beam or beam group and vice versa). Here, beam reporting can be used interchangeably with CSI measurement, CSI reporting, and / or beam measurement. Here, exemplary procedures for beam feature prediction can be used similarly for beam features belonging to a single cell or multiple cells, as well as a single TRP or multiple TRPs. Here, CSI reporting can be used interchangeably with CSI measurement, beam reporting, and / or beam measurement.Here, a Set B can be used to refer to, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following: a set of RS feature sets; a set of beams; a set of beam pairs; a beam RS feature set; an RS feature set; and / or a beam pattern. Here, a Set A can be used to refer to, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following: a set of RS feature sets; a set of beams; a set of beam pairs; a beam RS feature set; an RS feature set; and / or a beam pattern.

[093] Exemplary procedures for calculating KPIs, which can be used for a beam measurement procedure, are disclosed here. In one example, WTRU can calculate KPIs based on an AI / ML model output and / or RS measurements. WTRU can calculate one or more KPIs for one or more B-Sets. For example, WTRU can calculate the L1-RSRP difference by comparing a predicted L1-RSRP and a measured L1-RSRP. For example, WTRU can calculate a BLER using the best (i.e., highest quality) predicted beam, and / or calculate a K-beam prediction accuracy. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 47 / 109 38 / 77

[094] As part of an exemplary procedure for calculating KPIs, a WTRU may receive configuration information. For example, a WTRU may receive, but is not limited to receiving, any one or more of the following configuration information: configuration information for RS feature sets with one or more RS features associated with beams of (associated with) Set A (e.g., all beams); and / or configuration information for RS feature sets with one or more RS features associated with Set B (e.g., a subset of beams from Set A). The WTRU may measure signals received on one or more RS features to determine the measured beam characteristics.Measured beam characteristics may include, but are not limited to, any of the following measurements: RSRP, L1-RSRP, SINR, CQI, SINR, RSSI, RSRQ, throughput, BLER, and / or data distribution parameters (e.g., mean and / or variance of measured L1-RSRP values).

[095] WTRU can calculate one or more KPIs based on one or more of the predicted and / or measured beam characteristics. In one example, WTRU can calculate link quality difference KPIs (e.g., throughput difference and / or BLER) by calculating the difference between the highest link quality achieved via a measured beam (a beam associated with Set B) and a predicted beam (a beam associated with Set A). In another example, WTRU can calculate beam and / or signal quality difference KPIs (e.g., RSRP, L1-RSRP, SINR, CQI, SINR, RSSI, and / or RSRQ difference) by calculating the difference between the highest measured signal quality and the predicted signal quality. In another example, WTRU can calculate the data distribution difference between measured beam qualities and predicted beam qualities (e.g., RSRP, L1-RSRP, SINR, CQI, SINR, RSSI, and / or RSRQ).In another example, WTRU can calculate the difference between the mean and / or variance of the measured beam qualities and the predicted beam qualities. In another example, WTRU can calculate the accuracy KPI of... Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 48 / 109 39 / 77 prediction, which could be, for example, the percentage by which the best measured beam (e.g., in terms of L1-RSRP, SINR, BLER, or throughput, etc.) is one of the K best predicted beams (e.g., K is an integer greater than or equal to 1).

[096] Exemplary procedures can be used to select and indicate a set of configured measurement beam features (i.e., referred to as set B and, equivalently, a set of (configured) RS features) based on KPIs. For example, a WTRU might receive configuration information for a cell-specific set of RS features (Set A), configuration information for a WTRU-specific set of RS features (Set B), and / or configuration information for candidate QCL assumptions and corresponding limit(s). The WTRU can (dynamically) determine the need for a new candidate QCL assumption and can select one or more new candidate QCL assumptions based on the KPIs.

[097] According to an exemplary beam measurement procedure employing AI / ML, a WTRU can be configured (e.g., receive configuration information from gNB) with a first set of beam measurement features (equivalently, a first set of RS features) Set A (e.g., with a longer periodicity of RS transmissions and / or for a cell-specific RS transmission). The WTRU can be configured (e.g., receive configuration information from gNB) with a second set of beam measurement features (equivalently, a second set of RS features) Set B (e.g., with a shorter periodicity of RS transmissions compared to the RS transmissions in Set A and / or for a WTRU-specific RS transmission). In one example, Set A might include eight RS features associated with eight beams b1, ..., b8.Set B can include four features out of eight possible features and without predetermined bundles (for example, the association of bundles with RS features may not be fixed and may depend, therefore). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 49 / 109 40 / 77 example, from the QCL assumption).

[098] A WTRU can be configured with multiple candidate QCL assumptions for Set B. For example, candidate set QCL assumption #1 can be associated with beams b2, b4, be, bs; candidate set QCL assumption #2 can be associated with beams bi, b3, bs, b7; candidate set QCL assumption #3 can be associated with beams b3, b4, bs, be; and candidate set QCL assumption #4 can be associated with beams bi, b2, b7, bs. Set B can initialize in a WTRU with a first QCL assumption (e.g., a default QCL assumption), which can be, for example, candidate set QCL assumption #1 associated with beams b2, b4, be, bs.

[099] The WTRU can be configured (e.g., receive configuration information from gNB) with a set of one or more KPIs. Examples of KPIs include, but are not limited to, the following performance indicators: throughput, received Layer 1 reference signal power difference (L1RSRP), number of beams that satisfy L1-RSRP, number of beams that satisfy a signal-to-noise ratio plus interference (SINR) threshold, input distribution(s) and / or output data distribution(s). The WTRU can be configured with a set of KPI thresholds, such that each KPI is associated with one or more KPI thresholds.

[0100] In the following examples, RSRP is used as predicted beam quality for illustrative purposes, but it can be similarly replaced by other exemplary signal quality metrics (e.g., L1-RSRP, SINR, CQI, RSSI, RSRQ, etc.). The WTRU can perform measurements for Set B based on the initial QCL assumption and can determine predicted RSRP values ​​(or, more generally, a signal quality value) for Set A. The WTRU can perform measurements for Set A based on the received RSs to determine measured RSRP values ​​for Set A. The WTRU can determine difference values ​​of Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 50 / 109 41 / 77 RSRP is calculated by determining the difference between the predicted RSRP values ​​for Set A and the measured RSRP values ​​for Set A for each beam in Set A. Based on the determined RSRP difference values ​​(or absolute RSRP), for example, compared to an RSRP threshold (KPI), the WTRU can determine whether a new QCL assumption for Set B is necessary or not. For example, the WTRU can determine that a new QCL assumption for Set B is necessary when the RSRP difference is greater than or equal to the RSRP threshold, and that a new QCL assumption for Set B is not necessary when the RSRP difference is below the RSRP threshold.

[0101] In one example, if a new QCL assumption for Set B is needed, the WTRU can rank the candidate QCL assumptions in order of the number of KPIs that satisfy the associated limits. Examples of KPIs may include, but are not limited to, any of the following exemplary KPIs. An exemplary KPI is a number of beams that satisfy an L1-RSRP limit. The WTRU can evaluate a number of beams that satisfy an L1-RSRP limit if the mean and / or variance of the determined L1-RSRP difference (between the predicted RSRP values ​​for Set A and the measured RSRP values ​​for Set A) satisfies one or more limits. Another exemplary KPI is a number of beams that satisfy an L1-SINR limit.A WTRU can evaluate a number of beams that satisfy the L1-SINR threshold if the mean and / or variance of the L1-SINR difference (between the predicted SINR values ​​for Set A and the measured SINR values ​​for Set A) satisfies one or more thresholds. Another example of a KPI is the input / output data distribution. A WTRU can compare the input distribution (e.g., measured / predicted values ​​of the second set of RS features associated with Set B) and the output distribution (e.g., measured / predicted values ​​of the first set of RS features associated with Set A).

[0102] WTRU can determine a QCL assumption of Set B Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 51 / 109 42 / 77 preferred based on the ranking of candidate QCL assumptions based on the evaluated KPIs. The WTRU may report the preferred Set B QCL assumption to the gNB, and the WTRU may receive corresponding confirmation or acknowledgment from the gNB (e.g., via a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) through a dedicated control resource set (CORESET) and / or gNB search space). The WTRU may apply the reported Set B QCL assumption when performing beam measurements, e.g., based on the report and / or confirmation.

[0103] According to an example, a WTRU can be configured with one or more of the following configurations: first, one or more RS features; second, one or more RS features; sets of candidate QCL assumptions; set of KPIs; set of thresholds; and / or a CORESET and / or search space. These configurations are described below.

[0104] In one example, the WTRU can be configured with the first one or more RS resources (e.g., corresponding to all beams, referred to as Set A, with longer periodicity; e.g., for cell-specific RS transmissions). The first one or more RS resources can be configured in a first set of RS resources (e.g., Set A is equivalent to eight resources with beams b1, ..., be). In another example, the WTRU can be configured with the second one or more RS resources (e.g., corresponding to a subset of all beams, referred to as Set B, with shorter periodicity; e.g., for WTRU-specific RS transmissions). The second one or more RS resources can be configured in a second set of RS resources.The second set of RS features can be associated with the first set of RS features based on one or more explicit configuration(s) and / or an implicit configuration (for example, by configuring one or more identical RSs in the first set of RS features and in the second). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 52 / 109 43 / 77 set of RS features). In one example, Set B might include four features without defined beams.

[0105] In one example, the WTRU can be configured with one or more sets of candidate QCL assumptions (for example, for the second one or more RS features or, equivalently, the second set of RS features). For example, the WTRU can be configured with one or more sets of candidate QCL assumptions, and each set of QCL assumptions can comprise one or more reference RS features (for example, reference RS features for Type-D QCL). Some of the one or more RS feature references may be identical to some of the second one or more RS features. In one example, the WTRU can determine one set of candidate QCL assumptions as a default / initial candidate QCL assumption.For example, WTRU can determine a set of one or more candidate QCL assumption sets based on a configured candidate QCL assumption order (e.g., based on gNB configuration) (e.g., default candidate QCL assumption set ID configuration) and / or based on predefined rules (e.g., lowest / highest candidate QCL assumption set ID, first / last configured candidate QCL assumption set, etc.). As an example, candidate QCL Assumption Set #1 might be associated with beam b2, beam b4, beam be, beam b8; candidate QCL Assumption Set #2 might be associated with beams bi, b3, bs, b7; candidate QCL Assumption Set #3 might be associated with beams b3, b4, bs, be; and candidate QCL Assumption Set #4 might be associated with beams bi, b2, b7, b8.

[0106] In one example, WTRU can be configured with a set of KPIs, so that the set of KPIs can be used, for example, to evaluate the first one or more RS features and / or the second one or more RS features. The KPIs in the KPI set may include, but are not limited to, any Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 53 / 109 44 / 77 one or more of the following performance indicators: throughput; acknowledgment / negative acknowledgment (ACK / NACK) ratio; quality difference; number of RSs that meet a corresponding threshold; and / or input / output data distribution. Exemplary KPIs are described below. For example, in the case of the KPI throughput, WTRU might evaluate the throughput, for example, based on a DL transmission (e.g., if WTRU has PDCCH and / or PDSCH transmission in progress within a time window). In another example, WTRU might evaluate the hypothetical throughput based on measured qualities (e.g., RSRPs). For example, in the case of the ACK / NACK ratio, WTRU might evaluate the ACK / NACK ratio (e.g., based on transmission if WTRU has PDCCH and / or PDSCH transmission in progress within a time window).In another example, WTRU can assess hypothetical BLER based on measured qualities (e.g., RSRPs).

[0107] For example, in the case of the KPI quality difference, WTRU can assess the quality difference based on predicted quality values ​​(e.g., based on measurements of the second one or more RS resources) and measured RSRP values ​​(e.g., based on measurements of the first one or more RS resources). For example, in the case of a number of RSs that meet a corresponding threshold, WTRU can determine the number of beams that meet the corresponding threshold (e.g., based on measurements taken on RSs received on the first one or more RS resources and / or the second one or more RS resources).For example, in the case of the KPI input / output data distribution, WTRU can compare the distribution of a first set of measured and / or predicted qualities (e.g., measured and / or predicted values ​​from the first one or more RS features and / or the second one or more RS features) and a second set of measured and / or predicted qualities (e.g., measured and / or predicted values ​​from one or more of the inputs). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 54 / 109 45 / 77 inference, from the first one or more RS features and from the second one or more RS features). Measured and / or predicted values ​​from the inference input can be predefined or configured by a gNB. For example, one or more measured qualities and / or statistical values ​​(e.g., mean and / or variance of the qualities) can be predefined and / or configured by the gNB. The quality value can be determined to be, for example, any one or more of the following: RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, hypothetical PDCCH / PDSCH BLER, etc.

[0108] In one example, the WTRU can be configured with a set of thresholds. For example, the WTRU can be configured with a set of thresholds for the set of KPIs. Each threshold can be associated with one or more KPIs from the set of KPIs. The number of configured thresholds can be equal to the number of configured KPIs. In one example, the WTRU can be configured with a CORESET / search space. In one example, the WTRU can be configured with one or more CORESETs / search spaces to receive a confirmation indication from a gNB.

[0109] In one example, WTRU may perform measurements on the second(s) of one or more RS resources (e.g., from the second set of RS resources, Set B) (e.g., measuring the signal quality of the RS(s) received on the resource(s)). The measurements may be based on a previously determined and / or indicated candidate QCL assumption. For example, WTRU may receive an indication of the candidate QCL assumption to be applied to the second(s) of one or more RS resources (e.g., received via one or more RRC, MAC CE, and DCI). In another example, if there is no previously determined / indicated candidate QCL assumption, WTRU may perform measurements on the second(s) of one or more RS resources based on the default candidate QCL assumption. Based on the measurement, WTRU may determine quality values ​​for the first one or more RS resources. For example, WTRU may use measured values ​​of Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 55 / 109 46 / 77 signal qualities (e.g., RSRP, SINR, CQI, L1-RSRP, RSSI, etc.) if an RS received on the first one or more RS resources is an RS received on the second one or more RS resources. If the RS received on the first one or more RS resources is not an RS received on the second one or more RS resources, WTRU may determine predicted quality values ​​for the RS.

[0110] In one example, the WTRU may perform measurements on the second(s) of one or more RS resources (e.g., from the first set of RS resources, Set A) (e.g., measuring the signal quality of the RS(s) received on the resource(s)). The measurement may be based on a previously determined / indicated QCL assumption (e.g., Type-D QCL) for each RS received on the second(s) of one or more RS resources. For example, the WTRU may receive an indication of a QCL assumption to be applied to each RS received on the first one or more RS resources (e.g., via one or more RRC, MAC CE, and DCI).

[0111] In one example, the WTRU may determine or select an initial set of KPIs (e.g., from the KPI set) (e.g., based on gNB settings / indications and / or predetermined KPIs), and the WTRU may determine corresponding values ​​for each of the determined or selected KPIs. Based on the initial set of KPIs and the corresponding values ​​for each KPI, the WTRU may determine whether a new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure needs to be triggered or not. The initial set of KPIs may include any one or more of the following: throughput; ACK / NACK ratio; and / or quality difference. For example, the WTRU may evaluate the throughput (e.g., based on the PDCCH and / or PDSCH transmissions that the WTRU is receiving within a time window). In another example, the WTRU may evaluate the hypothetical throughput based on measured qualities (e.g., RSRPs).For example, WTRU can evaluate the ACK / NACK ratio (e.g., Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 56 / 109 47 / 77 example, based on PDCCH and / or PDSCH transmissions received by the WTRU within a time window). In another example, the WTRU can evaluate the hypothetical BLER based on measured qualities (e.g., RSRPs). For example, the WTRU can evaluate the quality difference based on predicted signal quality values ​​(e.g., based on measurements of RSs received on the second one(s) of one or more RS resources) and measured signal quality values ​​(e.g., based on measurements of RSs received on the first one(s) of one or more RS resources with the first / second QCL assumptions, respectively).

[0112] Based on the first set of KPIs determined and the corresponding values ​​for each KPI, the WTRU can determine whether a new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure needs to be triggered or not. For example, the first set of KPIs determined may include any one or more of the following: throughput; ACK / NACK ratio; and / or signal / RS / beam quality difference. For example, for a throughput KPI, the WTRU can determine whether a new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure needs to be triggered or not based on the throughput. For example, if the throughput is less than (or equal to) a corresponding threshold (e.g., underperformance), the WTRU may trigger the new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure.If the transfer rate is greater than the corresponding threshold (e.g., sufficient performance), the WTRU may not trigger the new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure.

[0113] For example, for an ACK / NACK ratio KPI, the WTRU can determine whether or not a new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure needs to be triggered based on the ACK / NACK ratio. For example, if the ACK / NACK ratio is less than (or equal to) a corresponding threshold (e.g., underperformance), the WTRU can trigger the new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure. If the ACK / NACK ratio is greater than the threshold Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 57 / 109 48 / 77 corresponding (e.g., sufficient performance), the WTRU may not trigger the new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure.

[0114] For example, for a quality difference KPI, the WTRU can determine whether or not a new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure needs to be triggered based on the quality difference. For example, if the quality difference is less than (or equal to) a corresponding threshold (e.g., good prediction accuracy), the WTRU can trigger the new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure (e.g., enabling pattern prediction). If the quality difference is greater than the corresponding threshold (e.g., poor prediction accuracy), the WTRU may not trigger the new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure. In another example, if the quality difference is greater than a corresponding threshold (e.g., poor prediction accuracy), the WTRU can trigger the new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure (e.g., selecting a new beam pattern for good prediction accuracy).If the quality difference is less than (or equal to) the corresponding threshold (e.g., good prediction accuracy), the WTRU may not trigger the new candidate QCL assumption determination procedure.

[0115] In one example, WTRU may determine a second set of KPIs (e.g., from the set of KPIs) (e.g., based on gNB settings / indications and / or predetermined KPIs) and corresponding values ​​for each KPI. Based on the second set of KPIs and the corresponding values ​​for each KPI, WTRU may determine one or more sets of new candidate QCL assumptions from the configured sets of candidate QCL assumptions. The second set of KPIs may include, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following performance indicators: throughput; ACK / NACK ratio; quality difference; quality (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, BLER (e.g., PDCCH / PDSCH), etc.); and / or data distribution of Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 58 / 109 49 / 77 entry / exit.

[0116] In the case of a throughput KPI, for example, WTRU can assess whether the average throughput and / or throughput variance (e.g., within a time window) of a set of candidate QCL assumptions is greater than a corresponding threshold. For example, WTRU can determine a number of RSs that satisfy the corresponding threshold (e.g., by assessing for each RS whether the measured and / or predicted throughput is greater than the corresponding threshold). In the case of an ACK / NACK ratio KPI, WTRU can assess the average throughput and / or ACK / NACK ratio variance (e.g., within a time window) of a set of candidate QCL assumptions relative to a corresponding threshold. For example, WTRU can determine a number of RSs that satisfy the corresponding threshold (e.g., for each RS determining whether a measured and / or predicted ACK / NACK ratio is greater than a corresponding threshold).In the case of a quality difference KPI, for example, WTRU can assess whether the average quality difference and / or the variance of the quality difference (e.g., within a time window) of a set of candidate QCL assumptions is greater than a corresponding threshold. For example, WTRU can determine a number of RSs that satisfy the corresponding threshold (e.g., by determining for each RS whether a measured and / or predicted quality difference is less than a corresponding threshold). Quality can be determined by the UE performing signal quality measurements on the received RSs (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, PDCCH BLER and / or PDSCH, etc.). For example, WTRU can assess an average quality and / or a quality variance (e.g., within a time window) of a set of candidate QCL assumptions and determine whether the assessed average quality and / or quality variance is greater than a corresponding threshold.For example, WTRU can determine a number of RSs that satisfy the corresponding limit (e.g., the... Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 59 / 109 50 / 77 RSs for which the measured and / or predicted quality of the RS is greater than the corresponding limit.

[0117] In the case of the input / output data distribution KPI, for example, WTRU can compare a distribution of a first set of measured and / or predicted qualities (e.g., based on the measured and / or predicted quality values ​​of RSs received in the first one or more RS features and / or in the second one or more RS features) and a second set of measured and / or predicted qualities (e.g., based on the measured and / or predicted quality values ​​from one or more of the inference inputs to the AI / ML model, based on the RSs received in the first one or more RS features and in the second one or more RS features). WTRU can evaluate one or more first statistics (e.g., mean and / or variance) of the first set of measured and / or predicted qualities and one or more second statistics of the second set of measured and / or predicted qualities.For example, WTRU can determine a difference between the first statistics and the second statistics and compare the difference with a corresponding threshold (e.g., assess whether the difference of one or more statistics is greater than a corresponding threshold).

[0118] In one example, WTRU may determine one or more new candidate QCL assumptions, which WTRU may determine based on, for example, a second set of KPIs (e.g., different from the first set of KPIs). For example, WTRU may rank the configured candidate QCL assumptions based on the values ​​determined for the second set of KPIs (e.g., a ranking order based on the number of KPIs that meet the corresponding thresholds for each configured candidate QCL assumption). Based on the determined ranking, WTRU may determine or select one or more new candidate QCL assumptions from among the configured candidate QCL assumptions. The number of one or more new candidate QCL assumptions Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 60 / 109 51 / 77 determined can be based on a predefined number and / or a value configured / indicated by a gNB.

[0119] In one example, the WTRU may indicate the determined result(s) of one or more sets of new candidate QCL assumptions to a gNB (for example, by sending an indication via a MAC CE and / or CSI report). For example, the WTRU may include in the indication of the determined result(s) of one or more sets of new candidate QCL assumptions to a gNB any one or more of the following information: an indication of whether one or more sets of new candidate QCL assumptions are determined or not; and / or an indication of new candidate QCL assumption(s) determined. In one example, the WTRU may indicate to the gNB whether one or more new candidate QCL assumptions are determined or not. For example, a bit or indicator flag set to '0' may indicate that there are no new candidate QCL assumptions and '1' may indicate that there are new candidate QCL assumptions.The indication of whether one or more sets of new candidate QCL assumptions have been determined or not can be implicit. For example, a WTRU indicating one or more identical candidate QCL assumption IDs (identical to the current QCL assumption ID) may imply to gNB that there are no new candidate QCL assumptions. A WTRU indicating one or more new candidate QCL assumption IDs (i.e., different from the current QCL assumption IDs) may imply to gNB new candidate QCL assumption(s). In one example, the WTRU may indicate one or more new candidate QCL assumptions. For example, the WTRU may indicate one or more determined candidate new QCL assumption set IDs. The one or more new candidate QCL assumption set ID(s) may be based on one or more of the following. For example, the IDs may be determined based on semi-statistically configured set IDs for each set of candidate QCL assumptions.In another example, the new candidate QCL assumption set IDs could be... Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 61 / 109 52 / 77 determined based on the enabled QCL assumptions (e.g., WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., MAC CE and / or DCI) of one or more QCL assumption set activation(s) / deactivation(s) based on the configured QCL assumption sets).

[0120] In one example, the WTRU may receive one or more confirmation indication(s) in response to the WTRU indication / report on the newly determined candidate QCL assumptions sent to the gNB. For example, the WTRU may receive a signal on a PDCCH in a configured CORESET and / or search space. In one example, the reception of the signal on the PDCCH may be based on a configured CORESET and / or search space, so that the configured CORESET / search space can be used independently of a WTRU determination type of the QCL assumption. In another example, the reception of the signal on the PDCCH may be based on two or more configured CORESETs and / or search spaces, so that the two or more CORESETs / search spaces can be used for implicit indication. For example, if the WTRU receives a signal on a PDCCH in a first CORESET / search space, the WTRU may receive a first indication.If the WTRU receives a signal in a PDCCH in a second CORESET / search space, the WTRU may receive a second indication. The first indication and the second indication may be one or more of the following: ACK / NACK (for example, the first indication may indicate ACK and the second indication may indicate NACK for the WTRU indication / report); and / or new selection of candidate QCL assumption (for example, the first indication may indicate a first set of candidate QCL assumptions reported, and the second indication may indicate a second set of candidate QCL assumptions reported).

[0121] In one example, WTRU can apply one or more reported / indicated sets of candidate QCL assumptions, for example, to the second one or more RS features (for example, in the second set of RS features). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 62 / 109 53 / 77 The application by the WTRU of one or more reported / indicated sets of candidate QCL assumptions may be based on the WTRU's report / indication. For example, the WTRU may apply one or more reported / indicated sets of candidate QCL assumptions after a time or application period, as indicated in the report / indication. In another example, the WTRU may apply one or more reported / indicated sets of candidate QCL assumptions based on gNB confirmation. For example, the WTRU may apply one or more reported / indicated sets of candidate QCL assumptions after a time or application period, as indicated in the gNB confirmation.

[0122] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a procedure 300 for a WTRU to select and indicate a configured RS feature set (Set B) and an associated quasi-colocation assumption (QCL) as part of a beam management procedure. In 302, the WTRU may receive configuration information from a gNB for an RS feature set A. The RS feature set A may include features for all beams associated with the gNB. In 304, the WTRU may receive configuration information from the gNB for an RS feature set B, where the size of the RS feature set B is smaller than the size of the RS feature set A. The RS feature set B may include features for a subset of all beams associated with the gNB.In section 306, the WTRU may receive configuration information from gNB for a plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets for the RS B feature set (e.g., each QCL assumption corresponds to a feature in the RS B feature set), where each QCL assumption set in the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets for Set B is associated with at least one RS feature from the RS A feature set. In section 308, the WTRU may receive information from gNB indicating one or more key performance indicators (KPIs). Examples of KPIs may include, but are not limited to: rate of... Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 63 / 109 54 / 77 transfer, L1-RSRP difference, number of RS resources that meet the L1-RSRP / SINR threshold, and input / output data distribution. WTRU can determine values ​​for at least one of the received KPIs.

[0123] In 310, the WTRU can perform measurements on the received RSs at each feature in the RS B feature set based on at least one of the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets for the RS B feature set. In 312, the WTRU can perform measurements on the received reference signals (RSs) at features in the RS A feature set. In 314, the WTRU can select one of the plurality of candidate Set B QCL assumption sets based on the measurements performed and the determined received KPI values. In 316, the WTRU can send a message to gNB reporting the selected Set B QCL assumption set. Exemplary methods can be used to determine and indicate a measurement beam feature set (Set B) based on unique KPIs.In one example, a WTRU can determine one or more specific WTRU B Sets and can report a determined B Set that satisfies a KPI threshold of the highest KPI priority. A WTRU can receive configuration information for any one or more of the following parameters: one or more sets of RS features with RS resources; a set of KPI types and corresponding KPI thresholds; an indication that indicates a gNB-configured B Set determination or a WTRU-specific B Set determination; B Set determination parameters (e.g., B Set size, B Set type, B Set determination rule); KPI priority ranking; and / or fallback B Set determination parameter. The WTRU can measure received RSs associated with one or more sets of RS features.WTRU can determine one or more B-Sets in response to receiving an indication that allows the determination of a specific WTRU B-Set, at least one B-Set determination parameter, and / or one or more other parameters. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 64 / 109 55 / 77 measured RS resources.

[0124] A WTRU can calculate one or more KPI values ​​from one or more determined B-Sets based on one or more RS measurements. The WTRU can rank the determined B-Sets based on the KPI priority ranking and the calculated KPI values ​​and KPI thresholds. The WTRU can report on a selected B-Set, associated B-Set parameters, associated RS features, one or more KPI values, and / or one or more determined KPI types based on the ranking of the determined B-Sets. For example, a WTRU can only report on a B-Set from one or more determined B-Sets if at least one associated KPI value satisfies at least one associated KPI threshold. In one example, the WTRU can report on a number of B-Sets that satisfy at least one KPI threshold and the associated KPI types.If no determined Set B meets one or more of the configured KPI threshold(s), WTRU may determine at least one fallback Set B based on the fallback Set B determination parameters and one or more measured RS features. WTRU may report any one or more of the following information: a fallback Set B indication; indications of the determined fallback Set B and / or associated RS features; and / or any KPI threshold met by the determined fallback Set B.

[0125] In one example, a WTRU may receive configuration information for any one or more of the following information. For example, configuration information may include information indicating one or more sets of RS features with RS capabilities. For example, configuration information may include information indicating KPIs to be used (e.g., in the form of a bitmap) and information indicating the corresponding KPI thresholds (e.g., related to beam prediction accuracy, related to link quality, performance metric based on input / output data distribution of the Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 65 / 109 56 / 77 AI / ML model and / or L1-RSRP difference between predicted and measured L1-RSRP). For example, configuration information may include information indicating one or more sets of RS features associated with Set A (e.g., with a period window larger than the beam scan of Set B). For example, configuration information may include an indication (e.g., WTRU_SetB_SelectType) indicating a Set B configured by gNB or determined by WTRU. For example, configuration information may indicate the size of Set B (e.g., N fixed beams, max_SetB_size, or no preference), type of Set B (e.g., fixed, random, or no preference, etc.), and / or rule for determining Set B (e.g., uniform, where, for example, every nth beam associated with Set A is part of Set B). For example, configuration information may include a KPI classification indicator bitmap.In another example, the configuration information might include a default / fallback rule for determining Set B (e.g., Random Set B of size N beams, Uniform Set).

[0126] WTRU can measure RSs associated with one or more sets of RS features. Based on WTRU_SetB_SelectType, WTRU can insert RS measurements into an AI / ML model based on the received Set B configuration. For example, Set B can be determined by a rule (e.g., Set B type, Set B size, or pre-configured Set B as part of WTRU's capability). For example, Set B can be composed of a random set of RS measurements from different cell-specific Set Bs. WTRU can calculate KPIs based on AI / ML model output and / or RS measurements. WTRU can indicate the Set B (e.g., RS indication via CRI, Set B size and / or type for random Set B) with the highest KPI value that satisfies the KPI threshold with the highest possible KPI_rank. WTRU can send an indication indicating Set B determination based on the Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 66 / 109 57 / 77 single KPI indication, multi-KPI indication, or a fallback rule. Based on a single KPI indication, WTRU can send an indication of the KPI associated with the indicated Set B (e.g., using a bitmap). Based on a single KPI indication, WTRU can indicate the number of Set Bs with the highest KPI value that satisfy KPI thresholds other than the highest KPI_rank. WTRU can indicate other KPI thresholds that are satisfied (e.g., using a bitmap). If no Set B satisfies the configured KPI threshold (i.e., which could serve as a fallback rule indication), WTRU can indicate a Set B based on the fallback rule and any KPI thresholds satisfied by the fallback Set B (i.e., different from the configured criteria).

[0127] A WTRU can be configured with one or more KPIs (e.g., receiving configuration indications or information) and associated thresholds for determining and / or selecting Set B. The WTRU can determine and / or select Set Bs that satisfy one or more KPIs and report the determined and / or selected Set Bs to gNB, for example, employing any of the following exemplary procedures that can be used by a WTRU.

[0128] In an exemplary procedure, a WTRU may receive configuration information for the selection and / or determination of Set B. A WTRU may receive one or more of the following configuration information and / or parameters from gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, and / or MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication) to perform the determination / selection of Set B based on KPI and the indication of the one or more determined / selected Set(s) of B and parameters associated with gNB. In one example, a WTRU may receive information indicating one or more sets of RS resources (e.g., one or more CSI-RS-ResourceSets and / or one or more SSB-ResourceSets). The WTRU may measure RSs associated with one or more of the configured sets of RS resources. The WTRU may use the measured RS beam quality values ​​and the values ​​of Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 67 / 109 58 / 77 predicted RS beam quality (e.g., RSRP, classification of each beam) to calculate KPIs of one or more candidate B-Sets. In one example, a WTRU might receive information indicating one or more KPIs and the corresponding KPI thresholds to be used for the determination of the B-Set of beams. For example, the WTRU might be configured with a first set of KPIs. The WTRU might receive further information or configuration indication from gNB (e.g., via MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication) indicating a second set of KPIs that is a subset of the first set of KPIs to be used for the determination of the B-Set (e.g., using bitmap, where each bit corresponds to a KPI and the bit value 1 might indicate that the corresponding KPI belongs to the second set of KPIs).The indicated KPI may, for example, be related to: beam prediction accuracy; link quality; a performance metric based on the distribution of input and output data from the AI / ML model; and / or the difference between predicted beam quality and measured beam quality (e.g., L1-RSRP). In one example, a WTRU might receive information indicating one or more sets of RS features associated with Set A (e.g., with a period (TA) greater than the period associated with the beam scan of Set B (TB), where, for example, Ta>Tb).

[0129] In one example, a WTRU might receive information indicating candidate Set B determination parameters or rules. Examples of candidate Set B determination parameters or rules might include, but are not limited to, any of the following parameters: the size of Set B (cardinality); the maximum number of bundles in Set B (max_setB_size); an indication that the size of Set B is not specified; the type of Set B (e.g., fixed, random, or no preference); and / or the Set B determination rule (e.g., uniform). In another example, the WTRU might receive information indicating one or more candidate Set Bs. In one example, a WTRU Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 68 / 109 59 / 77 can use a Set B selection procedure type (WTRU_SetB_SelectType). For example, if WTRU_SetB_SelectType = 1, the WTRU can determine one or more candidate Set Bs based on Set B determination parameters and / or rules, and can select the Set Bs based on their KPIs. If WTRU_SetB_SelectType = 0, the WTRU can select one or more Set Bs from among the candidate Set Bs based on one or more KPIs. In one example, a WTRU can receive a KPI ranking or ranking order of a set of KPIs. For example, the WTRU can receive the ranking of each KPI or receive the ranking of a set of KPIs (e.g., the ranking order of the second set of KPIs). In one example, the WTRU can be pre-configured with a set of ranking orders (e.g., via RRC signaling) associated with a set of KPIs.A WTRU can also dynamically receive indication(s) of a set of sort orders associated with a set of KPIs (e.g., a bit sequence, with values ​​such as 00, 10, 11, ..., where each bit sequence value corresponds to a position in the sort order with which the WTRU is pre-configured), and the indications can be received, for example, via MAC-CE indication and / or DCI indication. In one example, the WTRU can receive a default or fallback rule for determining Set B (e.g., Random Set B of size N beams, or Uniform Set B). In another example, a WTRU can receive a default or fallback rule for selecting Set B (e.g., Set B with the highest indicated, configured, or selected KPI).

[0130] Exemplary procedures may be used to indicate to the gNB one or more selected B-Sets. The WTRU may select one or more B-Sets based on the determination of a single KPI and may indicate the selected B-Sets to the gNB (e.g., by sending a signal in a PUCCH or PUSCH). In one example, to indicate selected B-Sets Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 69 / 109 60 / 77 when candidate B-Sets are configured by gNB (e.g., when WTRU_SetB_SelectType = 0), the WTRU can indicate the identifiers (e.g., indices) of each B-Set and / or parameter associated with the selected B-Set (size and / or type of B-Set). In another example, the WTRU can indicate the selected B-Sets as a bitmap to gNB (e.g., by sending a signal in a PUCCH or PUSCH) (e.g., each bit in the bitmap represents a candidate B-Set, a bit value of '1' indicates that the corresponding B-Set is selected, and a bit value of '0' indicates that the corresponding B-Set is not selected). To indicate the selected B-Set, when candidate B-Sets are determined by the WTRU (e.g., WTRU_SetB_SelectType = 1) based on the candidate B-Set determination parameters and / or rules, the WTRU can indicate the RSs associated with the B-Set (e.g., CRIs).

[0131] In one example, the WTRU can indicate the KPI used for each B-Set selection, and / or the KPI value of the selected B-Set for the gNB (for example, sending a signal in a PUCCH or PUSCH). If the determined and / or selected B-Sets are based on a fallback rule configured by the gNB, the WTRU can indicate the gNB associated with the fallback procedure that was used (for example, using a bit indication transmitted in a message or signal using PUCCH or PUSCH). In the case where the WTRU is configured with multiple fallback rules, the WTRU can indicate the fallback rule used (for example, when transmitting a bitmap using PUCCH or PUSCH). The WTRU can indicate one or more satisfied KPIs for each determined B-Set using a fallback rule.

[0132] Exemplary procedures can be used to select a single KPI for Set B selection. In one example, if the WTRU is configured with and / or receives indication of a single KPI, the WTRU can use this KPI along with the associated KPI threshold to perform Set B selection. If Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 70-109 61 / 77 If the WTRU is configured with and / or receives indications from multiple KPIs, the WTRU may choose a single KPI based on the ranking of each of the one or more KPIs (e.g., choosing the KPI with the highest ranking). Based on the selected or determined KPI and the associated threshold, the WTRU may select one or more B Sets using one or a combination of the procedures described herein based on the configuration and / or indication received from gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, and / or DCI indication).

[0133] Exemplary procedures can be used to select one or more B Sets based on a single selected KPI. The WTRU can use one or more of the following procedures to select one or more B Sets based on a single selected KPI. In an exemplary procedure, the WTRU can select a candidate and indicate the B Set (e.g., B Set with the highest KPI) if the selected KPI exceeds the KPI threshold (selected, configured, or indicated). The WTRU can send an indication of the selected B Set to gNB (e.g., via PUCCH or PUSCH). The WTRU can also indicate the number of additional candidate B Sets that satisfy the threshold of the selected KPI. In an example, the WTRU can select all candidate B Sets with KPIs that exceed the threshold associated with the KPI (selected, indicated, or configured).In one example, if none of the candidate B-Sets satisfy the selected KPI threshold, the WTRU may select the B-Set that has the highest selected KPI. The WTRU may send an indication to gNB that the selected B-Set does not satisfy the KPI threshold (for example, by indicating, via a single bit with a value of '0', that the selected B-Set or none of the candidate B-Sets satisfy the KPI threshold, and otherwise, by reporting the KPI of the selected B-Set).

[0134] Exemplary procedures can be used to select one or more B Sets based on a single KPI when WTRU is configured and / or indicated with a set of KPIs. For each KPI indicated and / or configured, the Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 71 / 109 62 / 77 WTRU can select one or more candidate B-Sets. In one example, for each KPI, WTRU can select one candidate B-Set (e.g., the candidate B-Set with the highest KPI value). In another example, for each KPI, WTRU can select one candidate B-Set (e.g., the candidate B-Set with the highest KPI value) if the KPI value exceeds the threshold associated with the KPI. In addition to indicating the selected B-Sets, WTRU can also indicate the associated KPI for each selected B-Set to gNB (e.g., via a bitmap, where each bit corresponds to a KPI). WTRU can indicate the number of candidate B-Sets that satisfy each KPI.

[0135] Exemplary procedures can be used to select and indicate a set of cell-specific measurement beam features (e.g., Set B) based on multiple KPIs. In one example, a WTRU can report the identifier of Set Bs (and RS features) for which the WTRU determines that a multi-KPI value satisfies a threshold. A WTRU receives configuration information to configure any one or more of the following: one or more sets of RS features associated with one or more Set Bs; a set of KPI types; a max_SetB flag indicating the maximum number of Set Bs to be reported; KPI type weights; and / or a multi-KPI scoring threshold. The WTRU can measure RS features from one or more sets of RS features. The sets of RS features can be associated with one or more configured Set Bs.WTRU can calculate one or more KPI values ​​for one or more B Sets based on the measured RS features of one or more sets of RS features associated with one or more B Sets. WTRU can calculate one or more multi-KPI scores for one or more B Sets based on the weights of the KPI types and the calculated KPI values. WTRU can rank all B Sets for which the multi-KPI scores meet the configured multi-KPI score threshold, in order of their multi-KPI score. WTRU can report the indices of the first k. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 72-109 63 / 77 Classified B sets whose multi-KPI scores meet the configured multi-KPI scoring threshold, where k is less than or equal to the number of configured B sets and k is less than or equal to a maximum number of B sets to be reported (e.g., max_SetB). A WTRU can report the RS feature CRIs associated with the k B sets.

[0136] In one example, WTRU can receive configuration information for any of the following parameters. The configuration information can be for one or more sets of RS features with RS features from sets of RS features corresponding to beams of a specific Set B. The configuration information can be for the KPIs to use (e.g., a bitmap) (e.g., related to beam prediction accuracy, related to link quality, performance metric based on AI / ML model input / output data distribution, and / or L1-RSRP difference between predicted and measured). The configuration information can be for one or more sets of RS features associated with Set A (e.g., with a period window larger than the Set B beam scan). The configuration information can be for the max_SetB flag, which indicates the maximum number of Set Bs to be reported.The configuration information can be for an indication, WTRU_SetB_toggle, which indicates a specific cell Set B (e.g., value '1') or specific WTRU (e.g., value '0'). The configuration information can be for KPI weights and a multi-KPI scoring threshold. For example, KPI weights with values ​​of 20%, 30%, and 50% for beam prediction accuracy, BLER, and L1-RSRP difference, respectively.

[0137] WTRU can measure RSs associated with one or more sets of RS features. RS feature sets can be associated with one or more configured Sets B. Based on WTRU_SetB_toggle, WTRU can insert measurements into an AI / ML model belonging to the beams of one or more Sets. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 73 / 109 64 / 77 B (configured by gNB) and WTRU can calculate KPIs for one or more B Sets. WTRU can calculate multi-KPI scores for one or more B Sets based on the KPI weights and calculated KPIs. WTRU can rank all B Sets that satisfy the multi-KPI scoring threshold in order of their multi-KPI score. WTRU can send, for example, a one-bit indication that identifies the B Set based on multi-KPI (e.g., value of '0') or single KPI (e.g., value of '1'). WTRU can send an indication that shows the CRIs of the RS feature set associated with the B Sets for a maximum of ranked max_SetB B Sets. WTRU can send an indication that shows the highest-ranked B Set (e.g., 1 bit indicating the value '1' if it is the highest-ranked and '0' otherwise).WTRU can send an indication that shows a value of '1' if at least one Set B meets the multiKPI scoring threshold and '0' otherwise.

[0138] Exemplary procedures can be used for configuring the selection of Set B(s) based on multiple KPIs. A WTRU can be configured with one or more of the following parameters for the purpose of determining, selecting, and indicating Set B based on multiple KPIs: one or more sets of RS features; one or more KPI types; weights associated with KPI types; multi-KPI scoring limit; and / or maximum number of Set Bs to be reported (e.g., a max_SetB flag).

[0139] In one example of one or more sets of RS features, the WTRU can be configured with one or more first sets of RS features. For example, the first set of features might correspond to transmitted beams / measured beams / Set B beams. In another example, the WTRU can be configured with a second set of RS features. For example, the second set of RS features might correspond to Set A beams that correspond to both measured beams / transmitted beams and predicted beams (skipped beams). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 74 / 109 65 / 77 In one example, the WTRU can be configured with the periodicity of Set A being greater than the periodicity of Set B. In another example, the WTRU can be configured with the QCL relationship for one or more features in Set B. The WTRU can be configured with a default QCL relationship and / or assumption. The WTRU can be configured with one or more candidate QCL relationships and / or assumptions.

[0140] In one example of one or more KPI types, the WTRU can be configured with one or more KPI types applicable to the selection of Set B. For example, a KPI type can be associated with link quality. Link quality can be measured in terms of, for example, L1-RSRP, RSRQ, CQI, SINR, PDCCH BLER, and / or ACK / NACK ratio. In one example, a KPI type can be associated with beam prediction accuracy. In one example, beam prediction accuracy can be expressed as the difference between link quality based on the difference between predicted and actual measurements. For example, a KPI type can be associated with a performance metric based on the input / output data distribution of the AI / ML model. For example, the WTRU can be configured to determine the difference between predicted beam statistics and actual measured beams. For example, one type of KPI might be associated with the difference in L1-RSRP between predicted and measured beams.For example, a KPI type might be associated with the size of Set B. For instance, a smaller Set B might take precedence over a larger Set B. In one example, WTRU could be configured with supported KPIs, and a subset of supported KPIs (i.e., applicable KPIs) could be configured for selection from Set B. In another example, the applicable KPIs could be configured as a bitmap referencing the supported KPIs.

[0141] In an example of KPI weights associated with KPI types, WTRU can be configured with one or more weights associated with KPI types. For example, each KPI type can be configured with a weight to indicate its relative importance. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 75 / 109 66 / 77 of different KPI types. For example, the WTRU can be configured with weight values ​​of 20%, 30%, and 50% for beam prediction accuracy, BLER, and L1-RSRP difference, respectively. In a multi-KPI scoring threshold example, the WTRU can be configured with multi-KPI scoring thresholds. For example, the threshold can indicate the minimum score to satisfy the requirement for reporting Set B. A WTRU, for the purposes of determining, selecting, and / or indicating Set B based on multiple KPIs, can be configured with a maximum number of Set Bs to report (e.g., a max_SetB indicator).

[0142] In one example, the WTRU can be configured with an indication of whether Set B is WTRU-specific or cell-specific. In one example, this indication can be configured as a single-bit indication, where the value of '0' or the absence of such an indication can be interpreted as the cell-specific configuration of Set B and a value of '1' can indicate the WTRU-specific configuration of Set B (or vice versa).

[0143] Exemplary procedures can be used for selecting WTRU from candidate B-Set(s) based on multiple KPIs. In one example, the WTRU can be configured with RS features from one or more RS feature sets. The RS feature sets can be associated with one or more configured B-Sets. The WTRU can be configured with pre-configured criteria to select the specific cell measurement beam (B-Set). For example, the pre-configured criteria can be based on multiple KPIs. In one example, the WTRU can derive multiple KPIs for each RS feature set. In one example, the WTRU can select the candidate B-Set(s) by considering the value of multiple KPIs together. In one example, the WTRU can be configured with a bitmap of applicable KPIs. Based on the received configuration, the WTRU can determine a subset of supported KPI types (i.e., the applicable KPI types).In one example, WTRU can, for each type of KPI. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 76 / 109 67 / 77 applicable, determine one or more KPI values ​​for one or more B Sets based on measured RS features from the preconfigured RS feature set. For example, WTRU can derive the KPI value and / or statistics associated with the KPI value. For example, WTRU can derive the KPI value within a preconfigured time interval. For example, the preconfigured time interval can be a function of the periodicity of the RS features in the feature set.

[0144] In one example, the WTRU can be configured with weights associated with each KPI type. The WTRU can derive a KPI score for each KPI value based on the pre-configured weights associated with the KPI type. For example, the weights can be an implicit mechanism for prioritizing the most relevant KPIs. The WTRU can compare the KPI score to the multi-KPI scoring threshold. For example, the KPI score can be a weighted sum of the KPI values ​​associated with one or more sets of RS features. The WTRU can consider Sets B as candidates for selection if the KPI score of Set B is greater than the multi-KPI scoring threshold. The WTRU can be configured to select the Sets Bs with the highest multi-KPI score. The WTRU can be configured to indicate the best n Sets B with the highest multi-KPI score within the candidate Sets B, so that the value of n can be pre-configured.

[0145] In one example, the WTRU can be configured to determine the multi-KPI score of a standard QCL assumption. For example, the WTRU can be configured to compare the multi-KPI score of a candidate QCL assumption. For example, the WTRU can be configured to select the candidate QCL assumption if the multi-KPI score of at least one candidate QCL assumption is greater than the multi-KPI score of the standard QCL assumption by a pre-configured threshold. The WTRU can be configured to select the standard QCL assumption if the multi-KPI score of the candidate QCL assumption is less than Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 77 / 109 68 / 77 which is the multi-KPI score of the default QCL assumption. In one example, WTRU can be configured to select the default QCL assumption if none of the candidate QCL assumptions are above the preconfigured multi-KPI score threshold.

[0146] Exemplary procedures can be used for indicating the WTRU of the selected Set B candidate(s). The WTRU can be configured to indicate the selected Set B candidate(s). In one example, the WTRU can be configured to indicate the best Set B candidate based on the highest multi-KPI score. In another example, the WTRU can be configured to indicate the top n Set B candidates, such that the value of n can be pre-configured for the WTRU as max_SetB. In another example, the WTRU can implicitly indicate a higher-ranked Set B in terms of multi-KPI score, for example, by including it as the first Set B in a feedback message. In another example, the WTRU can explicitly indicate the highest-ranked Set B within the indicated Set B candidate(s).In one example, WTRU can indicate whether at least one Set B in the indicated candidate Set B is above the multi-KPI score threshold. For example, WTRU might indicate a value of '1' if at least one Set B satisfies the multi-KPI score threshold and '0' otherwise.

[0147] In one example, the WTRU can be configured to report the indices of the first k ranked Set Bs whose multi-KPI score is greater than the configured multi-KPI score threshold, where k is less than or equal to the number of configured Set Bs and k is less than or equal to the maximum number of Set Bs to be reported (e.g., max_SetB). In one example, the WTRU can indicate whether the Set B selection is based on multi-KPI or single KPI. In one example, the WTRU can be configured to indicate a multi-KPI score associated with the candidate Set B(s) implicitly or explicitly. For example, the WTRU can indicate a Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 78 / 109 69 / 77 Order of the candidate B Set(s) in descending order of multi-KPI score. For example, WTRU may explicitly indicate the multi-KPI score associated with each of the selected candidate B Set(s).

[0148] In one example, WTRU can report the CRIs of RS resources associated with the indicated candidate B-Sets. In another example, WTRU can indicate the selected candidate B-Set(s) in a MAC CE or other message. In another example, WTRU can indicate the selected candidate B-Set(s) in the uplink control information (UCI). In another example, WTRU can be configured to indicate the candidate B-Set(s) periodically. In another example, WTRU can be configured to indicate the candidate B-Set(s) based on pre-configured events. One example of a pre-configured event is when a candidate B-Set becomes better than the default QCL assumption in terms of multi-KPI score. Another example of a pre-configured event is when a default QCL assumption becomes better than the currently configured QCL assumption.Another example of a pre-configured event is when a candidate QCL assumption becomes better than the currently configured QCL assumption.

[0149] In one example, the WTRU can be configured to indicate the multi-KPI score of a standard QCL assumption along with candidate QCL assumptions. In another example, the WTRU can indicate both the standard QCL assumption and the candidate QCL assumption based on a condition. For example, the WTRU can be configured to indicate the candidate QCL assumption if the multi-KPI score of at least one candidate QCL assumption is greater than the multi-KPI score of the standard QCL assumption by a pre-configured threshold. The WTRU can be configured to indicate the standard QCL assumption if the multi-KPI score of the candidate QCL assumption is less than the multi-KPI score of the standard QCL assumption. In another example, the WTRU can be configured to Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 79 / 109 70 / 77 select the default QCL assumption if none of the candidate QCL assumptions are above the pre-configured multi-KPI score threshold.

[0150] Exemplary procedures can be used to determine and indicate a WTRU-specific measurement beam feature set (B-Set) based on multi-KPIs. A WTRU determines one or more WTRU-specific B-Sets and reports a determined B-Set that satisfies a multi-KPI threshold. In one example, a WTRU might receive configuration information for the following parameters: one or more RS feature sets with RS features; a set of KPI types; an indication that enables the determination of a WTRU-specific B-Set; B-Set determination parameters (e.g., B-Set size and / or B-Set type and / or B-Set determination rule); KPI type weights and a multi-KPI scoring threshold; and / or fallback B-Set determination parameters.

[0151] A WTRU can measure RSs associated with one or more sets of RS features. A WTRU can determine one or more B Sets based on receiving the indication that allows the determination of a specific WTRU B Set, at least one B Set determination parameter, and one or more measured RS features. A WTRU can calculate one or more KPI values ​​from one or more determined B Sets based on one or more RS measurements. A WTRU can calculate multi-KPI scores from one or more determined B Sets based on the weights of the KPI types and one or more calculated KPI values. A WTRU can report a determined B Set (including at least one of the associated RS features, B Set determination parameters) with the highest value multi-KPI score. For example, a WTRU can (only) report a given B Set that meets the multi-KPI score threshold.In one example, WTRU might report the number of other determined B-Sets that meet the multi-KPI scoring threshold. If no determined B-Set meets the scoring threshold... Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 80-109 71 / 77 multi-KPI configured, the WTRU determines at least one fallback Set B based on the fallback Set B determination parameters and one or more measured RS features. The WTRU may indicate a Set B based on the fallback rule and any KPI thresholds met by the fallback Set B. The WTRU may report at least one of the following: an indication of the fallback Set B, the determined fallback Set B, and / or associated RS features.

[0152] In one example, a WTRU can receive configuration information for one or more of the following parameters: one or more sets of RS features with RS capabilities; KPIs to be used (e.g., as a bitmap) (e.g., related to beam prediction accuracy, related to link quality, performance metric based on AI / ML model input / output data distribution, L1-RSRP difference between predicted and measured beam quality); an indication, WTRU_SetB_toggle, indicating Set B as cell-specific (“0”) or WTRU-specific (“1”); one or more sets of RS features associated with Set A (e.g., with a period window larger than the beam scan of Set B); size of Set B (e.g., N fixed beams, max_SetB_size, or no preference); type of Set B (e.g., fixed, random, or no preference); rule for determining Set B (e.g., uniform);KPI weights and a multi-KPI scoring threshold (e.g., 20%, 30%, and 50% weights for beam prediction accuracy, BLER, and L1-RSRP difference, respectively); and / or a default / fallback rule for determining Set B (e.g., random Set B of size N beams or uniform Set B).

[0153] WTRU can measure RSs associated with one or more sets of RS features. Based on WTRU_SetB_toggle, WTRU can insert RS measurements into the AI / ML model based on the received Set B configuration (e.g., Set B determined by a rule, such as Set B type, Set B size, or a pre-configured Set B as part of the WTRU capability). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 81 / 109 72 / 77 In one example, a Set B might consist of a random set of RS measurements from different cell-specific Set Bs.

[0154] WTRU can calculate KPIs based on AI / ML model output and / or RS measurements. WTRU can calculate the multi-KPI score of one or more B-Sets based on KPI weights. WTRU can indicate the B-Set (e.g., using an RS indication via CRI or B-Set size and type for random B-Set) with the highest multi-KPI score that satisfies the multi-KPI score threshold and calculated KPIs. WTRU can send an indication that shows the B-Set determination based on a single KPI, multi-KPI, or fallback rule. Based on the multi-KPI indication, WTRU can send an indication that shows the number of other B-Sets that satisfy the multi-KPI score threshold. In one example, the number of random B-Sets or the number of fixed B-Sets can be indicated by WTRU for gNB.If no Set B meets the configured KPI threshold (which may serve as a fallback rule indication), WTRU may indicate a Set B based on the fallback rule and any KPI thresholds met by the fallback Set B (i.e., different from the configured criteria).

[0155] To determine one or more B sets and report the determined B set that satisfies a single or multi-KPI requirement, examples of indications, signaling (e.g., control and data signaling), messages, configurations, and rules may be transmitted and / or received by the WTRU and / or gNB. This signaling may include, but is not limited to: broadcast signaling; RRC signaling; MAC CE; initial access messages; and / or transmission on channels (L1). For example, for broadcast signaling, a WTRU may access / acquire information about the B set via any System Information Block (SIB), Positioning SIB (posSIB), and / or SSB (e.g., in cases where there are no security / privacy concerns when sharing the B set). For example, to Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 82-109 73 / 77 RRC signaling, the WTRU can transmit / receive any of the request messages, response messages, and / or configuration messages associated with the determination of the B-set via RRC messages. For example, for MAC CEs, the WTRU can transmit / receive any of the request messages, response messages, configuration messages, activation / deactivation indications associated with the activation and / or selection of one or more B-sets on one or more MAC CEs. For example, initial access messages may include, but are not limited to: Msg 1, Msg 2, Msg 3, Msg 4, Msg 5, Msg A, and / or Msg B. For example, L1 channels may include PUCCH, PUSCH, PDCCH, and / or PDSCH.

[0156] In one example, a WTRU can receive general network configuration (e.g., via gNB). For example, the WTRU can be configured with one or more beam / beam pair measurement sets (set B) that are fed into the AI / ML model to predict the best beam / beam pairs from set A. The WTRU can receive configurations including one or more sets of RS features with RS features corresponding to one or more sets B. The WTRU can receive one or more sets of RS features with RS features corresponding to one or more sets A, with a period longer than the beam scan of set B, for example.

[0157] Exemplary procedures can be used to provide information about KPIs and / or KPI rules / configuration. In one example, a WTRU can receive one or more KPIs to be used for one or more B-Sets. For example, the WTRU can receive the KPIs in the form of a bitmap or a mapping table. The WTRU can receive an association for use between the KPIs and the B-Sets. As an example of an association, for a random B-Set, KPI x is used, and for a fixed B-Set, KPI y is used. Examples of KPIs with which the WTRU can be configured include, but are not limited to, KPIs related to beam prediction accuracy, link quality, performance metrics based on Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 83 / 109 74 / 77 in the AI / ML model input / output data distribution, L1RSRP / L1-RSRQ measurement, and / or measurement difference between predicted and measured beam / RS qualities. KPIs can be grouped into categories, and the WTRU can receive information about the network groupings. For example, for fixed B-sets of a certain size, the WTRU, based on the received information, can use KPIs related to beam prediction accuracy (e.g., L1-RSRP, L1-RSRP difference between consecutive measurements). For random B-sets, the WTRU can use KPIs related to channel measurements (CQI, PMI, etc.). The WTRU can be configured with one or more thresholds corresponding to each KPI and / or a multi-KPI threshold corresponding to some selected KPIs. For example, WTRU can be configured to assign weights of 20%, 30%, and 50% to beam prediction accuracy, BLER, and L1-RSRP difference, respectively.WTRU can be configured with a set of rules regarding the weights to be assigned to multiple KPIs. For example, if BLER and L1-RSRP are used as multiple KPIs, a weighting of (50%, 50%) is used, and if beam prediction accuracy and BLER are used as multiple KPIs, a weighting of (60%, 40%) is used.

[0158] Exemplary procedures can be used to provide information about Set B and rules / parameters for determining Set B. This information may include, but is not limited to: the set of measurement beams and / or beam pairs. Set B can be WTRU-specific, cell-specific, WTRU group-specific, cell group-specific, scan area-specific, and / or cell-type-specific (e.g., specific to macrocell deployment versus specific to small cell deployment). The WTRU can receive information about the applicability of the network's Set B (e.g., from a gNB). In one example, this information might be in the form of a one-bit toggle-type indication (e.g., WTRU_SetB_toggle, which indicates a cell-specific ('0') or specific Set B). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 84 / 109 75 / 77 of WTRU ('1')). More bits can be used to transmit higher granularity information, for example, in the case where set B can be specific to a cell type or group of cells. For example, some additional bits can be used to indicate the cell ID and / or group of cell IDs.

[0159] The WTRU can receive information about the size and / or type of Set B to be used. Size information can include, for example, the number of N fixed beams in a Set B, and the max_setB_size indicated in terms of number of bits, bytes, or Mbits. The WTRU can receive information about the type of Set B (e.g., fixed or random). There can be a fixed 1-bit field configured for the Set B type, for example, '1' transmitting a fixed Set B and '0' transmitting a random Set B. Multi-bit indications can be used to indicate the type and size of the Set B. In one example, no preference can be indicated.

[0160] The WTRU can be configured with rules / parameters to determine Set B. For example, in some scenarios, the WTRU may be able to use a mixed and / or random Set B to accommodate different environments with more flexibility (e.g., mixed Set B for small cells and large cells). In one example, the WTRU can be configured to prioritize performance over flexibility. The selection of Set B can be linked to performance. For example, the WTRU may have the flexibility to use a mixed / random Set B as long as the performance remains above a certain threshold (e.g., as long as the beam prediction accuracy is greater than a corresponding threshold). The WTRU can also be configured with switching rules for Set B.In one example, the WTRU can be configured to measure the performance of a selected / determined B-set over a pre-configured time window after its selection as the measurement beamset. If the performance falls below a threshold, the WTRU can switch to another B-set (e.g., from...). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 85 / 109 76 / 77 larger size or specific fixed type for the current scenario in order to improve accuracy).

[0161] WTRU can be configured with fallback rules. For example, if no Set B satisfies the configured single or multi-KPI threshold, the WTRU can fall back to a default Set B. In one example, the default Set B could be a random Set B with the flexibility to adapt to multiple scenarios / configurations. The WTRU can be configured to determine at least one fallback Set B based on the fallback Set B determination parameters and one or more measured RS features. The WTRU can indicate a Set B based on the fallback rule and any KPI thresholds satisfied by the fallback Set B. For example, the WTRU can report at least one of: an indication of the fallback Set B, the determined fallback Set B, and / or RS features associated with the fallback Set B.

[0162] Examples of WTRU behavior are described here. An example of WTRU behavior (e.g., following the received network configuration) to determine one or more specific WTRU B-Sets and report the selected B-Set that satisfies a multi-KPI threshold may involve one or more of the following WTRU actions. In one example, the WTRU may measure RSs associated with one or more sets of RS features with RS features corresponding to one or more B-Sets. The WTRU may calculate KPIs based on AI / ML model output and / or RS measurements (example KPIs include throughput, L1RSRP, L1-RSRQ, L1-RSRP difference, SINR, number of beams / beam indices that satisfied the L1-RSRP, L1-RSRQ, and / or SINR thresholds). The WTRU may calculate single-KPI or multi-KPI scores for one or more B-Sets based on KPI weights.WTRU can indicate Set B with the highest multi-KPI score that meets the multi-KPI score threshold and the calculated KPIs (e.g., by sending an RS indication via CRI, Set B size, Set type). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 86 / 109 77 / 77 B, for the random Set B and / or fixed Set B). If no Set B satisfies the configured KPI threshold (fallback rule indication), the WTRU may indicate to the network a Set B based on the fallback rule and any KPI thresholds satisfied by the fallback Set B (i.e., different from the configured criteria). Upon receiving any of the network's configurations / messages / indications, the WTRU may send confirmation messages to the network. Similarly, the WTRU may receive confirmation messages after any action by the WTRU (e.g., after indicating to the network about falling back to the default Set B, or after indicating to the network about switching from one type or Set B to another).

[0163] Although the features and elements are described above in specific combinations, a person skilled in the art will recognize that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embedded in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted by wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media.Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROMs and digital versatile discs (DVDs). A processor in conjunction with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 87 / 109

Claims

1 / 7 CLAIMS 1. Wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) CHARACTERIZED by comprising: a transceiver; and a processor, wherein the transceiver and the processor are configured to: receive, from a gNodeB (gNB), configuration information for a set of reference signal (RS) features A, wherein the RS A feature set includes features for the beams associated with the gNB; receive, from the gNB, configuration information for a set of RS B features, wherein the RS B feature set includes features for a subset of the beams associated with the gNB; receive, from the gNB, configuration information for a plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets for the RS B feature set, wherein each QCL assumption set in the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets is associated with at least one RS feature of the RS A feature set;Perform measurements on received RSs in each resource of the RS B resource set based on at least one of the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets; perform measurements on received RSs in the resources in the RS A resource set; select one of the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets based on the measurements performed and the determined values ​​of one or more key performance indicators (KPIs); and send a message to gNB reporting the selected candidate QCL assumption set. Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 103 / 109 2 / 7; 2. WTRU, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that one or more KPIs include any one or more of the following: signal quality; throughput; received Layer 1 reference signal strength (L1-RSRP); signal-to-noise ratio plus interference (SINR); channel quality indicator (CQI); received signal strength indicator (RSSI); received reference signal quality (RSRQ); L1-RSRP difference; a number of RS features that satisfy an L1-RSRP threshold; SINR difference; a number of RS features that satisfy a SINR threshold; input data distribution; or output data distribution.

3. WTRU, according to claim 1 or 2, CHARACTERIZED in that the feature set of RS A is a cell-specific RS feature set and the feature set of RS B is a WTRU-specific RS feature set.

4. WTRU, according to any one of claims 1 to 3, CHARACTERIZED in that the transceiver and processor are further configured to: receive one or more KPI thresholds corresponding to the one or more KPIs indicated, wherein the determined values ​​of the one or more KPIs are based on the one or more KPI thresholds.

5. WTRU, according to any one of claims 1 to 4, CHARACTERIZED in that the transceiver and processor are further configured to determine the values ​​of one or more of the indicated KPI(s), wherein the determination of the values ​​of one or more of the indicated KPI(s) includes: determining the received reference signal power difference (RSRP) values ​​by determining, for each beam in the RS A feature set, a difference between a predicted RSRP value and measured RSRP values; and Petition 870250087648, dated 26 / 09 / 2025, p. 104 / 109 3 / 7 determining whether a new QCL assumption of Set B is required based on the RSRP difference values ​​determined relative to an RSRP threshold.

6. WTRU, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, CHARACTERIZED in that the measurements performed on the received RSs include the measurement of one or more of the following: received reference signal power (SSRSRP); channel state information RSRP (CSI-RSRP); signal-to-noise ratio plus synchronization signal interference (SS-SINR); CSI-SINR; received signal strength indicator (RSSI); inter-layer interference RSSI (CLI-RSSI); or probe reference signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP).

7. WTRU, according to any one of claims 1 to 6, CHARACTERIZED in that the RSs include one or more of the following: a synchronization signal (SS); a probing reference signal (SRS); a demodulation reference signal (DMRS); a first synchronization signal (PSS); a second synchronization signal (SSS); a synchronization signal block (SSB); a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS); a tracking reference signal (TRS); a positioning reference signal (PRS); or a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS).

8. WTRU, according to any one of claims 1 to 7, CHARACTERIZED in that the configuration information for the RS A feature set and the configuration information for the RS B feature set may each include one or more of the following: one or more RS feature set identifiers (IDs); indication of one or more RS resources for the respective RS A feature set or RS B feature set; indication of repeat information; indication of an aperiodic firing offset; tracking reference signal (TRS) information; one or more RS resource IDs; resource mapping information indicating elements of Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p.105 / 109 4 / 7 resources in a physical resource block (PRB); power control offset information; power control offset information with synchronization signal (SS) information; a scrambling ID; periodicity information; offset information; or QCL information.

9. WTRU, according to any one of claims 1 to 8, CHARACTERIZED in that the set of RS A features and the set of RS A features each comprise, respectively, one of the following: a plurality of beams; a plurality of beam pairs; a plurality of beam patterns; or a plurality of RS feature sets.

10. WTRU, according to any one of claims 1 to 9, CHARACTERIZED in that the transceiver and processor are further configured to: determine whether the selection of a new candidate QCL assumption set for the RS B feature set is required based on the determined values ​​of one or more received KPI(s).

11. Method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method CHARACTERIZED by comprising: receiving, from a gNodeB (gNB), configuration information for a set of reference signal (RS) features A, wherein the RS A feature set includes features for the beams associated with the gNB; receiving, from the gNB, configuration information for a set of RS B features, wherein the RS B feature set includes features for a subset of the beams associated with the gNB; receiving, from the gNB, configuration information for a plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets for the RS B feature set, wherein each QCL assumption set in the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets is associated with at least one RS feature of the RS A feature set; Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p.106 / 109 5 / 7 perform measurements on the received RSs in each resource of the RS B resource set and based on at least one of the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets; perform measurements on the received RSs in the resources in the RS A resource set; select one of the plurality of candidate QCL assumption sets based on the measurements performed and the determined values ​​of one or more key performance indicators (KPIs); and send a message to gNB reporting the selected candidate QCL assumption set.

12. Method, according to claim 11, CHARACTERIZED in that one or more KPIs include any one or more of the following: signal quality; throughput; received Layer 1 reference signal strength (L1RSRP); signal-to-noise ratio plus interference (SINR); channel quality indicator (CQI); received signal strength indicator (RSSI); received reference signal quality (RSRQ); L1-RSRP difference; a number of RS features that satisfy an L1-RSRP threshold; SINR difference; a number of RS features that satisfy a SINR threshold; input data distribution; or output data distribution.

13. Method, according to claim 11 or 12, CHARACTERIZED in that the set of features of RS A is a cell-specific set of RS features and the set of features of RS B is a WTRU-specific set of RS features.

14. Method, according to any one of claims 11 to 13, CHARACTERIZED to further comprise: Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 107 / 109 6 / 7 receiving one or more KPI thresholds corresponding to the one or more KPI(s) indicated, wherein the determined values ​​of the one or more KPI(s) are based on the one or more KPI threshold(s).

15. Method, according to any one of claims 11 to 14, CHARACTERIZED by further comprising determining the values ​​of one or more of the indicated KPI(s), wherein the determination of the values ​​of one or more of the indicated KPI(s) includes: determining the received reference signal power difference (RSRP) values ​​by determining, for each beam in the RS A feature set, a difference between a predicted RSRP value and measured RSRP values; and determining whether a new QCL assumption of Set B is required based on the RSRP difference values ​​determined relative to an RSRP threshold.

16. Method, according to any one of claims 11 to 15, CHARACTERIZED in that the measurements performed on the received RSs include the measurement of one or more of the following: received reference signal power (SSRSRP); channel state information RSRP (CSI-RSRP); signal-to-noise ratio plus synchronization signal interference (SS-SINR); CSI-SINR; received signal strength indicator (RSSI); inter-layer interference RSSI (CLI-RSSI); or probe reference signal RSRP (SRS-RSRP).

17. Method, according to any one of claims 11 to 16, CHARACTERIZED in that the RSs include one or more of the following: a synchronization signal (SS); a probing reference signal (SRS); a demodulation reference signal (DMRS); a first synchronization signal (PSS); a second synchronization signal (SSS); a synchronization signal block (SSB); a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS); a tracking reference signal (TRS); a positioning reference signal (PRS); or a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS).

18. A method according to any one of claims 11 to 17, CHARACTERIZED in that the configuration information for the RS A feature set and the configuration information for the RS B feature set may each include one or more of the following: one or more RS feature set identifiers (IDs); indication of one or more RS features for the respective RS A feature set or RS B feature set; indication of repeat information; indication of an aperiodic trigger offset; tracking reference signal (TRS) information; one or more RS feature IDs; feature mapping information indicating feature elements in a physical feature block (PRB); power control offset information; power control offset information with synchronization signal (SS) information; a scrambling ID; periodicity information; offset information;or QCL information.

19. A method according to any one of claims 11 to 18, CHARACTERIZED in that the RS A feature set and the RS A feature set each comprise, respectively, one of the following: a plurality of beams; a plurality of beam pairs; a plurality of beam patterns; or a plurality of RS feature sets.

20. Method, according to any one of claims 11 to 19, CHARACTERIZED by further comprising: determining whether the selection of a new candidate QCL assumption set for the RS B feature set is necessary based on the determined values ​​of one or more received KPI(s). Petition 870250087648, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 109 / 109

Images