Methods to check channel status

Description

1 / 55 “METHODS FOR CHECKING CHANNEL STATUS” CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED REQUESTS

[001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 457,002, filed April 4, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND

[002] Radio-based positioning can utilize data-driven methods, such as machine learning algorithms, in which a training dataset with positioned measurements is used to train a model that transforms measurements into position. The data must be separated into line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) data before training the machine learning algorithms in order to achieve good positioning performance under both LOS and NLOS conditions. Current wireless networks can use LOS indicators in positioning methods. For example, a LOS indicator per transmit / receive point (TRP), or per positioning reference signal feature (PRS), can be used downlink to a client device, such as a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), to support downlink-based positioning methods.On the uplink, the WTRU can also indicate a LOS indicator by TRP or by positioning reference signal (PRS) feature to the network (e.g., a location management function (LMF), gNB, etc.). Artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) models can be trained to generate LOS indicators as labels or estimates based on inputs (e.g., measurements). LOS indicators can be generated by the WTRU or network, although the quality of the LOS indicator is not currently verified by the WTRU or network. Therefore, when the network or WTRU trains an AIML model by setting the LOS indicator, generated by the WTRU or network, as the desired target,... Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 11 / 88 2 / 55 and if the LOS indicator is not verified, the output (e.g., inference) of the AIML model (e.g., inferred LOS indicators) may not be reliable. Therefore, there is a need to increase the reliability of LOS indicators, and AIML models that use LOS indicators should be further improved. SUMMARY

[003] Aspects of the embodiments may relate to AIML positioning and measurement procedures for wireless networks. A WTRU receives configuration information for line-of-sight (LOS) indicator verification, including a threshold, an associated time window, and one or more positioning probe reference signals (SRSp). In an example of an uplink transmission (UL) procedure, the WTRU determines a line-of-sight (LOS) indicator for the target transmit / receive point (TRP), for example, a gNB or a location management function (LMF), based on measurements made on the received positioning reference signals (PRSs). In one aspect, the WTRU determines the transmission of a configured positioning probe reference signal (SRSp) to the network if at least one condition to initiate a LOS verification procedure (e.g., the determined LOS indicator is below a configured threshold) is met.Therefore, LOS indicators can be verified for use in AIML modeling. Additional aspects are disclosed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[004] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, presented as an example in conjunction with the drawings shown here, where similar reference numbers in the figures indicate similar elements, and where:

[005] FIG. 1A is a system diagram that illustrates a system of Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 12 / 88 3 / 55 illustrative communications, in which one or more of the disclosed achievements can be implemented;

[006] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that can be used in the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to one embodiment;

[007] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary central network (CN) that can be used in the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to one embodiment;

[008] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary additional RAN and an exemplary additional CN that can be used in the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[009] FIG. 2 is an exemplary 3-layer neural network diagram;

[010] FIG. 3 is a functional diagram that illustrates examples of line-of-sight (LOS) indicators associated with a transmit / receive point (TRP) and LOS indicators associated with positioning reference signals (PRSs);

[011] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing examples of PRS and SRS transmission direction scenarios;

[012] FIG. 5 is a positional diagram showing the transmission perspective angles of TRP and WTRU;

[013] FIG. 6 is a functional diagram showing the potentially different transmission (Tx) and reception (Rx) angles in PRS transmission between a TRP and a WTRU;

[014] FIG. 7 is a directional diagram showing spatially adjacent SRS transmissions from a WTRU;

[015] FIG. 8 is a functional diagram showing an example of three Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 13 / 88 4 / 55 sets of positioning reference signal receivers (PRS) and positioning sounding reference signal transmitters (SRSp);

[016] FIG. 9 is a functional diagram showing an example of SRS transmission after PRS reception;

[017] FIG. 10 is a spatial diagram showing the relationship between SRS and the channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) in an example;

[018] FIG. 11 is a functional diagram showing examples of multiple SRSs spatially related to PRS transmission;

[019] FIG. 12 is a timing diagram showing an example of a time limit for transmitting an SRS after receiving a PRS;

[020] FIG. 13 is a flow diagram of a method for verifying LOS indicators according to an implementation; and

[021] FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of another method for verifying LOS indicators of a project. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[022] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an exemplary 100 communications system, in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The 100 communications system may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcasting, etc., to multiple wireless users. The 100 communications system may allow multiple wireless users to access this content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, 100 communications systems may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code-division multiple access (CDMA), time-division multiple access (TDMA), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), single-word and tail discrete Fourier transform spreading OFDM. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 14 / 88 5 / 55 zeros (ZT-UW-DFT-S-OFDM), single-word OFDM (UW-OFDM), OFDM with feature block filtering, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), and similar.

[023] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104, a central network (CN) 106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110 and other networks 112, although it is important to note that the embodiments mentioned contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a station (STA), may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a mobile or fixed subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone,A laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or MiFi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated processing line context), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and similar devices. Any of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as a UE.

[024] Communication systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 15 / 88 6 / 55 can be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as CN 106, the Internet 110 and / or other networks 112. For example, base stations 114a, 114b can be a base transceiver station (BTS), a NodeB, an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a Next Generation NodeB, such as a gNode B (gNB), a New Radio (NR) NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. Even though base stations 114a and 114b are represented as a single element, it is understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[025] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, and the like. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographic area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three sectors.Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, one for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, base station 114a may utilize multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used for... Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 16 / 88 7 / 55 transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[026] Base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d via an air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter waves, micrometer waves, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[027] More specifically, as mentioned above, communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SCFDMA and the like. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) - Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or HSPA Enhanced (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[028] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as Evolved Terrestrial Radio Access UMTS (E-UTRA), which can establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[029] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which can establish the 116 air interface using NR.

[030] In one embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 17 / 88 8 / 55 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be characterized by various types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent / received by various types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB). In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN) and similar.

[031] Base station 114b in FIG. 1A can be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and can utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a workplace, a residence, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a highway, and so on. In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. According to Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 18 / 88 9 / 55 shown in FIG. 1A, base station 114b can have a direct connection to Internet 110. In this way, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106.

[032] RAN 104 may be in communication with CN 106, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. CN 106 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calls, internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG.1A, it is understood that RAN 104 and / or CN 106 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as RAN 104 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104, which may be using NR radio technology, CN 106 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that uses GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA or WiFi radio technology.

[033] CN 106 can also serve as a gateway for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide traditional telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. Networks 112 may include networks of Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 19 / 88 10 / 55 wired and / or wireless communications owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, 112 networks may include another NC connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as RAN 104 or a different RAT.

[034] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multimodal capabilities (for example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers to communicate with different wireless networks via different wireless links). For example, WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which may employ cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which may employ IEEE 802 radio technology.

[035] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136 and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It is noted that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the above elements, remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[036] Processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. Processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, processing Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 20 / 88 11 / 55 input / output and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 can be coupled to the transceiver 120, which can be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. 1B represents the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 can be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[037] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It is important to note that the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[038] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is represented in FIG. 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 can include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 can employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) to transmit and receive wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[039] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate the signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As mentioned above, the WTRU 102 can have multimodal capabilities. In this way, the Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 21 / 88 The 12 / 55 transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers to allow the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[040] The WTRU 102 processor 118 can be coupled to, and can receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keyboard 126 and / or the display / touchpad 128 (for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 can also send user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keyboard 126 and / or the display / keyboard 128. In addition, the processor 118 can access information from, and store data in, any suitable type of memory, such as non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132. Non-removable memory 130 can include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card, a USB flash drive, a Secure Digital (SD) memory card, and similar items.In other embodiments, processor 118 can access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located in WTRU 102, such as in a server or a home computer (not shown).

[041] Processor 118 can receive power from power source 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components in WTRU 102. Power source 134 can be any device suitable for powering WTRU 102. For example, power source 134 can include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[042] Processor 118 can also be coupled to GPS chipset 136, which can be configured to provide location information (by Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 22 / 88 13 / 55 example, longitude and latitude) relating to the current location of WTRU 102. In addition to or in place of the GPS chipset information 136, WTRU 102 may receive location information via the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the reception time of signals from two or more nearby base stations. It is understood that WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location determination method, remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[043] The processor 118 may also be coupled with other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional wired or wireless features, functionality and / or connectivity. For example, peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or videos), a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a wireless headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game playback module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker and the like. Peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors.The sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, a humidity sensor, and the like.

[044] A WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 23 / 88 14 / 55 specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception) may be simultaneous and / or concurrent. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit to substantially reduce and / or eliminate self-interference by means of hardware (e.g., a filter) or signal processing by means of a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or by means of processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and DL (e.g., for reception)) may be simultaneous and / or concurrent.

[045] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 104 can use E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can be in communication with CN 106.

[046] RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it is important to note that RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs, remaining consistent with an embodiment. eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, WTRU 102a.

[047] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user escalation in the UL and / or DL, and so on. As shown in FIG. 1C, the Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 24 / 88 15 / 55 eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can communicate with each other via an X2 interface.

[048] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a service gateway (SGW) 164 and a packet data network gateway (PDN) 166. Although the above elements are represented as part of CN 106, it is understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[049] MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in RAN 104 via an S1 interface and can function as a control node. For example, MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, enabling / disabling the carrier, selecting a specific service gateway during an initial connection of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and so on. MME 162 can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that use other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[050] The SGW 164 can be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 can perform other functions such as anchoring user planes during handovers between eNode-Bs, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and so on.

[051] SGW 164 can be connected to PGW 166, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 25 / 88 16 / 55

[052] CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional terrestrial communication devices. For example, CN 106 can include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. In addition, CN 106 can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[053] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is considered that in certain representative embodiments, such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[054] In representative realizations, the other 112 network may be a WLAN.

[055] A WLAN in Basic Services Set (BSS) Infrastructure mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access to or an interface with a Distribution System (DS) or other type of wired / wireless network that allows traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs originating outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP for delivery to the respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the originating STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 26 / 88 17 / 55 Point-to-point traffic can be sent between (e.g., directly between) the respective source and destination STAs with a Direct Link Service (DLS) configuration. In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to here as an ad-hoc communication mode.

[056] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP can transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz bandwidth) or a dynamically defined width. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) can be implemented, for example, in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., each STA), including the AP, can detect the primary channel. If the primary channel is detected and / or determined to be occupied by a specific STA, the specific STA can back off. An STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time on a specific BSS.

[057] High Throughput (HT) STAs can utilize a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, by combining the 20 MHz primary channel with an adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[058] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 27 / 88 18 / 55 A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, can be passed through a segment analyzer that can split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time-domain processing can be performed on each stream separately. The streams can be mapped to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by a transmit STA. At the receiver of the receive STA, the operation described above for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[059] Operating modes below 1 GHz are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11 and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports bandwidths of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports bandwidths of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz using the non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support Meter / Machine Type Control (MTC) communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life exceeding a certain limit (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[060] WLAN systems, which can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel can have a Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 28 / 88 19 / 55 bandwidth equal to the highest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The primary channel bandwidth can be configured and / or limited by an STA, among all STAs operating in a BSS, that supports the lowest bandwidth operating mode. In the 802.11ah example, the primary channel can be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier Sense and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the primary channel status.If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to an STA (which only supports a 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to the AP, all available frequency bands can be considered occupied, even if most of the available frequency bands remain idle.

[061] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are between 902 MHz and 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands range from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands range from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah varies from 6 MHz to 26 MHz, depending on the country code.

[062] FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 104 and CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, RAN 104 can use NR radio technology to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. RAN 104 can be in communication with CN 106.

[063] RAN 104 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it is possible that RAN 104 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with a realization. gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 29 / 88 20 / 55 plus transceivers for communication with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c via air interface 116. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 102b can use beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, gNB 180a, for example, can use multiple antennas to wirelessly transmit signals to and / or receive wireless signals from WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be in the unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be in the licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may implement Coordinated Multiple Point (CoMP) technology.For example, WTRU 102a can receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[064] WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different parts of the wireless transmission spectrum. WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable durations (e.g., containing a variable number of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time durations).

[065] gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in an independent and / or non-independent configuration. In the independent configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 30 / 88 21 / 55 to access other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In standalone configurations, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In standalone embodiments, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN, such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in a substantially simultaneous manner.In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can act as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to serve WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[066] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in the UL and / or DL, network slicing support, DC, interoperability between NR and E-UTRA, user plane data routing to User Plane Function (UPF) 184a and 184b, control plane information routing to Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a and 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c can communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[067] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although the above elements are represented as part Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 31 / 88 22 / 55 of CN 106, it is understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the operator of the CN.

[068] AMF 182a, 182b can be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 104 via an N2 interface and can function as a control node. For example, AMF 182a, 182b can be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different Protocol Data Unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, managing the log area, terminating non-access stratum signaling (NAS), managing mobility, among others. Network slicing can be used by AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being used by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases, such as services that rely on ultra-reliable low-latency access (URLLC), services that rely on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and the like. AMF 182a, 182b can provide a control plane function to switch between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that use other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[069] SMF 183a, 183b can be connected to AMF 182a, 182b on CN 106 via an N11 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can also be connected to UPF 184a, 184b on CN 106 via an N4 interface. SMF 183a, 183b can select and control UPF 184a, 184b and configure traffic routing through UPF 184a, 184b. SMF 183a, 183b can perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy and QoS enforcement, providing DL data notifications, and so on. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 32 / 88 23 / 55 ahead. A PDU session type can be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, and similar.

[070] UPF 184a, 184b can be connected to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in RAN 104 via an N3 interface, which can provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. UPF 184, 184b can perform other functions such as packet routing and forwarding, user plane policy enforcement, multi-homed PDU session support, user plane QoS management, DL packet buffering, mobility tethering provision, and so on.

[071] CN 106 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, CN 106 may include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. In addition, CN 106 may provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other 112 networks, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b via UPF 184a, 184b through the N3 interface to UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between UPF 184a, 184b and DN 185a, 185b.

[072] In view of FIGS. 1A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGS. 1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described in this document in relation to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b and / or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 33 / 88 24 / 55

[073] Emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[074] Emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in a carrier network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while being wholly or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of the functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or for conducting tests using over-the-air wireless communications.

[075] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, including all, functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, emulation devices may be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or on an undeployed (e.g., test) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement tests of one or more components. One or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuits (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[076] Descriptions of examples of methods are given below. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 34 / 88 25 / 55 mobile positioning. In version 16, downlink, uplink, and downlink and uplink-based positioning methods are used.

[077] A DL positioning method can refer to any positioning method that uses downlink reference signals, such as a positioning reference signal (PRS). The WTRU receives multiple transmission point(s) (TP(s)) reference signals and measures the received downlink signal time difference (DL RSTD) and / or the received reference signal power (RSRP). Examples of DL positioning methods include downlink departure angle positioning (DL-AoD) or downlink arrival time difference (DL-TDOA).

[078] A UL positioning method can refer to any positioning method that uses uplink reference signals, such as a probe reference signal (SRS) for positioning, referred to herein as an SRSp. The WTRU transmits SRS to multiple receiving points (RPs) and the RPs measure the uplink relative time of arrival (UL RTOA) and / or RSRP. Examples of UL positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) or uplink angle of arrival (ULAoA) positioning.

[079] A positioning method in DL & UL can refer to any positioning method that uses both uplink and downlink reference signals for positioning. In one example, a WTRU transmits SRS to multiple transmit / receive points (TRPs) and the gNB measures the Rx-Tx time difference which is calculated based on the arrival time of the DL RS (e.g., PRS). The gNB can measure RSRP for the received SRS. WTRU measures the Rx-Tx time difference for the transmitted PRS from multiple TRPs. The WTRU can measure RSRP for the received PRS. The difference between Rx-TX and possibly the RSRP measured on the WTRU and gNB are used to calculate the time. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 35 / 88 26 / 55 round trip. Here, the term WTRU Rx-Tx Time Difference refers to the difference between the arrival time of the reference signal transmitted by the TRP and the transmission time of the reference signal transmitted by the WTRU. An example of a positioning method in DL & UL is multi-cell round-trip time (multi-RTT positioning).

[080] Artificial intelligence (AI) can be broadly defined as the behavior exhibited by machines that mimics cognitive functions to perceive, reason, adapt, act, and provide the ability to discern patterns. Machine Learning (ML) can refer to a type of algorithm that solves a problem based on learning from experience ('data'), without being explicitly programmed ('setting up a set of rules'). Machine learning can be considered a subset of AI, and thus the term AIML is used to denote such systems. Different machine learning paradigms can be envisioned based on the nature of the data or feedback available to the learning algorithm.For example, a supervised learning approach might involve learning a function that maps input to output based on a labeled training example, where each training example might be a pair consisting of an input and its corresponding output. For example, an unsupervised learning approach might involve detecting patterns in data without pre-existing labels. For example, a reinforcement learning approach might involve performing a sequence of actions in an environment to maximize accumulated reward. In some solutions, it is possible to apply machine learning algorithms using a combination or interpolation of the approaches mentioned above. For example, the semi-supervised learning approach might use a combination of a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during the process. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 36 / 88 27 / 55 training. In this sense, semi-supervised learning lies between unsupervised learning (without labeled training data) and supervised learning (only with labeled training data).

[081] Referring to FIG. 2, an example of a 200 neural network is shown. The goal of training is to apply the input and adjust the weights, indicated as wex in the 200 network (which can be referred to as neuron weights or link weights), so that the output of the neural network approximates the desired target values ​​that are associated with the input values. In the example of FIG. 2, a 200 neural network consists of 3 layers.

[082] During training, for a given input, the difference between the output and the desired values ​​is calculated and a difference is used to update the we / or x weights in the neural network 200. If a large difference is observed between the output and desired values, large changes in the weights are expected, while a small difference will lead to small changes in the we / or x weights.

[083] For example, for positioning, the input can be reference signal parameters and the output can be an estimated position. The desired value can be location information obtained from a high-precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Once the neural network 200 completes its training (for example, when the difference between the output and the desired values ​​is below a specified threshold), it can be applied to positioning, providing input and using the output as the expected result for the associated input. The output can be an estimated position or location of the WTRU. Thus, to train a neural network, it is important to identify: An input to the neural network; an expected output associated with the input; and an actual output of the neural network with which the target values ​​are compared.For example, a neural network model can be characterized by the number of weights, the number of layers in a neural network, and the number of neurons per layer. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 37 / 88 28 / 55

[084] Deep learning refers to the class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks (specifically deep neural networks (DNNs)), which were loosely inspired by biological systems and include at least one hidden layer. DNNs are a special class of machine learning models inspired by the human brain, where the input is linearly transformed and passed through a nonlinear activation function multiple times. DNNs typically consist of multiple layers, where each layer is composed of a linear transformation and a specific nonlinear activation function. DNNs can be trained using training data via a backpropagation algorithm. Recently, DNNs have shown top-tier performance in a variety of domains, e.g., speech, vision, natural language, etc., and for various machine learning configurations, including supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised.The terms "events" or "occasions" may be used interchangeably in this publication.

[085] As mentioned earlier, current networks (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or gNB) can provide a hard / binary or soft / probabilistic LOS indicator by TRP or by PRS feature to the WTRU. Additionally, the WTRU can provide a hard or soft line-of-sight (LOS) indicator by TRP or by PRS feature to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). AIML models can be trained to generate LOS indicators as labels or estimates based on inputs (e.g., measurements). LOS indicators can be generated by the WTRU or network, and conventionally, the quality of the generated LOS indicator is not verified by the WTRU or network.Therefore, when the network or WTRU trains an AIML model by setting the LOS indicator, generated by the WTRU or the network, as the desired target, and if the LOS indicator is not verified, the output (e.g., inference) of the AIML model (e.g., inferred LOS indicators) may not be reliable. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 38 / 88 29 / 55 The achievements below include aspects to increase the reliability of LOS indicators.

[086] In one method, a positioning reference signal (SRSp) transmission can be used to verify a given LOS indicator. As an example, a WTRU is configured with downlink positioning reference signal (PRS) and probe reference signal (SRS) settings, a target transmit / receive point (TRP), and a LOS indicator threshold and time limit (e.g., N slots) by the LMF. The WTRU is further configured with PRS and SRS resources by the LMF. In an exemplary operation, the WTRU receives a request to verify the LOS indicator for the configured target TRP, and the WTRU sends a message to the network accepting the request. The WTRU receives an SRS resource ID. The WTRU performs measurements on a received PRS(s) and determines the LOS indicator for the target TRP.The determined LOS flag is compared to the configured LOS flag threshold and transmits an SRSp associated with the indicated SRS resource ID if the LOS flag is below the threshold.

[087] In some embodiments, the LOS indicator may be below the threshold, but the WTRU cannot transmit a positioning SRS within the configured time limit because the WTRU has received the PRS. In this case, the WTRU may report that the verification procedure cannot be completed to LMF / gNB. The WTRU reports measurements (e.g., received reference signal strength (RSRP)), WTRU location, and determined LOS indicator (based on received PRS) associated with the target TRP to the network.

[088] In several embodiments, a WTRU can send a request to the network for settings (e.g., PRS settings, SRsp settings) on the shared physical uplink channel (PUSCH), on the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), as uplink control information (UCI), via the Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 39 / 88 30 / 55 Medium Access Control (MAC-CE) and / or Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer control element or as an LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) message. The WTRU request may include requested settings for a measurement gap, a PRS processing window, or a window for SRS transmission for positioning (SRSp).

[089] The WTRU can send a confirmation / acknowledgment message in the PUSCH or PUCCH for the grant received from the network. A time window, as used here, can be configured by the network. The WTRU can receive more than one configuration (e.g., durations) of the time window, and the WTRU can determine which time window is activated based on an activation command associated with the window, received from the network.

[090] In various embodiments, more than one condition / criterion can be used in combination. The WTRU can be configured with more than one associated WTRU condition and behavior, and the WTRU can determine which behavior to use based on the applicable condition. In some examples, the WTRU can measure DL-PRS inside or outside the active bandwidth portion (BWP) and / or can transmit SRSp inside or outside the active BWP. The WTRU can be preconfigured with parameters (e.g., measurement gaps, PRS processing windows, PRS settings, SRSp settings) via a semi-static message (e.g., LPP, RRC). The WTRU can be configured with network-supplied actions / rules, and according to the rule(s), the WTRU can determine to take an associated action.

[091] In addition to measurements taken on a PRS, WTRU may include at least one of the following cell-related measurements: received reference signal strength from the synchronization signal (SS-RSRP) of the server cell with its respective cell ID; SS-RSRP of neighboring cell(s) with their respective cell ID(s); RSRP of a channel status information reference signal. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 40 / 88 31 / 55 (CSI-RS) with CSI-RS resource ID; and / or RSRS of a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS).

[092] As used herein, the following terms have the following meaning(s): “Network” may include an access and mobility management function (AMF), a location management function (LMF), a next-generation NodeB (gNB) and / or next-generation radio access network (NGRAN), and their equivalents or future related nodes / functions. “Pre-configuration” and “configuration” may be used interchangeably. “gNB Non-server” and “gNB neighbor” may be used interchangeably. gNB and TRP may be used interchangeably. “PRS”, “SRS”, “SRS for positioning” (SRSp) or “SRS for positioning purposes” may be used interchangeably. PRS or PRS resource may be used interchangeably. PRS(s) or PRS resource(s) can be used interchangeably, and PRS(s) or PRS resource(s) can belong to different PRS resource sets. “PRS” or “DL-PRS” or “DL PRS” can be used interchangeably.The term measurement gap or measurement gap standard can be used interchangeably, and measurement gap standard can include parameters such as measurement gap duration, measurement gap repetition period, or measurement gap periodicity. ID can be used interchangeably with index.

[093] A positioning reference unit (PRU) can be a WTRU or TRP whose location (e.g., altitude, latitude, geographic coordinate, or local coordinate) is known to the network (e.g., gNB, LMF). The capabilities of a PRU can be the same as those of a WTRU or TRP, for example, capable of receiving a PRS or transmitting an SRS or SRS for positioning (SRSp), returning measurements, or transmitting a PRS. WTRUs acting as PRUs can be used by the network for calibration purposes (by Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 41 / 88 32 / 55 example, correct unknown time shift, correct unknown angle shift).

[094] An LMF is a non-limiting example of an entity or node (e.g., network entity or node) that can be used for, or to support, placement. Any other entity or node can be substituted for an LMF and still be consistent with this disclosure. In various embodiments, the WTRU may receive pre-configured network boundary(ies) (e.g., LMF, gNB).

[095] The LOS indicator can be a hard (e.g., =1 or =0) or soft (e.g., =0, 0.1, 0.2..., 1) indicator and indicates the probability of the presence of a LOS path between a TRP and a WTRU or along the PRS path. The LOS indicator can be associated with a PRS or TRP feature ID (e.g., index). The WTRU can receive the LOS flag from the network by TRP or feature ID. Alternatively, the WTRU can determine the LOS flag by TRP or feature ID based on measurements. The LOS indicator is used to quantify the probability of line-of-sight between the WTRU and TRP and / or PRS / SRSp transmission direction. An NLOS indicator is used to quantify the probability of lack of line-of-sight between the WTRU and TRP and / or PRS / SRSp transmission direction. The LOS indicator and the NLOS indicator can be used interchangeably, regardless of the determinations; for example, a LOS indicator can indicate an NLOS path or vice versa.In other words, a line-of-sight indicator is not specific to any particular determination. Finally, as used here, the location of a WTRU can, for example, be expressed in terms of altitude, latitude, geographic coordinates, or local coordinates.

[096] In certain embodiments, the reference signal (RS) settings for positioning may include settings for the positioning reference signal (PRS). In one example, a PRS setting may contain at least Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 42 / 88 33 / 55 minus one of the following parameters: number of symbols, transmission power, number of PRS features included in a PRS feature set, muting pattern for PRS (e.g., the muting pattern can be expressed by means of a bitmap), periodicity, PRS type (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic), slot offset for periodic transmission for PRS, vertical deviation of the PRS pattern in the frequency domain, time interval during repetition, repetition factor, feature element (RE) offset, comb pattern, comb size, spatial relationship, quasi-colocalization (QCL) information (e.g., destination QCL, source QCL) for PRS, number of positioning reference units (PRUs), number of TRPs, Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN), subcarrier spacing, expected reference signal time difference (RSTD), uncertainty in expected RSTD, start of physical feature block (PRB),Bandwidth, BWP ID, number of frequency layers, PRS transmission start / end time, PRS activation / deactivation indicator, TRP ID, PRS ID, cell ID, global cell ID, PRU ID, and applicable time window. WTRU can apply a PRS configuration provided that the current time is within the applicable time window.

[097] In various embodiments, RS configurations for positioning may include configurations for SRS, or SRS for positioning, also referred to as SRSp. In one example, an SRS for positioning (SRSp) or SRS configuration may include at least one of the following: feature ID; comb offset values, cyclic shift values; starting position in the frequency domain; number of SRSp symbols; frequency domain offset for SRSp; frequency hopping pattern; SRSp type (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent, or periodic); sequence ID used to generate SRSp or other IDs used to generate the SRSp sequence; information of Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 43 / 88 34 / 55 spatial relationship, indicating to which reference signal (e.g., DL RS, UL RS, CSI-RS, SRS, DM-RS) or synchronization / SSB signal (e.g., SSB ID, SSB cell ID) the SRSp is spatially related, where the SRSp and DL RS may be spatially aligned; quasi-colocalization (QCL) information (e.g., a QCL relationship between SRSp and other reference signals or synchronization signal block (SSB)); QCL type (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type D); feature set ID; list of SRSp features in the feature set; information related to transmission power; path loss reference information which may contain an index for SSB, CSI-RS, or PRS; SRSp transmission periodicity;and / or spatial information, such as spatial direction information for SRSp transmission (e.g., beamline information, transmission angles, e.g., departure angle (AoD)), spatial direction information for DL ​​RS reception (e.g., beamline ID used to receive DL RS, arrival angle). ID can be used interchangeably with index.

[098] According to the published realizations, several measurements are used to determine positioning information. In one example, RSTD can be defined by the difference in arrival time between PRSs transmitted from a reference TRP and a target TRP. WTRU can be configured with the reference TRP index and the target TRP index. WTRU can be configured with PRS feature indices to perform measurements, and WTRU can determine the arrival time of a TRP (reference or target) based on one or more PRS features associated with the TRP. In another example, RSTD can be defined as the arrival time difference between the reference PRS transmitted from a TRP and the target PRS transmitted from a TRP.

[099] In one example, the WTRU term Rx — Tx Time Difference refers to the difference between the arrival time of the transmitted reference signal Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 44 / 88 35 / 55 by the TRP and the transmission time of the reference signal transmitted by the WTRU. The Rx-Tx time difference of the WTRU may be associated with a PRS feature ID and / or SRSp feature ID. In another example, the WTRU may measure RSRP or received reference signal path power (RSRPP) if there is more than one path observed in the PRS. In another example, the WTRU may perform phase measurements in the PRS or phase measurement per path. In another example, the WTRU may determine the channel impulse response (CIR) or channel power delay profile based on measurements made on the transmitted PRS feature(s) of the TRP(s).

[0100] Aspects and advantages of the disclosed embodiments include the WTRU or network being able to train AIML models with verified LOS indicators (or verified reference - verified ground truth) and an increase in the reliability of the inference generated by the trained AIML models.

[0101] Methods for verifying a multi-configuration LOS indicator will now be described. In one example, the WTRU can be configured with PRS and SRsp settings via the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). Furthermore, the WTRU can be configured with PRS and SRsp features via the network.

[0102] As described herein, there may be two types of LOS indicators for present realizations. One type of indicator is associated with a TRP. For example, the LOS indicator is used to indicate whether there is a line-of-sight path or the probability of a line-of-sight path between the WTRU and a TRP. Another type of LOS indicator is associated with a PRS feature. In the latter type, the LOS indicator is used to indicate whether there is a line-of-sight path, or the probability of a line-of-sight path, along the direction that a PRS is transmitted. Examples are illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, in which the representations of the left subfigure, in each, indicate the case where the Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 45 / 88 The 36 / 55 LOS indicator is associated with the TRP, and the representations in the right-hand subfigure indicate the case where the LOS indicator is associated with a PRS resource.

[0103] Referring to FIG. 3, a network diagram 300, an exemplary illustration 310 of LOS associated with a TRP (left side) versus an exemplary illustration 320 of LOS associated with the PRS (right side) are shown. In an exemplary method, the WTRU may receive a request from the network to verify a LOS indicator or perform a verification procedure. The LOS indicator may be generated by the WTRU based on measurements made on the received PRS. Alternatively, the network may request that the WTRU verify the LOS flag associated with the PRSs. The WTRU may transmit a response to the LOS verification request. For example, the WTRU may send a Yes (i.e., accept the network request) to the request if the WTRU is able to perform the verification or receives both the PRS and SRsp settings necessary for the verification. The WTRU may send a No to the request if either of the aforementioned conditions is not met.

[0104] In one embodiment, the LOS verification request may indicate: a request to verify the LOS indicator(s) associated with the indicated TRP(s), for example, as shown in illustration 310, or the LOS indicator(s) associated with the indicated PRS resource(s), for example, as shown in illustration 320; a time limit for the verification procedure (e.g., the verification procedure must be completed within N hours / slots / frames / subframes / symbols from the time the WTRU receives the request or accepts the request from the network); and / or one or more conditions for the completion of the verification procedure (e.g., the verification is completed when the WTRU reports the measurements and the LOS flag for the requested PRS or TRP resource(s), and transmits one or more configured SRSps). WTRU determines that the verification procedure is completed. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 46 / 88 37 / 55 when the termination condition is met. In one example, the time limit for the verification procedure can be configured by the network.

[0105] In certain embodiments, a method for a WTRU may include the WTRU communicating its capability / availability for LOS indicator verification. In one example, the WTRU may be configured to indicate whether it supports LOS indicator verification as part of the WTRU capability report. For example, the WTRU may include additional information about its LOS indicator verification capability, including the request contents described above (e.g., including but not limited to the granularity of LOS verification, by TRP and / or by PRS), latency of this indication (e.g., delay between PRS reception at the WTRU and SRSp transmission at the WTRU - possibly including the latency for LOS determination at the WTRU), verification time limit, termination condition, etc.In certain embodiments, the timing of the WTRU capability transmission may implicitly indicate that the WTRU is ready for a LOS indicator verification procedure. Alternatively, the WTRU may send the availability indication for the LOS indicator verification procedure based on one or more conditions. For example, the WTRU may be configured to send the availability indication based on the PRS reception status (e.g., RSRPP is above a threshold), the LOS confidence is above a threshold, based on location and / or time, based on the WTRU's RRC state (e.g., in the CONNECTED state), or similar factors.

[0106] According to some realizations, a verified LOS indicator may include a verification quality. In one example, the WTRU may receive an indication from the network associated with a LOS indicator, indicating that the LOS indicator is verified. The WTRU can be configured to use the verified LOS indicator to train AIML models, using the indicator of Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 47 / 88 38 / 55 LOS is verified as the desired output of the AIML model during training. For some realizations, verification on the LOS indicator may have validity conditions (e.g., time validity, area validity). For example, the WTRU can be configured with a duration (e.g., N days, M slots) during which verification of the LOS flag is valid. The WTRU can be configured with the start and / or end time for the verified LOS indicator. In one example, the WTRU might determine that verification becomes invalid after the timer for the verification procedure expires or when the duration of the verification procedure exceeds the limit.

[0107] In some embodiments, the quality of verification on the LOS indicator may be indicated by a hard indicator (e.g., 1=verified, 0=not verified). In another example, verification may be indicated by a soft indicator (e.g., 1=strongly verified, 0.5=moderately verified, 0=weakly verified). For some embodiments, verification may be indicated only when the LOS indicator is verified and / or verification may not be indicated when the TRP or PRS feature is not verified. In one example, WTRU may determine to use the verified LOS indicator for training if the verification indicator is above a configured threshold.

[0108] According to various embodiments, WTRU may determine to use measurements associated with the verified LOS indicator if the verified LOS indicator is associated with a PRS feature. In another embodiment, if the verification quality for the LOS indicator is above a configured threshold, WTRU may determine to use the measurements associated with the LOS indicator to train the AIML model. For example, if WTRU performs measurements on the PRS feature (e.g., RSRSP, RSRPP, CIR) that is associated with the verified LOS indicator, WTRU may use the measurements to train AIML models, setting the verified LOS indicator as the desired target. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 48 / 88 39 / 55

[0109] In other exemplary embodiments, if the verified LOS indicator is associated with a TRP, the WTRU can determine to use measurements made on a PRS transmitted by the TRP to train the AIML model, using the verified LOS indicator as the target output. In another example, an RSTD measurement is defined based on the difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of PRS features transmitted from the target TRP and a reference TRP. The WTRU can use the reference signal time difference (RSTD) as inputs to train an AIML model only if the LOS indicators for PRS features associated with the target TRP and the reference TRP are verified.

[0110] Referring to FIG. 4, diagram 400 shows examples of SRS transmission along a Tx direction 410 or Rx direction 420. In one example, the WTRU can be configured to determine the LOS indicator for the PRS resource, where the PRS resource can be indicated by the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). In another example, the WTRU can be configured to determine the LOS indicator for the TRP indicated by the network (e.g., by TRP ID or PRS ID).

[0111] In some embodiments, the WTRU can be configured to determine the LOS flag for an SRsp resource. For example, the network can indicate the SRsp resource ID and the WTRU determines the LOS flag associated with the SRsp resource ID. The WTRU can report the LOS flag associated with the SRsp resource ID to the network.

[0112] For certain realizations, WTRU can determine the LOS indicator associated with the SRsp feature ID when WTRU receives the PRS feature that is spatially aligned or correlated with the SRsp feature ID. For example, WTRU may receive a network configuration indicating that PRS feature #1 and SRsp feature #3 are spatially related, aligned, or correlated. WTRU can perform measurements on the PRS feature. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 49 / 88 40 / 55 #1 and determine the LOS indicator for the SRSp #3 resource and report it to the network.

[0113] Referring to FIG. 5, in another illustrative diagram 500, the WTRU can determine the LOS indicator for the angle indicated by the network. The angle can be defined as the angle relative to the reference TRP. As shown in FIG. 5, the WTRU is asked to indicate the LOS indicator for the angle indicated by the network (Angle_d), whose angle is defined relative to geographic North (e.g., in a global coordinate system). In FIG. 5, an angle indicated from the TRP perspective (Angle_d) is different from the WTRU perspective (Angle_a).

[0114] In one example, the WTRU can determine the LOS indicator for an angle (e.g., from the WTRU or TRP perspective) or the LOS indicators for angles. The WTRU can report the determined LOS indicators for angles to the network. In one example, the WTRU can be configured with a range of angles to perform measurements on configured DL-RSs (e.g., PRSs). In another example, the WTRU can be requested by the network to report the LOS indicators (e.g., up to N angles, each angle associated with a LOS indicator) within the range of angles. In another example, the WTRU can be configured with more than one PRS resource to take measurements and report the LOS indicator(s) associated with angle(s). The WTRU can determine whether to associate the LOS indicator(s) with angle(s) if the indicator is below or above a configured threshold.

[0115] The WTRU can determine whether to indicate the LOS indicator for an angle within the configured range and can be configured with a maximum number of angles, for example, N angles, to associate with the LOS indicator(s). The WTRU can be configured to report up to N angles within the configured range. In certain examples, the WTRU can be configured with angle granularity to Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 50 / 88 41 / 55 associated LOS indicators, and examples of granularities can be 10 degrees, 1 degree, 0.1 degree, 0.01 degree.

[0116] In one example, the WTRU can report a LOS indicator by a configured angle range (e.g., [30 degrees to 60 degrees] from the WTRU's perspective with reference to geographic North). The WTRU can be configured with an angle range by the network and can receive a request from the network to report a LOS indicator for the configured angle range(s). The angles can be defined according to the TRP or WTRU perspective, similar to the examples illustrated in FIG. 5. Based on measurements on the configured PRS features, the WTRU can determine to report the LOS indicator by the configured angle range.

[0117] The exemplary conditions for transmitting SRSp will now be described. In one embodiment, the WTRU may determine to check the LOS indicator associated with a PRS or TRP, transmitting the configured SRSp when at least one, or combinations thereof, of the following exemplary conditions are met: (1) The determined LOS flag may be below the threshold (for example, the LOS flag is 0.4 and the threshold is 0.7). (2) The WTRU receives from the network a LOS indicator associated with a PRS or TRP resource. When the LOS indicator is above a threshold, the WTRU measures more than one path in the measurement (e.g., more than one ToA, AoA for the PRS resource that the WTRU measured). (3) The RSRP or RSRPP for the first path to the indicated PRS resource is below the limit. (4) Uncertainty, variance, standard deviation or higher-order moments (e.g., skewness, kurtosis) in the measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, RSRPP, ToA, AoA, CIR) are above the limit where WTRU is set with Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 51 / 88 42 / 55 a window or duration of measurements in which the WTRU determines the uncertainty. (5) The uncertainty, variance, or standard deviation in the determined LOS indicator (e.g., hard or soft LOS indicator) is above the limit at which the WTRU is set with a window or duration of measurements in which the WTRU determines the uncertainty. (6) A difference between an Rx direction (e.g., in degrees) of the PRS is different from a Tx direction (e.g., degrees) that is above a configured limit. The WTRU can receive information about an AoD (initial angle) for each PRS in the network. AoD can be associated with a PRS resource ID. The WTRU can determine an AoA (arrival angle) for each PRS and calculate the difference between AoD and AoA. The WTRU can translate the AoA with a configured function (e.g., AoA-180 degrees) so that a difference between AoD and the translated AoA is calculated based on the same reference. Referring to FIG. 6, an example 600 is shown where the Tx angle and the Rx angle are different. In the illustrated example 600, the PRS transmitted from the TRP is reflected against an object 610 and received by the WTRU 620. (7) Within the angle range configured by the network, the WTRU determines the LOS indicator for at least one of the angles. (8) For a given LOS indicator value, the measurement taken from a PRS is above or below a threshold (e.g., the number of paths). For example, if the LOS flag is 0.9 and the number of paths observed in the measurements (e.g., ToA) is above a threshold (e.g., 4), the WTRU determines to check the LOS flag (e.g., by transmitting a configured SRSp). In one example, the WTRU can be configured with an association table where, for example, a range of LOS indicator values ​​is associated with a threshold for channel characteristics (e.g., number of paths). In one example, the configured range might be 0.2 <indicador de Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 52 / 88 43 / 55 LOS<=0.4 (<=” means less than or equal to), the limit for the number of paths is four, and WTRU transmits the SRsp if the number of paths is less than the limit and the LOS indicator is within the range. (9) For the angle requested by the network, the WTRU determines the LOS indicator. [011 8] Any of the above conditions may also apply to WTRU determining whether or not the verification procedure should be initiated. For example, if at least one of the above conditions is met, WTRU may determine to initiate the LOS verification procedure.

[0119] Implementations for positioning using verified LOS indicators can be conditioned on hard or soft indicators. In one example, the WTRU can be configured by the network to determine a hard indicator. In another example, the WTRU can be configured by the network to determine a soft indicator. In one implementation, for example, the WTRU can be configured to indicate a hard or soft indicator (e.g., =1 or =0, LOS or NLOS) and a soft indicator (e.g., =0, 0.1, ..., 0.9, 1). Based on measurements taken on a received PRS(s), the WTRU can determine to report a hard indicator associated with the indicated PRS or TRP resource. The WTRU can determine to associate a hard indicator with the configured PRS(s) or TRP(s) if at least one of the numbers of PRS resources configured for measurements is below a threshold or the number of paths measured for a PRS resource is below a threshold. [012 0] WTRU may alternatively determine to associate a soft indicator with the configured PRS(s) or TRP(s) if at least one of: (i) the number of PRS features configured for measurements is above a threshold; (ii) the measured number of paths to a PRS resource is above a threshold; or (iii) the number of measured paths to a PRS resource is Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 53 / 88 44 / 55 below a threshold. If the WTRU determines that the hard flag associated with the PRS or TRP is =0 (e.g., NLOS), the WTRU may determine to transmit the configured SRSp(s).

[0121] In certain embodiments, the transmission of SRSp may be an implicit indication of the LOS indicator based on the selection of the SRSp resource. For example, the WTRU may be configured to determine one or more SRSp transmission parameters based on the LOS status of the received PRS. In one example, the WTRU may be configured with a first SRSp resource / configuration and a second SRSp resource / configuration, where the first SRSp configuration may be associated with a first SRS sequence ID and the second SRSp configuration may be associated with a second sequence ID.In another example, the first SRSp configuration might be associated with a first freqDomainPosition and / or freqDomainShift and / or cyclic shift and / or resource mapping and / or comboffset, or similar configuration, and the second SRSp configuration might be associated with a second freqDomainPosition and / or freqDomainShift and / or cyclic shift and / or resource mapping and / or comboffset, or similar configuration. In one example, the WTRU might be configured with an association between the first and second SRSp resource / configuration for a PRS resource / configuration. The WTRU might be configured to receive the PRS and determine the LOS status / indicator associated with the PRS. If the LOS indicator is above a threshold, then the WTRU can transmit using the first SRSp resource / configuration. If the LOS indicator is below a pre-configured threshold, then the WTRU can transmit SRS using the second SRSp resource / configuration.

[0122] For another example, if the hard LOS indicator is =1, then the WTRU can transmit using the first SRSp feature / configuration. If the hard LOS indicator is =0, then the WTRU can transmit the SRS using the Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, page 54 / 88 45 / 55 second resource / configuration of SRSp.

[0123] According to some embodiments, a time window can be used to track changes in LOS indicators. In one example, the WTRU can be configured with a network-wide time window to check the LOS indicator associated with a PRS or TRP. While the window is active (e.g., activated by a MAC-CE command), the WTRU can receive periodic PRSs. Based on the measurements made on the received PRSs, the WTRU can determine the LOS indicator per PRS. The WTRU can transmit configured SRSp(s) for verification during the configured time window. The WTRU can report the determined LOS flags and transmit the configured SRSp(s) until the window is closed or deactivated.In one example, the time window can be characterized by the start time (e.g., expressed in terms of absolute time, relative time with respect to a specified or configured reference time), end time, and / or duration (e.g., expressed in terms of seconds, number of slots, number of frames, number of subframes, number of symbols).

[0124] The SRSp transmission behavior of certain exemplary realizations will now be described. In one example, the WTRU may receive configurations associating a PRS and an SRS. The WTRU may receive a table associating a PRS resource ID and more than one SRSp resource ID. In another example, the WTRU may receive a table associating more than one PRS resource ID and one SRSp resource ID. The WTRU may determine to transmit SRSp(s) associated with the PRS if the WTRU determines to check the LOS flag associated with the received PRS. If there is more than one SRSp associated with the PRS, the WTRU may be configured to determine the transmission order according to a configured rule (e.g., transmit from the SRSp with the lowest SRSp resource ID). Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 55 / 88 46 / 55

[0125] In another example, the WTRU may receive configurations associating a TRP and SRS(s). The WTRU may receive a table associating a TRP ID (e.g., PRS ID) and more than one SRSp resource ID. If the WTRU determines to check the LOS flag associated with the TRP, the WTRU may determine to transmit the SRSp(s) associated with the TRP.

[0126] In the examples described here, the WTRU may receive an indication that indicates the PRS resource ID to refer to the PRS. The WTRU may receive settings (e.g., replay factors) for the configured PRSs and SRSps.

[0127] For one implementation, the WTRU can determine to transmit the SRSp(s) based on the SRSp resource ID(s) indicated in a semistatic message (e.g., LPP, RRC) received from the network. In another example, the WTRU can be configured with a Tx direction specifying a direction in which the indicated SRSp should be transmitted. The Tx direction can be indicated by referring to another UL RS (e.g., SRS, DMRS, Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS), DL RS (e.g., CSI-RS, PTRS, TRS, DMRS, PRS) or angle (e.g., the angle is defined relative to geographic North).

[0128] In one example, the WTRU may receive a time window or limit during which the WTRU is expected to transmit SRSp(s) associated with the SRSp resource ID(s) indicated in a semistatic message (e.g., LPP, RRC). The time window may begin when the WTRU receives the PRS associated with the time window, and the duration of the time window may be expressed in terms of the number of symbols, slots, frames, subframes, etc.

[0129] Referring to FIG. 7, an illustrative diagram 700 is shown, in which the WTRU can be configured to transmit N spatially adjacent SRSps to the referenced direction and / or reference RS (e.g., SRSp, PRS). For example, the WTRU can be configured with a reference RS, such as the Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 56 / 88 47 / 55 resource of SRSp #3. The WTRU can be configured to transmit N=2 SRSp that are spatially adjacent to SRS#3. FIG. 7 shows that the WTRU is configured with the reference SRS#3 (center) and the SRSs that are adjacent to the reference SRS are SRS#2 and SRS#4. The WTRU can receive resource IDs from SRS associated with SRS #2, SRS #3, and SRS #4.

[0130] In one embodiment, the WTRU may determine to transmit the SRSp in the Rx direction from which the WTRU received a PRS. In this case, the WTRU may report an expected Rx direction range, from the TRP's perspective, to the TRP before transmitting the SRSp. In another example, the WTRU may be configured to transmit an SRS associated with the PRS after receiving the PRS. In one example, the WTRU may determine to transmit an SRS after receiving the PRS, where the SRS resource ID is associated with the received PRS resource ID. The WTRU may be configured with a set of PRS reception and SRSp transmission configurations, where each set includes both PRS and SRSp configurations (e.g., PRS resource ID, SRSp resource ID).

[0131] The WTRU can be configured to transmit SRSp after the WTRU receives PRS in the set. The WTRU can be configured with more than one set of PRS reception and SRSp transmission configurations. Referring to FIG. 8, an exemplary 800 diagram is shown, in which the WTRU is configured with three sets of PRS reception and SRSp transmission configurations. In the first set, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS #1 and transmit SRS #1, where the WTRU receives from the network resource ID associated with PRS #1 and SRS #1. In the second set, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS#2 and transmit SRS#2. In the third set, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS#3 and transmit SRS#3. In the 800 example, it is assumed that each SRS or PRS corresponds to a different Tx direction.

[0132] In one example, the WTRU can be configured with a set of Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 57 / 88 48 / 55 PRS reception and SRSp transmission, where the PRS resource and the SRSp resource are associated in the configuration. For example 800 of FIG. 8, the WTRU can receive a configuration or indication, in which PRS#1 and SRS#1 are associated (for example, the PRS #1 resource and the SRS #1 resource are associated), PRS#2 and SRS#2 are associated, and PRS#3 and SRS#3 are associated.

[0133] For one embodiment, the WTRU can be configured with more than one set of PRS reception and SRSp transmission, wherein, in each set, different SRSp resource IDs are configured with the same PRS resource ID. For example 800 of FIG. 8, in the first set, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS#1 and transmit SRS#1. In the second set, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS#2 and transmit SRS#2. Finally, in the third set, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS#3 and transmit SRS#3. In a different example, in the first set, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS#1 and transmit SRS#1. In the second set, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS#2 and transmit SRS#1. Finally, in the third set, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS#3 and transmit SRS#1.

[0134] Referring to FIG. 9, an exemplary 900 network diagram is shown for embodiments of SRS transmission after receiving a set of PRSs during a window. In one example, the WTRU can be configured to transmit a set of SRSs after receiving a set of PRSs from the network. In the example illustrated in FIG. 9, the WTRU is configured to receive PRS#1, PRS#2, and PRS#3 and perform measurements on each PRS. After the WTRU receives the configured PRSs, the WTRU is configured to transmit SRS#1, SRS#2, and SRS#3. After the WTRU transmits SRS#3, the WTRU returns measurements and determines LOS indicators.

[0135] In the examples mentioned, on each occasion of transmission (by Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 58 / 88 49 / 55 For example, when the WTRU transmits SRS#1), the WTRU can be configured with a repetition factor (N), where the WTRU is expected to transmit an SRS N number of times. For example, if an SRS transmission consists of 12 symbols in one slot and the WTRU is configured with a repetition factor N=4, the WTRU can transmit a 12-symbol SRS in 4 slots, where each slot contains the 12-symbol SRS.

[0136] In one example, the WTRU may be configured, or requested, by the network, to transmit SRSp configured within the range of transmission or reception angles (e.g., from the WTRU's perspective or the TRP's perspective, as illustrated in FIG. 5 and discussed earlier). In another example, the WTRU may transmit SRSp(s) configured at angle(s) requested or configured by the network. The WTRU may determine which SRSp to transmit based on a spatial relationship of the SRSp with the DL-RS (e.g., CSI-RS or PRS) or UL-RS (e.g., SRS, SRSp, PTRS, DMRS). Based on the spatial relationship, the WTRU may determine whether the transmission angles of the SRSp are within the configured range of angles. If there is more than one SRsp to be transmitted, WTRU can determine the transmission order of the SRsp based on the SRsp resource IDs associated with the SRsps (for example, transmitting each SRsp starting with the lowest ID and ending with the highest ID).The WTRU can be configured with the maximum number (e.g., N) of SRSps to be transmitted. The WTRU can determine prioritization of SRSp transmissions along angles, where the angles are associated with the highest N LOS indicators.

[0137] In some embodiments, if the WTRU is configured to report a LOS indicator within the angle range or specific angle(s), the WTRU may determine to transmit an SRSp along the angle(s) that the WTRU has determined LOS indicators. The WTRU may determine to transmit SRSp(s) along the angle(s) if the difference between the transmission angle and the angle that Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 59 / 88 50 / 55 is associated with the LOS indicator being within the limit.

[0138] Moving on to FIG. 10, a diagram 1000 shows examples of spatial relationships between SRS and CSI-RSs. In the example diagram 1000, SRS#1 and CSI-RS#1 are spatially related because their transmission directions are spatially aligned. However, SRS#1 and CSI-RS#2 are not spatially related because their transmission directions are not spatially aligned.

[0139] In some embodiments, RSs may have spatial relationship information, for example, more than one SRSp may be spatially related to a PRS. This may be due to a different beamwidth of the DL or UL transmission. If more than one WTRU can be spatially related to a PRS and the WTRU determines to transmit SRSps to check the LOS indicator associated with the PRS (for example, the LOS indicator generated by the WTRU or the network is below the configured threshold), the WTRU may determine to transmit SRSps in a configured order (for example, start transmitting SRSps with the lowest feature index or ID).

[0140] Referring to FIG. 11, a spatial diagram 1100 is shown with two examples 1110, 1120 of spatially related RSs. In the left subfigure 1110, PRS#2 is spatially related to SRS#1 and SRS#2, both of which have a relatively larger beamwidth compared to the PRS#2 beamwidth. In the right subfigure 1120 of FIG. 11, PRS#2 is spatially related to SRS#1 and SRS#2, both of which have a relatively narrower beamwidth compared to the PRS#2 beamwidth. If the WTRU determines to check the LOS indicator that the WTRU generated for PRS#2, the WTRU may determine to transmit SRSps in order from the lowest SRSp feature index to the highest SRSp feature index, for example, the WTRU transmits SRS#1 first and then SRS#2. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 60 / 88 51 / 55

[0141] Examples of failure cases in the verification procedure are described below. In one example, the WTRU may be unable to receive a PRS and / or process measurements according to the lower prioritization of receiving PRSs (e.g., the WTRU determines instead to receive on the PDSCH, which is associated with a higher priority than receiving / measuring PRSs) after the WTRU accepts the request to verify the LOS indicator sent over the network. In another example, the WTRU may be unable to transmit an SRSp due to a lower prioritization of verifying the LOS indicator using SRSp (e.g., the WTRU determines to transmit on the uplink physical control channel (PUCCH), which is associated with a higher priority than transmitting SRSps) after the WTRU accepts the request to verify the LOS indicator.

[0142] Referring to FIG. 12, network diagram 1200 shows an exemplary realization of a potential LOS indicator check failure case. As shown in diagram 1200, a WTRU is configured to transmit an SRSp 1205 within a specific time window 1210. If, for example, the WTRU cannot transmit the SRSp 1205 within a specified / configured time limit 1210, for example, a time limit from which the WTRU received a PRS, a LOS indicator check failure may occur. The inability to transmit the SRSp 1205 within a given time 1210 may be due to several reasons, including a lower prioritization of the SRSp transmission than other operations. For example, the WTRU may determine to transmit on PUCCH during the time window, which has a higher priority than transmitting the SRSp. An example of the time limit, or 1210 window, for transmitting a given SRsp is shown in FIG.12, in which the WTRU is configured with a time limit (T) (e.g., T-seconds, T-symbols, T-subframes, T-slots) in which it transmits a verification SRsp 1205. While FIG. 12 shows the transmission of SRsp 1205 within the window (T) 1210. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 61 / 88 52 / 55 If the WTRU cannot transmit SRSp 1205 within the T 1210 time limit, the WTRU will declare a failure in the verification procedure.

[0143] In several instances, the WTRU may determine that the duration of the LOS indicator verification procedure exceeds a time limit or window due to a delay in receiving a PRS or a delay in transmitting an SRS. In another instance, the WTRU may be unable to transmit an SRSp within the time limit or window from receiving the PRS due to a failure to acquire UL resources for transmitting the SRSp. If the WTRU is unable to complete one or more LOS indicator verification procedures, the WTRU may report to the LMF (or other relevant function or node) that the WTRU cannot complete the LOS indicator verification procedure. In some embodiments, the LOS indicator verification procedure may be retried if it has previously failed, been terminated, or canceled.

[0144] The contents relating to various embodiments will now be described. According to some embodiments, the WTRU determines to report measurements (e.g., RSTD) associated with a determined LOS indicator for the network. The WTRU can perform measurements and determine a LOS indicator for each configured PRS. For example, the WTRU can perform measurements on each configured PRS and determine a LOS indicator for the target TRP. According to one embodiment, if the WTRU is configured with more than one set of PRS reception and SRSp transmission configurations, and the WTRU is configured or required to report the LOS indicator for each PRS, the WTRU can determine to report the measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, RSRPP) and a LOS indicator associated with the received PRS for the network, after or before the WTRU transmits the SRSp for each set for LOS indicator verification.In one example, WTRU might include a timestamp in the report, where the timestamp can be expressed in terms of absolute time. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 62 / 88 53 / 55 Relative time in relation to a specified or configured reference time, SFN, frame index, symbol index, slot index and / or subframe index.

[0145] In another example, if the WTRU is configured with more than one set of PRS reception and SRSp transmission configurations and the WTRU is configured or requested to report the LOS indicator for a given TRP, the WTRU may report the measurements and / or a given LOS indicator associated with the given TRP after the last configured set of PRS reception and SRSp transmission (for example, in the example in FIG. 8, discussed earlier, the WTRU reports the measurements and / or LOS indicator for the target TRP only after the WTRU has received PRS#3 and transmitted SRS#3).

[0146] In certain embodiments, the WTRU may indicate a LOS check status (e.g., hard or soft indicator) implicitly. For example, the WTRU may be configured with SRS parameters (e.g., SRS sequence or SRS sequence ID) or configuration that the WTRU should use for a LOS or NLOS indicator.

[0147] Referring to FIG. 13, a method 1300 of verifying LOS indicators for positioning information according to an exemplary embodiment is shown. The method 1300 can generally begin by configuring 1305 the WTRU, i.e., the WTRU receives configuration information, with PRS and SRS settings by the LMF (or other similar function or node). The WTRU is also configured 1305 with PRS and SRS features by the LMF. The WTRU receives 1310 a PRS transmitted by a TRP and a departure angle (AoD) of the transmitted PRS is indicated to the WTRU. The PRS is received 1310 by the WTRU at an arrival angle (AoA). For example, when WTRU receives a request to check the LOS indicator for the configured target TRP, WTRU receives a transmission direction (Tx) from AoD to transmit a subsequent SRsp with network-indicated resources. WTRU performs measurements on Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 63 / 88 54 / 55 The received PRS includes the AoA and determines a LOS indicator for the target TRP. If the difference between the indicated AoD of the PRS and the measured AoA of the PRS is greater than the threshold, the WTRU transmits an SRSp at the indicated AoD. If the difference is less than the threshold, the WTRU may or may not transmit the SRSp at the measured angle of arrival of the PRS. This determination can help reduce errors arising from PRS reflections. In various embodiments, the WTRU may report measurements (e.g., RSRP), the WTRU location, and the determined LOS indicator (based on the received PRS) to the network.

[0148] Referring to FIG. 14, according to another method 1400, the WTRU can be configured 1405 by the LMF, or another network node / function, with PRS and SRS configurations similar to previous embodiments. In this embodiment, a target TRP, a LOS indicator limit, and a time limit (e.g., N slots) can be included in the configuration information. The WTRU is also configured 1405 with PRS and SRS capabilities by the LMF / network node.

[0149] The WTRU receives a request to verify the LOS indicator for the configured target TRP. In certain embodiments, the WTRU may send a message to the network accepting the request or confirming the request to verify the LOS indicator. The WTRU receives an SRS resource ID and, upon receiving a PRS, will perform measurements on the PRS and determine the LOS indicator for the target TRP. In this embodiment, if the determined LOS indicator is less than the configured limit and if the WTRU can transmit the SRSp within the configured time limit from receiving the PRS, the WTRU will transmit the SRSp associated with the indicated SRS resource ID.

[0150] If 1425 the LOS indicator is less than the limit, but 1430 the WTRU cannot transmit the SRsp within the time limit, the WTRU may Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 64 / 88 55 / 55 report 1440 to LMF that the verification procedure cannot be completed. In some embodiments, if 1425 the LOS indicator determined or measured by the WTRU is above the threshold, transmission of the SRSp may not be necessary or desired. In several embodiments, the WTRU may report 1450 measurements (e.g., RSRP), the WTRU location, and / or the LOS indicator determined (based on the received PRS) associated with the target TRP to the network. It is considered that the embodiments disclosed here may combine steps or features of other embodiments, perform steps in any order, or omit features or steps.

[0151] Although the features and elements are described above in specific combinations, a person skilled in the art will recognize that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embedded in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted by wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media.Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROMs and digital versatile discs (DVDs). A processor in conjunction with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pages 65 / 88

Claims

1 / 4 CLAIMS 1. Method for a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) CHARACTERIZED by comprising: receiving, from a network, configuration information for line-of-sight (LOS) indicator verification, including positioning reference signal (PRS) and positioning probe reference signal (SRSp) settings, a threshold and an associated time window; receiving, from the network, a request to verify a LOS indicator and an SRS resource ID associated with the SRSp setting; receiving, from a target transmit / receive point (TRP), a PRS associated with the PRS setting; measuring one or more PRS characteristics and determining an associated LOS indicator; comparing the associated LOS indicator to the configured threshold and determining that the associated LOS indicator is below the configured threshold;and transmit a reference sounding signal for positioning (SRSp) associated with the SRS resource ID within the configured associated time window from the PRS reception, in response to the determination that the associated LOS indicator is below the configured threshold.

2. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by further comprising: reporting to the network one or more measured characteristics and the associated LOS indicator.

3. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by further comprising: reporting to the network that a LOS verification procedure cannot be completed when the SRsp cannot be transmitted within the associated configured time window.

4. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by, if the difference between an indicated departure angle (AoD) from the PRS and a measured arrival angle (AoA) from the PRS is greater than a configured angle limit, the SRSp will be transmitted in a direction of an indicated SRSp AoD in the request to verify the LOS indicator.

5. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED in that, if the difference between an indicated departure angle (AoD) of the PRS and a measured arrival angle (AoA) of the PRS is less than an angle limit, the SRSp will be transmitted in a direction of the AoA measured from the PRS.

6. Method according to claim 2, CHARACTERIZED in that the associated reported LOS indicator comprises a hard or soft indicator.

7. Method, according to claim 2, CHARACTERIZED by the report including measurements of the received PRS, a WTRU location and the determined LOS indicator.

8. Method, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by further comprising: using one or more verified LOS indicators to train an artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model.

9. Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) CHARACTERIZED by comprising: a transceiver and a processor communicatively coupled with the transceiver, the transceiver and the processor configured to: receive, from a network, configuration information for line-of-sight indicator (LOS) verification, including positioning reference signal (PRS) and positioning sounding reference signal (SRSp) settings, a threshold and an associated time window; Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p.85 / 88 3 / 4 receive, from the network, a request to verify a LOS indicator and an SRS resource ID associated with the SRSp configuration; receive, from a target transmit / receive point (TRP), a PRS associated with the PRS configuration; measure one or more PRS characteristics and determine an associated LOS indicator; compare the associated LOS indicator to the configured threshold and determine that the associated LOS indicator is below the configured threshold; and transmit a positioning sounding reference signal (SRSp) associated with the SRS resource ID within the associated configured time window from receiving the PRS, in response to the determination that the associated LOS flag is below the configured threshold.

10. WTRU, according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED in that the processor and transceiver are further configured to: report to the network one or more measured characteristics and the associated LOS indicator.

11. WTRU, according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED in that the processor and transceiver are further configured to: report to the network that a LOS verification procedure cannot be completed when the SRsp cannot be transmitted within the associated configured time window.

12. WTRU, according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by, if the difference between an indicated departure angle (AoD) from the PRS and a measured arrival angle (AoA) from the PRS is greater than a configured angle limit, the SRSp will be transmitted in a direction of an indicated SRSp AoD in the request to verify the LOS indicator. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, p. 86 / 88 4 / 4 13. WTRU, according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED in that, if the difference between an indicated departure angle (AoD) of the PRS and a measured arrival angle (AoA) of the PRS is less than an angle limit, the SRSp will be transmitted in a direction of the AoA measured from the PRS.

14. WTRU, according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that the reported LOS indicator comprises a hard or soft indicator.

15. WTRU, according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED in that the report includes measurements of the received PRS, a WTRU location, and the determined LOS indicator.

16. WTRU, according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by further comprising: using one or more verified LOS indicators to train an artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model. Petition 870250087669, dated 09 / 26 / 2025, pp. 87 / 88

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