Initialization of context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding for gradual decoder update images

Description

1 / 29 INITIALIZATION OF CONTEXT-ADAPTIVE BINARY ARITHMETIC CODING FOR GRADUAL DECODER UPDATE IMAGES TECHNICAL FIELD:

[0001] The teachings according to the exemplary embodiments of this invention generally relate to novel Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding Initialization operations and, more specifically, relate to novel Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding Initialization operations in which, after encoding GDR images, CABAC states of the encoded GDR images can be stored and inherited by other inter images. BACKGROUND:

[0002] This section is intended to provide background or context for the invention, which is cited in the claims. The description in this document may include concepts that may be pursued, but are not necessarily those that were previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated in this document, what is described in this section is not prior art to the description and claims in this application and is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.

[0003] Certain abbreviations that may be found in the description and / or in the Figures are defined in this document as follows: CABAC context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding CRA clean random access ECM enhanced compression module GDR gradual decoder refresh IDR instant decoder refresh IRAP intra random access point

[0004] CABAC (Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding) is a form of entropy-based coding for data compression. The mechanism of Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 11 / 148 2 / 29 CABAC maintains a set of context model tables that represent the probability of a particular symbol occurring given the context of previously encoded symbols, and updates the probability estimates in the context model tables after each symbol is encoded. CABAC has been used in video coding standards such as AVC (H.264) / HEVC (H.265) / VVC (H.266). In AVC / HEVC / VVC [1], CABAC initialization is invoked for each input image, regardless of whether it is an intra or inter image.

[0005] The exemplary embodiments of this invention provide improved operations for at least CABAC initialization. SUMMARY:

[0006] This section contains examples of possible implementations and is not intended to be exhaustive.

[0007] In another exemplary aspect of the invention, there is an apparatus, such as a communication network apparatus like a UE or gNB or other network device, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one non-transient memory that stores instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, causes the apparatus to at least: identify a Gradual Decoder Update (GDR) image within a Gradual Decoder Update period of an image sequence, wherein the Gradual Decoder Update image is a first image within the Gradual Decoder Update period of the image sequence, and perform context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding initialization to determine at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state;and use at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state for one of the gradual decoder update image encoding or decoding.

[0008] In yet another exemplary aspect of the invention, there is a method comprising: identifying a Gradual Decoder Update (GDR) image within a Gradual Decoder Update period of an image sequence, wherein the Gradual Decoder Update image Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 12 / 148 3 / 29 gradual is a first image within the gradual decoder update period of the image sequence, and perform context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding initialization to determine at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state; and use at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state for encoding or decoding the gradual decoder update image.

[0009] A further exemplary embodiment is an apparatus and a method comprising the apparatus and method of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the gradual decoder update image is an inter-image, wherein other images within a gradual decoder update period of the image sequence comprise the gradual decoder update (GDR) image and a plurality of associated recovery images, wherein a sequence-level flag may indicate whether inter-images are allowed to inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding states from previously encoded inter-images, wherein context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding is coding for data compression, wherein, based on the sequence-level flag indication, inter-images may inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding states from past encoded inter-images,wherein the gradual decoder update images will not inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states from any passed intercoded image independently of a sequence-level flag indication, wherein the gradual decoder update images use context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states initialized independently of a sequence-level flag, wherein after an encoding or decoding of the gradual decoder update image, store or update at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state, where there is storage or update of at least one encoding state, Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 13 / 148 4 / 29 context-adaptive binary arithmetic of the gradual decoder update image, wherein the storage or updating of at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state is performed after the gradual decoder update image encoding, wherein the gradual decoder update image is at least one of a type B image or type P image, wherein a separate table of context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states is maintained for each inter-type B image or inter-type P image, wherein the image sequence comprises at least one of a gradual decoder update image, a recovery image, or an intra-random access point image, wherein each of at least one entry in the separate table of context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states is associated with a unique pair of a temporal identifier and a quantization parameter,wherein the separate context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table comprises at least one entry, wherein a separate context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table is maintained for each image of more than one image, wherein each of the at least one state entry is associated with a unique pair of a temporal identifier and a quantization parameter, wherein the at least one entry is sorted first by temporal identifier and then by quantization parameter, wherein, after an inter-image with a temporal identifier and a quantization parameter is encoded, if no entry with the same temporal identifier and the same quantization parameter is found in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table, CABAC states of the inter-encoded image then override,A first entry in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table, where entries in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table are then sorted by temporal identification and quantization parameter, where if no state entry has the same, Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 14 / 148 5 / 29 If a temporal identifier and a quantization parameter are found in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table, at least one state entry then replaces a first stored state entry with a temporal identifier and quantization parameter from the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table, wherein at least one state entry is classified in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table according to the equations: Tid(m) < Tid(m+1), m=0,1,... and then by Qp(m) < Qp(m+1), m=0,1,...where Tid is a temporal identifier and Qp is a quantization parameter, where is an integer representing a number of state inputs, where there is based on encoding to perform enhanced compression using an enhanced compression module on more than one image, where encoding is an encoding or decoding of more than one image, where based on the initial encoding in the gradual decoder update inter image, a gradual decoder update inter image inherits context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states from previously encoded inter images, where encoding and decoding are synchronized to produce the same reconstructed random access point intra image to be used as a reference for at least one image after the gradual decoder update image.

[0010] A non-transient, computer-readable medium that stores program code, wherein the program code is executed by at least one processor to perform at least the method as described in the paragraphs above.

[0011] In yet another exemplary aspect of the invention, there is an apparatus comprising: means for identifying a gradual decoder refresh image of a sequence of images during a gradual decoder refresh period, wherein the gradual decoder refresh image is a first image within the gradual decoder refresh period of the sequence of images, and means for performing the Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 15 / 148 6 / 29 context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding initialization to determine at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state; and means to use at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state for a gradual decoder update image encoding or decoding.

[0012] According to the exemplary embodiments as described in the paragraph above, at least the means for encoding, invocation and use comprise a network interface and computer program code stored on a computer-readable medium and executed by at least one processor.

[0013] A communication system comprising the network-side device and the user-side device that performs operations as described above. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:

[0014] The aforementioned and other aspects, features and benefits of various embodiments of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which reference signs are used to designate similar or equivalent elements. The drawings are illustrated to facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments of the disclosure and are not necessarily drawn to scale, wherein:

[0015] FIG. 1 shows that a CABAC initialization is invoked for each image regardless of whether it is an intra or inter image;

[0016] FIG. 2 shows that inter images are allowed to inherit CABAC states from previously encoded inter images;

[0017] FIG. 3 shows that CABAC initialization still needs to be performed for GDR images;

[0018] FIG. 4 shows a table of CABAC states for M inputs;

[0019] FIG. 5 shows a high-level block diagram of various devices used in carrying out various aspects of the invention; and Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, p. 16 / 148 7 / 29

[0020] FIG. 6 shows a method according to exemplary embodiments of the invention that can be performed by an apparatus. DETAILED DESCRIPTION:

[0021] In exemplary embodiments of this invention, at least one method and apparatus are proposed for novel Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding Initialization operations for GDR images, wherein, after encoding GDR images, CABAC states of the encoded GDR images can be stored and inherited by other inter images.

[0022] As similarly stated above, the CABAC mechanism maintains a set of context model tables that represent the probability of a particular symbol occurring given the context of previously encoded symbols, and updates the probability estimates in the context model tables after each symbol is encoded. CABAC initialization is invoked for each input image, regardless of whether it is an intra- or inter-image.

[0023] FIG. 1 shows an example in low-latency configuration, where the image output order is the same as the image encoding order.

[0024] As shown in step 110 of FIG. 1, CABAC initialization is invoked for an Inter (n-2) Image. As shown in step 120 of FIG. 1, CABAC initialization is invoked for an Inter (n-1) Image. As shown in step 130 of FIG. 1, CABAC initialization is invoked for an IRAP (n) Image. Also as shown in step 140 of FIG. 1, CABAC initialization is invoked for an Inter (n+1) Image. Then, as shown in step 150 of FIG. 1, CABAC initialization is invoked for an Inter (n+2) Image.

[0025] As shown in FIG. 1, the initialization process typically involves defining the initial probability estimates for each symbol in each context model table, the initial values ​​of some parameters using probability adaptation, the initial arithmetic encoding range, etc. From the CABAC perspective, the analysis of encoded images can be Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 17 / 148 8 / 29 conducted independently.

[0026] Intra images are stand-alone images that are decoded without relying on any other images. In VVC, IRAP (Intra Random Access Point) images are intra-encoded images, which include CRA (Clean Random Access) images and IDR (Instantaneous Decoding Update) images.

[0027] An inter image is an image that uses inter prediction in its decoding process. For example, in Fig. 1, the inter image (n+2) can temporally refer to the IRAP image (n) and the inter image (n+1). The inter image can be a B-image or a P-image. In B-images, an inter CU can refer to two reference lists, and in P-images, an inter CU can refer to only one reference list. A reference list is a list of previously encoded images that are used as references for future images.

[0028] ECM (Enhanced Compression Model) is a potential new video coding standard, currently under development sponsored by JVET. ECM allows inter-images to inherit CABAC states from previously inter-coded images. This, however, may cause problems for GDR applications.

[0029] An exemplary embodiment of this invention provides that CABAC initialization is invoked for GDR images.

[0030] ECM (Enhanced Compression Model) is a potential new video coding standard, currently under development sponsored by JVET. In ECM, CABAC is also used to compress coding information, such as coding modes, motion information, changes in quantization parameters, residuals, etc.

[0031] In order to improve encoding performance, ECM allows an inter-image to inherit CABAC states from a previously inter-image encoded with the same image type, temporal ID, and quantization parameter. Therefore, in ECM, CABAC states of inter-encoded images can be stored in the CABAC states table and Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 18 / 148 9 / 29 inherited by inter-subsequently encoded images.

[0032] FIG. 2 shows an example in a low latency configuration.

[0033] As shown in step 210 of FIG. 2, the Inter Image (n-2) uses the CABAC states inherited from the previously encoded inter image, and after the Inter Image (n-2) is encoded, its CABAC states are stored. As shown in step 220 of FIG. 2, the Inter Image (n-1) uses the CABAC states inherited from the Inter Image (n-1), and after the Inter Image (n-1) is encoded, its CABAC states are stored. As can be seen in FIG. 2, steps 210 and 220 are conjoined. As shown in step 230 of FIG. 2, CABAC initialization is invoked for an IRAP Image (n). As shown in step 240 of FIG. 2, the CABAC initialization is invoked for the Inter Image (n+1), and after the Inter Image (n+1) is encoded, its CABAC states are stored. As shown in step 250 of FIG.2, the Inter Image (n+2) uses the CABAC states inherited from the Inter Image (n+1), and after the Inter Image (n+1) is encoded, its CABAC states are stored for future inter images. As can be seen in FIG. 2, steps 240 and 250 are combined.

[0034] Note that, as can be seen from FIG. 2, the ECM still invokes CABAC initialization for IRAP images, including CABAC state table clearing and resetting the initial probability estimates for each symbol in each model table, the initial values ​​of some parameters used in probability adaptation, the initial arithmetic encoding range, etc.

[0035] Before describing the exemplary embodiments as disclosed in this document in detail, reference is made to FIG. 5 to illustrate a simplified block diagram of various electronic devices that are suitable for use in the practice of the exemplary embodiments of this invention.

[0036] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a possible exemplary and non-limiting system in which the exemplary modalities can Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 19 / 148 10 / 29 to be practiced. In FIG. 5, a user equipment (UE) 10 is in wireless communication with a wireless network 1 or network, 1 as in FIG. 5. The wireless network 1 or network 1 as in FIG. 5 may comprise a communication network such as a mobile network, for example, mobile network 1 or first mobile network as disclosed herein. Any reference herein to a wireless network 1 as in FIG. 5 may be understood as a reference to any wireless network as disclosed herein. Furthermore, the wireless network 1 as in FIG. 5 may also comprise wired resources as may be required by a communication network. A UE is a typically wireless mobile device that can access a wireless network. The UE, for example, may be a mobile phone (or so-called cell phone) and / or a computer with a mobile terminal function.For example, the UE or mobile terminal can also be a portable, pocket-sized, handheld, computer-embedded, or vehicle-mounted mobile device that performs language signaling and / or data exchange with the RAN.

[0037] The UE 10 includes one or more DP 10A processors, one or more MEM 10B memories, and one or more TRANS 10D transceivers interconnected via one or more buses. Each of the one or more TRANS 10D transceivers includes a receiver and a transmitter. The one or more buses may be address, data, or control buses, and may include any interconnection mechanism, such as a series of lines on a motherboard or integrated circuit, optical fiber or other optical communication equipment, and the like. The one or more TRANS 10D transceivers may optionally be connected to one or more antennas for communication with NN 12. The one or more MEM 10B memories include PROG 10C computer program code. The UE 10 communicates with NN 12 via a wireless link 11 or 16.

[0038] NN 12 (NR / 5G Node B, an evolved NB or LTE device) is a network node such as a secondary master node base station (e.g., for NR or long-term LTE evolution) that communicates with devices such as UE. Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, p. 20 / 148 Figure 5, 11 / 29. The NN 12 provides wireless devices such as the UE 10 with access to wireless network 1. The NN 12 includes one or more DP 12A processors, one or more MEM 12B memories, and one or more TRANS 12D transceivers interconnected via one or more buses. According to the exemplary embodiments, these TRANS 12D may include X2 and / or Xn interfaces for use in realizing the exemplary embodiments. Each of the one or more TRANS 12D transceivers includes a receiver and a transmitter. One or more TRANS 12D transceivers may optionally be connected to one or more antennas for communication via at least link 11 with UE 10. One or more MEM 12B memories and the PROG 12C computer program code are configured to enable the NN 12, along with one or more DP 12A processors, to perform one or more of the operations described in this document. The NN 12 may communicate with another gNB or eNB via link 16.Furthermore, link 11, link 16 and / or any other link may be wired or wireless or both and may implement, for example, an X2 or Xn interface. Additionally, link 11 and / or link 16 may be through other network devices such as, but not limited to, an MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF device 14 as in FIG. 5. NN 12 may perform functionalities of an MME (Mobility Management Entity) or SGW (Service Gateway), such as a User Plane Functionality and / or an Access Management functionality for LTE and similar functionality for 5G.

[0039] The LMF 13 (an NR / 5G, evolved NB, or LTE device) is a network device including a location management function device (e.g., for NR or long-term LTE evolution) that communicates with devices such as the NN 12 and UE 10 of FIG. 5. The LMF 13 may be associated with a mobility function device such as an AMF or SMF; additionally, the LMF 13 may communicate with devices such as the NN 12 and / or UE 10 and / or wireless network 1. The LMF 13 includes one or more DP 13A processors, one or more MEM 13B memories, one or more Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, p. 21 / 148 12 / 29 network interfaces and one or more TRANS 13D transceivers interconnected via one or more buses. According to the exemplary embodiments, these LMF 13 network interfaces may include X2 and / or Xn interfaces for use in carrying out the exemplary embodiments. Each of the one or more TRANS 13D transceivers includes a receiver and a transmitter that may optionally be connected to one or more antennas. One or more MEM 13B memories include PROG 13C computer program code. For example, one or more MEM 13B memories and the PROG 13C computer program code are configured to cause the LMF 13, with one or more DP 13A processors, to perform one or more of the operations as described in this document. The LMF 13 can communicate with another mobility function device and / or eNB such as the NN 12 and the UE 10 or any other device or the NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 using, for example, link 11 or link 16 or another link.Link 16, as shown in FIG. 5, can be used for communication between NN12 and NN13. These links can be wired or wireless, or both, and can implement, for example, an X2 or Xn interface. Furthermore, as stated above, link 11 and / or link 16 can be accessed through other network devices such as, but not limited to, an NCE / MME / SGW device like an MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 from FIG. 5.

[0040] The NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 device is a network device that provides NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF and / or SMF services (e.g., for NR or LTE long-term evolution) and communicates with devices such as LMF 13, NN 12, and UE 10 in FIG. 5. The NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 can be associated with a mobility function device such as an AMF or SMF, additionally the NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 can communicate with devices such as NN 12 and / or UE 10 and / or wireless network 1. NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 includes one or more DP 14A processors, one or more MEM 14B memories, one or more network interfaces, and a Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, p. 22 / 148 13 / 29 or more TRANS 14D transceivers interconnected via one or more buses. According to the exemplary embodiments, these NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 network interfaces may include X2 and / or Xn interfaces for use in carrying out the exemplary embodiments. Each of the one or more TRANS 14D transceivers includes a receiver and a transmitter that may optionally be connected to one or more antennas. One or more MEM 14B memories include PROG 14C computer program code. For example, one or more MEM 14B memories and the PROG 14C computer program code are configured to make the NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14, together with one or more DP 14A processors, perform one or more of the operations as described in this document. The NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 can communicate with another mobility function device and / or eNB such as NN 12 and UE 10 or any other device or NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 using, for example, link 11 or link 16 or another link. Link 16 as shown in FIG. 5 can be used for communication between NN12 and NN13. These links can be wired or wireless or both and can implement, for example, an X2 or Xn interface. Furthermore, at least link 16 can be via other network devices such as, but not limited to, UE 10, NN 12 and / or LMF 13 of FIG. 5.

[0041] One or more of the device buses in FIG. 5 may be address, data, or control buses, and may include any interconnection mechanism, such as a series of lines on a motherboard or integrated circuit, optical fiber or other optical communication equipment, wireless channels, and the like. For example, one or more TRANS 12D, TRANS 13D, and / or TRANS 10D transceivers may be implemented as a remote radio head (RRH), with the other elements of the NN 12 being physically located in a different location from the RRH, and these devices may include one or more buses that could be implemented in part as optical fiber cable to connect the other elements of the NN 12 to an RRH. Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 23 / 148 14 / 29

[0042] Note that although FIG. 5 shows a network node as NN 12, this node can incorporate or be incorporated into an eNodeB or eNB or gNB as for LTE and NR, and still be configurable to perform exemplary modes.

[0043] Furthermore, it is noted that the description in this document indicates that “cells” perform functions, but it should be clear that the gNB that forms the cell and / or a user equipment and / or mobility management function device is what will perform the functions. Moreover, the cell is part of a gNB, and there may be multiple cells per gNB.

[0044] Wireless network 1, or any network it may represent, may or may not include an NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 which may include Network Control Element (NCE) functionality, MME (Mobility Management Entity) / SGW (Service Gateway) functionality, and / or Service Gateway (SGW) and / or MME (Mobility Management Entity) and / or SGW (Service Gateway) functionality, and / or User Data Management (UDM) functionality, and / or PCF (Policy Control) functionality, and / or Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) functionality, and / or Session Management Function (SMF) functionality, and / or Location Management Function (LMF) functionality, and / or Authentication Server (AUSF) functionality and which provides connectivity to an additional network, such as a telephone network and / or a data communications network (e.g., the Internet),and is configured to perform any 5G and / or NR operations in addition to or instead of other standard operations at the time of this request. MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 is configurable to perform operations according to exemplary modes in any of LTE, NR, 5G and / or any communication technologies based on standards that are implemented or discussed at the time of this application. Furthermore, it is noted that operations according to exemplary modes, as performed by NN 12 and / or LMF 13, may also be performed in Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 24 / 148 15 / 29 MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14.

[0045] The MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 includes one or more DP 14A processors, one or more MEM 14B memories, and one or more network interfaces (N / WI / F(s)), interconnected through one or more buses coupled to link 13 and / or link 16. According to the exemplary embodiments, these network interfaces may include X2 and / or Xn interfaces for use in realizing the exemplary embodiments. One or more MEM 14B memories include PROG 14C computer program code. One or more MEM14B memories and the PROG 14C computer program code are configured to, with one or more DP 14A processors, enable the NCE / MME / SGW / UDM / PCF / AMF / SMF 14 to perform one or more operations that may be necessary to support operations according to the exemplary embodiments.

[0046] Note that NN 12 and / or LMF 13 and / or UE 10 can be configured (e.g., based on standard implementations, etc.) to perform Location Management Function (LMF) functionality. LMF functionality can be incorporated into any of these network devices or other devices associated with these devices. Furthermore, the functions of an LMF such as LMF 13 can be co-located with UE 10 as well as being separate from NN 12 and / or LMF 13 of FIG. 5 to perform operations according to exemplary embodiments as disclosed herein.

[0047] Wireless Network 1 can implement network virtualization, which is the process of combining hardware and software network resources and network functionality into a single software-based administrative entity, a virtual network. Network virtualization involves platform virtualization, often combined with resource virtualization. Network virtualization is categorized as external, combining many networks, or parts of networks, into a virtual unit, or internal, providing network-like functionality for software containers in a single system. It should be noted that the Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 25 / 148 16 / 29 virtualized entities resulting from network virtualization are still implemented, at some level, using hardware such as DP10, DP12A, DP13A and / or DP14A processors and MEM 10B, MEM 12B, MEM 13B and / or MEM 14B memories, and such virtualized entities also create technical effects.

[0048] Computer-readable memories MEM 10B, MEM 12B, MEM 13B, and MEM 14B may be of any type suitable for the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, flash memory, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory, and removable memory. Computer-readable memories MEM 10B, MEM 12B, MEM 13B, and MEM 14B may be means for performing storage functions. Processors DP10, DP12A, DP13A, and DP14A may be of any type suitable for the local technical environment and may include one or more general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), and multi-core processor architecture-based processors, as non-limiting examples.The DP10, DP12A, DP13A, and DP14A processors can be used to perform functions such as controlling the UE 10, NN 12, LMF 13, and other functions as described in this document.

[0049] In general, the various types of any of these devices may include, but are not limited to, mobile phones such as smartphones, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs) that have wireless communication capabilities, laptops that have wireless communication capabilities, image capture devices such as digital cameras that have wireless communication capabilities, gaming devices that have wireless communication capabilities, music storage and playback devices that have wireless communication capabilities, internet devices that allow wireless internet access and browsing, tablets with wireless communication capabilities, as well as portable units or terminals. Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 26 / 148 17 / 29 which incorporate combinations of such functions.

[0050] In addition, the various forms of any of these devices can be used with a UE vehicle, a High Altitude Platform Station, or any other such node of the type associated with a land network or any drone-type radio or a radio in an aircraft or other aerial vehicle or a vessel that moves on water such as a boat.

[0051] As similarly stated above, exemplary embodiments of the invention provide CABAC initialization to be invoked for GDR images.

[0052] ECM allows an inter image to inherit CABAC states from a previously inter-encoded image with the same image type, temporal ID, and quantization parameter.

[0053] In ECM, CABAC states of inter-encoded images can be stored in the CABAC states table and inherited by subsequently inter-encoded images.

[0054] In ECM, decoding can start on an IRAP image or a GDR image.

[0055] Assuming that decoding starts on an IRAP image. Once CABAC initialization is invoked for the IRAP image in both the encoder and decoder, the encoder and decoder are synchronized and can produce the same reconstructed IRAP image that will be used as a reference for future images.

[0056] GDR images and recovery images [3-6] are inter images and can be either a B-image or a P-image. According to the ECM design, a current inter image can inherit the CABAC states of the previously encoded inter image with the same image type / temporal ID / quantization parameter. There is a sequence-level control flag that specifies whether such inheritance of CABAC states is allowed or not for all inter images within a sequence.

[0057] Therefore, if the sequence level control flag Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, p. 27 / 148 18 / 29 indicate that inter images are allowed to inherit CABAC states from previously encoded inter images; in the encoder, GDR images, like inter images, will inherit CABAC states from previously encoded inter images.

[0058] Assuming that decoding starts on a GDR image. The decoder has no prior knowledge of the history involving the encoding of the GDR image. That is, in the decoder, the CABAC state table may be empty or CABAC states inherited by the GDR image in the encoder may not be available. The encoder and decoder, therefore, may not be synchronized and may not produce the same updated areas in the reconstructed GDR image that will be used as a reference for subsequently encoded inter-images (e.g., the associated recovery images), which will result in leaks or incompatibility in the recovery point image.

[0059] To resolve the above problem, it is proposed that GDR images should not inherit CABAC states from previously encoded inter images, even if the sequence-level control flag indicates that inter images are allowed to inherit CABAC states from previously encoded inter images. Specifically, before encoding GDR images, the CABAC state table should be cleared and CABAC initialization should be invoked in both the encoder and the decoder. After encoding GDR images, CABAC states from the encoded GDR images can be stored and inherited by other inter images, except for GDR images.

[0060] FIG. 3 illustrates the basic idea of ​​the invention in the low-delay configuration, wherein before GDR(n) image encoding, CABAC initialization is invoked and after GDR(n) image encoding, CABAC states of the GDR(n) image are stored and can be inherited by subsequent inter images.

[0061] As shown in step 310 of FIG. 3, the Inter (n-2) Image uses the Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 28 / 148 19 / 29 CABAC states inherited from a previously encoded inter image, and after the Inter Image (n-2) is encoded, its CABAC states are stored. As shown in step 320 of FIG. 3, the Inter Image (n-1) uses the CABAC states inherited from the Inter Image (n-2), and after the Inter Image (n-1) is encoded, its CABAC states are stored. As can be seen in FIG. 2, steps 310 and 320 are conjoined. As shown in step 330 of FIG. 3, CABAC initialization is invoked for the GDR Image (n) (which is also an inter image), and after the GDR Image (n) is encoded, its CABAC states are stored. Then, as shown in step 340 of FIG. 3, the Inter Image (n+1) uses the CABAC states inherited from the GDR Image (n) and after the Inter Image (n+1) is encoded, its CABAC states are stored. As shown in step 350 of FIG.3, the Inter Image (n+2) uses the CABAC states inherited from the Inter Image (n+1), and after the Inter Image (n+2) is encoded, its CABAC states are stored for future inter images. As can be seen in FIG. 2, steps 330, 340 and 350 are combined.

[0062] A separate CABAC state table is maintained for each inter-type B or P image. Fig. 4 shows a CABAC state table of M entries for a given image type.

[0063] As shown in FIG. 4, there are 410 (Tid(M-1), Qp(m-1)); 430 (Tid(2), Qp(2)); 440 (Tid(1), Qp(1)); and 450 (Tid(0), Qp(0)) entries. As can be seen in FIG. 4, entry 420 is left blank.

[0064] Each entry is associated with a unique pair of temporal ID (Tid) and quantization parameter (Qp). The M entries are sorted first by temporal ID as: Tid(m) < Tid(m+1), m=0,1,... (1) and then by quantization parameter as, Qp(m) < Qp(m+1), m=0,1,... (2)

[0065] The CABAC state table can be updated after encoding an inter image, including GDR images. Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 29 / 148 20 / 29

[0066] Assuming an inter-image is newly encoded. Considering Tid and Qp as the temporal ID and quantization parameter of the inter-encoded image. If an entry with the same temporal ID and quantization parameter is found in the CABAC state table, the CABAC states of that entry are replaced by the CABAC states of the inter-encoded image. If no entry with the same temporal ID and quantization parameter is found in the CABAC state table, the CABAC states in the first entry with Tid(0) and Qp(0) move out and the CABAC states of the inter-encoded image move in. And all entries are sorted according to equations (1-2).

[0067] In exemplary embodiments of the invention, inter images, except GDR images, are still permitted to inherit CABAC states from previously encoded inter images, including GDR images. However, GDR images should not inherit CABAC states from previous encoded inter images, despite the fact that GDR images are inter images. Instead, CABAC initialization should be invoked for GDR images. The CABAC states of inter images, including GDR images, are stored in the CABAC state table for future inter images.

[0068] FIG. 6 shows a method according to exemplary embodiments of the invention as disclosed in this document that can be carried out by an apparatus.

[0069] FIG. 6 illustrates operations that can be performed by a network device such as, but not limited to, an NN 12 network node as in FIG. 5 or a network device such as a UE. As shown in step 610, there is identification of a Gradual Decoder Update (GDR) image within a Gradual Decoder Update period of an image sequence. As shown in step 620 of FIG. 6, the Gradual Decoder Update image is a first image within the Gradual Decoder Update period of the image sequence. As shown in step 630 of FIG. 6, there is encoding initialization performed. Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 30 / 148 21 / 29 context-adaptive binary arithmetic to determine at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state. Then, as shown in step 640 of FIG. 6, there is use of at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state for one of the gradual decoder update image encoding or decoding.

[0070] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraph above, where the gradual decoder update image is an inter image.

[0071] According to the exemplary embodiments as described in the paragraphs above, where other images within a gradual decoder update period of the image sequence comprise the gradual decoder update (GDR) image and a plurality of associated recovery images.

[0072] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraphs above, where a sequence-level flag can indicate whether inter-images are allowed to inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding states from previously encoded inter-images, where context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding is coding for data compression.

[0073] According to the exemplary embodiments as described in the paragraphs above, wherein, based on the sequence-level flag indication, inter-images may inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states from past inter-coded images, wherein gradual decoder update images will not inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states from any past inter-coded image regardless of a sequence-level flag indication.

[0074] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraphs above, where gradual decoder update images use context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 31 / 148 22 / 29 initialized independently of a sequence level flag.

[0075] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraphs above, in which after a gradual decoder update image encoding or decoding, store or update at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state.

[0076] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraphs above, where the storage or updating of at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state is performed after the encoding of the gradual decoder update image.

[0077] According to the exemplary embodiments as described in the paragraphs above, where the gradual decoder update image is at least one of a type B image or type P image.

[0078] According to the exemplary embodiments as described in the paragraphs above, where a separate table of context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states is maintained for each type B inter-image or type P inter-image.

[0079] According to the exemplary embodiments as described in the paragraphs above, wherein the image sequence comprises at least one of a gradual decoder update image, a recovery image or an intra random access point image.

[0080] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraphs above, where each of at least one entry in the separate table of context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding states is associated with a unique pair of a temporal identifier and a quantization parameter.

[0081] According to the exemplary embodiments as described in the paragraphs above, wherein the separate table of context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states comprises at least one entry.

[0082] According to the exemplary embodiments as described in the paragraphs above, wherein a separate table of states of Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 32 / 148 23 / 29 context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding is maintained for each image of more than one image.

[0083] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraphs above, where each of at least one state input is associated with a unique pair of a temporal identifier and a quantization parameter.

[0084] According to the illustrative modalities as described in the paragraphs above, in which at least one entry is classified first by temporal identification and then by the quantization parameter.

[0085] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraphs above, wherein, after an inter-image with a temporal identifier and a quantization parameter is encoded, if no entry with the same temporal identifier and the same quantization parameter is found in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table, CABAC states of the inter-encoded image then replace a first entry in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table, wherein entries in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table are then sorted by temporal identifier and quantization parameter.

[0086] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraphs above, where, if no state input with the same temporal identifier and quantization parameter is found in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table, then at least one state input replaces a first classified state input with a temporal identifier and quantization parameter from the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table.

[0087] According to the exemplifying modalities as described in the paragraphs above, where at least one state input is classified in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table according to the equations: Tid(m) < Tid(m+1), m=0,1,...e, then, by Qp(m) < Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 33 / 148 24 / 29 Qp(m+1), m=0,1,... where Tid is a temporal identifier and Qp is a quantization parameter, and is an integer representing a number of state inputs.

[0088] According to the illustrative modalities as described in the paragraphs above, where there is based on coding how to perform enhanced compression using an enhanced compression module on more than one image.

[0089] According to the exemplary modalities as described in the paragraphs above, where encoding is one of encoding or decoding of more than one image, where, based on encoding starting at the gradual decoder update inter image, a gradual decoder update inter image inherits context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states from previously encoded inter images.

[0090] According to the exemplary embodiments as described in the paragraphs above, wherein, based on decoding starting at the intra random access point image, an encoder and decoder are synchronized and produce the same reconstructed intra random access point image to be used as a reference for at least one subsequent image.

[0091] A non-transient computer-readable medium (MEM 10B and / or MEM 12B of FIG. 5) that stores program code (PROG 10C and / or PROG 12C of FIG. 5), wherein the program code is executed by at least one processor (DP 10A and / or DP 12A of FIG. 5) to perform the operations as at least described in the paragraphs above.

[0092] According to an exemplary embodiment of the invention as described above, there is an apparatus comprising: means for identifying (one or more 10D transceivers and / or one or more 12D transceivers; MEM 10B and / or MEM 12B; PROG 10C and / or PROG 12C; and DP 10A and / or DP 12A as in FIG. 5) a gradual decoder update image within a gradual decoder update period of an image sequence, wherein Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, p. 34 / 148 25 / 29 The gradual decoder update image is a first image within the gradual decoder update period of the image sequence, and means to perform (one or more 10D transceivers and / or one or more 12D transceivers; MEM 10B and / or MEM 12B; PROG 10C and / or PROG 12C; and DP 10A and / or DP 12A as in FIG. 5) context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding initialization to determine at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state; and means to use (one or more 10D transceivers and / or one or more 12D transceivers; MEM 10B and / or MEM 12B; PROG 10C and / or PROG 12C; and DP 10A and / or DP 12A as in FIG. 5) at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state for a gradual decoder update image encoding or decoding.

[0093] In the exemplary aspect of the invention according to the paragraph above, wherein at least the means for identifying, realizing and using comprise a non-transient computer-readable medium [MEM 10B and / or MEM 12B as in FIG. 5] encoded with a computer program [PROG 10C and / or PROG 12C] executable by at least one processor [DP 10A and / or DP 12A as in FIG. 5].

[0094] Furthermore, according to exemplary embodiments of the invention, there exists a set of circuits for performing operations according to exemplary embodiments of the invention as disclosed in this document. This set of circuits may include any type of circuit set including content encoding circuit set, content decoding circuit set, processing circuit set, image generation circuit set, data analysis circuit set, etc.). In addition, this set of circuits may include distinct circuit sets, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and / or field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit sets, etc., as well as a processor specifically configured by software to perform the respective function or dual-core processors with software and Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, p. 35 / 148 26 / 29 corresponding digital signal processors, etc.). Additionally, the necessary inputs and outputs of the circuit assembly are provided, as well as the function performed by the circuit assembly and the interconnection (perhaps through the inputs and outputs) of the circuit assembly with other components, which may include other circuit assemblies, in order to realize exemplary embodiments of the invention as described herein.

[0095] According to exemplary embodiments of the invention as disclosed in this application, the provided “circuit assembly” may include at least one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations that are only analog and / or digital circuit assemblies); (b) combinations of hardware and software circuits, such as (as applicable): (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit(s) with software / firmware; and (ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s), software and memory(ies) that work together to enable a device, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions, such as functions or operations according to exemplary embodiments of the invention as disclosed herein); and (c) hardware circuit(s) and / or processor(s), such as microprocessor(s) or a portion of microprocessor(s), that require software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not required for operation.”

[0096] According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is a suitable set of circuits for performing at least innovative operations according to exemplary embodiments of the invention as disclosed in this application, such "set of circuits" as they may be used in the present document refers to at least the following: Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, p. 36 / 148 27 / 29 (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as analog-only and / or digital-only circuit implementations); and (b) combinations of circuits and software (and / or firmware), such as (as applicable): (i) a combination of processor(s) or (ii) portions of processor(s) / software (including digital signal processor(s), software and memory(ies) that work together to enable a device, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions); and (c) circuits, such as microprocessor(s) or a portion of microprocessor(s), that require software or firmware for operation, even if the software or firmware is not physically present.

[0097] This definition of “circuit assembly” applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuit assembly would also cover an implementation of merely a processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a processor and its respective software and / or firmware. The term circuit assembly would also cover, for example, and if applicable, a particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or application processor integrated circuit for a mobile phone or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device or other network device.

[0098] In general, the various embodiments can be implemented in hardware or special-purpose circuits, software, logic, or any combination thereof. For example, some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software that can be executed by a controller, microprocessor, or other computing device, although the invention is not limited to this. Although various aspects of the invention may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that those blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques, or methods described herein Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 37 / 148 28 / 29 can be implemented, as non-limiting examples, in special-purpose hardware, software, firmware, circuits or logic, general-purpose hardware or controllers, or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.

[0099] Modalities of the inventions can be practiced in various components, such as integrated circuit modules. The design of integrated circuits is, to a large extent, a highly automated process. Complex and powerful software tools are available to convert a logic-level design into a semiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formed onto a semiconductor substrate.

[00100] The term "exemplary" is used herein to mean that it serves as an example, instance, or illustration. Any embodiment described herein as exemplary should not necessarily be interpreted as preferential or advantageous in relation to other embodiments. All embodiments described in this Detailed Description are exemplary embodiments provided to enable those skilled in the art to produce or use the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

[00101] The preceding description has provided, by way of non-limiting and illustrative examples, a complete and informative description of the best method and apparatus currently contemplated by the inventors for carrying out the invention. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant art, in view of the preceding description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. Nevertheless, all such modifications and similar modifications of the teachings of illustrative embodiments of this invention will still fall within the scope of this invention.

[00102] It should be noted that the terms connected, coupled, or any variant thereof, mean a connection or coupling, whether direct or indirect, between two or more elements, and may encompass the presence of a Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, page 38 / 148 29 / 29 or more intermediate elements between two elements that are connected or coupled together. The coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. As employed in this document, two elements can be considered connected or coupled together by the use of one or more wires, cables, and / or printed electrical connections, as well as by the use of electromagnetic energy, such as electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency region, in the microwave region, and in the optical region (both visible and invisible), as various non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[00103] Furthermore, some of the features of the preferred embodiments of this invention can be used advantageously without the corresponding use of other features. As such, the foregoing description should be considered merely illustrative of the principles of the invention, and not a limitation thereof. Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, p. 39 / 148

Claims

1 / 5 CLAIMS 1. Apparatus characterized by comprising: at least one processor; and at least one non-transient memory that stores instructions, which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least: identify a Gradual Decoder Update (GDR) image within a Gradual Decoder Update period of an image sequence, wherein the Gradual Decoder Update image is a first image within the Gradual Decoder Update period of the image sequence and perform context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding initialization to determine at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state; and use the at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state for encoding or decoding the Gradual Decoder Update image.

2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the gradual decoder update image is an interim image.

3. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that other images within a gradual decoder refresh period of the image sequence comprise the gradual decoder refresh (GDR) image and a plurality of associated recovery images.

4. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that a sequence level flag can indicate whether inter-images are allowed to inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding states from previously encoded inter-images, wherein context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding is coding for data compression.

5. Apparatus, according to claim 4, characterized in that based on the sequence-level flag indication, inter-images can inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states from past inter-coded images, wherein the gradual decoder update images will not inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states from any past inter-coded image regardless of a sequence-level flag indication.

6. Apparatus, according to claim 5, characterized in that the gradual decoder update images use context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states initialized independently of a sequence-level flag.

7. Device, according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one non-transient memory that stores instructions is executed by at least one processor to make the device: after a gradual decoder update image encoding or decoding, store or update at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state.

8. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the storage or updating of at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding state is performed after encoding the gradual decoder update image.

9. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the gradual decoder update image is at least one of a type B image or a type P image.

10. Apparatus, according to claim 9, characterized by the fact that a separate table of context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states is maintained for each type B inter-image or type P inter-image.

11. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that the image sequence comprises at least one of a gradual decoder update image, a recovery image, or an intra random access point image.

12. Apparatus, according to claim 10, characterized in that the separate table of context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states comprises at least one input.

13. Apparatus, according to claim 12, characterized in that each of at least one entry in the separate table of context-adaptive binary arithmetic encoding states is associated with a unique pair of a temporal identifier and a quantization parameter.

14. Apparatus, according to claim 13, characterized in that at least one input is first classified by temporal identification and then by quantization parameter.

15. Apparatus, according to claim 14, characterized in that, after an inter-image with a temporal identification and a quantization parameter is encoded, if no entry with the same temporal identification and the same quantization parameter is found in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table, CABAC states of the inter-encoded image then replace a first entry in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table, wherein entries in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table are then sorted by temporal identification and quantization parameter.

16. Device according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that at least one input is classified in the context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state table according to the equations: Tid(m) <Tid(m+1), m=0,1, ... e, então, por Qp(m)<Qp(m+1), m=0,1,... em que Tid é uma identificação temporal e Qp é um parâmetro de quantização e m é um número inteiro que representa um número de entradas de estado.

17. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that encoding and decoding are synchronized to produce the same updated area in a reconstructed GDR image to be used as a reference for at least one image after the gradual decoder update image.

18. A method characterized by comprising: identifying a gradual decoder update image within a gradual decoder update period of an image sequence, wherein the gradual decoder update image is a first image within the gradual decoder update period of the image sequence, and performing context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding initialization to determine at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state; and using at least one context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding state for encoding or decoding the gradual decoder update image.

19. Method according to claim 18, characterized in that other images within the gradual decoder update period of the image sequence comprise the Gradual Decoder Update (GDR) image and a plurality of associated recovery images.

20. Method according to claim 18, characterized in that a sequence-level flag can indicate whether inter-images are allowed to inherit context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding states from previously encoded inter-images, wherein context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding is coding for data compression. Petition 870250088670, dated 09 / 30 / 2025, pp. 44 / 148

Images