Designs for flow analyzers for unequal modulation transmissions with multiple spatial streams.

Description

1 / 25 FLOW ANALYZER DESIGNS FOR UNEQUAL MODULATION TRANSMISSIONS WITH MULTIPLE SPATIAL FLOWS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present disclosure forms part of a non-provisional patent application claiming the benefit of priority under U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 496,707, filed April 18, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in full. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications and, more particularly, to designs of flow analyzers for unequal modulation transmissions with multiple spatial streams in wireless communications. FUNDAMENTALS

[0003] Unless otherwise indicated in this document, the approaches described in this section do not constitute prior art for the claims listed below and are not admitted as prior art by inclusion in this section.

[0004] In wireless communications, such as Wi-Fi (or WiFi) and wireless local area network (WLAN) systems, according to one or more Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11be standards (e.g., IEEE 802.11ax / be), for a wider bandwidth, different parts of the spectrum may have different signal qualities due to different levels of interference and / or transmission powers (e.g., standard power in one segment and low internal power (LPI) in another segment in a 6 GHz band). Consequently, it would be beneficial to assign unequal modulations or unequal modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) to adapt to the signal quality in each segment of the spectrum, which can improve the throughput and reliability of the system. Therefore, there is a need for a solution of flow analyzer designs for unequal modulation transmissions. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 23 / 82 2 / 25 with multiple spatial streams in wireless communications. SUMMARY

[0005] The following summary is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be limiting in any way. That is, the following summary is provided to present concepts, highlights, benefits, and advantages of the innovative and non-obvious techniques described in this document. Selected implementations are described in more detail below in the detailed description. Thus, the following summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0006] One objective of the present disclosure is to provide schemes, concepts, designs, techniques, methods, and apparatus relating to the design of flow analyzers for unequal modulation transmissions with multiple spatial streams in wireless communications. It is believed that implementations of one or more of the various schemes proposed in this document may allow the allocation of unequal modulations or unequal MCSs to adapt to the signal quality in each segment of the spectrum, potentially improving the performance and reliability of the system.

[0007] In one aspect, a method may involve generating a plurality of resource units (RUs). The method may also involve transmitting the plurality of RUs with the plurality of RUs having one or both of the following: (a) unequal numbers of spatial flows per RU; and (b) unequal modulations applied to the RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial flows of each of one or more RUs of the plurality of RUs.

[0008] In another aspect, a device may include a transceiver configured to communicate wirelessly and a processor coupled to the transceiver. The processor may generate a plurality of RUs. The processor may also transmit, through the transceiver, the plurality of RUs, with the plurality of RUs having one or both of the following: (a) unequal numbers of Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 24 / 82 3 / 25 spatial flows per RU; and (b) unequal modulations applied to the RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial flows of each of the one or more RUs of the plurality of RUs.

[0009] It is important to note that, although the description provided in this document may be in the context of certain radio access technologies, networks and network topologies, such as Wi-Fi, the concepts, schemes and any variation(s) / derivative(s) thereof may be implemented in, for and by other types of radio access technologies, networks and network topologies, such as, for example and without limitation, Bluetooth, ZigBee, 5th Generation (5G) / New Radio (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial IoT (IoT) and Narrowband IoT (NBloT). Thus, the scope of this disclosure is not limited to the examples described in this document. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a more thorough understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated into and form part of this disclosure. The drawings illustrate implementations of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. It should be noted that the drawings are not necessarily to scale, as some components may be shown out of proportion to their size in the actual implementation in order to clearly illustrate the concept of this disclosure.

[0011] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary network environment in which various solutions and schemes according to the present disclosure can be implemented.

[0012] FIG. 2 is a diagram of illustrative scenarios based on a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 3 is a diagram of illustrative scenarios based on a proposed scheme in accordance with the present Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 25 / 82 4 / 25 revelation.

[0014] FIG. 4 is a diagram of an exemplary project based on a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 5 is a diagram of an illustrative scenario based on a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 6 is a diagram of an illustrative scenario based on a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 7 is a diagram of an illustrative scenario based on a proposed scheme, according to the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 8 is a diagram of an exemplary project based on a proposed scheme, according to the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 9 is a diagram of an exemplary project based on a proposed scheme, according to the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 10 is a diagram of an exemplary project based on a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 11 is a diagram of an exemplary project based on a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an exemplary communication system based on a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 13 is a flowchart of an exemplary process based on a proposed scheme in accordance with the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED MODALITIES

[0024] This document reveals the modalities and Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 26 / 82 5 / 25 detailed implementations of the claimed subjects. However, it should be understood that the embodiments and implementations disclosed are merely illustrative of the claimed subjects, which may be embodied in various forms. The present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be interpreted as limited to the exemplary embodiments and implementations presented in this document. Rather, these exemplary embodiments and implementations are provided so that the description of the present disclosure is complete and exhaustive and fully conveys the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. In the description below, details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the embodiments and implementations presented. Overview

[0025] Implementations according to the present disclosure relate to various techniques, methods, schemes and / or solutions relating to the design of flow analyzers for unequal modulation transmissions with multiple spatial streams in wireless communications. According to the present disclosure, various possible solutions can be implemented separately or in combination. That is, although these possible solutions may be described separately below, two or more of these possible solutions may be implemented in one combination or another.

[0026] It is important to note that, in the present disclosure, a regular RU (RRU) refers to a feature unit (RU) with tones that are continuous (e.g., immediately adjacent to each other) and not interleaved, interlaced, or otherwise distributed. Furthermore, a 26-tone regular RU can be interchangeably designed as RU26 (or RRU26), a 52-tone regular RU can be interchangeably designed as RU52 (or RRU52), a 106-tone regular RU can be interchangeably designed as RU106 (or RRU106), a Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 27 / 82 6 / 25 A regular 242-tone RU can be interchangeably designed as RU242 (or RRU242), and so on. Additionally, an aggregated regular multi-RU (MRU) of (26+52) tones can be interchangeably designed as MRU78 (or RMRU78), an aggregated regular MRU of (26+106) tones can be interchangeably designed as MRU132 (or RMRU132), and so on. Furthermore, a distributed tone RU (DRU) refers to a RU with tones that are not discontinuous (i.e., not immediately adjacent to each other) and are interleaved, interlaced, or otherwise distributed.Consequently, a distributed tone RU of 26 tones can be interchangeably designed as DRU26, a distributed tone RU of 52 tones can be interchangeably designed as DRU52, a distributed tone RU of 106 tones can be interchangeably designed as DRU106, a distributed tone RU of 242 tones can be interchangeably designed as DRU242, a distributed tone RU of 484 tones can be interchangeably designed as DRU484, a distributed tone RU of 996 tones can be interchangeably designed as DRU996, a distributed tone RU of 2x996 tones can be interchangeably designed as DRU2x996, and so on.

[0027] It is also important to note that, in the present disclosure, a bandwidth of 20 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW20 or BW20M, a bandwidth of 40 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW40 or BW40M, a bandwidth of 80 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW80 or BW80M, a bandwidth of 160 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW160 or BW160M, a bandwidth of 240 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW240 or BW240M, a bandwidth of 320 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW320 or BW320M, a bandwidth of 480 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW480 or BW480M, a Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 28 / 82 7 / 25 A bandwidth of 500 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW500 or BW500M, a bandwidth of 520 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW520 or BW520M, a bandwidth of 540 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW540 or BW540M, and a bandwidth of 640 MHz can be interchangeably designed as BW640 or BW640M.

[0028] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary network environment 100 in which various solutions and schemes according to the present disclosure can be implemented. FIGS. 2 ~ FIG. 13 illustrate examples of implementation of various proposed schemes in the network environment 100 according to the present disclosure. The following description of various proposed schemes is provided with reference to FIGS. 1 ~ FIG. 13.

[0029] With reference to FIG. 1, network environment 100 may involve at least one station (STA) 110 that communicates wirelessly with a STA 120. Either STA 110 and STA 120 may be an access point (AP) STA or, alternatively, either STA 110 and STA 120 may function as a non-AP STA. In some cases, STA 110 and STA 120 may be associated with a Basic Services Set (BSS) according to one or more IEEE 802.11 standards (e.g., IEEE 802.11be and standards to be developed in the future). Each of STA 110 and STA 120 may be configured to communicate using the stream analyzer designs for unequal modulation transmissions with multiple spatial streams in wireless communications, according to various proposed schemes described below. It is important to note that unequal modulation (UEQM) in the various proposed schemes can be in the frequency domain and / or the spatial domain.It is also important to note that, although the various proposed schemes may be described individually or separately below, in real-world implementations, some or all of the proposed schemes may not be followed. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 29 / 82 8 / 25 can be used or implemented together. Obviously, each of the proposed schemes can be used or otherwise implemented individually or separately.

[0030] FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary scenarios 200 of a flow analyzer for equal modulation (EQM) and unequal modulation (UEQM) in each flow. Part (A) of FIG. 2 refers to the same MCS or equal quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in RU and / or MRU in each spatial flow. After scrambling, encoding, punching, and post-forward error correction (post-FEC), data bits are processed into groups of Ncbps bits. Each of these groups is reorganized into Nss blocks of Ncbpss bits (Nss,u blocks of Ncbpss,u bits in the case of a high-efficiency (HE) multi-user (MU) transmission). In this document, Ncbps projects a number of symbol-coded bits, Nss projects a number of spatial streams, Ncbpss projects a number of symbol-coded bits per spatial stream, Nss,u projects a number of spatial streams per user, and Ncbpss,u projects a number of symbol-coded bits per spatial stream per user.This operation is referred to as stream analysis. For the Ncbps bits of each orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, s bits of the encoder output are divided among all spatial streams, s bits per stream. With reference to part (A) of FIG. 2, an input sequence (e.g., a bit stream such as b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, ... b9, b10, b11, ...) to a stream analyzer can be divided by the stream analyzer (e.g., in a round-robin scheme) into two different spatial streams (Nss = 2), a first spatial stream (1st SS) and a second spatial stream (2nd SS). For equal-quantity modulation (EQM) on each stream (e.g., 16QAM), the first two bits (b0, b1) can be assigned to the 1st SS, the next two bits (b2, b3) can be assigned to the 2nd SS, and so on, in a round-robin scheme.

[0031] Part (B) of FIG. 2 refers to unequal QAM in Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 30 / 82 9 / 25 each spatial stream. In this document, consecutive blocks of S(iss) bits are assigned to different spatial streams in a round-robin scheme. That is, part (B) of FIG. 2 may refer to an example of UEQM in the spatial domain and thus different spatial streams may be assigned with different QAM levels. With reference to part (B) of FIG. 2, an input sequence (e.g., a bit stream such as b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, ... b9, b10, b11, ...) to a stream parser may be split by the stream parser (e.g., in a round-robin scheme) into two different spatial streams (Nss = 2), a first spatial stream (1st SS) and a second spatial stream (2nd SS).For equal-quantity modulation (EQM) on each stream (e.g., quadrature phase-shift modulation (QPSK) on the 1st SS and 16QAM on the 2nd SS), the first bit (b0) can be assigned to the 1st SS, the next two bits (b1, b2) can be assigned to the 2nd SS, the next bit (b3) can be assigned to the 1st SS, the next two bits (b4, b5) can be assigned to the 2nd SS, and so on in a round-robin scheme.

[0032] FIG. 3 illustrates 300 exemplary UEQM operating scenarios for next-generation and future Wi-Fi operations. With reference to FIG. 3, certain UEQM operating scenarios can be supported by various schemes proposed in this document. For example, based on one scheme proposed according to the present disclosure, the number of spatial flows (Nss) per RU can be equal (EQ), the modulation per segment (or per RU) can be unequal (UEQM), and the spatial flow modulation (SS) can be equal (EQM). Based on another scheme proposed according to the present disclosure, the Nss per RU can be unequal (UEQ) (e.g., one spatial flow (1ss) in one RU and two spatial flows (2ss) in another RU), the modulation per segment (or per RU) can be equal (EQM), and the SS modulation can be equal (EQM). Based on yet another proposed scheme, Nss by RU can be unequal (UEQ), segment modulation (or by RU) Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 31 / 82 10 / 25 can be unequal (UEQM) and the SS modulation can be equal (EQM).

[0033] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary design 400 of a stream analyzer processing flow based on a proposed scheme according to the present disclosure. With reference to FIG. 4, an encoder can receive and encode an input data bit stream to output an encoded bit stream to a stream analyzer. The stream analyzer can perform stream analysis with UEQM on RUs, EQM or UEQM on spatial streams, and unequal Nss on RUs. The stream analyzer can support the different UEQM operating scenarios described above with respect to FIG. 3 and described below. Outputs from the stream analyzer can be provided to a plurality of segment analyzers, each of which can perform segment analysis with EQM and UEQM to output, respectively, analyzed bits from RUs / MRUs.

[0034] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary scenario 500 based on a proposed scheme according to the present disclosure. Scenario 500 may refer to examples of UEQM operation with unequal QAM in RUs, but the same QAM in spatial streams. With reference to part (A) of FIG. 5, for 2x996 tone RUs, each 996 tone RU can be transmitted on the same Nss and can be assigned with a respective QAM. That is, a first 996 tone RU can be modulated with a first QAM (QAM1) in all spatial streams of the first 996 tone RU, while a second 996 tone RU can be modulated with a second QAM (QAM2) in all spatial streams of the second 996 tone RU.

[0035] With reference to part (B) of FIG. 5, for a (996+448) tone MRU, each of the 484-tone RU and the 996-tone RU can be transmitted on the same Nss and can be assigned with a respective QAM. That is, the 484-tone RU can be modulated with a first QAM (QAM1) in all spatial streams of the 484-tone RU, while the 996-tone RU can be modulated with a Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 32 / 82 11 / 25 second QAM (QAM2) on all RU space streams of 996 tons.

[0036] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary scenario 600 based on a proposed scheme according to the present disclosure. Scenario 600 may refer to examples of UEQM operation with unequal QAM in RUs and UEQM in spatial streams. With reference to part (A) of FIG. 6, for 2x996 tone RUs, each 996 tone RU can be transmitted on the same Nss and each spatial stream of each RU can be assigned with a respective QAM. That is, a first 996 tone RU can be modulated with a first QAM (QAM1,1) in a first spatial stream (1ss) of the first 996 tone RU, a second QAM (QAM1,2) in a second spatial stream (2ss) of the first 996 tone RU, and so on. Similarly, a second RU of 996 tones can be modulated with another first QAM (QAM2,1) in a first spatial stream (1ss) of the second RU of 996 tones, another second QAM (QAM2,2) in a second spatial stream (2ss) of the second RU of 996 tones, and so on.

[0037] With reference to part (B) of FIG. 6, for a (996+448) tone MRU, each of the 484 tone RU and the 996 tone RU can be transmitted on the same Nss and each spatial stream of each RU can be assigned with a respective QAM. That is, the 484 tone RU can be modulated with a first QAM (QAM1,1) on a first spatial stream (1ss) of the 484 tone RU, a second QAM (QAM1,2) on a second spatial stream (2ss) of the 484 tone RU, and so on. Similarly, the 996-tone RU can be modulated with another first QAM (QAM2,1) in a first spatial stream (1ss) of the 996-tone RU, another second QAM (QAM2,2) in a second spatial stream (2ss) of the 996-tone RU, and so on.

[0038] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary scenario 700 based on a proposed scheme according to the present disclosure. Scenario 700 may refer to examples of UEQM operation with Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 33 / 82 12 / 25 Unequal QAM in RUs, unequal Nss in RUs, but the same QAM in spatial streams in the same RU. With reference to FIG. 7, for 2x996 tone RUs, each 996-tone RU can be transmitted in a respective Nss (e.g., Nssi for a first 996-tone RU and Nss2 for a second 996-tone RU) and can be assigned a respective QAM. For example, in a multi-user multi-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) mixed bandwidth (MW) transmission scenario, a MU-MIMO in the first 996-tone RU can be transmitted in two spatial streams (2ss) to one user (e.g., user-1), while a single user multi-input multiple-output (SU-MIMO) in the second 996-tone RU can be transmitted in four spatial streams (4ss) to the user.Alternatively, RU-MIMO transmission on the second RU of 996 tones can be performed with a first QAM (QAM1) on two spatial streams of the 4ss and with a second QAM (QAM2) on the other two spatial streams of the 4ss.

[0039] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary 800 design based on a proposed scheme according to the present disclosure. The 800 design may refer to a flow analyzer for UEQM. With reference to FIG. 8, these proposed schemes may be used with the following assumptions: (1) UEQM in RUs; (2) same Nss in all RUs; and (3) EQM in spatial streams in an RU, although different modulations may be applied in different RUs. In the 800 design, for a plurality of RUs with quantity N, each RU may have the same Nss, although having a respective number of data subcarriers (Nsd) and a respective number of bits per subcarrier per spatial stream (Nbpscs) due to a respective modulation / QAM. For example, a first RU (RU1) may have a first Nsd (Nsd,i) and a first Nbpscs (e.g., Nbpscs,i corresponding to QAM1), a second RU (RU2) may have a second Nsd (Nsd,2) and a second Nbpscs (e.g., Nbpscs,2 corresponding to QAM2), ...and an NthRU (RUN) can have an NthNsd (Nsd,N) and an NthNbpscs (for example, Nbpscs,n. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 34 / 82 13 / 25 corresponding to QAMn). In the 800 project, the same modulation can be applied to all spatial streams for a given RU, although different modulations (QAMs) can be applied to different RUs. Consequently, each RU can have a respective Ncbps (e.g., Ncbps,i for RUi, Ncbps,2 for RU2 ... and NcBPs,n for RUN, which can be different from each other).

[0040] FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary design 900 based on a proposed scheme according to the present disclosure. Design 900 may refer to a flow analyzer for UEQM. With reference to FIG. 9, these proposed schemes may be used with the following assumptions: (1) UEQM in RUs; (2) the same Nss in all RUs; and (3) EQM in spatial streams in a RU, although different modulations may be applied in different RUs. The Ncbps bits of each orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) symbol may be divided into Nru subgroups with each subgroup having NcBPs,r bits. Within a given subgroup, Sr bits of the encoder output may be divided among all spatial streams, Sr bits per stream. Furthermore, consecutive blocks of Sr bits may be assigned to different spatial streams in a round-robin scheme.

[0041] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary design 1000 based on a proposed scheme according to the present disclosure. Design 1000 may refer to a flow analyzer for UEQM. With reference to FIG. 10, these proposed schemes may be used with the following assumptions: (1) UEQM in RUs; (2) unequal Nss in RUs; and (3) EQM in spatial flows in a RU, although different modulations may be applied in different RUs. Design 1000 may be similar to design 800, except that in design 1000, each RU may have a respective Nss different from that of one or more other RUs. For example, a first RU (RU1) can be modulated and transmitted in Nss,i, a second RU (RU2) can be modulated and transmitted in Nss,2, ... and an Nth RU (RUn) can be modulated and transmitted in Nss,n. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 35 / 82 14 / 25

[0042] FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary design 1100 based on a proposed scheme according to the present disclosure. Design 1100 may refer to a flow analyzer for UEQM. With reference to FIG. 11, these proposed schemes may be used with the following assumptions: (1) UEQM in RUs; (2) unequal Nss in RUs; and (3) EQM in spatial streams in a RU, although different modulations may be applied in different RUs. The Ncbps bits of each OFDMA symbol may be divided into Nru subgroups, with each subgroup having NcBPs,r bits. Within a given subgroup, Sr bits of the encoder output may be divided among all spatial streams, Sr bits per stream. Furthermore, consecutive blocks of Sr bits may be assigned to different spatial streams in a round-robin scheme. Illustrative Implementations

[0043] FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary system 1200 with at least one exemplary device 1210 and one exemplary device 1220, according to an implementation of the present disclosure. Each of the devices 1210 and 1220 can perform various functions to implement schemes, techniques, processes, and methods described in this document relating to flow analyzer designs for unequal modulation transmissions with multiple spatial streams in wireless communications, including the various schemes described above in relation to various proposed designs, concepts, schemes, systems, and methods described above, as well as processes described below. For example, device 1210 can be implemented on STA 110 and device 1220 can be implemented on STA 120, or vice versa.

[0044] Each of the 1210 and 1220 devices can be part of an electronic device, which can be an STA or an AP, such as a portable or mobile device, a wearable device, a wireless communication device, or a computing device. When implemented in an STA, each of the 1210 and 1220 devices... Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 36 / 82 15 / 25 1220 can be implemented in a smartphone, a smartwatch, a personal digital assistant, a digital camera, or a computing device, such as a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a notebook computer. Each of the 1210 and 1220 devices can also be part of a machine-type device, which can be an IoT device, such as a stationary or fixed device, a household appliance, a wired communication device, or a computing device. For example, each of the 1210 and 1220 devices can be implemented in a smart thermostat, a smart refrigerator, a smart lock, a wireless speaker, or a home control center. When implemented in or as a network device, the 1210 and / or 1220 devices can be implemented in a network node, such as an AP in a WLAN.

[0045] In some implementations, each of the 1210 and 1220 devices may be implemented in the form of one or more integrated circuit (IC) chips, such as, for example and without limitation, one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, one or more reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, or one or more complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors. In the various schemes described above, each of the 1210 and 1220 devices may be implemented in or as a STA or an AP. Each of the 1210 and 1220 devices may include at least some of the components shown in FIG. 12, such as a 1212 processor and a 1222 processor, respectively, for example.Each of the apparatus 1210 and apparatus 1220 may also include one or more other components not relevant to the proposed scheme of the present disclosure (for example, internal power supply, display device and / or user interface device) and, therefore, such component(s) of apparatus 1210 and apparatus 1220 are neither shown in FIG. 12 nor described below, for reasons of... Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 37 / 82 16 / 25 simplicity and brevity.

[0046] In one aspect, each of the 1212 processor and 1222 processor may be implemented in the form of one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, one or more RISC processors, or one or more CISC processors. That is, although the singular term “a processor” is used in this document to refer to the 1212 processor and the 1222 processor, each of the 1212 processor and 1222 processor may include multiple processors in some implementations and a single processor in other implementations, according to the present disclosure.In another aspect, each of the 1212 and 1222 processors can be implemented in hardware (and optionally firmware) form with electronic components, including, for example and without limitation, one or more transistors, one or more diodes, one or more capacitors, one or more resistors, one or more inductors, one or more memristors, and / or one or more varactors that are configured and arranged to achieve specific objectives according to the present disclosure. In other words, in at least some implementations, each of the 1212 and 1222 processors is a special-purpose machine specifically designed, arranged, and configured to perform specific tasks, including those relating to the design of flow analyzers for unequal modulation transmissions with multiple spatial streams in wireless communications, according to various implementations of the present disclosure.For example, each of the 1212 and 1222 processors can be configured with electronic circuits that implement one or more of the designs of a UEQM transmitter (for example, one or more of the 600, 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 designs) for transmitting MRUs, as described herein.

[0047] In some implementations, the 1210 device may also include a 1216 transceiver coupled to the 1212 processor. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 38 / 82 17 / 25 Transceiver 1216 may include a transmitter capable of wireless transmission and a receiver capable of wireless reception. In some implementations, device 1220 may also include transceiver 1226 coupled to processor 1222. Transceiver 1226 may include a transmitter capable of wireless transmission and a receiver capable of wireless reception. It is important to note that although transceiver 1216 and transceiver 1226 are illustrated as being external and separate from processor 1212 and processor 1222, respectively, in some implementations, transceiver 1216 may be an integral part of processor 1212 as a system-on-a-chip (SoC) and / or transceiver 1226 may be an integral part of processor 1222 as a SoC.

[0048] In some implementations, the 1210 device may also include a 1214 memory coupled to the 1212 processor and capable of being accessed by the 1212 processor and storing data therein. In some implementations, the 1220 device may also include a 1224 memory coupled to the 1222 processor and capable of being accessed by the 1222 processor and storing data therein. Each of the 1214 and 1224 memories may include a type of random access memory (RAM), such as dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (SRAM), thyristor RAM (T-RAM), and / or zero-capacitance RAM (Z-RAM). Alternatively or additionally, each of the 1214 and 1224 memories may include a type of read-only memory (ROM), such as mask ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), and / or electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM).Alternatively or additionally, each of the 1214 and 1224 memory types may include a type of non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), such as flash memory, solid-state memory, ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), and / or phase-change memory.

[0049] Each of the 1210 and 1220 devices can be Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 39 / 82 18 / 25 a communication entity capable of communicating with itself using various proposed schemes according to the present disclosure. For illustrative purposes and without limitation, a description of the capabilities of device 1210, as STA 110, and device 1220, as STA 120, is provided below in the context of process 1300. It is important to note that, although a detailed description of the capabilities, functionalities and / or technical resources of device 1210 is provided below, the same may apply to device 1220, although a detailed description thereof is not provided, for the sake of brevity. It is also important to note that, although the exemplary implementations described below are provided in the context of WLAN, they may be implemented in other types of networks. Illustrative Processes

[0050] FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary process 1300 according to an implementation of the present disclosure. Process 1300 may represent an aspect of the implementation of several proposed designs, concepts, schemes, systems, and methods described above. More specifically, process 1300 may represent an aspect of the proposed concepts and schemes relating to flow analyzer designs for unequal modulation transmissions with multiple spatial streams in wireless communications according to the present disclosure. Process 1300 may include one or more operations, actions, or functions, as illustrated by one or more of blocks 1310 and 1320. Although illustrated as discrete blocks, several blocks of process 1300 may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Furthermore, the blocks / sub-blocks of process 1300 may be executed in the order shown in FIG.13 or, alternatively, in a different order. Furthermore, one or more of the blocks / sub-blocks of process 1300 may be executed. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 40 / 82 19 / 25 repeatedly or iteratively. Process 1300 can be implemented by or on a device 1210 and device 1220, as well as any variations thereof. For illustrative purposes only and without limiting the scope, process 1300 is described below in the context of device 1210 implemented on or as STA 110 and device 1220 implemented on or as STA 120 of a wireless network, such as a WLAN in a network environment 100 according to one or more IEEE 802.11 standards. Process 1300 can start on block 1310.

[0051] In 1310, process 1300 may involve processor 1212 of device 1210 (e.g., STA 110) generating a plurality of RUs. Process 1300 may proceed from 1310 to 1320.

[0052] In 1320, process 1300 may involve processor 1212 transmitting, via transceiver 1216, the plurality of RUs with the plurality of RUs having one or both of the following: (a) unequal numbers of spatial streams per RU; and (b) unequal modulations applied to the RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial streams of each or more RUs of the plurality of RUs.

[0053] In some implementations, unequal modulations may include unequal modulations in at least one frequency domain or one spatial domain.

[0054] In some implementations, when transmitting the plurality of RUs, process 1300 may involve processor 1212 transmitting the plurality of RUs with the following: (a) an equal number of spatial streams between RUs of the plurality of RUs; (b) unequal modulations applied to RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial streams of each one or more RUs of the plurality of RUs; and (c) an equal modulation applied to the two or more spatial streams of each RU of the plurality of RUs.

[0055] In some implementations, when transmitting the plurality of RUs, process 1300 may involve the processor Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 41 / 82 20 / 25 1212 transmitting the plurality of RUs with the following: (a) unequal numbers of spatial flows between RUs of the plurality of RUs; (b) an equal modulation applied to the RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial flows of each one or more RUs of the plurality of RUs; and (c) an equal modulation applied to the two or more spatial flows of each RU of the plurality of RUs.

[0056] In some implementations, when transmitting the plurality of RUs, process 1300 may involve processor 1212 transmitting the plurality of RUs with the following: (a) unequal numbers of spatial streams between RUs of the plurality of RUs; (b) unequal modulations applied to the RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial streams of each of the one or more RUs of the plurality of RUs; and (c) an equal modulation applied to the two or more spatial streams of each RU of the plurality of RUs.

[0057] In some implementations, the plurality of RUs may include at least one first RU and one second RU, with the first RU and the second RU having the same number of tones. In such cases, when transmitting the plurality of RUs, process 1300 may involve processor 1212 transmitting the first RU and the second RU with the following: (a) an equal Nss for each of the first and second RUs; (b) a first quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM1) applied to the Nss spatial streams of the first RU; and (c) a second quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM2) applied to the Nss spatial streams of the second RU.

[0058] In some implementations, the plurality of RUs may include at least one first RU and one second RU, with the first RU and the second RU having different numbers of tones. In such cases, when transmitting the plurality of RUs, process 1300 may involve processor 1212 transmitting the first RU and the second RU with the following: (a) an equal Nss for each of the Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 42 / 82 21 / 25 first RU and second RU; (b) a first quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM1) applied to the Nss spatial flows of the first RU; and (c) a second quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM2) applied to the Nss spatial flows of the second RU.

[0059] In some implementations, the plurality of RUs may include at least one first RU and one second RU, with the first RU and the second RU having the same number of tones. In such cases, when transmitting the plurality of RUs, process 1300 may involve processor 1212 transmitting the first RU and the second RU with the following: (a) an equal Nss for each of the first and second RUs; (b) a first quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM1,1) applied to a 1st SS of the Nss spatial streams of the first RU; (c) a second quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM1,2) applied to a 2nd SS of the Nss spatial streams of the first RU; (d) a third quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM2,1) applied to a 1st SS of the Nss spatial streams of the second RU; and (e) a fourth quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM2,2) applied to a 2nd SS of the Nss spatial flows of the second RU.

[0060] In some implementations, the plurality of RUs may include at least one first RU and one second RU, with the first RU and the second RU having different numbers of tones. In such cases, when transmitting the plurality of RUs, process 1300 may involve processor 1212 transmitting the first RU and the second RU with the following: (a) an equal Nss for each of the first and second RUs; (b) a first quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM1,1) applied to a 1st SS of the Nss spatial streams of the first RU; (c) a second quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM1,2) applied to a 2nd SS of the Nss spatial streams of the first RU; (d) a third quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM2,1) applied to a 1st SS of the Nss spatial streams of the second RU; and (e) a fourth amplitude modulation Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 43 / 82 22 / 25 in quadrature (QAM2,2) applied to a 2nd SS of the Nss spatial flows of the second RU.

[0061] In some implementations, the plurality of RUs may include at least one first RU and one second RU. Furthermore, when transmitting the plurality of RUs, process 1300 may involve processor 1212 transmitting the first RU and the second RU with the following: (a) unequal numbers of spatial streams for the first RU and the second RU, such that the first RU receives a first number of spatial streams (Nssi) and the second RU receives a second number of spatial streams (Nss2), Nssi Ψ Nss2; (b) a first quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM1) applied to the NSS1 spatial streams of the first RU; and (c) a second quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM2) applied to the NSS2 spatial streams of the second RU. Additional Notes

[0062] The subject described in this document sometimes illustrates different components contained within or connected to other different components. It should be understood that such architectures represented in this document are merely examples and that, in reality, many other architectures that achieve the same functionality can be implemented. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively associated in such a way that the desired functionality is achieved. Therefore, any two components combined in this document to achieve a specific functionality can be seen as associated with each other, so that the desired functionality is achieved, regardless of the architectures or intermediate components.Similarly, any two components thus associated can also be seen as being operationally connected or operationally coupled to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being associated in this way. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 44 / 82 23 / 25 can also be viewed as being operationally coupled to one another to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operationally coupled components include, but are not limited to, physically coupled and / or physically interacting and / or wirelessly interacting and / or logically interacting and / or logically interacting components.

[0063] Furthermore, with regard to the use of substantially plural and / or singular terms in this document, those skilled in the art may translate from plural to singular and / or from singular to plural as appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set out in this document for the sake of clarity.

[0064] Furthermore, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in general, terms used in this document, and especially in the appended claims, for example, bodies of the appended claims, are generally understood as open terms, for example, the term including should be interpreted as including, but not limited to, the term having should be interpreted as having at least, the term includes should be interpreted as includes, but is not limited to, etc. It will further be understood by those skilled in the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such intention will be explicitly stated in the claim and, in the absence of such recitation, such intention is not present. For example, to aid understanding, the following appended claims may contain the use of the introductory phrases at least one and one or more to introduce the claim recitations.However, the use of such phrases should not be interpreted as implying that the introduction of a claim statement by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any claim. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 45 / 82 24 / 25 specific that contains such a claim recitation introduced to implementations that contain only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an,” for example, “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted as meaning “at least one” or “one or more”; the same applies to the use of definite articles used to introduce claims recitations. Furthermore, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted as meaning at least the number recited, for example, the simple recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations. Additionally, in cases where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.”In general, this construction is intended to be understood in a way that a person skilled in the art would understand the convention, for example, "a system with at least one of A, B, and C would include, but not be limited to, systems that have only A, only B, only C, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc." In cases where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, this construction is generally intended to be understood in a way that a person skilled in the art would understand the convention, for example, "a system that has at least one of A, B, or C would include, but not be limited to, systems that have only A, only B, only C, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc."It will also be understood by those skilled in the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase that presents two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood as encompassing the possibilities of including one of the terms, any of the terms, or both terms. For example, Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 46 / 82 25 / 25 the phrase “A or B” will be understood as including the possibilities of “A or “B” or “A and B.”

[0065] From the foregoing, it will be understood that various implementations of the present disclosure have been described in this document for illustrative purposes and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Thus, the various implementations disclosed in this document are not intended to be limiting, the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p. 47 / 82

Claims

1 / 5 CLAIMS 1. Method, characterized in that it comprises: generating (1310) a plurality of resource units, hereinafter also referred to as RUs; and transmitting (1320) the plurality of RUs with the plurality of RUs having either or both of: unequal numbers of spatial flows per RU; and unequal modulations applied to RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial flows of each or more RUs of the plurality of RUs.

2. Apparatus (1210), characterized in that it comprises: a transceiver (1216) configured to communicate wirelessly; and a processor (1212) coupled to the transceiver (1216) and configured to perform operations comprising: generating a plurality of resource units, hereinafter also referred to as RUs; and transmitting the plurality of RUs with the plurality of RUs having either or both of: unequal numbers of spatial streams per RU; and unequal modulations applied to the RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial streams of each or more RUs of the plurality of RUs.

3. A method according to claim 1, or an apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the unequal modulations comprise unequal modulations in at least one frequency domain or one spatial domain.

4. Method according to claim 1, or apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the transmission of the plurality of RUs comprises transmitting the plurality of RUs with: Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 70 / 82 2 / 5 an equal number of spatial flows between RUs of the plurality of RUs; unequal modulations applied to RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial flows of each one or more RUs of the plurality of RUs; and an equal modulation applied to the two or more spatial flows of each RU of the plurality of RUs.

5. A method according to claim 1, or an apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the transmission of the plurality of RUs comprises transmitting the plurality of RUs with: unequal numbers of spatial streams between RUs of the plurality of RUs; an equal modulation applied to RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial streams of each one or more RUs of the plurality of RUs; and an equal modulation applied to the two or more spatial streams of each RU of the plurality of RUs.

6. Method according to claim 1, or apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the transmission of the plurality of RUs comprises transmitting the plurality of RUs with: unequal numbers of spatial flows between RUs of the plurality of RUs; unequal modulations applied to RUs of the plurality of RUs or to two or more spatial flows of each one or more RUs of the plurality of RUs; and an equal modulation applied to the two or more spatial flows of each RU of the plurality of RUs.

7. Method according to claim 1, or apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the plurality of RUs comprises at least one first RU and one second RU, wherein the first RU and the second RU have the same number of tones, and wherein the transmission of the plurality of RUs comprises transmitting the first RU and the second RU with: an equal number of spatial streams, hereinafter also referred to as Nss, for each of the first RU and the second RU; a first quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM1, applied to the Nss spatial streams of the first RU; and a second quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM2, applied to the Nss spatial streams of the second RU.

8. Method according to claim 1, or apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the plurality of RUs comprises at least one first RU and one second RU, wherein the first RU and the second RU have different numbers of tones, and wherein the transmission of the plurality of RUs comprises transmitting the first RU and the second RU with: an equal number of spatial streams, hereinafter also referred to as Nss, for each of the first RU and the second RU; a first quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM1, applied to the Nss spatial streams of the first RU; and a second quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM2, applied to the Nss spatial streams of the second RU.

9. Method, according to claim 1, or apparatus, according to claim 2, characterized in that the plurality of RUs comprises at least one first RU and one second RU, wherein the first RU and the second RU have the same number of tones, and wherein the transmission of the plurality of RUs comprises transmitting the first RU and the second RU with: an equal number of spatial streams, hereinafter also referred to as Nss, for each of the first RU and the second RU; a first quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, p.72 / 82 4 / 5 also referred to as QAM1,1, applied to a first spatial flow, hereinafter also referred to as 1st SS, of the Nss spatial flows of the first RU; a second quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM1,2, applied to a second spatial flow, hereinafter also referred to as 2nd SS, of the Nss spatial flows of the first RU; a third quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM2,1, applied to a 1st SS of the Nss spatial flows of the second RU; and a fourth quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM2,2, applied to a 2nd SS of the Nss spatial flows of the second RU.

10. Method according to claim 1, or apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the plurality of RUs comprises at least one first RU and one second RU, wherein the first RU and the second RU have different numbers of tones, and wherein the transmission of the plurality of RUs comprises transmitting the first RU and the second RU with: an equal number of spatial streams, hereinafter also referred to as Nss, for each of the first RU and the second RU; a first quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM1,1, applied to a first spatial stream, hereinafter also referred to as 1st SS, of the Nss spatial streams of the first RU; a second quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM1,2, applied to a second spatial stream, hereinafter also referred to as 2nd SS, of the Nss spatial streams of the first RU;a third quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM2,1, applied to a 1st SS of the Nss spatial flows of the second RU; and a fourth quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, page 73 / 82 5 / 5 also referred to as QAM2,2, applied to a 2nd SS of the Nss spatial flows of the second RU.; 11. Method, according to claim 1, or apparatus, according to claim 2, characterized in that the plurality of RUs comprises at least one first RU and one second RU, and wherein the transmission of the plurality of RUs comprises transmitting the first RU and the second RU with: unequal numbers of spatial flows to the first RU and the second RU, such that the first RU is assigned a first number of spatial flows, hereinafter also referred to as Nssi, and the second RU is assigned a second number of spatial flows, hereinafter also referred to as Nss2, Nssi Ψ Nss2; a first quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM1, applied to the Nssi spatial flows of the first RU; and a second quadrature amplitude modulation, hereinafter also referred to as QAM2, applied to the Nss2 spatial flows of the second RU. Petition 870250089756, dated 02 / 10 / 2025, pp. 74 / 82

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