Discarding of ro and calculation of ra-rnti

Description

1 / 50 DISCARDING OF RO AND CALCULATION OF RA-RNTI CROSS-REFERENCE ON RELATED REQUEST

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 494291, filed April 5, 2023. The full content of the aforementioned application is incorporated herein by reference. FIELDS

[0002] Several exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure relate, in general, to the field of telecommunications and, in particular, to methods, devices, apparatus and computer-readable storage media for Random Access Channel (RACH) (RO) occasion disposal and calculation of Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RA-RNTI). BACKGROUND

[0003] In fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR), several contention-based random access (CBRA) procedures are supported, for example, a 4-step RACH in Release 15 (Rel-15) and a 2-step RACH in Rel-16. Time-domain resources for RACH occasions (ROs) can be configured by RRC. With configuration, user equipment (UE) can determine a preamble format for a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) and apply a predefined or specified procedure to find the ROs in the time domain. In a frequency domain, an offset of the lowest RO and the number of multiplexed ROs for each time instance can be indicated. The number of resource blocks occupied by RO, represented in number of resource blocks (RBs) for an Uplink Shared Physical Channel (PUSCH), is predefined or specified, depending on the configured preamble length and subcarrier spacings for PRACH and PUSCH. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 71 / 258 2 / 50

[0004] A mapping of synchronization signal block (SSB) indices to the determined ROs is derived by a UE to understand which ROs are associated with the selected SSB index before the start of the RACH procedure. The different SSB indices are formed by beams in different directions in a cell, so selecting the wrong SSB index can lead to RACH procedure failure. SUMMARY

[0005] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided. The method comprises: in a first device, determining, based on at least one condition being met, that a first Random Access Physical Channel (RACH) transmission should be discarded on a first Random Access Channel (RACH) (RO) occasion of an RO group; and transmitting at least one second PRACH transmission different from the first PRACH transmission to be discarded on ROs of the RO group.

[0006] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided. The method comprises: in a second device, determining, based on at least one condition being met, that a first Random Access Physical Channel (RACH) transmission should be discarded by a first device on a first Random Access Channel (RACH) (RO) occasion of an RO group; and receiving, from the first device, at least one second PRACH transmission different from the first PRACH transmission to be discarded on ROs of the RO group.

[0007] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided. The method comprises: determining a set of valid random access channel (RO) occasions for a physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission with preamble repeats; determining that the PRACH transmission must be dropped on at least one RO from the set of valid ROs; determining one or more ROs Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, p. 72 / 258 3 / 50 of the set of valid ROs for calculating a temporary random access radio network identifier (RA-RNTI), wherein one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI are not conditioned on whether or not the corresponding PRACH transmission on one or more ROs should be discarded; and calculate the RA-RNTI based on one or more ROs determined from the set of valid ROs.

[0008] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory that stores instructions which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to the first aspect, the second aspect, or the third aspect.

[0009] In a fifth aspect of the present revelation, an apparatus is provided. The first apparatus comprises means for carrying out the method according to the first aspect, the second aspect, or the third aspect.

[0010] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, a computer-readable medium is provided. The computer-readable medium comprises instructions stored therein for making a device perform the method according to the first aspect, the second aspect, or the third aspect.

[0011] It should be understood that the Summary section is not intended to identify key or essential attributes of the modalities of this disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of this disclosure. Other attributes of this disclosure will become easily understandable through the description that follows. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Some illustrative embodiments will now be described with reference to the attached drawings, in which:

[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary communication environment, in which exemplary modalities of the present disclosure may be Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 73 / 258 4 / 50 implemented;

[0014] FIG. 2A illustrates a four-step random access channel (RACH) procedure;

[0015] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of time-domain resource determination for RACH occasions;

[0016] FIG. 2C illustrates an example of a synchronization signal block / physical broadcast channel (SSB) for RACH occasion mapping (RO);

[0017] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of discarding an RO in the RO group;

[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented in a first device according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates a signaling diagram for discarding RO and calculating the Temporary Random Access Radio Network Identifier (RA-RNTI) according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0020] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method implemented on a second device according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0021] FIG. 6 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0022] FIG. 7 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary computer-readable medium according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0023] Throughout the drawings, the same reference numbers or similar reference numbers represent the same element or a similar element. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, p. 74 / 258 5 / 50

[0024] The principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and assistance to those skilled in the art in understanding and implementing the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described in this document can be implemented in various ways beyond those described below.

[0025] In the description and claims that follow, unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning commonly understood by a person with common knowledge of the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0026] References in this disclosure to a (1) embodiment, a embodiment, an exemplary embodiment and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular attribute, structure or feature, but it is not necessary that every embodiment include the particular attribute, structure or feature. Furthermore, such expressions do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. In addition, when a particular attribute, structure or feature is described together with an embodiment, it is stated that it is known to one skilled in the art to affect that attribute, structure or feature together with other embodiments, whether they are explicitly described or not.

[0027] It should be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” and the like may be used in this document to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element may be called a second element, and similarly, a second element may be called a first element, without departing from the scope of illustrative modalities. As used in this document, the term “and / or” Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 75 / 258 6 / 50 includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.

[0028] As used in this document, “at least one of the following:<uma lista de dois ou mais elementos> "and at least one of<uma lista de dois ou mais elementos> "And a similar expression, in which the list of two or more elements is joined by 'and' or 'or', means at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all of the elements."

[0029] As used in this document, unless explicitly stated, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.

[0030] The terminology used in this document is intended to describe particular modalities only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary modalities. As used in this document, the singular forms “a”, “an”, “the” and “the” are intended to also include the plural forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “that comprises”, “has”, “that has”, “includes” and / or “that includes”, when used in this document, specify the presence of declared attributes, elements and / or components, etc., but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other attributes, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.

[0031] As used in this application, the term circuit set may refer to one, more, or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as analog-only and / or digital-only circuit implementations) and (b) combinations of hardware and software circuits, such as (where applicable): (i) a combination of analog hardware circuit(s) and / or Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 76 / 258 7 / 50 digital with software / firmware and (ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s), software and memory(ies) that work together to make a device, such as a server or mobile phone, perform various functions) and (c) hardware circuit(s) and / or processor(s), such as microprocessor(s) or a portion of microprocessor(s), that require software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not required for operation.

[0032] This definition of circuit assembly applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuit assembly also covers an implementation of merely a hardware or processor circuit (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware or processor circuit and its (or its) attached software and / or firmware. The term circuit assembly also covers, for example, and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device or other computing or networking device.

[0033] As used in this document, the term communication network refers to a network that follows any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced (LTE-A), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), and so forth. Furthermore, communications between a terminal device and a network device on the communication network may be carried out in accordance with any suitable generation communication protocols. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 77 / 258 8 / 50 including, but not limited to, first-generation (1G), second-generation (2G), 2.5G, 2.75G, third-generation (3G), fourth-generation (4G), 4.5G, fifth-generation (5G) communication protocols and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Modalities of this disclosure may be applied to various communication systems. Given the rapid development of communications, it is clear that there will also be future types of communication technologies and systems to which this disclosure may be incorporated. This should not be seen as limiting the scope of this disclosure only to the system mentioned above.

[0034] As used in this document, the term network device refers to a node in a communication network through which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services from it. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP), for example, a B node (NodeB or NB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), an NR NB (also called a gNB), a Remote Radio Unit (RRU), a radio head (RH), a remote radio head (RRH), a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low-power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-terrestrial network device such as a satellite network device, a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network device, and so on, depending on the terminology and technology applied.In some exemplary embodiments, the split architecture of the radio access network (RAN) comprises a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) in an IAB donor node. An IAB node comprises a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) portion that behaves as a UE in relation to the parent node, and a DU portion of an IAB node that behaves as a base station in relation to the next-hop IAB node. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 78 / 258 9 / 50

[0035] The term “terminal device” refers to any endpoint device that is capable of wireless communication. By way of example and not limitation, a terminal device may also be called a communication device, user equipment (UE), subscriber station (SS), portable subscriber station, mobile station (MS), or access terminal (AT). A terminal device may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a smartphone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), laptops, desktop computers, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback devices, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop embedded equipment (LEE),Laptop-mounted equipment (LME), USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE), an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and similar devices. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., a relay node). In the following description, the terms “terminal device,” “communication device,” “terminal,” “user equipment,” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.

[0036] As used in this document, the term “resource”, “transmission resource”, “resource block”, “physical resource block” (PRB), Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 79 / 258 10 / 50 “uplink resource” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for carrying out communication, for example, communication between a terminal device and a network device, such as a time-domain resource, a frequency-domain resource, a space-domain resource, a code-domain resource, or any other resource that enables communication and the like. Hereafter, unless explicitly stated, a resource in either the frequency domain or the time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource to describe some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.

[0037] For CBRA procedures supported in 5G NR, a time-domain resource for ROs can be configured by RRC, for example, by prach-ConfigurationIndex (in rach-ConfigGeneric). The prachConfigurationIndex acts as a pointer to a row of a predefined or specified table. With the parameters indicated by prachConfigurationIndex, the terminal device determines the preamble format for PRACH and applies the specified or predefined procedure to find the ROs in the time domain.

[0038] In the frequency domain, the msgl-FrequencyStart and msg1-FDM parameters configured in RACH-ConfigGeneric indicate the offset of the lowest RO in the frequency domain and the number of multiplexed ROs in the frequency domain for each time instance, respectively. The number of resource blocks occupied by ROs, expressed as the number of RBs for PUSCH, is predefined or specified, depending on the configured preamble length and subcarrier spacings for PRACH and PUSCH.

[0039] In some mechanisms, a mapping of SSB indices to the determined ROs is derived by a terminal device to understand Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 80 / 258 11 / 50 which ROs are associated with the SSB index selected during the preliminary step before the start of the RACH procedure. The different SSB indices are formed by beams in different directions in the cell, so selecting the wrong SSB index can lead to RACH procedure failure.

[0040] In some mechanisms, an ssb-perRACHOccasionAndCB-PreamblesPerSSB parameter is set in RACHConfigCommon and indicates two pieces of information: (i) the number of SSB indices per RO and (ii) the number of contention-based preambles per SSB index. Once this information is available to a terminal device, the terminal device maps the SSB indices to the time-frequency grid of ROs (determined as described above) in ascending order of frequency resource indices, time resource indices of the ROs within a PRACH slot, and the PRACH slots, sequentially.

[0041] In some mechanisms, any terminal device attempting access selects an RO from one or more ROs associated with the selected SSB beam to perform Msg1 transmission or to transmit its preamble. Upon detection of a preamble, the combination of preamble identity (ID) as a Random Access Preamble ID (RAPID) and the RO by which the preamble is transmitted provides two elements to a network device. The network device uses these two elements to determine that an access attempt is occurring and to design the response corresponding to the preamble detection. The response comes in the form of a Msg2 AR response (RAR).

[0042] The Msg2 RAR includes the uplink grant (UL) that schedules the transmission of Msg3, and is carried on a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) scheduled by downlink control information (DCI) with cyclic redundancy check (CRC) scrambled by a bit sequence called Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 81 / 258 12 / 50 Temporary Random Access Radio Network Identifier (RA-RNTI). The RA-RNTI is generated according to a predefined specification. More precisely, the RA-RNTI value is calculated as a function of the PRACH occasion in which the network device correctly detected one or more preambles, as follows (1): RA-RNTI = 1 + s_id + 14 χ t_id + 14 χ 80 χ f_id + 14 χ 80 χ 8 χ ul_carrier_id (1)

[0043] where s_id is the index of the first orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol of the random access physical channel occasion (PRACH) (0 < s_id < 14), t_id is the index of the first slot of the PRACH occasion in a system frame (0 < t_id < 80). The subcarrier spacing to determine t_id is based on the value of μ which is predefined or specified for μ = {0, 1, 2, 3}, and for μ = {5, 6}. f_id is the index of the PRACH occasion in the frequency domain (0 < f_id < 8), and ul_carrier_id is the UL carrier used for Random Access Preamble transmission (0 for normal uplink carrier (NUL), and 1 for supplementary uplink carrier (SUL)).

[0044] In other words, RA-RNTI is an indication for the terminal device to understand whether the content of Msg2's RAR is of any interest. If the content of Msg2's RAR is of interest, the terminal device sees the RAR content. The RAR content includes a Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Data Unit (PDU) which, in turn, carries at least as many subPDUs as the number of correctly detected preambles in the RO associated with RA-RNTI. In fact, when the network device scrambles Downlink Control Physical Channel CRC (PDCCH) with RA-RNTI to schedule the transmission of PDSCH carrying RAR(s), RA-RNTI can be addressed to multiple terminal devices. For example, multiple terminal devices can decode PDCCH scrambled by the same RA-RNTI. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 82 / 258 13 / 50 As used in this document, each subPDU of the MAC PDU carries the corresponding correctly detected RAPID preamble, and the actual RAR content, e.g., the UL grant for Msg3, for the terminal device(s) that transmitted that preamble via the RO associated with the RA-RNTI.

[0045] PRACH repetitions (or also referred to as multiple PRACH transmissions in this application) will be specified for 5G NR. In one example, a group of ROs can be defined as a set of valid RO(s) to be used to perform a number of PRACH repetitions. Whether an RO is valid or not can be determined using predefined rules.

[0046] For multiple PRACH transmissions, an RO group is assumed for multiple PRACH transmissions with separate preambles in shared ROs and / or multiple PRACH transmissions in separate ROs. An RO group consists of valid RO(s) for a specific number of multiple PRACH transmissions.

[0047] As an example, all ROs in an RO group are associated with the same SSB(s). As another example, shared or separate RO / preamble means that the RO / preamble is shared or separate with a single PRACH transmission. Furthermore, whether and how to address collisions between valid ROs for multiple PRACH transmissions and other existing ROs for legacy single PRACH transmission or other attributes, for example, 2-step PRACH, will be discussed.

[0048] With the definition of valid RO(s), additional validation rules can be used for ROs to be used for PRACH repetitions. Such additional validation rules can address collisions between valid ROs for multiple PRACH transmissions and other existing ROs for legacy single PRACH transmission or other attributes, for example, 2-step PRACH. Particularly, in the case of an RO of Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 83 / 258 14 / 50 group of ROs for PRACH repeats occur in the same time instance (but different frequency) as at least one other RO reserved for other applications, and the two ROs are mapped to different SSB indices (i.e., different gNB beams). In some exemplary embodiments where a gNB may have one active beam per time instance (e.g., some FR2 implementations with gNB capable of analog-only beamforming), this can lead to the gNB being unable to receive preambles sent on both ROs. This is also referred to as SSB index collisions in this application. Specifically, if the gNB prioritizes at least one other RO, the PRACH transmission on the RO for PRACH repeats would be lost.For this reason, the additional validation rule could be such that the transmission of PRACH in an RO of the RO group for repetitions of PRACH occurring in the same time instance as at least one other RO would be discarded and UE would transmit a smaller number of repetitions of PRACH.

[0049] In some mechanisms, for multiple PRACH transmissions, the RA-RNTI calculation is related to the RAR window design. For example, several options for RA-RNTI calculation are as follows: • Option 1: Multiple RA-RNTI candidates within a RAR window, i.e., UE attempts to detect a DCI 1_0 format with a scrambled CRC among multiple RA-RNTI candidates during a RAR window. • Option 2: A single RA-RNTI within a RAR window, i.e., UE attempts to detect a DCI 1_0 format with a scrambled CRC by a corresponding RA-RNTI during a RAR window. • Option 2-1: The corresponding RA-RNTI is calculated based on RO for the last PRACH repeat. • Option 2-2: The corresponding RA-RNTI is calculated based on RO for the first repetitions of PRACH. • Option 2-3: The corresponding RA-RNTI is calculated based on RO Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 84 / 258 15 / 50 for predefined PRACH repetitions except the last and the first. • Option 2-4: The corresponding RA-RNTI is calculated as a function of the sequence of ROs used for the multiple PRACH transmissions.

[0050] For Option 1, this indicates that UE should assume multiple candidate RARNTIs within a RAR window. This can happen in the case where multiple RAR windows are used and there is overlap between RAR windows.

[0051] For Option 2, this indicates that UE only expects one RA-RNTI candidate within an RAR window, UE does not need to assume multiple RA-RNTI candidates, and UE will not increase the complexity in receiving RAR. Option 2 is viable for a single RAR window project.

[0052] In particular, option 2 aims to define a single RA-RNTI for the RO group. However, this leaves open the question of whether ROs discarded due to SSB index collisions should be considered in the RA-RNTI evaluation, if applicable. For example, for Option 2-1, the last PRACH repetition of a group of 4 repetitions is discarded, the last PRACH repetition becomes the third PRACH repetition in the group, and then there is a need to define whether the RA-RNTI should be calculated based on the third or fourth RO. Similar examples can be observed for Options 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4.

[0053] Several mechanisms for CBRA procedures have been described. However, these mechanisms need improvement. On the one hand, conditions are needed for discarding PRACH transmissions in the case of SSB index collisions, and especially conditions on the time / frequency domain allocation of the colliding ROs and / or conditions on the colliding SSB indices. On the other hand, it is also necessary to provide methods for calculating the RA-RNTI in the case where one or more ROs from the RO group that should be used for the RARNTI calculation are discarded. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 85 / 258 16 / 50

[0054] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure propose a scheme for discarding ROs and for calculating RA-RNTI in the case of multiple PRACH transmissions. With this scheme, based on at least one condition being met, a device such as a UE determines that a PRACH transmission should be discarded in a first RO of a group of ROs. Then, the device transmits at least one PRACH transmission different from the PRACH transmission to be discarded in ROs of the RO group. In the context of the present disclosure, if an RO is discarded, this means that no transmission occurs in the RO. If a PRACH transmission is discarded or to be discarded, this means that the PRACH is not transmitted.

[0055] In this way, multiple PRACH transmissions and a single PRACH transmission can be correctly received, even if they occur in the same time instance and are mapped to different SSB indices. As mentioned, SSB indices are typically beamed in different directions, so if a gNB is only capable of beaming in one direction in a time instance, discarding a PRACH transmission by the UE performing multiple PRACH transmissions allows gNB to beam towards the UE performing a single PRACH transmission.

[0056] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary communication environment 100 in which exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. In the communication environment 100, a plurality of communication devices, including a first device 110 and a second device 120, can communicate with each other.

[0057] In the example in FIG. 1, the first device 110 may include a terminal device and the second device 120 may include a network device that serves the terminal device. The service area of ​​the second device 120 may be called a cell 102.

[0058] It should be understood that the number of devices and their connections Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 86 / 258 The 17 / 50 shown in FIG. 1 are for illustrative purposes only and do not suggest any limitation. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of devices configured to implement exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it should be noted that one or more additional devices may be located in cell 102, and one or more additional cells may be arranged in the communication environment 100. Note that although illustrated as a network device, the second device 120 may be a device other than a network device. Although illustrated as a terminal device, the first device 110 may be a device other than a terminal device.

[0059] For illustrative purposes, some exemplary embodiments are described below with the first device 110 operating as a terminal device and the second device 120 operating as a network device. However, in some exemplary embodiments, the operations described in connection with a terminal device may be implemented on a network device or another device, and the operations described in connection with a network device may be implemented on a terminal device or another device.

[0060] In some exemplary embodiments, if the first device 110 is a terminal device and the second device 120 is a network device, a link from the second device 120 to the first device 110 is called a downlink (DL), while a link from the first device 110 to the second device 120 is called an uplink (UL). In DL, the second device 120 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the first device 110 is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver). In UL, the first device 110 is a TX device (or a transmitter) and the second device 120 is an RX device (or a receiver). Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 87 / 258 18 / 50 a receiver).

[0061] Communications in the 100 communication environment may be implemented in accordance with any suitable communication protocol(s), including, but not limited to, first-generation (1G), second-generation (2G), third-generation (3G), fourth-generation (4G), fifth-generation (5G), sixth-generation (6G) and similar cellular communication protocols, wireless local area network communication protocols such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and similar protocols, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future.Furthermore, communication may utilize any appropriate wireless communication technology including, but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD), Time Division Duplexing (TDD), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), and / or any other technologies currently known or to be developed in the future.

[0062] As described above, several CBRA procedures are supported in 5G NR. FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary signaling diagram for a 4-step RACH procedure. As shown, a terminal device such as UE transmits a first message (referred to as Msg1) to a network device such as gNB. The first message comprises a specific preamble. The first message is transmitted by UE via the physical random access channel (PRACH) using a specific feature called RACH occasion (RO).

[0063] In one example, gNB transmits a second message (referred to as Msg2) to UE. The second message comprises a Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 88 / 258 19 / 50 Random Access Response (RAR) message as a RAR MAC. The RAR includes a detected preamble ID, a time advance command, a time cell (TC)-RNTI, and UL grant for the transmission of a third message (referred to as Msg3) on a shared physical uplink channel (PUSCH).

[0064] The UE can transmit a third message (e.g., Msg3) to gNB. The third message can be an RRC request. For example, the UE transmits Msg3 as a response to Msg2 via the scheduled PUSCH with an ID for contention resolution.

[0065] In one example, gNB transmits a fourth message (referred to as Msg4) to UE. The fourth message may be an RRC definition. The fourth message comprises a contention resolution message with the contention resolution ID. In this way, gNB transmits the contention resolution message with the contention resolution ID.

[0066] Upon receiving Msg4, the UE can transmit an acknowledgment (ACK) on an uplink control physical channel (PUCCH) if its contention resolution ID is carried by Msg4. The ACK transmission completes the 4-step RACH. It should be understood that, prior to Msg1, there is also a preliminary transmission and reception step of the synchronization signal block (SSB), i.e., DL beam scan, which is not formally part of the RACH procedure. As a result of this preliminary step, the UE selects the index of the preferred SSB beam and decodes the associated broadcast physical channel (PBCH) to the master information block (MIB), system information block (SIB), or similar. This index is also used by the UE to identify a suitable RO for the preamble transmission (Msg1) according to the SSB to RO mapping implicitly transferred by type 1 system information block (SIB1). Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 89 / 258 20 / 50

[0067] Similar to the 4-step RACH presented above, the UE and gNB can perform a 2-step RACH. In the 2-step RACH, Msg1 and Msg3 can be combined into a MsgA and sent without waiting for feedback from the intermediate UE (traditionally Msg2). Similarly, the gNB combines Msg2 and Msg4 into MsgB.

[0068] As discussed, Msg1 is transmitted by the UE via PRACH using the RO. In some exemplary embodiments, the time-domain resource is configured by RRC for the RO(s). FIG. 2B illustrates an example of time-domain resource determination for ROs. It is assumed that, in embodiments described in relation to FIG. 2B, the prachConfigurationlndex is 251. As illustrated, with this index indicated, the UE determines that a C2 preamble format should be used. The UE may additionally determine that ROs are allocated to system frame numbers (SFNs) as n_SFN. n_SFN satisfies n_SFN mod 1 being equal to 0 (i.e., all SFN numbers are valid). Alternatively or additionally, in some exemplary embodiments, the UE determines that within each of the determined SFNs, ROs are allocated to subframes number 2 and 7.

[0069] In addition, in some exemplary embodiments, the UE determines that, within each of the determined subframes, the remaining parameters in the considered row indicate that ROs will begin at symbols number 0, 6, 14, 20. The symbol number is continuously counted independently of the number of slots within the subframe, which depends on the subcarrier spacing configured for PRACH.

[0070] The EU may additionally determine that the duration of ROs is 6 symbols (although the actual duration of the preamble format may be less than that).

[0071] In some exemplary embodiments, the validity of the determined ROs needs to be verified. An RO can be determined as valid if it is within the UL symbols or if it has a gap. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 90 / 258 21 / 50 is sufficient after the last SSB / DL symbol if it is within the flexible symbols.

[0072] In some exemplary embodiments, the mapping of SSB indices to the determined ROs can be configured. FIG. 2C illustrates an example of SSB to RO mapping. In the example of FIG. 2C, SSB to RO mapping is configured with prachConfigurationlndex 251 and UL / DL DDDSU configuration. As illustrated, valid ROs in a frame are determined. Additional configuration(s) can be configured. Examples of additional configurations include, but are not limited to: DDDSU slot structure, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) of Msg1 being equal to two, and ssb-perRACH-OccasionAndCB-PreamblesPerSSB being half. Based on the configuration(s), two ROs are multiplexed in the frequency domain (Msg1-FDM equals two) and any two FDM ROs are mapped to the same SSB index (ssb-perRACH-OccasionAndCBPreamblesPerSSB equals 1 / 2).

[0073] In some exemplary embodiments, UL coverage enhancements are provided. For example, multiple PRACH transmissions are performed with the same beams for a 4-step procedure. Alternatively, PRACH transmissions are performed with different beams for a 4-step PRACH procedure. As an example, PRACH enhancements are targeted to frequency band two (FR2), and can also be applied to frequency band one (FR1) when applicable. As another example, PRACH enhancements are targeted to short PRACH formats, and can also be applied to other formats when applicable.

[0074] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of discarding an RO in the RO group. In the example in FIG. 2D, a second RO in the RO group must be discarded, since the SSB index of that RO is different from the SSB index of the second RO of the ROs for single PRACH transmissions. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 91 / 258 22 / 50 SSB indices in FIG. 2D are distinguished via different patterns.

[0075] As illustrated, PRACH transmission in the second RO of the RO group for PRACH repetitions is discarded, since the SSB index of such RO is different from the SSB index of the second RO for single PRACH transmission occurring in the same time instance. It should be understood that the problem in FIG. 2D would occur when the two upper ROs were configured using different RACH configurations, for example, 4-step and 2-step RACH, or additional RACH vs. legacy RACH and so on.

[0076] As will be detailed below, some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure propose a solution for discarding ROs and for calculating RA-RNTI in a terminal device. The proposed solution can be applied to multiple PRACH transmissions. The proposed solution can also be applied to an RO from a group of ROs that occurs in the same time instance but at different frequency locations from at least one other RO. The at least one other RO does not belong to the group of ROs and is mapped to a different SSB index than the SSB index to which the RO from the group of ROs is mapped.

[0077] Some exemplary embodiments will be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5.

[0078] FIG. 3 shows a flowchart of a method 300 implemented on a first device according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, method 300 will be described from the perspective of the first device 110 in FIG. 1.

[0079] In block 310, the first device 110 determines, based on at least one condition being met, that a first PRACH transmission should be discarded on a first RACH (RO) occasion from a group of ROs. As used in this document, the terms Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 92 / 258 23 / 50 “first”, “second” and similar terms may be used only to distinguish between different elements without intending to identify their order. As used in this document, the term “RO group” may refer to a set of ROs to be used by the first device 110 to transmit the PRACH repetitions.

[0080] As used in this document, if the first device 110 determines that a PRACH transmission on an RO should be discarded, the corresponding RO may be referred to as the “discarded RO”. The corresponding PRACH transmission may be referred to as the “discarded PRACH transmission”. For example, the term “discarded RO” may refer to the RO for which the first device 110 determines the discarding of a corresponding PRACH transmission.

[0081] In some exemplary embodiments, the RO group can be configured by RRC. For example, RO group time resources can be determined or configured based on a procedure as described in relation to FIG. 2B. Furthermore, mapping of SSB indices to the ROs determined in the RO group can be determined similarly to the exemplary mapping of FIG. 2C.

[0082] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition may comprise a first condition where the first RO fully overlaps in time with a second RO. The first and second ROs may be associated with different RACH configurations and may be located at different frequency locations. In some exemplary embodiments, the first and second ROs may be mapped to different SSB indices. If the first RO fully overlaps in time with the second RO of a different RACH configuration (e.g., for single PRACH transmission), the first and second ROs mapped to different SSB indices, the first condition is met. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 93 / 258 24 / 50

[0083] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition may comprise a second condition in which the first RO partially overlaps in time with the second RO. If the first RO partially overlaps in time with the second RO (and the first and second ROs are mapped to different SSB indices), the second condition is met.

[0084] As an example, if two configurations for the first and second ROs use two different PRACH configuration indices and the number of ROs per slot is not the same in the two “parallel” configurations, the first RO may partially overlap in time with the second RO in a number of OFDM symbols.

[0085] In some exemplary embodiments, if the first RO overlaps in time with the second RO in at least a number of OFDM symbols, the second condition may be met. For example, if the first device 110 determines that a number of OFDM symbols are shared by the first and second ROs, the first device 110 may determine that the second condition is met. For example, a number of OFDM symbols shared by two ROs may be considered as partial overlap of the two ROs. For example, if a number of OFDM symbols are shared by two ROs, the second condition is met.

[0086] The number of OFDM symbols can be predetermined by the first device or configured by the second device. As an example, the second device 120 can indicate the number of overlaps in OFDM symbols for which the first RO can be considered partially overlapping the second RO.

[0087] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device 120 may indicate partial overlap between two ROs. For example, the second device 120 may transmit an indication to the first device 110. The indication indicates that the first RO overlaps Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 94 / 258 25 / 50 partially overlapping in time with the second RO. For example, if a number of OFDM symbols are shared by two ROs that can be considered partially overlapping, the second device 120 can indicate such partial overlap to the first device 110. If the first device 110 receives the indication from the second device 120 indicating partial overlap, the first device 110 can determine that the second condition is met.

[0088] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition may comprise a third condition in which the first RO occurs in the same slot as the second RO. For example, if the first RO occurs in the same slot as the second RO, even if the first and second ROs do not actually overlap in time (and if the first and second ROs are mapped to different SSB indices), the third condition is met.

[0089] In some exemplary modalities, if the first, second, or third condition is met, the first 110 device can determine whether or not the first RO has a lower priority than the second RO. If the first RO has a lower priority, the first 110 device can determine that the PRACH transmission should be discarded on the first RO. As an example, different priority indexes are assigned to the ROs of the different RACH configurations. In the case of collisions (i.e., the first, second, or third condition is met) of the first RO with the second RO, the first 110 device can determine the discard based on previous assignment. For example, the first 110 device can remove the PRACH transmission corresponding to the RO with the lower priority.

[0090] In some exemplary embodiments, the first device 110 can determine whether the first RO or the second RO has a lower priority based on the priority indices of the first and second ROs. In some exemplary embodiments, the indices of Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 95 / 258 26 / 50 priority values ​​are predefined, or configured or indicated from the second device 120. For example, the priority indices of the ROs can be explicitly configured or specified.

[0091] Alternatively or additionally, in some exemplary embodiments, priority indices may be determined based on SSB indices associated with the first and second ROs. For example, the priority indices of the ROs may be implicitly determined based on a list of prioritized SSB indices such as a list of prioritized SSB beam indices. The list of prioritized SSB indices or prioritized SSB beam indices may be predefined. Alternatively, the list of prioritized SSB indices or prioritized SSB beam indices may be configured or indicated from the second device 120.

[0092] As an example, the first device 110 can determine the list of prioritized SSB indices. The first device 110 can determine, based on the list of prioritized SSB indices, priority levels of the SSB indices associated with the first and second ROs. The first device 110 can determine the priority indices based on the priority levels of the SSB indices associated with the first and second ROs.

[0093] Alternatively or additionally, in some exemplary embodiments, the first device 110 may determine the priority indices of the first and second ROs based on preamble indices associated with the first and second ROs. The associated preamble indices may be a list of prioritized preamble indices with a configured or specified preamble format. The list of prioritized preamble indices may be predefined. Alternatively, the list of prioritized preamble indices may be configured or indicated from the second device 120.

[0094] As an example, the first device 110 determines the list of Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 96 / 258 27 / 50 prioritized preamble indices. The first device 110 can determine, based on the list of prioritized preamble indices, priority levels of the preamble indices associated with the first and second ROs. The first device 110 can determine the priority indices based on the priority levels of the preamble indices associated with the first and second ROs.

[0095] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition may comprise a fourth condition in which the second device 120 is unable to simultaneously receive PRACH transmissions on the first RO and the second RO, in the case where the first RO and the second RO are associated with different synchronization signal block indices and at least one of the first, second, or third condition is met. For example, the second device 120 may have the capability or inability to handle multiple SSB indices in the same time instance. Even if at least one condition is predetermined, the discard may be further conditioned based on the capability or inability of the second device 120 to handle a plurality of SSB indices in the same time instance. The capability information transmitted by the second device 120 to the first device 110 may comprise the indication of the second device 120's inability.The capacity information transmitted by the second device 120 to the first device 110 may include the capacity indication of the second device 120. In such cases, the first device 110 may determine the discarding of the first RO based on the capacity indication.

[0096] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition may comprise a fifth condition in the SSB indices associated with the first and second ROs, wherein the first and second ROs overlap in time based on the first, second, or third. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 97 / 258 28 / 50 condition. For example, the fifth condition may comprise a condition where predetermined pairs of SSB indices are mapped to the first and second ROs. For example, the first device 110 may remove the PRACH transmission if specific pairs of SSB indices are mapped to the first and second ROs. For example, the fifth condition is met if specific pairs of SSB indices are mapped to the first and second ROs.

[0097] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition may comprise a sixth condition in frequency allocation of the first and second ROs, wherein the first and second ROs overlap in time based on the first, second, or third condition. As an example, the sixth condition may comprise a condition where the first and second ROs are frequency spaced by a frequency distance equal to or less than a threshold distance. If the first and second ROs are frequency spaced by an amount less than a threshold value, the fifth condition is met. In such a situation, the first device 110 may remove the PRACH transmission.

[0098] Examples of at least one condition have been described. In some exemplary embodiments, at least one of the conditions is predetermined. Alternatively or additionally, in some exemplary embodiments, at least one of the conditions is configured or indicated from the second device 120. For example, at least one of the conditions may be indicated from the second device 120 to the first device 110 via high-layer signaling. As used in this document, the term “high layer” may also be referred to as “upper layer”.

[0099] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device 120 may transmit to the first device 110 an indication of a trigger so that at least one of the conditions is effective. The first device 110 may receive the trigger indication. For example, the Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 98 / 258 29 / 50 conditions can be predetermined and the second device 120 indicates the trigger so that at least one of the conditions is effective.

[0100] Examples of at least one condition have been described. These conditions may be used separately, or in any suitable combination. It should be understood that the illustrative conditions are for illustrative purposes only, without suggesting any limitation. Any other suitable condition may be applied, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this respect.

[0101] Under these conditions, the first device 110 can make a better decision regarding discarding the PRACH transmission in an RO. Consequently, PRACH transmissions can be discarded in the case of SSB index collisions. Particularly, in cases where time domain or frequency allocation of the colliding ROs and / or colliding SSB indices, the RO can be discarded and thus PRACH transmissions can be discarded.

[0102] In block 320, the first device 110 transmits at least one second PRACH transmission different from the first PRACH transmission to be discarded in ROs of the RO group. Thus, multiple RACH transmissions and a single RACH transmission can be correctly received.

[0103] In some exemplary embodiment, the first 110 device may calculate an RA-RNTI based on one or more ROs in the RO group. For example, the first 110 device may determine which one or more ROs from the RO group are used for RA-RNTI calculation. In one example, the one or more ROs used to calculate the RA-RNTI are predefined. In another example, the one or more ROs used to calculate the RA-RNTI may be configured or indicated from the second 120 device. For example, which of the one or more ROs from the RO group are used for RA-RNTI calculation may be based on a configuration or indication from the second 120 device via upper-layer signaling. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 99 / 258 30 / 50

[0104] In some exemplary embodiments, one or more ROs used to calculate the RA-RNTI are independent of the first RO. For example, the fact that one or more ROs are used to calculate the RA-RNTI is independent of, or not conditional on, the fact that the corresponding PRACH transmission by one or more ROs is discarded, that is, independent of or not conditional on at least one condition being met.

[0105] In some exemplary embodiments, one or more ROs used to calculate RA-RNTI are associated with the first RO. For example, the fact that one or more ROs are used to calculate RA-RNTI is associated with, or conditioned upon, the fact that the corresponding PRACH transmission by one or more ROs is discarded.

[0106] In some exemplary embodiments, one or more ROs used to calculate the RA-RNTI may include the first RO. For example, a single RO as the first RO is used for RA-RNTI calculation. In one example, the first RO may be retained as part of one or more ROs used to calculate the RA-RNTI if at least one condition is met. In another example, the first RO may not be retained as part of one or more ROs used to calculate the RA-RNTI if at least one condition is met.

[0107] Alternatively, in some exemplary embodiments, one or more ROs used to calculate the RA-RNTI may include an RO with a time distance to the first RO that is equal to or less than a threshold distance. The threshold distance is predefined or configured. For example, an RO closer in time to the first RO may be used for RA-RNTI calculation if at least one condition is met. If a first distance between an RO prior to the first RO and a second distance between a PRO near the first RO is the same, the RO prior to the first RO or the RO near the first RO may be determined as an RO for calculating the RA-RNTI. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, p. 100 / 258 31 / 50

[0108] In some exemplary embodiments, one or more ROs may comprise one or more fallback ROs for RA-RNTI calculation. For example, the first device 110 determines, in the RO group, a fallback RO to calculate RA-RNTI. In the RO group, PRACH repetitions may be transmitted. For example, the fallback RO may be predefined. As another example, the fallback RO may be configured or indicated from the second device 120. As a particular example, the fallback RO may be the first RO of the RO group, while the last RO of an RO group is one or more ROs used to calculate RA-RNTI. If at least one condition is met for the last RO, RA-RNTI is calculated via the fallback RO. That is, the fallback RO is used for RA-RNTI calculation.

[0109] Several examples of using a single RO for RARNTI calculation have been described above. In some exemplary embodiments, a plurality of ROs can be used for RA-RNTI calculation. As an example, the first device 110 can determine, in the RO group, a plurality of ROs available to calculate the RA-RNTI. The plurality of ROs includes the first RO. The first device 110 can determine other ROs from the plurality of ROs besides the first RO to calculate the RARNTI.

[0110] As another example, the one or more ROs for RARNTI calculation are all the ROs in the RO group where at least one condition is not met. For example, if an RO group consists of four ROs and all four ROs must be used for RA-RNTI calculation (i.e., all four ROs are the one or more ROs for RA-RNTI calculation), but the PRACH transmission in the last RO of the four ROs is discarded (i.e., at least one condition is met in the last RO), the one or more ROs for RA-RNTI calculation are the first three ROs in the group of four ROs. It should be understood that these RO numbers above are for illustrative purposes only and do not suggest any Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 101 / 258 32 / 50 limitation.

[0111] In this way, the first device 110 can calculate RARNTI using one or more ROs. Thus, RA-RNTI can be calculated even if the RO used to calculate RA-RNTI is discarded. Consequently, the second device 120 can correctly receive multiple PRACH transmissions and a single PRACH transmission. Furthermore, the first device 110 and the second device 120 can calculate RA-RNTI and arrive at the same calculation result. Moreover, the first device 110 and the second device 120 can have a common understanding of which of the PRACH transmissions is discarded and, thus, in which RO at least one condition is met.

[0112] Exemplary embodiments regarding RO disposal and RA-RNTI calculation were described in relation to FIG. 3. Additional exemplary embodiments will be described in relation to FIG. 4, which illustrates a 400 signaling diagram for RO disposal and RARNTI calculation according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the 400 signaling diagram will be described in reference to FIG. 1.

[0113] In the description of FIG. 4, the CBRA procedure is illustrated as a 4-step RACH procedure. It should be understood that exemplary embodiments described in relation to the 4-step RACH procedure may also be applied to a 2-step RACH procedure. The scope of the present application is not limited in this respect.

[0114] As illustrated, the second device 120 can transmit (410) a configuration of resources for PRACH repetitions to the first device 110. The first device 110 can receive (415) the configuration. For example, the configuration can be transmitted (410) via the upper layer. The configuration can include parameters to determine or derive the occasions of PRACH and preambles for transmission of the Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 102 / 258 33 / 50 repetitions of PRACH.

[0115] The second device 120 can transmit (420) an indication of incapacity to the first device 110. The first device 110 can receive (425) the indication of incapacity. The indication of incapacity indicates that the second device 120 is unable to handle a plurality of SSB indices in the same time instance. It should be understood that an indication of incapacity is for illustrative purposes only, and a second device could also indicate the ability to handle a plurality of SSB indices in the same time instance.

[0116] In some exemplary embodiments, the indication of incapacity may be capability information of the second device 120. For example, the capability information of the second device 120 may indicate that the second device 120 is unable to handle multiple SSB indices in the same time instance. By indicating incapacity in capability information, the loss of generality of the incapacity indication may be reduced.

[0117] Alternatively or additionally, in some exemplary embodiments, the indication of incapacity may be implicitly carried by indicating nothing as an empty field. The first device 110 may assume such incapacity as a default behavior with nothing or an empty field indicated for the first device 110.

[0118] This capability indication or inability indication basically informs the first device 110 whether it needs to remove a PRACH transmission on a certain RO, if the certain RO is frequency multiplexed at the same time instance with another RO mapped to a different SSB index, that is, if at least one condition is met on the certain RO. In this way, the first device 110 can decide whether or not to remove a PRACH transmission on the certain RO based on the capability indication or inability indication. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 103 / 258 34 / 50

[0119] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device 120 may transmit (430) an RO priority indication to the first device 110. The first device 110 may receive (435) the RO priority indication.

[0120] In the example in FIG. 4, it is assumed that the second device 120 indicates a secondary priority or a lower priority for ROs for PRACH repeats. For ROs for single PRACH transmissions, a first priority or a higher priority can be configured. Without losing generality, the ROs for repeats of PRACH tasks can be assigned with a first priority or high priority.

[0121] Alternatively, in some exemplary embodiments, priority may not be indicated by the second device 120 via signaling. Instead, RO priority may be embedded in code in the specifications. For example, ROs for PRACH repetitions may be predefined or configured to have lower priority or higher priority.

[0122] The first device 110 can determine (440) a group of ROs based on the configuration received (415) from the second device 120. As used in this document, the term “group of ROs” can refer to a set of ROs to be used by the first device 110 to transmit the PRACH repeats.

[0123] The first device 110 can determine (445) that an RO (referred to as a first RO) in the RO group overlaps in time with another RO (referred to as a second RO) mapped to a different SSB index than the SSB index to which the first RO is mapped.

[0124] In some exemplary embodiments, the second RO and corresponding mapping may be determined by the first device 110 via an additional RACH resource configuration. The additional configuration may be a RACH resource configuration. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 104 / 258 35 / 50 for single PRACH transmissions.

[0125] The first device 110 can determine (450) to remove the PRACH transmission in the first RO in the RO group if at least one condition is met. The first device 110 can thus remove the PRACH transmission in the first RO based on the determination. The at least one condition can be any suitable condition described in relation to FIG. 3, or any other suitable condition not described in this document.

[0126] In some exemplary embodiments, the discarding of PRACH transmission on the first RO is determined (450) based on the configuration or indication of the second device 120. For example, if the second device 120 indicates that the ROs for PRACH repeats have a second priority or a lower priority, the first device 110 may remove the corresponding PRACH transmission.

[0127] Alternatively, in some exemplary embodiments, priority for ROs for PRACH repetition is implicit or explicit (embedded in code) in the specifications. For example, overlapping ROs for PRACH repetitions can be dropped or retained, so that no configuration or indication is required. In this way, signaling overhead can be reduced.

[0128] In some exemplary embodiments, the first device 110 may transmit (455) PRACH repetitions to the second device 120 on the ROs of the RO group except the discarded RO. The second device 120 may receive (460) PRACH repetitions. As used in this document, the term “discarded RO” may refer to the RO for which the first device 110 determines to remove a corresponding PRACH transmission.

[0129] In some exemplary embodiments, the first device 110 calculates (465) the RA-RNTI based on one or more ROs. As an example, the first device 110 can calculate (465) the RA-RNTI with Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, p. 105 / 258 36 / 50 based on the discarded RO whose PRACH transmission is discarded. As another example, the first device 110 can calculate (465) the RA-RNTI based on more than one RO from the RO group to which the discarded RO belongs.

[0130] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device 120 may transmit (470) DCI scheduling of a subsequent Msg2 to the first device 110. Msg2 may be CRC scrambled by the calculated RA-RNTI (465). The first device 110 may receive (475) the DCI. The first device 110 may proceed with a RACH procedure based on the DCI. The RACH procedure may be a 4-step RACH procedure illustrated in relation to FIG. 2A. Alternatively, the RACH procedure may be a 2-step RACH procedure.

[0131] By using RO discard and RA-RNTI calculation in accordance with the present disclosure, the second device 120 can correctly receive multiple PRACH transmissions and a single PRACH transmission.

[0132] FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of an exemplary method 500 implemented on a second device according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 500 will be described from the perspective of the second device 120 in FIG. 1.

[0133] In block 510, the second device 120 determines, based on at least one condition being met, that a first PRACH transmission should be discarded by a first device in a first RO of a group of ROs.

[0134] In block 520, the second device 120 receives, from the first device 110, at least one second PRACH transmission different from the first PRACH transmission to be discarded in ROs of the RO group.

[0135] In some exemplary modalities, at least one Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 106 / 258 The 37 / 50 condition comprises at least one of: a first condition where the first RO completely overlaps in time with a second RO; a second condition where the first RO partially overlaps in time with the second RO; or a third condition where the first RO occurs in the same slot as the second RO.

[0136] In some exemplary embodiments, the second 120 device may determine that the first, second, or third condition is met. Then, based on a determination that the first RO has a lower priority than the second RO, the second 120 device may determine that the PRACH transmission should be discarded on the first RO.

[0137] In some example scenarios, determining that the first RO has a lower priority than the second RO can be based on priority indices of the first and second ROs.

[0138] In some exemplary modes, priority indices may be predefined, or configured or indicated from the second device.

[0139] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device 120 may ensure that the first RO overlaps in time with the second RO in at least a number of OFDM symbols. Furthermore, the second device 120 may determine that the second condition is met.

[0140] In some exemplary embodiments, the number of OFDM symbols is predetermined by the first device or configured by the second device.

[0141] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition comprises a fourth condition in which the second device is unable to receive PRACH transmissions on the first RO and the second RO, in the case where the first RO and the second RO are associated with different synchronization signal block indices and at least one of the first, second or third condition is met. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 107 / 258 38 / 50

[0142] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition further comprises at least one of: a fifth condition in the synchronization signal block indices associated with the first and second ROs, wherein the first and second ROs overlap in time based on the first, second or third condition; or a sixth condition in frequency allocation of the first and second ROs, wherein the first and second ROs overlap in time based on the first, second or third condition.

[0143] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one of the first, second, third, fourth, or sixth condition additionally requires that the first and second ROs be mapped to different synchronization signal block indices.

[0144] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device 120 can calculate an RA-RNTI based on one or more ROs from the RO group.

[0145] In some exemplary modalities, the second device 120 may determine one or more ROs from the RO group for RA-RNTI calculation, where one or more ROs from the RO group include the first RO.

[0146] In some exemplary modalities, the first RO is retained as being part of one or more ROs if at least one condition is met.

[0147] In some exemplary modalities, the first RO is not retained as being part of one or more ROs if at least one condition is met.

[0148] In some exemplary modalities, one or more ROs comprise one or more fallback ROs for RA-RNTI calculation.

[0149] Using method 500, the second device 120 can also calculate the RA-RNTI and arrive at the same calculation result as the first device 110. Furthermore, the first device 110 and the second Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, p. 108 / 258 39 / 50 device 120 may have a common understanding of which of the PRACH transmissions is discarded. Examples of Apparatus, Device and Means

[0150] In some exemplary embodiments, a first apparatus capable of performing any of the method 300 (for example, the first device 110 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 300. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuit assembly or software module. The first apparatus may be implemented as or included in the first device 110 in FIG. 1.

[0151] In some exemplary embodiments, the first apparatus comprises means for determining, based on at least one condition being met, that a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission should be discarded on a first Random Access Channel (RACH) (RO) occasion of a group of ROs; and means for transmitting at least one PRACH transmission other than the PRACH transmission to be discarded on ROs of the group of ROs.

[0152] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition comprises at least one of: a first condition that the first RO completely overlaps in time with a second RO; a second condition in which the first RO partially overlaps in time with the second RO; or a third condition in which the first RO occurs in the same slot as the second RO.

[0153] In some exemplary embodiments, means for determining that the PRACH transmission should be discarded on the first RO comprise: means for determining that the first, second, or third condition is met; and means for, based on a determination that the first RO has a lower priority than the second RO, determining that the PRACH transmission should be discarded on the first RO. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 109 / 258 40 / 50 RO.

[0154] In some exemplary modalities, means of determining that the first RO has a lower priority than the second RO is based on priority indices of the first and second RO.

[0155] In some exemplary modes, priority indices are predefined, or configured or indicated from the second device.

[0156] In some exemplary embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for, based on a determination that the first RO overlaps in time with the second RO in at least a number of OFDM symbols, determining that the second condition is met.

[0157] In some exemplary embodiments, the first device additionally comprises: the number of OFDM symbols being predetermined by the first device or configured by the second device.

[0158] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition comprises a fourth condition in which the second device is unable to receive PRACH transmissions on the first RO and the second RO, in the case where the first RO and the second RO are associated with different synchronization signal block indices and at least one of the first, second or third condition is met.

[0159] In some exemplary embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises: means for receiving, from a second device, an indication that the second device is unable to handle a plurality of synchronization signal block indices at the same time instance; and means for determining, based on the indication, that the fourth condition is met.

[0160] In some exemplary modalities, at least one condition additionally comprises at least one of: a fifth Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 110 / 258 41 / 50 condition in the synchronization signal block indices associated with the first and second ROs, wherein the first and second ROs overlap in time based on the first, second, or third condition; or a sixth condition in frequency allocation of the first and second ROs, wherein the first and second ROs overlap in time based on the first, second, or third condition.

[0161] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one of the first, second, third, fourth, or sixth condition additionally requires that the first and second ROs be mapped to different synchronization signal block indices.

[0162] In some exemplary embodiments, the first device additionally comprises: means for calculating an Identifier Temporary Random Access Radio Network (RA-RNTI) based on one or more ROs from the RO group.

[0163] In some exemplary embodiments, the first apparatus additionally comprises: means for determining one or more ROs from the RO group for RA-RNTI calculation, wherein one or more ROs from the RO group include the first RO.

[0164] In some exemplary modalities, the first RO is retained as being part of one or more ROs if at least one condition is met.

[0165] In some exemplary modalities, the first RO is not retained as being part of one or more ROs if at least one condition is met.

[0166] In some exemplary modalities, one or more ROs comprise one or more fallback ROs for RA-RNTI calculation.

[0167] In some exemplary embodiments, the first device additionally comprises means for performing other operations in some exemplary embodiments of method 300 or of the first device 110. In some exemplary embodiments, the means Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, p. 111 / 258 42 / 50 comprise at least one processor; and at least one memory that stores instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, cause the performance of the first device.

[0168] In some exemplary embodiments, a second device capable of performing any of the 500 method (for example, the second device 120 in FIG. 1) may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the 500 method. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuit assembly or software module. The second device may be implemented as or included in the second device 120 in FIG. 1.

[0169] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device comprises means for determining, based on at least one condition being met, that a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission should be discarded by a first device on a first Random Access Channel (RACH) (RO) occasion of a group of ROs; and means for receiving, from the first device, at least one PRACH transmission other than the PRACH transmission to be discarded on ROs of the group of ROs.

[0170] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition comprises at least one of: a first condition that the first RO completely overlaps in time with a second RO; a second condition in which the first RO partially overlaps in time with the second RO; or a third condition in which the first RO occurs in the same slot as the second RO.

[0171] In some exemplary embodiments, means for determining that the PRACH transmission should be discarded in the first RO comprise: means for determining that the first, second, or third condition is met; and means for, based on a determination that the first RO has a lower priority than the second RO, Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 112 / 258 43 / 50 determine that PRACH transmission should be ruled out in the first RO.

[0172] In some exemplary modalities, means of determining that the first RO has a lower priority than the second RO is based on priority indices of the first and second RO.

[0173] In some exemplary modes, priority indices are predefined, or configured or indicated from the second device.

[0174] In some exemplary embodiments, the second apparatus additionally comprises: means for, based on a determination that the first RO overlaps in time with the second RO in at least a number of OFDM symbols, determining that the second condition is met.

[0175] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device additionally comprises: the number of OFDM symbols being predetermined by the first device or configured by the second device.

[0176] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one condition comprises a fourth condition in which the second device is unable to receive PRACH transmissions on the first RO and the second RO, in the case where the first RO and the second RO are associated with different synchronization signal block indices and at least one of the first, second, or third condition is met.

[0177] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device additionally comprises: means for transmitting to the first device an indication that the second device is unable to handle a plurality of synchronization signal block indices at the same time instance.

[0178] In some exemplary modalities, at least one condition additionally comprises at least one of: a fifth Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 113 / 258 44 / 50 condition in the synchronization signal block indices associated with the first and second ROs, wherein the first and second ROs overlap in time based on the first, second, or third condition; or a sixth condition in frequency allocation of the first and second ROs, wherein the first and second ROs overlap in time based on the first, second, or third condition.

[0179] In some exemplary embodiments, at least one of the first, second, third, fourth, or sixth condition additionally requires that the first and second ROs be mapped to different synchronization signal block indices.

[0180] In some exemplary embodiments, the second apparatus additionally comprises: means for calculating an Identifier Temporary Random Access Radio Network (RA-RNTI) based on one or more ROs from the RO group.

[0181] In some exemplary embodiments, the second apparatus additionally comprises: means for determining one or more ROs from the RO group for RA-RNTI calculation, wherein one or more ROs from the RO group include the first RO.

[0182] In some exemplary embodiments, the first RO is retained as being part of one or more ROs if at least one condition is met.

[0183] In some exemplary modalities, the first RO is not retained as being part of one or more ROs if at least one condition is met.

[0184] In some exemplary modalities, one or more ROs comprise one or more fallback ROs for RA-RNTI calculation.

[0185] In some exemplary embodiments, the second device additionally comprises means for performing other operations in some exemplary embodiments of method 500 or the second device 120. In some exemplary embodiments, the means Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, p. 114 / 258 45 / 50 comprise at least one processor; and at least one memory that stores instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, affect the performance of the second device.

[0186] FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of a device 600 that is suitable for implementing exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 600 can be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the first device 110 or the second device 120, as shown in FIG. 1. As shown, the device 600 includes one or more processors 610, one or more memories 620 coupled to the processor 610, and one or more communication modules 640 coupled to the processor 610.

[0187] The 640 communication module is for bidirectional communications. The 640 communication module has one or more communication interfaces to facilitate communication with one or more other modules or devices. Communication interfaces may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements. In some exemplary embodiments, the 640 communication module may include at least one antenna.

[0188] The 610 processor may be of any type suitable for the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general-purpose computers, special-purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), and processors based on multi-core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The 600 device may have multiple processors, such as an application-specific integrated circuit chip that is time-dependent on a clock that synchronizes with the main processor.

[0189] Memory 620 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read-Only Memory (ROM) 624, Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 115 / 258 46 / 50 an electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD), a digital video disc (DVD), an optical disc, a laser disc, and other magnetic and / or optical storage. Examples of volatile memories include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) 622 and other volatile memories that will not last through the power-off period.

[0190] A computer program 630 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 610. The instructions of the program 630 may include instructions to perform operations / acts of some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. The program 630 may be stored in memory, for example, ROM 624. The processor 610 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 630 into RAM 622.

[0191] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented by means of program 630 so that device 600 can perform any process of the disclosure, as discussed in reference to FIGS. 3 to FIGS. 5. Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.

[0192] In some exemplary embodiments, program 630 may be tangibly contained in a computer-readable medium that may be included in device 600 (such as memory 620) or in other storage devices that are accessible by device 600. Device 600 may load program 630 from the computer-readable medium into RAM 622 for execution. In some exemplary embodiments, the computer-readable medium may include any type of non-transient storage medium, such as ROM, EPROM, flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. The term “non-transient,” as used herein, is a limitation of Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 116 / 258 47 / 50 own medium (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation in data storage persistence (e.g., RAM versus ROM).

[0193] FIG. 7 shows an example of the computer-readable medium 700 which may be in the form of a CD, DVD or other optical storage disc. The computer-readable medium 700 has the program 630 stored on it.

[0194] In general, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special-purpose circuits, software, logic, or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software that can be executed by a controller, microprocessor, or other computing device. Although various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other graphical representations, it should be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique, or method described herein may be implemented, as non-limiting examples, in hardware, software, firmware, special-purpose or logic circuits, general-purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.

[0195] Some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure also provide at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a computer-readable medium, such as a non-transient computer-readable medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, that are executed on a device on a target physical or virtual processor, to perform any of the methods as described above. In general, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, structures Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 117 / 258 48 / 50 data or similar modules that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of program modules can be combined or divided among program modules as desired in various modes. Machine-executable instructions for program modules can be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules can be located on both local and remote storage media.

[0196] Program code for executing methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing device, such that the program code, when executed by the processor or controller, causes the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may be executed wholly on one machine, partially on the machine as a stand-alone software package, partially on the machine and partially on a remote machine, or wholly on the remote machine or server.

[0197] In the context of the present disclosure, computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus, or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of carrier include a signal, computer-readable media, and the like.

[0198] A computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. A computer-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any combination thereof. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, page 118 / 258 49 / 50 suitable of the above. More specific examples of computer-readable storage media would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer floppy disk, a hard disk drive, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc (CD-ROM) read-only memory, an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the above.

[0199] Additionally, although operations are represented in a particular order, this should not be understood to require that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Similarly, although several specific implementation details are contained in the discussions above, these should not be interpreted as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of attributes that may be specific to particular modalities. Unless explicitly stated, certain attributes that are described in the context of separate modalities may also be implemented in combination in a single modality.On the other hand, unless explicitly stated, several attributes that are described in the context of a single modality may also be implemented in a plurality of modalities separately or in any suitable subcombination.

[0200] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages ​​specific to structural attributes and / or methodological acts, it should be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific attributes or acts described. Petição 870250090137, de 03 / 10 / 2025, pág. 119 / 258 50 / 50 acima. Em vez disso, os atributos e atos específicos descritos acima são revelados como formas exemplificativas de implementação das reivindicações. Petição 870250090137, de 03 / 10 / 2025, pág. 120 / 258

Claims

1 / 4 CLAIMS 1. Apparatus characterized by comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory that stores instructions which, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least perform: determining a set of valid Random Access Channel (RACH) occasions (ROs) for a Random Access Physical Channel (RACH) transmission with preamble repetitions; determining that the RACH transmission must be discarded in at least one RO of the set of valid ROs; determining one or more ROs from the set of valid ROs for calculating a temporary Random Access Radio Network identifier (RA-RNTI), wherein the one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI are not conditioned on whether or not the corresponding RACH transmission in the one or more ROs should be discarded; and calculating the RA-RNTI based on the one or more ROs determined from the set of valid ROs.

2. Device, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI are predefined.

3. Device, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more ROs used for RA-RNTI calculation are configured by upper layer signaling.

4. Device, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI include at least one RO.

5. Device, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI include a final RO from the set of valid ROs. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, p. 121 / 258 2 / 4 6. Device, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI include the RO with a time distance to at least one RO, and the time distance is equal to or less than a threshold distance.

7. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one RO is retained in the case where at least one RO is a part of one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI.

8. Device, according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one RO is not retained in the case where at least one RO is a part of one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI.

9. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI comprise one or more fallback ROs.

10. Apparatus, according to claim 1, characterized in that it determines that the PRACH transmission should be discarded in at least one RO based on at least one condition being met: a first condition in which at least one RO fully overlaps in time with another RO; a second condition in which at least one RO partially overlaps in time with another RO; or a third condition in which at least one RO occurs in the same slot as the other RO.

11. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is characterized by comprising a terminal device or a network device.

12. A method characterized by comprising: determining a set of valid Random Access Channel (RACH) occasions (ROs) for a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission with preamble repetitions; Petition 870250090137, dated 10 / 03 / 2025, page 122 / 258 3 / 4 determining that the PRACH transmission must be discarded in at least one RO from the set of valid ROs; determining one or more ROs from the set of valid ROs for calculating a Temporary Random Access Radio Network Identifier (RA-RNTI), wherein the one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI are not conditioned on whether or not the corresponding PRACH transmission in the one or more ROs should be discarded; and calculating the RA-RNTI based on the one or more ROs determined from the set of valid ROs.

13. Method, according to claim 12, characterized in that one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI are predefined.

14. Method, according to claim 12, characterized in that one or more ROs used for RA-RNTI calculation are configured by upper layer signaling.

15. Method, according to claim 12, characterized in that one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI include at least one RO.

16. Method, according to claim 12, characterized in that one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI include a final RO from the set of valid ROs.

17. Method, according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one RO is retained in the case where at least one RO is a part of one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI.

18. Method, according to claim 12, characterized in that at least one RO is not retained in the case where at least one RO is a part of one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI.

19. Method, according to claim 12, characterized in that determining that the transmission of PRACH should be discarded in at least one RO based on at least one condition being met: Petition 870250090137, dated 10 / 03 / 2025, page 123 / 258 4 / 4 a first condition in which at least one RO fully overlaps in time with another RO; a second condition in which at least one RO partially overlaps in time with another RO; or a third condition in which at least one RO occurs in the same slot as the other RO.

20. A non-transient, computer-readable medium characterized by comprising encoded program instructions which, when executed by at least one processor, cause a device to: determine a set of valid Random Access Channel (RACH) occasions (ROs) for a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission with preamble repetitions; determine that the PRACH transmission must be discarded in at least one RO from the set of valid ROs; determine one or more ROs from the set of valid ROs for calculating a Temporary Random Access Radio Network Identifier (RA-RNTI), wherein the one or more ROs for calculating the RA-RNTI are not conditioned on whether or not the corresponding PRACH transmission in the one or more ROs should be discarded; and calculate the RA-RNTI based on the one or more ROs determined from the set of valid ROs. Petition 870250090137, dated 03 / 10 / 2025, pp. 124 / 258

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