Use of a polymer and carbon dioxide capture method

Description

1 / 43 “USE OF A POLYMER AND METHOD FOR CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE” Field of Invention

[001] The present invention relates to the use of nitrogen-containing polymers (NPs) that can optionally be alkoxylated in the area of ​​carbon capture, for example, in direct air capture (DAC) applications, typically in cases where carbon dioxide is absorbed directly from the air. Specifically, amine-containing polymers are based on condensation products of polyamines, such as tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), with bifunctional or polyfunctional linking compounds (BCs) that are capable of linking polyamine molecules. The bifunctional or polyfunctional linking compounds (BCs) contain two or more amine-reactive groups (hereinafter, amine-reactive groups or ARGs). These amine-containing polymers can optionally be alkoxylated, for example, by the action of one or more alkylene oxides to produce alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymers (ANPs). Background of the Invention

[002] The increase in levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a growing global concern in view of the predicted impact on climate change. This is particularly true in view of rising levels of carbon dioxide. It is widely accepted that even the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air is responsible for increasingly drastic environmental changes, including droughts, floods, and disruption of ecosystems worldwide. It is predicted that as carbon dioxide levels continue to rise, we will see significant increases in average atmospheric and ocean temperatures, leading to increasing melting of polar ice and glaciers, which in turn will cause sea level rise with the inevitable flooding of lowlands. It is expected that the Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 124 / 177 2 / 43 Increased atmospheric temperatures also increase the likelihood of powerful cyclonic storms worldwide.

[003] The governments of many countries are seeking to act through legislation with the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, and ultimately limiting global warming. Many nations have adopted the Paris Agreement, which is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.

[004] In recent years, there has been a great effort in developing technologies that can achieve the goal of reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and / or gaseous emissions. Carbon dioxide capture at the source is generally considered the most economical. Typically, this can include large carbon-based power plants, natural gas processing, synthetic fuel plants, industries with large carbon dioxide emissions such as steelmaking and cement production, and hydrogen production plants that use fossil fuels.

[005] A dominant carbon capture technology involves the absorption or sequestration of carbon dioxide. By far, the most common active compounds used to absorb carbon dioxide are based on amine chemistry. Typical amines used for this purpose include alkanolamines, including monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, pentaethylenehexamine, tetraethylenepentamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenetetramine, bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine, N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, alkylamines, methylamine, linear polyethyleneimine, branched polyethyleneimine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, methyldiethanolamine, methylethanolamine, polyethylenepolyamine, diethylenetriamine, N,N'-bis-(3Petition 870250094996, 10 / 17 / 2025, p. 125 / 177 3 / 43 aminopropyl)ethylenediamine.

[006] US Patent 9,084,960 B2 discloses a method for reducing the CO2 content of a gas and uses CO2 capture agents which may include monoamines (in particular secondary amines such as diethanolamine), polyamines, monoguanidines and polyguanidines and mixtures of these compounds.

[007] US Patent 9,533,250 B2 deals with the reduction of CO2 in the indoor air of an enclosed space. The reference describes an amine-based compound, and it is suggested that the amine-based compound may comprise any suitable amine, such as a primary or secondary amine, or a combination thereof. The disclosure reveals that the amine-based compound may range from simple single molecules, such as ethanolamine, to large molecule amine polymers, such as polyethyleneimine. The document suggests monoethanolamine, ethanolamine, methylamine, branched polyethyleneimine, linear polyethyleneimine, diethanolamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, diisopropanolamine, tetraethylenepentamine, methyldiethanolamine, methylethanolamine, and any of several polyamines, such as polyethyleneimine, or a combination thereof.

[008] US Patent 11,229,897 B2 describes a gas-absorbing material that includes a polyamine produced by a formaldehyde-free process as a reaction product and / or reagent. The description describes the production of a reaction solution of a first amine compound and a reagent. The reagent is said to comprise a carbonate ester compound or a ketone compound. The first amine compound would react with the reagent to produce a second amine compound.

[009] US Patent 10,010,861 B2 and its corresponding published application US 2018 / 0008958 A1 describe a polymeric amine in the context of carbon dioxide absorption. The polymeric amine is claimed to... Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 126 / 177 4 / 43 consists of a polymer backbone containing nitrogen atoms and branched chains attached to the nitrogen atoms of the polymer backbone. Each of the branched chains contains at least one nitrogen atom, and the polymeric amine is modified by replacing at least one of the nitrogen atoms of the polymer backbone or branched chains with a carbon chain containing a hydroxyl group. Example 1 describes the synthesis of polyethyleneimines modified by partial substitution with butylene oxide. This synthesis involves dissolving a polyethyleneimine (MN = 1200, 19 mmol N / g) in methanol. The disclosure reveals the addition of butylene oxide to the polyethyleneimine / methanol solution in different amounts, such that the molar ratio between butylene oxide and the nitrogen atoms present in the polyethyleneimine was 0.15:1, 0.37:1, and 0.54:1.The disclosure reveals the removal of the solvent by subjecting the modified polyethyleneimine solutions to heating in a vacuum oven.

[010] US Patent 10,751,689 B2 and its corresponding published application US 2016 / 0199810 A1 describe a modified polyamine in the context of carbon dioxide absorption. The modified polyamine is the product of the reaction of an amine and an epoxide. The amines described are relatively low molecular weight amines, such as pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), such amines being known as oligoamines. Example 1 discloses the preparation of a modified polyamine species based on pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) and propylene oxide (PO). The preparation describes dissolving 10 g of PEHA in 40 mL of water and adding 5 g of PO to the PEHA solution, followed by stirring for 20 hours at room temperature. The temperature of the reaction mixture was progressively increased to 60 °C, which was maintained for two hours. The water was removed by rotary evaporator, followed by overnight vacuuming to less than 1 mmHg.

[011] U.S. Patent Application No. 2019 / 0076820 A1 describes a method and device for removing a Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 127 / 177 5 / 43 volatile component of a mixture, in which the method and device utilize a crosslinked elastomer with a glass transition temperature < +25 °C as a sorbent. In paragraph

[0029] the disclosure describes as an example of an embodiment an alternative in which the VOC can be an organic monomer used in polymerization or crosslinking, such as ethylene, propylene and various other hydrophobic vinyl addition monomers, and, furthermore, this list includes glycidyl methacrylate, phosgene, isocyanates, amine compounds such as ethylenediamine, epoxy compounds such as oligomeric liquid epoxy resin. The disclosure states that the VOC can also be a petroleum-derived fuel or a mixture of fuels such as diesel oil, or alternatively, the VOC can be a harmful or disease-causing organic compound such as an organosulfur compound. Alternatively, the disclosure states that the VOC can be CO2.

[012] Publication of International Application No. WO 2021 / 168498 A1 describes processes for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from gas streams with low CO2 concentration. The process comprises contacting the gas stream with a hydrogel to absorb at least some of the CO2 from the gas stream. The hydrogel comprises a crosslinked hydrophilic polymer, composed of a crosslinked hydrophilic polymer with a crosslinking agent. Example 1 describes the fabrication of crosslinked polyethyleneimine hydrogel particles by adding a 1,3-butadiene diepoxide crosslinking solution at varying concentrations. Example 5 describes direct air capture using PEI hydrogels and the DAC capability was evaluated.

[013] US Published Patent Application 2022 / 0347654 A1 describes methods for generating CHEFS (chemisorption fiber sorbents) from a dope (polymer solution). One or more embodiments relate to a method for generating CHEFS with amine functional groups, with the steps of generating a dope containing BIAS (basic amine sorbents). Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 128 / 177 6 / 43 immobilized) with amine groups, at least one polymer and at least one solvent; and form CHEFS from the dope. The CHEFS are considered suitable for CO2 capture. The disclosure describes, in paragraph

[0036] , the BIAS, generally comprising about 60% by weight of silica and 40% by weight of a combination of polyamine and a crosslinker, wherein the crosslinker comprises an epoxysilane, a polyepoxide, an aminosilane and an acrylamide-based crosslinker, and combinations thereof. The reference describes an exemplary BIAS comprising silica particles with an average particle size of 25 µm and polyethyleneimine, which is a crosslinked polyethyleneimine Mw = 800 and N,N-diglycidyl-4-glycidyloxyaniline.

[014] Polyethyleneimines (PEI) and other polyalkyleneimines, such as polypropyleneimines (PPI), are known for their superior performance in terms of stability as CO2 adsorbents in DAC and CO2 capture in post-combustion processes and point sources of CO2. These sources are typically present in three areas: fuel combustion activities, industrial processes, and natural gas processing.

[015] Linear PEI and linear PPI are known to be superior to branched PEI and branched PPI, and this is believed to be due to the relatively high content of secondary amino groups in the linear products compared to the corresponding branched products. A low fraction of the primary functionality of NH is known to be more beneficial for CO2 uptake. This can be improved by alkoxylation of PEI or PPI, but such improvement tends to be limited.

[016] Lower molecular weight oligoamines, such as tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), are also known to be good CO2 sorbents. Patents and literature have proposed the use of these polyamines for CO2 capture in various carbon capture applications, such as DAC. However, these low molecular weight polyamines Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 129 / 177 7 / 43 have the disadvantage of exhibiting higher vapor pressure, which can be particularly problematic for sorbent recycling at elevated temperatures, typically in the CO2 desorption step, where greater polyamine losses are observed.

[017] One objective of the present invention was to develop a nitrogen-based product that exhibited good or improved CO2 absorption capacity, and the inventors specifically aimed to provide a product that presented a more beneficial ratio between the secondary and primary functionality of NH. Another specific objective was to develop a product that could be recycled more easily, typically during the CO2 desorption step involving high temperatures. Brief Description of the Invention

[018] The present invention provides the use of an optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer in carbon dioxide capture, wherein the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can be obtained by a process comprising the following steps: a) reaction of (i) a di- or oligoamine (A) with (ii) a linking compound (BC); the linking compound (BC) being (I) phosgene; or (II) a compound comprising at least two reactive amine groups (ARG), wherein the linking compound (BC) is capable of linking to amine groups of at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A), to provide the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), wherein the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) comprises molecular components of the linking compound (BC) that are linked to at least two di- or oligoamine molecular components (A), and wherein the Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 130 / 177 8 / 43 The proportion of linking compound (BC) molecules linked to at least two di- or oligoamine (A) molecules is the linking factor (BF) of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), wherein the linking factor (BF) is greater than 50%, wherein the sum of the primary amine groups and the secondary amine groups of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is at least 600 mg KOH / g; and wherein the number-average molecular mass (Mn) of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is greater than 600 g / mol; and b) optionally, the reaction of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) with an alkylene oxide (AO), preferably selected from the group consisting of at least one of ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO) and butylene oxide (BuO), wherein the molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to the NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is not greater than 0.25, in order to obtain alkylene oxide (AB) side chains attached to nitrogen atoms of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), thus providing the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (ANP).

[019] The present invention also includes a method for capturing carbon dioxide, comprising contacting a gas mixture comprising carbon dioxide with an optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer to capture carbon dioxide, the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer being obtained by a process comprising the following steps: a) reaction of (i) a di- or oligoamine (A) with (ii) a linking compound (BC); the linking compound (BC) being (I) phosgene; or (II) a compound comprising at least two amine groups- Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 131 / 177 9 / 43 reactive (ARG), wherein the linking compound (BC) is capable of binding to amine groups of at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A), to provide the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), wherein the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) comprises molecular components of the linking compound (BC) that are linked to at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A), and wherein the proportion of linking compound (BC) molecules linked to at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A) is the linking factor (BF) of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), wherein the linking factor (BF) is greater than 50%, wherein the sum of the primary amine groups and secondary amine groups of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is at least 600 mg KOH / g; and wherein the number-average molecular mass (Mn) of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is greater than 600 g / mol; and b) optionally, the reaction of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) with an alkylene oxide (AO), preferably selected from the group consisting of at least one of ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO) and butylene oxide (BuO), wherein the molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to the NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is not greater than 0.25, in order to obtain alkylene oxide (AB) side chains attached to nitrogen atoms of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), thus providing the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (ANP); by placing the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) in contact with carbon dioxide. Detailed Description of the Invention

[020] The linking compound (BC) is a compound that must link to at least two amine groups, that is, to at least two different di- or oligoamine molecules (A), to form a bond and build the Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 132 / 177 10 / 43 structure of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP). Such a linking compound (BC) is phosgene or a compound comprising at least two reactive amine groups (ARG) and capable of linking to at least two amine groups in order to connect at least two molecules of the di- or oligoamine (A).

[021] Phosgene will react with a primary amine group of the di- or oligoamine (A) to form an isocyanate group which will subsequently react with an amine group of another di- or oligoamine molecule, thus forming the linkage between the di- or oligoamine molecules.

[022] Preferably, the linking compound (BC) comprises at least two reactive amine groups (ARG) and is capable of binding to at least two amine groups of the di- or oligoamine.

[023] The linking compound (BC) may desirably be a reaction product formed by the reaction of (i) a di- or polyol with (ii) an epihalohydrin, preferably epichlorohydrin.

[024] Diols or polyols are organic compounds comprising two or more hydroxyl groups. This includes diols, triols, or compounds with four or more hydroxyl groups.

[025] Suitable examples of diols include aliphatic compounds containing from 2 to 14 carbon atoms. Specific examples include ethane-1,2-diol (ethylene glycol), propane-1,2-diol (propylene glycol), propane-1,3-diol (trimethylene glycol), butane-1,2-diol, butane-1,3-diol, butane-1,4-diol, pentane-1,2-diol, pentane-1,3-diol, pentane-1,4-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, cyclopentane-1,2-diol, 4-methylcyclopentane-1,3-diol, cyclohexane-1,2-diol, cyclohexane-1,3-diol, cyclohexane-1,4-diol and 2-ethylhexane-1,3-diol. Preferred diols are ethane-1,2-diol (ethylene glycol), propane-1,2-diol (propylene glycol), and propane-1,3-diol (trimethylene glycol). Examples of triols include propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol), butane-1,2,3-triol, butane-1,2,4-triol, pentane-1,2,3-triol, pentane-1,2,4-triol, pentane-1,2,5-triol, and pentane-1,3,5-triol. Propane-1,2,3-triol is the preferred one. Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 133 / 177 11 / 43 (glycerol). Other polyols include pentaerythritol.

[026] Suitable polyols include sugar alcohols, typically derived from sugars. They are characterized by having a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon atom. Examples of sugar alcohols include erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, threitiol, arabitol, ribitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, and volemitol.

[027] Other polyols may include polyethers or polyester polyols containing at least two hydroxyl groups, usually as terminal groups. Polyethers generally contain repeating alkylene oxide units with hydroxyl groups as terminal groups. Polyester polyols generally contain repeating alkylene ester linkages, but with terminal hydroxyl groups. Preferably, the number of repeating units for polyethers and polyester polyols should not exceed six, for example, from 2 to 6, preferably from 2 to 3. Preferred polyethers as polyols include diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol.

[028] Preferably, the di- or polyol is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butandiol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,3-neopentylglycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerin and trimethylolpropane.

[029] Epihalohydrin would normally be epichlorohydrin. Epichlorohydrin is also known as (chloromethyl)oxirane, 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane, γ-chloropropylene oxide, glycidyl chloride or ECH.

[030] The reaction product of (i) the di- or polyol with (ii) epihalohydrin, preferably epichlorohydrin, will contain glycidyl groups and will be linked to the diol or polyol radical by an ether linkage, typically in place of the hydroxyl groups. Such a reaction product, comprising at least two glycidyl groups, would be an effective linkage compound (BC).

[031] Preferably, the product of the reaction of (i) diol or polyol with (ii) epihalohydrin, preferably epichlorohydrin, will be a reaction product Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 134 / 17712 / 43 with at least 55 mol percent (mol%) of the reaction product molecules containing two epoxy groups, suitably above 60 mol%, preferably above 70 mol%, and even more so above 80 mol%. In a more preferred embodiment, the reaction product is formed by the reaction of a mixture of (i) diols and triols with (ii) epihalohydrin, preferably epichlorohydrin, and in which the reaction product has more than 90 mol% of the reaction product molecules containing two epoxy groups. Depending on the purity of the di- or polyol, the reaction product may contain up to 45 mol% of an epoxy group, suitably less than 40 mol%, preferably less than 30 mol%, more preferably less than 20 mol%. Particularly preferably, less than 10 mol% of the reaction product molecules contain an epoxide group, such as less than 5 mol%, typically less than 1 mol%, for example, less than 0.5 mol%, for example, less than 0.1 mol%.Reaction products containing three or more epoxide groups can also be used as a linking compound (BC) to react with diamine or oligoamine. Suitablely, the reaction product may comprise a mixture comprising molecules with predominantly two epoxide groups, molecules containing three or more epoxide groups, and molecules containing one epoxide group. Desirably, such a reaction product may comprise up to 40 mol% of molecules containing three or more epoxide groups, more desirably up to 30 mol% of molecules containing three or more epoxide groups. Furthermore, it is particularly preferred that less than 20 mol%, especially preferably less than 10 mol%, of the reaction product molecules contain three or more epoxide groups.

[032] The linking compound (BC) is preferably a compound comprising at least two reactive amine groups (ARG). The reactive amine groups (ARG) in the present invention can be any reactive groups with an amine group. Typically, such reactive amine groups Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 135 / 177 13 / 43 (ARG) include functional groups such as epoxide, isocyanate, blocked isocyanate, ester, and acid anhydride.

[033] In a preferred embodiment, the linking compound (BC) comprises at least two epoxide groups. At least two epoxide groups, as reactive amine groups (ARG), react readily with the amine groups, preferably the primary amine groups, of the di- or oligoamines (A) to form amino alcohol linkages between the di- or oligoamines (A). Suitably, the two epoxide groups may be part of an aliphatic molecule, such as 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane, 1,2,4,5-diepoxypentane, 1,2,5,6-diepoxyhexane and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane. More preferably, each epoxide is part of a glycidyl group and, even more preferably, at least two glycidyl groups are glycidyl ether groups.Suitable examples of linkage compounds (BC) comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups include diglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, propylene glycol diglycidyl ether, 1,4-butanedioldiglycidyl ether, neopentyldiglycidyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 5,5-dimethyl-3,7-dioxa-1,9(2)bis(oxirane)-4,6(2,4)-dibenzenanonaphane.

[034] Another suitable group of linking compounds (BC) are diisocyanates, in which the reactive amine groups (ARG) are two isocyanate groups. Isocyanates react readily with amine groups to form a urea derivative. Therefore, the two isocyanate groups of diisocyanates can react readily with the amines, preferably the primary amine groups, of two di- or oligoamine molecules (A) and link them by a urea linkage. Examples of suitable diisocyanates include methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), methylene dicyclohexyl diisocyanate or hydrogenated MDI (HMDI), and isophorone (IPDI).

[035] It may be desirable to use blocked diisocyanates for Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 136 / 177 14 / 43 control the reaction between the isocyanate groups and the amine groups of the di- or oligoamine (A). This can allow the reaction to occur after a specific trigger, for example, a specific temperature or under exposure to UV light. Examples of blocking agents to be used with diisocyanates to make them blocked include methyl ethyl ketone oxime. Typically, it may not be necessary to use blocked diisocyanates.

[036] A suitable group of linking compounds (BC) are diesters. A suitable example includes carbonate esters that can react with amine groups of two di- or oligoamine (A) molecules by aminolysis to form a urea that links the di- or oligoamine (A) molecules. Another suitable example includes terephthalic esters that also react with amine groups of two di- or oligoamine (A) molecules to form a terephthalic diamide linkage between the di- or oligoamine molecules.

[037] The linking compound (BC) may comprise at least two acid anhydride groups as amine-reactive groups (ARG). The acid anhydride groups are reactive with amines (i.e., they are amine-reactive) and, when reacting with them, form amide linkages.

[038] Preferably, the linking compound (BC) is a compound comprising at least two reactive amine groups (ARG) selected from the group consisting of a compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups and at least two diisocyanate groups. More preferably, the linking compound (BC) is a compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups.

[039] More preferably, the linking compound (BC) is a compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups; (i) comprises at least twice a structure according to formula (I): Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 137 / 177 15 / 43 (I) wherein the dashed line indicates attachment to the remainder of the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups, preferably the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups having the structure according to formula (I) twice; and / or (ii) is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol bisglycidyl ether, diglycidyl ether, 1,3-neopentylglycol bisglycidyl ether, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol bisglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol bisglycidyl ether, glycerin triglycidyl ether and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether.

[040] The linking compound (BC) must comprise at least two reactive amine groups (ARG) to satisfactorily form molecular bonds between the di- or oligoamine molecules (A).

[041] The linking compound (BC) may comprise a mixture of linking compound (BC) molecules containing at least two reactive amine groups (ARG) and molecules containing only one reactive amine group (ARG). In general, the reactive amine groups (ARG) of the linking compound (BC) molecules contained in such a mixture should be the same, of the same category, or at least should not react with each other. Typically, these reactive amine groups (ARG) are the same. Properly, the linking compound (BC) comprises a predominance of linking compound (BC) molecules comprising at least two reactive amine groups (ARG). In some cases, the linking compound (BC) may comprise up to 45 mol% of monofunctional molecules, i.e., comprising only one reactive amine group (ARG). This may depend on the purity of the linking compound. For example, bisglycidyl ethers may Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 138 / 177 16 / 43 comprise up to 45 mol% of monofunctional compounds containing only one epoxide group and at least 55 mol% of bisglycidyl ether molecules containing two epoxide groups.

[042] Preferably, the linking compound (BC) predominantly comprises linking compound (BC) molecules containing two reactive amine groups (ARG), preferably both being epoxide groups. Suitably, the linking compound (BC) comprises more than 60 mol% of compounds with two reactive amine groups (ARG), preferably both being epoxide groups, and preferably less than 40 mol% of compounds with one reactive amine group (ARG), preferably an epoxide group; and preferably more than 70 mol% of compounds with two reactive amine groups (ARG), preferably both being epoxide groups, and preferably less than 30 mol% of compounds with one reactive amine group (ARG), preferably an epoxide group; and more preferably more than 80 mol% of compounds with two reactive amine groups (ARG), preferably both being epoxide groups, and preferably less than 20 mol% of compounds with one reactive amine group (ARG), preferably an epoxide group.In a particularly preferred manner, less than 10 mol% of the linking compound (BC) molecules should contain only one reactive amine group (ARG), preferably an epoxide group. It is especially preferable that the linking compound (BC) contains virtually no molecules containing only one reactive amine group (ARG).

[043] Thus, it is possible that a relatively small proportion of compounds containing only one reactive amine group (ARG) is present in the linking compound (BC). However, preferably, this proportion should be kept to a minimum, since higher levels of these compounds containing only one reactive amine group (ARG) can be detrimental to the construction of the molecular structure of the nitrogen-containing polymer. Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 139 / 177 17 / 43 (NP). In general, the amount of compound containing only one reactive amine group (ARG) should be less than 10 mol%, normally less than 5 mol%, typically less than 1 mol%, preferably less than 0.5 mol%, and most preferably less than 0.1%. Especially preferably, the linking compound (BC) should be free of, or substantially free of, compound containing only one reactive amine group (ARG).

[044] Linking compounds (BC) containing three or more reactive amine groups (ARG), preferably epoxide groups, can also be used to react with di- or oligoamine (A). Suitably, the linking compound (BC) may comprise a mixture of linking compound (BC) molecules comprising predominantly molecules with two reactive amine groups (ARG) and the remainder composed of molecules containing three or more reactive amine groups (ARG) and / or molecules containing one reactive amine group (ARG). In a preferred embodiment, the mixture shall be of linking compound (BC) molecules comprising predominantly molecules with two epoxide groups and the remainder composed of molecules containing three or more epoxide groups and / or molecules containing one epoxide group.

[045] In a particularly preferred manner, less than 20%, and especially preferably less than 10%, of the linking compound (BC) molecules have three or more reactive amine groups (ARG). This avoids undesirable levels of crosslinking of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), which can negatively affect the water solubility of the polymer.

[046] Crosslinking of nitrogen-containing polymers (NPs) may be acceptable provided that the solubility of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NPs) in water is not negatively affected. In general, crosslinking can be tolerated as it may even reduce the volatility of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NPs) to compensate for any small impact on water solubility. The degree of crosslinking can be controlled by adjusting the ratio between molecules of Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 140 / 177 18 / 43 reaction product containing two epoxide groups, reaction product molecules containing three or more epoxide groups, and reaction product molecules containing only one epoxide group.

[047] The di- or oligoamine (A) preferably comprises at least 2 amino groups and, more preferably, from 2 to 12 amino groups. Preferably, the di- or oligoamine (A) comprises from 2 to 8 amino groups, for example, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 amino groups, more preferably, from 4 to 8 amino groups.

[048] In general, the di- or oligoamine (A) has at least one carbon atom per nitrogen atom, preferably from 1 to 5 carbon atoms per nitrogen atom, more preferably from 1 to 3 carbon atoms per nitrogen atom. Typically, the nitrogen atoms would be separated from each other by 2 to 6 carbon atoms of at least one saturated hydrocarbyl radical, for example, alkylene or alkanetriyl radicals, preferably alkylene radicals with 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

[049] Preferably, the diamine or oligoamine (A) has at least two primary and / or secondary amino groups. Preferably, the diamine or oligoamine (A) has at least two primary amino groups and, more preferably, exhibits a predominance of secondary amino groups in relation to primary amino groups.

[050] The weighted average molecular mass (Mw) of the diamine or oligoamine (A) is suitably in the range of 50 to 500 g / mol, preferably 60 to 300 g / mol, more preferably 80 to 250 g / mol, even more preferably 120 to 250 g / mol, especially 150 to 250 g / mol.

[051] Preferably, at least one diamine or oligoamine (A); (i) has at least 2 amino groups, suitably 2 to 12 amino groups, preferably 2 to 8 amino groups, more preferably 3, 4, 5, 6, Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 141 / 177 19 / 43 or 8 amino groups; and (ii) has at least one carbon atom per nitrogen atom, preferably from 1 to 5 carbon atoms per nitrogen atom, more preferably from 1 to 3 carbon atoms per nitrogen atom; and (iii) comprises at least two primary and / or secondary amino groups, preferably at least two primary amino groups; and (iv) has a molecular mass (Mw) in the range of 50 to 500 g / mol, preferably in the range of 60 to 300 g / mol, more preferably from 80 to 250 g / mol, even more preferably from 120 to 250 g / mol, and especially preferably from 150 to 250 g / mol.

[052] Independently or in addition to the above characteristics (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), the diamine or oligoamine (A) is preferably selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, methylcyclohexanediamine (MCDA), propylenediamine (PDA), tetramethylenediamine (TMDA), pentamethylenediamine (PMDA), dipropylenetriamine (DPTA), tripropylenetetramine (TPTA), tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TAEA), tetrapropylenepentamine (TPPA), N,N'-bis-(3-aminopropyl)-ethylenediamine (N4-amine), 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylamine (N3-amine), spermine, spermidine, triaminononane, diethylenthriamine (DETA), triethylenthriamine (TETA), tetraethylenpentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenhexamine (PEHA) and compounds accordingly. with Formulas (II) to (X), Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 142 / 177 20 / 43 (X).

[053] In some cases, it may be desirable that the di- or oligoamine (A) contain some degree of alkoxylation. Such an alkoxylated di- or oligoamine (A) would then be reacted with the linking compound (BC) in step (a). Generally, the degree of alkoxylation should be only partial, so as not to impede or adversely affect the reaction of the di- or oligoamine (A) with the linking compound (BC) in step (a). For example, the molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to the NH functionality of the diamine or oligoamine (A) is not greater than 0.25, suitably from 0.05 to 0.25 and, most suitably, from 0.05 to 0.20. Preferably, the diamine or oligoamine (A) is substantially non-alkoxylated, for example, having a molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to the NH functionality of the diamine or oligoamine (A) of less than 0.05, for example, less than 0.01, especially less than 0.001. More preferably, the di- or oligoamine (A) does not exhibit alkoxylation.

[054] Desirably, the molar ratio of the linking compound (BC) to di- or oligoamine (A) may be in the range of 0.35 to 0.85, preferably 0.4 to 0.8, more preferably 0.45 to 0.75, particularly 0.5 to 0.7.

[055] It is particularly desirable that the molar ratio of epoxide groups of the linking compound (BC) to the NH function of the diamine or oligoamine (A) to form the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) be less than 0.5, preferably down to 0.45, more preferably down to 0.4, for example, from 0.1 to 0.45, desirably from 0.15 to 0.4 and most desirably from 0.15 to 0.3. Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 143 / 177 21 / 43

[056] The NH function represents the number of amines and is calculated based on the number of secondary and primary amino groups, where NH = (number of secondary amino groups) + (2 x (number of primary amino groups)).

[057] The NH value is determined by titrating the respective polyalkylenemimine with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.

[058] In an embodiment of the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), the proportion of di- or oligoamine molecular components with less than two amine groups attached to the molecular components of the linking compound (BC) is less than 25%.

[059] However, it is preferable that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) comprise a proportion of di- or oligoamine molecular components with less than two amine groups attached to linking compound (BC) molecular components of at least 20%, suitably 25% to 90%, desirably 30% to 85%, more desirably 35% to 80%, typically 40% to 80%, often 45% to 75% and preferably 50% to 75%.

[060] The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is preferably prepared by reacting the di- or oligoamine compound with the linking compound (BC) and other suitable reaction conditions to form the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP). The nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) may be alkoxylated with a suitable alkoxylating agent, typically alkylene oxide, when preparing an alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP).

[061] Suitablely, the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) can be prepared by combining the diamine or oligoamine compound with the linking compound (BC) in a suitable vessel. The reaction can be carried out anhydrous or in the presence of a suitable solvent. When a Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 144 / 177 22 / 43 The solvent used may be aqueous, but preferably an organic solvent, more preferably a polar organic solvent, for example, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, DMF or chloroform, more preferably methanol. It may be desirable to use solvents for such reactions where the reaction products would develop higher viscosity. When higher proportions of linking compound relative to di- or oligoamine (amine compound) are employed, for example, at least 1.3 equivalents of linking compound to 2 equivalents of amine compound, it may be desirable to employ a solvent, particularly a polar organic solvent, more preferably methanol. The reaction can be carried out at any suitable temperature. Suitablely, the temperature may be higher than 25 °C, typically at least 30 °C, for example, from 30 °C to 90 °C, desirably from 35 °C to 85 °C.When the reaction is carried out in the presence of a solvent, suitably methanol, the reaction temperature can be, for example, 30 °C to 45 °C, typically 30 °C to 40 °C. When the reaction is carried out in the absence of a solvent, i.e., when it is anhydrous, the reaction temperature can be 35 °C to 90 °C, for example, 45 °C to 85 °C, suitably 50 °C to 85 °C, for example, 60 °C to 85 °C, preferably 70 °C to 85 °C, more preferably 75 °C to 85 °C. The reaction time may depend on the mass of the reactants, the presence or absence of a solvent, and the reaction temperature. In general, the reaction can be completed in a period of one to three hours, for example, 1.5 to 2.5 hours. When a solvent is used, particularly an organic solvent such as methanol, the solvent would normally be removed from the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) thus formed at the end of the reaction. This can be achieved by employing elevated temperature and / or reduced pressure.Typically, temperatures above 60°C can be used, for example, from 75°C to 95°C. Reduced pressures, when employed, can be below... Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 145 / 177 23 / 43 1.0 bar, for example, below 500 mbar, typically below 250 mbar.

[062] The nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) employed in the present invention would normally be a liquid at 25 °C.

[063] The nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) can be alkoxylated as described in the present invention.

[064] The use according to the invention includes the use of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), i.e., the polymer that has not been alkoxylated.

[065] In a preferred embodiment, the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is an alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (ANP). The alkoxylation of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is normally achieved by reacting the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) with an alkylene oxide. Preferably, the alkoxylation process is carried out in aqueous medium. The alkylene oxide (AO) reacts with an NH group of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) to provide an alkoxylated substituent attached to the nitrogen atom. Alternatively, the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can be derived from the reaction of the di- or oligoamine (A) that is already alkoxylated prior to the reaction with the linking compound (BC). Pre-alkoxylation of the diamine or oligoamine (A) can eliminate any need for further alkoxylation of the nitrogen-containing polymer. In some cases, it may be desirable to further alkoxylate the nitrogen-containing polymer derived from the pre-alkoxylated di- or oligoamine (A).Preferably, when alkoxylation of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is desired, the alkoxylation step (b) should occur after the formation of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) in step (a).

[066] Desirably, the molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is up to 0.25, preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 and more preferably from 0.05 to 0.2, most preferably from 0.05 to 0.15, for example, from 0.075 to 0.125.

[067] As described above, NH represents the amine number. Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 146 / 177 24 / 43 and is calculated by determining the secondary amino groups and primary amino groups, where NH = (number of secondary amino groups) + (2 x (number of primary amino groups)). NH is determined by titrating the respective polyalkylenemimine with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.

[068] In a typical representation, the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (ANP) comprises a structural element according to Formula (XI): where the dashed lines indicate connections to the remaining parts of the polymer containing alkoxylated nitrogen; and AB represents an alkylene oxide side chain.

[069] The alkylene oxide (AO) may be any alkylene oxide suitable for the alkoxylation of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP). In a desirable embodiment, the alkylene oxide may be one or mixtures of more than one C2-C12 alkylene oxide, preferably a C2-C10 alkylene oxide, more preferably a C2-C8 alkylene oxide, preferably ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or butylene oxide, more preferably propylene oxide or butylene oxide. An example of a desirable embodiment of alkylene oxide (AO) is a mixture of alkylene oxides comprising a mixture of C2-C4 alkylene oxides and C8-C12 alkylene oxides, desirably with a molar ratio of C2-C4 to C8-C12 alkylene oxides of 2:1 to 20:1, more desirably 5:1 to 10:1. However, it is more preferable that the alkylene oxide (AO) be substantially only an alkylene oxide, for example, more than 90% by weight, desirably more. Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 147 / 177 25 / 43 of 95% and more desirably more than 99% of just an alkylene oxide.

[070] The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer will generally have a weighted average molecular weight (Mw) at least 70% higher than the weighted average molecular weight (Mw) of the di- or oligoamine (A). Typically, the weighted average molecular weight (Mw) of the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is at least 150% higher, preferably at least 300% higher, than that of the di- or oligoamine (A).

[071] Preferably, the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is in the range of 600 to 50,000 g / mol, for example, 600 to 20,000 g / mol, preferably 600 to 10,000 g / mol, more preferably 800 to 5,000 g / mol, more preferably 600 to 2,500 g / mol, even more preferably 1,000 to 2,500 g / mol.

[072] In a preferred embodiment, the fraction of the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer with a molecular mass greater than 15,000 g / mol is less than 10%, and more preferably the fraction with a molecular mass greater than 10,000 g / mol is less than 10%.

[073] The polydispersity index (Mw / Mn) of the non-alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (this includes the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) before any alkoxylation) may be in the range up to 7, suitably from 2 to 7, for example, from 3 to 7.

[074] The ratio of secondary amine to primary amine in the non-alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer, or before alkoxylation, can be from 1.3:1 to 2.2:1, for example, 1.4:1 to 2.1:1.

[075] The sum of the primary amine groups and secondary amine groups of the non-alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) (including the polymer before alkoxylation) is at least 600 mg KOH / g. For example, it may be at least 603 mg KOH / g. Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 148 / 177 26 / 43

[076] The NH function of the non-alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) (including the polymer before alkoxylation) is at least 800 mg KOH / g. For example, it may be at least 804 mg KOH / g.

[077] The OH number of the non-alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) (including the polymer before alkoxylation) can be from 160 to 260 mg KOH / g, for example, 170 to 250 mg KOH / g.

[078] The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) must be a liquid at 25 °C.

[079] Preferably, the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is water-soluble. Water-soluble means that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer will be soluble or miscible up to a concentration of 350 g / L of deionized water at a temperature of 25 °C. The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is considered water-soluble if the aqueous solution of the polymer remains clear, without any opacity or phase separation observed, preferably after storage, for example, after storage for at least seven days.

[080] The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can be linear or branched. In a preferred embodiment, the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is branched. In this preferred embodiment, the branched alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is preferably water-soluble. In another preferred embodiment, the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is linear. In such a preferred embodiment, the linear alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is water-soluble.

[081] In a suitable embodiment, the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is substantially non-quaternized, for example, when less than 10% of the nitrogen atoms present in the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer are quaternized, preferably less than 5%, more preferably less Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 149 / 177 27 / 43 of 1%, especially preferably less than 0.5%, more especially preferably less than 0.1%. In this embodiment, in a particularly preferred manner, the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is not quaternized.

[082] In a preferred embodiment, the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is alkoxylated and the molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is < 0.25, preferably from 0.05 to 0.24 and more preferably from 0.05 to 0.2, and wherein more than 50 mol% of the alkylene is based on ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide, preferably butylene oxide.

[083] In the following preferred embodiments, (1) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is TPTA or PEHA and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; and in step b) no more than 0.25 mol, preferably 0.05 to 0.25, more preferably 0.05 to 0.2, of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or (2) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylamine (N3-amine) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; and in step b) no more than 0.25 mol, preferably from 0.05 to 0.25, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.2, of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mole of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP);or (3) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is N,N'-Bis-(3-aminopropyl); Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 150 / 177 28 / 43 ethylenediamine (N4-amine) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether or 1,6-hexanediol bisglycidyl ether; and in step b) no more than 0.25 mol, preferably 0.05 to 0.25, more preferably 0.05 to 0.2, of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or (4) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is triethylenetetramine (TETA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; and in step b) no more than 0.25 mol, preferably from 0.05 to 0.25, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.2, of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mole of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP);or (5) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TAEA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether or 1,6-hexanediol bisglycidyl ether; and in step b) no more than 0.25 mol, preferably 0.05 to 0.25, more preferably 0.05 to 0.2, of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or (6) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is diethylenthroamine (DETA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butanediol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether or 1,6-hexanediol bisglycidyl ether, 1,3-neopentylglycol bisglycidyl ether or 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol bisglycidyl ether; and in step b) not more than 0.25 mol, preferably from 0.05 a; Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 151 / 177 29 / 430.25, more preferably 0.05 to 0.2, of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mole of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or (7) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is triaminononane and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether or 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether; and in step b) no more than 0.25 mol, preferably 0.05 to 0.25, more preferably 0.05 to 0.2, of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mole of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or (8) in step (a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether or 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether;and in step b) no more than 0.25 mol, preferably 0.05 to 0.25, more preferably 0.05 to 0.2, of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mole of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or (9) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butanediol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol bisglycidyl ether; and in step b) no more than 0.25 mol, preferably 0.05 to 0.25, more preferably 0.05 to 0.2, of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mole of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP).

[084] The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can be suitably used to capture carbon dioxide from a gas mixture. By gas mixture, we mean carbon dioxide and Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 152 / 177 30 / 43 minus another gas. Preferably, the gas mixture can be atmospheric air or any type of exhaust fumes. Typically, exhaust fumes can be, for example, gases emitted by an industrial process, including power generation plants. Additionally, exhaust fumes can be produced by various other devices, such as heat generators, including commercial and domestic boilers, or other devices such as motion generators, for example, combustion engines for vehicles.

[085] In a preferred aspect of use, the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can be incorporated into a formulation for direct carbon dioxide capture, preferably the formulation is the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer on a solid support or the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer in a liquid composition, for example, in aqueous solution.

[086] More preferably, the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is supported on a solid inorganic support (SIS). The solid inorganic support (SIS) preferably has a primary particle size of 5 to 200 nm, for example, in the range of 5 to 50 nm, and exhibits a secondary size structure of 5 to 500 pm, preferably 30 to 300 pm.

[087] Properly, the solid inorganic support (SIS) is a particulate or macroscopic support. The solid inorganic support (SIS) may be a porous support. Such a porous solid inorganic support (SIS) may comprise clay. Typically, such clay may include one or more of the following: bentonite, attapulgite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, plastic clay, Fuller's earth, hectorite, palygorskite, saponite, sepiolite, and halloysite. Desirably, the porous solid inorganic support (SIS) may include silica, such as nanosilica, especially pyrogenic silica or precipitated silica; titania; magnesia (MgO); alumina, such as gamma alumina; silica-alumina (SiO2 - AbO2); chloride hydrate of Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 153 / 177 31 / 43 zinc; calcium sulfate; zeolite, such as natural zeolite or synthetic zeolite.

[088] Appropriately, the solid inorganic support (SIS) may be any of the commercially available silicas, including the pyrogenic silicas, AEROSIL® from Evonik, CAB-O-SIL® from Cabot and REOLOSIL® from Tokuyama; the precipitated silicas, HI-SIL® from PPG Industries, SIPERNAT® from Evonik and FIESIL® and TOKUSIL® from Tokuyama.

[089] The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can alternatively be supported on an organic solid support, for example, activated carbon, such as activated charcoal; non-polymeric organic supports; or polymeric supports. In a further alternative embodiment, the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can be supported on an inorganic-organic solid support comprising inorganic and organic components, for example, in the combined entity.

[090] Solid inorganic support (SIS), solid organic support, or solid inorganic-organic support may be in the form of hollow or solid particles, spheres, microspheres, sheets, hollow or solid fibers, monolithic structures, films, and honeycomb structures. Preferably, solid inorganic support (SIS), solid organic support, or solid inorganic-organic support is particulate, and may be in the form of powder or granules. The average particle size (D50) is in the range of 0.002 to 5 mm, for example, 0.01 to 4 mm, typically 0.25 mm to 4 mm.

[091] In one embodiment, the solid inorganic support (SIS), solid organic support, or solid inorganic-organic support, which is preferably a solid inorganic support (SIS), is porous and has a surface area greater than 50 m² / g. In certain embodiments, the surface area is greater than 10 m² / g and less than 5,000 m² / g. In other embodiments, the surface area is greater than 25 m² / g and less than 1,000 m² / g. In other embodiments, the surface area varies from 50 Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 154 / 177 32 / 43 m2 / ga 500 m2 / g, for example, 75 m2 / ga 300 m2 / g, for example, 100 m2 / ga 120 m2 / g. In certain embodiments, the surface area is 200 m2 / ga 400 m2 / g, for example, 200 m2 / ga 300 m2 / g.

[092] The surface area of ​​the porous support can be determined by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, in accordance with DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 (a revised version of DIN 66131).

[093] The specific surface area can be determined by a multipoint BET measurement in the relative pressure range of 0.05 to 0.3 p / p0.

[094] In another embodiment, the solid inorganic support (SIS), solid organic support, or solid inorganic-organic support, which is preferably a solid inorganic support (SIS), is porous and has an average pore volume ranging from 0.1 cm3 / g to 3.0 cm3 / g, for example, from 0.2 cm3 / g to 0.8 cm3 / g. The average pore volume can be determined according to the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BGH) method for pore volume determination.

[095] Preferred solid inorganic supports (SIS) are selected from silica supports or alumina supports. Preferably, the silica support or alumina support may encompass any of the embodiments mentioned above.

[096] The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer, in any of the embodiments mentioned above, can be impregnated onto or within the solid support, preferably a solid inorganic support (SIS), more preferably where the solid inorganic support (SIS) is porous, especially selected from a silica support or an alumina support by any of the known and conventional techniques for impregnating amines or polyamines onto or within such solid supports.

[097] In one embodiment, the polymer containing Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pages 155 / 177 33 / 43 Nitrogen, optionally alkoxylated, can be impregnated into a particulate solid support, for example, a porous silica, by introducing the particulate solid support into a suitable container, typically used for preparing granules or pellets of porous solid, for example, silica, impregnated with amine or polyamine. Typically, such a container can be a disc pelletizer or a bead pelletizer. The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can then be introduced into the container and mixed with the porous solid, for example, silica, for example, by rotating the container, typically as a pelletizing device, for example, by rotating the disc of the disc pelletizer or the drum of the bead pelletizer. Suitablely, this process would result in the formation of wet granules that can be dried at an elevated temperature, for example, between 40 and 70 °C, for 1 to 4 hours under an inert atmosphere, typically nitrogen.The granules thus formed, impregnated with the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer, can then be used to capture carbon dioxide from a gas mixture.

[098] A particularly preferred embodiment relates to the use of optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer in direct air capture (DAC). Direct air capture (DAC) refers to technologies that extract carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere. Such technology typically relies on the use of carbon dioxide sorbents that can initially adsorb carbon dioxide directly from the air and subsequently desorb the carbon dioxide in a controlled environment where it can be further processed to produce a more permanent storage for the carbon dioxide.

[099] The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer, according to the present invention, can be used in direct air capture (DAC) as a sorbent to initially capture carbon dioxide. Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 156 / 177 34 / 43 directly from the air. The optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can be suitably used in the form of suitable formulations, for example, in a liquid formulation or, preferably, on a suitable solid carrier, more preferably impregnated on or within a porous solid inorganic sorbent (SIS), for example, in the form of granules.

[100] The following examples are an illustration of the invention, but do not limit the scope of the invention. Examples Procedure A

[101] With higher proportions of the linking compound (1.3 equivalents), the amine compound is diluted in methanol to produce a 50% solution.

[102] 1 mol of the amine compound was placed in a 500 mL four-necked flask equipped with an anchor stirrer, reflux condenser, and addition funnel. The solution was heated to 35 °C and stirred at 150 rpm. The bisglycidyl compound was added through a funnel over 90 minutes. After another 30 minutes, the viscous liquid was transferred to a rotary evaporator (Büchi) and the solvent was removed at 90 °C, resulting in viscous liquids. Table 1 Q. X LU Amine compound Amine compound mol; g solution (50%) in MeOH Bisglycidyl compound Bisglycidyl compound mol; g Yield of nitrogen-containing polymer 1 DETA (Diethylentriamine) 1;206g Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 0.65 mol; 113g 223 g, clear viscous liquid 5 N4-Amine (N,N'-Bis-(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine) 0.8; 278.5 Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.54 mol; 108.5 g 244 g, yellowish viscous liquid Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pages 157 / 177 35 / 43 Q. X LU Amine compound Amine compound mol; g solution (50%) in MeOH Bisglycidyl compound Bisglycidyl compound mol; g Yield of nitrogen-containing polymer 7 N4-Amine (N,N'-Bis-(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine) 0.8; 278.5 Hexanediol diglycidyl ether 0.54 mol; 124g 260.5g, yellowish viscous liquid 10 TEPA (Tetraethylenepentamine) 0.7; 264.6 Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.46 mol; 92 g 222g, yellowish viscous liquid 11 TEPA (Tetraethylenepentamine) 0.8; 302.4 (Diglycidyl ether) 0.56 mol; 72.8 g 221g, yellowish viscous liquid 18 Caldopentamine 0.6; 294 Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.39 mol; 78.8 223.5 g, yellow viscous liquid Procedure B

[103] 1 mol of the amine compound was placed in a 500 mL three-necked flask fitted with an anchor stirrer and addition funnel. The amine compound was heated to 50 °C and stirred at 150 rpm, while the bisglycidyl compound was added through a funnel over 90 minutes, always keeping the temperature below 85 °C. The reaction mixture was held at 80 °C for a further 1 hour and then cooled to room temperature (RT) to produce a viscous product. TABLE 2 Exp. Amine compound Amine compound mol; g Bisglycidyl compound Bisglycidyl compound mol; g Yield of nitrogen-containing polymer 2 N3-Amine (3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylamine) 1; 131g Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.6 mol; 121g 250 g, clear viscous liquid 3 N3-Amine (3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylamine) 1; 131g Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 0.625 mol; 108.8 g 238 g, clear viscous liquid Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pages 158 / 177 36 / 43 Exp. Amine compound Amine compound mol; g Bisglycidyl compound Bisglycidyl compound mol; g Yield of nitrogen-containing polymer 4 N4-Amine (N,N'-Bis-(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine) 1;174g Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.625 mol; 126.3 g 298 g, yellowish viscous liquid 6 TETA (triethylenetetramine) 1;146g Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.55 mol; 111 g 255 g, yellowish viscous liquid 9 TEPA (Tetraethylenepentamine) 0.9; 170g Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.52 mol; 104.5 g 272 g, yellowish viscous liquid 1 2 PEHA (pentaethylenehexamine) 0.8; 185.6 g Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 0.48 mol; 83.5 g 268- g, yellowish viscous liquid 14 PEHA (pentaethylenehexamine) 0.8; 185.6 g Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.48 mol; 97 g 280 g, yellow viscous liquid 15 Spermine 0.8; 161.6 g Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 0.48 mol; 83.5 g 243.5g, yellow viscous liquid 16 Spermine 0.8; 161.6 g Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.48 mol;97 g 257 g, yellow viscous liquid 17 Caldopentamine 0.6; 294 Butanediol diglycidyl ether 0.39 mol; 78.8 223.5g, yellow viscous liquid; Procedure C Table 3 Exp. Amine Compound Amine Compound mol; g Diisocyanate Compound Diisocyanate Compound mol; g Yield 8 TEPA (Tetraethylenepentamine) 0.9; 170g HDI (Hexamethylene diisocyanate) 0.4; 67.3g 234.5 g, light yellow, high viscosity 1 3 PEHA (Pentaethylenehexamine) 0.8; 185.6 g TDI (Toluene diisocyanate) 0.32; 55.75g 239.1 g, yellow, high viscosity Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 159 / 177 37 / 43 Comparative Examples Procedure D

[104] Aqueous solutions of PEHA and TEPA at 50% were measured in a 1 L autoclave with a stirrer. At 40 °C, alkylene oxides were measured over 90 minutes. The reaction temperature was raised to 95 °C for 2 hours and then stirred again at room temperature (RT) overnight. The mixture was transferred to a 2 L Büchi flask and the water was removed at 100 mbar at 80 °C. Yellowish liquids were obtained. Table 4 Reaction and Composition of Nuclei (GPC Data Measured in HFIP) Calibrated with PEG Standard Example Amine Linking compound Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether # Molar ratio Amine / Linking compound # Procedure Mn (g / mol) Mw / Mn Number of OH (mg KOH / g) Primary amines (mg KOH / g) Secondary amines (mg KOH / g) 1 DETA (Diethylenetriamine) Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1.3 UM 690 5.8 188 201 402 2 N3-Amine Butanediol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1.2 B 1050 4.4 201 273 418 3 N3-Amine Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1.25 B 950 4.3 193 270 414 4 N4-Amine Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether 2 / 1.25 B 1150 4.4 205 245 420 5 N4-Amine Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether 2 / 1.35 UM 1300 3.9 215 256 411 Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 160 / 177 38 / 43 Example Amine Linking compound Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether # Molar ratio Amine / Linking compound # Procedure Mn (g / mol) Mw / Mn Number of OH (mg KOH / g) Primary amines (mg KOH / g) Secondary amines (mg KOH / g) 6 TETA (Triethylenetetraamine) Butanediol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1.1 B 1380 4.2 223 279 410 7 N4-Amine Hexanediol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1.35 UM 680 6.3 198 210 428 8 TEPA (tetraethylene panthenol) IDH Hexanediisocyanate 2 / 0.9 C 640 3.8 - 265 391 9 TEPA (tetraethylene opentamine) Butanediol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1.15 B 750 4.7 230 270 396 10 TEPA (tetraethylene opentamine) Butanediol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1.3 UM 1310 4.3 247 258 435 11 TEPA (tetraethylene opentamine) (diglycidyl ether) 2 / 1.4 UM 1320 4.3 235 255 440 12 PEHA (Pentaethylenehexamine) Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1.2 B 1240 5.0 220 258 420 13 PEHA (Pentaethylenehexamine) TDI 2 / 0.9 C 1160 4.0 - 242 475 14 PEHA (Pentaethylenehexamine) Butanediol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1,2 B 1070 4.1 229 250 434 1 5 Spermine Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1,2 B 840 4.3 220 238 437 16 Spermine Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether 2 / 1,2 B 930 4.1 227 233 425 Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 161 / 177 39 / 43 Example Amine Linking compound Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether # Molar ratio Amine / Linking compound # Procedure Mn (g / mol) Mw / Mn Number of OH (mg KOH / g) Primary amines (mg KOH / g) Secondary amines (mg KOH / g) Butanediol compound 17 Caldopentamine Diglycidyl ether (130 g / mol) 2 / 1.1 B 1010 4.3 208 237 430 18 Caldopentamine Diglycidyl ether of butanediol 2 / 1.3 UM 1200 4.0 239 246 419 Comp. 1 TEPA PO* 1 / 2.1* D 315 1.8 180 269 441 Comp. 2 TEPA BuO* 1 / 1.9* D 335 1.95 172 257 451 Comp . 3 PEHA PO* 1 / 2.0* D 350 1.7 173 272 456 Comp . 4 PEHA PO* 1 / 2.4* D 370 1.4 202 278 468 # Comparative examples 1-4 do not employ any linking compound and instead show alkylene oxide (PO - propylene oxide or BuO - butylene oxide) and the molar ratios given in the column (amine / linking compound) are amine / alkylene oxide.

[105] Examples 6 and 9 were further propoxylated with 1.5 mmol PO / g of polymer to produce Examples 19 and 20. Example 19

[106] A 1 L stainless steel reactor with a stirrer was charged with 250 g of the polymer from Example 6, followed by the addition of 250 g of water. The reactor was evacuated (60 mbar) and purged with nitrogen 3 times while the temperature was increased to 100 °C. The reactor was pressurized to 2 bar and 21.8 g of propylene oxide (PO) were added over 5 minutes. Under Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 162 / 177 40 / 43 agitation at 150 rpm for a period of 3.5 hours, the temperature was raised and maintained at 115 °C. Then, the reactor was cooled to 60 °C and depressurized. Finally, the reactor was treated for 10 minutes at 100 mbar and purged with nitrogen. 520 g of a slightly yellowish liquid were obtained. Example 20

[107] The procedure in Example 19 was repeated with 250g of polymer, Example 9.

[108] In addition, amine sorbents were supported on silica and CO2 absorption was investigated before and after storage at 90 °C for 14 days under air. Determination of the Equilibrium Load with CO2

[109] The equilibrium charge is determined in a reator of a column of balls as described in BRECHTEL, K. Influence of molecular structure on the separation of α with aqueous amine solutions from flue gases of fossil fuel power plants. PhD dissertation, Universidade de Stuttgart, 2011; A. Schäffer, Amines and amine mixtures for α absorption from power plant flue gases and their energy requirement for regeneration; PhD dissertation, Universidade de Stuttgart, 2013.

[110] In this case, 0.15 kg of the sample is diluted with 0.15 kg of water to produce a 50% aqueous solution. The sample is heated in a water bath on an adjustable heating plate and exposed to a flow rate of 2 L / min of synthetic combustion gas with a composition of 15% by volume CO2, 5% O2 and 80% N2. The combustion gas is injected into the sample using a mass flow controller through a glass frit (pore size 1), so that good mixing and a large mass transfer area are obtained. The low CO2 outflow (excess) gas stream is fed to an infrared gas analyzer via a return flow and a sample gas cooler. The reflux cooler Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 163 / 177 41 / 43 condenses the evaporated water or solvent and feeds it back to the sample. The gas composition is continuously measured with the infrared gas analyzer and recorded via a computer interface.

[111] The sample mass [kg] is then brought into equilibrium with the CO2 concentration in the combustion gases or with the prevailing partial pressure of CO2. The volume of CO2 absorbed by the solvent [m] results from the integral formation over time [min]. The volumetric flow rate of the incoming combustion gases [L / min] is constant. The equilibrium charge is then calculated in terms of % by weight of CO2 relative to the mass of the sample solutions at 50%. For this purpose, the equilibrium charges are determined at a temperature of 50 °C. Table 5 Example Polymer containing nitrogen from Example # CO2 absorption using an aqueous solution of the polymer containing N (50% by weight) Example Comparative 5 Example Comparative 1 6.75 Example Comparative 6 Example Comparative 2 7.1 Example Comparative 7 Example Comparative 3 7.25 Example Comparative 8 Example Comparative 4 6.4 Example 21 Example 1 5.8 Example 22 Example 2 6.5 Example 23 Example 3 6.1 Example 24 Example 4 7.9 Example 25 Example 5 7.7 Example 26 Example 6 8.1 Example 27 Example 7 7.8 Example 28 Example 8 7.2 Example 29 Example 9 8.20 Example 30 Example 10 8.55 Example 31 Example 11 7.0 Example 32 Example 12 7.95 Example 33 Example 13 7.8 Example 34 Example 14 8.70 Example 35 Example 15 6.9 Example 36 Example 16 7.4 Example 37 Example 17 7.1 Example 38 Example 18 7.25 Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 164 / 177 42 / 43 Example: Nitrogen-containing polymer from Example #1. CO2 absorption using an aqueous solution of the polymer containing N (50% by weight) Example 39 Example 19 7.4 Example 40 Example 20 7.25

[112] For the determination of resistance versus evaporation, the amines from examples 1 to 20 and from the comparative examples were absorbed in a silica compound (we used silica as described in the University of California patent - i.e., Sipernat 50S2, Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH).

[113] The silica-supported examples were obtained by treating a 50% aqueous solution of Examples 1 to 20 and the comparative examples with Sipernat 50S2 in a 1 / 1 ratio. After evaporation of the solvent (90 °C, 100 mbar), 100 g of the sorbent were stored at 90 °C under an atmosphere containing 95% CO2 and 5% O2 for 14 days. Every 48 hours, the sorbent was evacuated at 40 mbar and subjected to a desorption temperature of 105 °C for 90 minutes, before being stored again under a CO2 / O2 atmosphere, which corresponds to 10 cycles after 20 days. Table 6 CO2 Absorption of 50% Amine Sorbate on Silica Before and After Storage at 90 °C, 20 Days and 10 Adsorption-Desorption Cycles Example Polymer containing nitrogen from Example No. CO2 absorption before storage (50% by weight) [% by weight] CO2 absorption after storage (50% by weight) [% by weight] Comparative Example 9 Comparative Example 1 6.9 3.4 Comparative Example 10 Comparative Example 2 7.4 3.0 Comparative Example 11 Comparative Example 3 7.6 2.4 Comparative Example 12 Comparative Example 4 6.8 2.95 Example 41 Example 1 6.0 4.8 Example 42 Example 2 6.3 5.4 Example 43 Example 3 6.45 6.0 Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 165 / 177 43 / 43 Example Polymer containing nitrogen from Example No. CO2 absorption before storage (50% by weight) [% by weight] CO2 absorption after storage (50% by weight) [% by weight] Example 44 Example 4 7.75 6.9 Example 45 Example 5 7.5 7.1 Example 46 Example 6 8.2 7.0 Example 47 Example 7 7.65 6.9 Example 48 Example 8 7.1 6.4 Example 49 Example 9 8.0 7.0 Example 50 Example 10 8.3 7.2 Example 51 Example 11 7.1 5.9 Example 52 Example 12 8.1 7.25 Example 53 Example 13 7.6 6.8 Example 54 Example 14 8.35 7.4 Example 55 Example 15 6.6 6.3 Example Example 56: 16 7.5 6.8 Example 57: 17 7.2 6.5 Example 58: 18 7.5 7.0 Example 59: 19 7.35 6.75 Example 60: 20 7.6 7.05 Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 166 / 177

Claims

1 / 10 Claims 1. USE OF AN optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing POLYMER, characterized in that it is for carbon dioxide capture, wherein the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can be obtained by a process comprising the following steps: a) reaction of (i) a di- or oligoamine (A) with (ii) a linking compound (BC); wherein the linking compound (BC) is (I) phosgene;or (II) a compound comprising at least two reactive amine groups (ARG), wherein the linking compound (BC) is capable of linking to amine groups of at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A) to provide the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), wherein the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) comprises molecular components of the linking compound (BC) that are linked to at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A), and wherein the proportion of linking compound (BC) molecules linked to at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A) is the linking factor (BF) of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), wherein the linking factor (BF) is greater than 50%, wherein the sum of the primary amine groups and secondary amine groups of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is at least 600 mg KOH / g; and wherein the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is greater than 600 g / mol;(b) optionally, the reaction of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) with an alkylene oxide (AO), preferably selected from the group consisting of at least one of ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO) and butylene oxide (BuO), wherein the molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to the NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is not greater than 0.25, in order to obtain alkylene oxide (AB) side chains linked to nitrogen atoms of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), thus providing the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (ANP).

2. USE, according to claim 1, characterized in that the linking compound (BC) is; (1) a reaction product formed by the reaction of (i) a di- or polyol with (ii) epichlorohydrin, optionally wherein the di- or polyol is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butandiol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,3-neopentylglycol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerin and trimethylolpropane; or (2) a compound comprising at least two amine reactive (ARG) groups selected from a compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups or a compound comprising at least two isocyanate groups; or (3) phosgene.

3. USE, according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the linking compound (BC) is a compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups; and is a compound that; (i) comprises at least twice a structure according to formula (I): (I) wherein the dashed line indicates linkage to the remaining part of the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups, Petition 870250094996, 10 / 17 / 2025, p. 168 / 177 3 / 10 preferably the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups has the structure according to formula (I) twice; and / or (ii) is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol bisglycidyl ether, diglycidyl ether, 1,3-neopentylglycol bisglycidyl ether, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol bisglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol bisglycidyl ether, glycerin triglycidyl ether and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether.

4. USE, according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by at least one di- or oligoamine (A); (i) having at least 2 amino groups, suitably 2 to 12 amino groups, preferably 2 to 8 amino groups, more preferably 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 amino groups; (ii) having at least one carbon atom per nitrogen atom, preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms per nitrogen atom, more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms per nitrogen atom; (iii) comprising at least two primary and / or secondary amino groups, preferably at least two primary amino groups; (iv) having a molecular mass (Mw) that is in the range of 50 to 500 g / mol, preferably in the range of 60 to 300 g / mol, more preferably from 80 to 250 g / mol, even more preferably from 120 to 250 g / mol, and especially preferably from 150 to 250 g / mol;and / or (v) be selected from the group consisting of ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, methylcyclohexanediamine (MCDA), propylenediamine (PDA), tetramethylenediamine (TMDA), pentamethylenediamine (PMDA), dipropylenetriamine (DPTA), triprpropylenetetramine (TPTA), tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TAEA), tetrapropylenepentamine (TPPA), N,N'-bis-(3-aminopropyl)-ethylenediamine (N4-amine), 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylamine (N3amine), spermine, spermidine, triaminononane, diethylentriamine (DETA), Petition 870250094996, of 10 / 17 / 2025, p. 169 / 177 4 / 10 triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenpentamine (ΤΕΡΑ), pentaethylhexamine (PEHA) and compounds according to Formulas (II) to (X), N; 5. USE, according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the molar ratio of the linking compound (BC) to the di- or oligoamine is from 0.35 to 0.85, preferably from 0.4 to 0.8, more preferably from 0.45 to 0.75 and / or in that the molar ratio of the epoxide groups of the linking compound (BC) to the NH function of the di- or oligoamine is less than 0.5, preferably up to 0.45 and more preferably from 0.15 to 0.

4.

6. USE, according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is an alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (ANP) and in that the molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to NH functionality is from 0.05 to 0.25, more preferably from 0.05 to 0.2; and / or the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (ANP) comprises a structural element according to Formula (XI): Petition 870250094996, 10 / 17 / 2025, p. 170 / 177 5 / 10 AB I --N (XI) wherein, the dashed lines indicate linkages to the remaining parts of the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer; and AB represents an alkylene oxide side chain.

7. USE, according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer has a weighted average molecular weight (Mw) at least 70% greater than the weighted average molecular weight (Mw) of the di- or oligoamine (A); and / or by the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer having a number average molecular weight (Mn) that is in the range of 600 to 150,000 g / mol, more desirably in the range of 600 to 75,000 g / mol, more desirably in the range of 600 to 50,000 g / mol, for example, from 600 to 20,000 g / mol, preferably from 600 to 10,000 g / mol, more preferably from 800 to 5,000 g / mol, more preferably from 600 to 2,500 g / mol, more preferably still from 1,000 to 2,500 g / mol.

8. USE, according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is; (i) water-soluble; and / or (ii) a branched polymer.

9. USE, according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, of the nitrogen atoms present in the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer are quaternized.

10. USE, according to any of claims 1 to Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 171 / 177 6 / 10 9, characterized in that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is alkoxylated; and in that the molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is from 0.05 to 0.25; and preferably from 0.05 to 0.2, and wherein more than 50 mol% of the alkylene oxide is based on ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide, preferably propylene oxide or butylene oxide.

11. USE, according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that; (1) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is TPTA or PEHA and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; and in step b) less than 0.25 mol of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or (2) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylamine (N3-amine) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; and in step b) less than 0.25 mol of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP);or (3) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is N,N'-Bis-(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine (N4-amine) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or 1,6-hexanediol bisglycidyl ether; and in step b) less than 0.25 mol of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or Petition 870250094996, of 10 / 17 / 2025, p. 172 / 177 7 / 10 (4) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is triethylenetetramine (TETA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; and in step b) less than 0.25 mol of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP);or (5) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TAEA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether or 1,6-hexanediol bisglycidyl ether; and in step b) less than 0.25 mol of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or (6) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is diethylenthroamine (DETA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butanediol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether or 1,6-hexanediol bisglycidyl ether, 1,3-neopentylglycol bisglycidyl ether or 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol bisglycidyl ether; and in step b) less than 0.25 mol of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP);or (7) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is triaminononane and the compound containing at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; and in step b) less than 0.25 mol of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP); or (8) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is tetraethylenepentamine Petition 870250094996, 10 / 17 / 2025, p. 173 / 177 8 / 10 (TEPA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butandiol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; and in step b) less than 0.25 mol of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP);or (9) in step a) the di- or oligoamine (A) is pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA) and the compound comprising at least two glycidyl ether groups is 1,4-butanediol bisglycidyl ether or ethylene glycol bisglycidyl ether; and in step b) less than 0.25 mol of propylene oxide or butylene oxide is used per mol of NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP).

12. USE, according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is employed to capture carbon dioxide from a gas mixture; and / or in that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is incorporated into a formulation for the direct capture of carbon dioxide, and preferably the formulation comprises: (i) the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer in a solid carrier; or (ii) the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer in a liquid composition, for example, as in aqueous solution, and / or the gas mixture is atmospheric air or exhaust gases; and / or the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is used in direct air capture (DAC).

13. USE, according to any of claims 1 to Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 174 / 177 9 / 10 12, characterized in that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer is supported on a solid inorganic support (SIS), wherein the solid inorganic support (SIS) may be a particulate or a macroscopic support, preferably the solid inorganic support (SIS) may be a particulate, such as a powder or granules; optionally, wherein the solid inorganic support (SIS) is selected from silica or alumina supports.

14. CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE METHOD, characterized by comprising contacting a gas mixture comprising carbon dioxide with an optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer in carbon dioxide capture, wherein the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer can be obtained by a process comprising the following steps: a) reaction of (i) a di- or oligoamine (A) with (ii) a linking compound (BC); wherein the linking compound (BC) is (I) phosgene;or (II) a compound comprising at least two reactive amine groups (ARG), wherein the linking compound (BC) is capable of linking to amine groups of at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A), to provide the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), wherein the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) comprises molecular components of the linking compound (BC) that are linked to at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A), and wherein the proportion of linking compound (BC) molecules linked to at least two di- or oligoamine molecules (A) is the linking factor (BF) of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), wherein the linking factor (BF) is greater than 50%, wherein the sum of the primary amine groups and the amine groups Petition 870250094996, of 10 / 17 / 2025, p. 175 / 177 10 / 10 secondary nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is at least 600 mg KOH / g; and wherein the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is greater than 600 g / mol;(b) optionally, the reaction of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) with an alkylene oxide (AO), preferably selected from the group consisting of at least one of ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO) and butylene oxide (BuO), wherein the molar ratio of alkylene oxide (AO) to the NH functionality of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) is not greater than 0.25, in order to obtain alkylene oxide (AB) side chains attached to nitrogen atoms of the nitrogen-containing polymer (NP), thus providing the alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (ANP); placing the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) in contact with carbon dioxide.

15. METHOD, according to claim 14, characterized in that the optionally alkoxylated nitrogen-containing polymer (NP) comprises any of the features defined in any of claims 2 to 13. Petition 870250094996, dated 10 / 17 / 2025, pp. 176 / 177