Computer readable non-transient media, post-treatment system and method

Description

1 / 63 Estimating Biodiesel Blend Using Virtual Sensors and Virtual Detection Methods Cross-reference to related requests

[0001] This application is a national phase application based on PCT application no. PCT / US2024 / 060515, filed December 17, 2024, which claims priority and benefit of U.S. patent application no. 18 / 391,969, filed December 21, 2023, now U.S. patent no. 12,104,545. The entire content of those applications is incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to virtual biodiesel sensors. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to the estimation of a percentage of biodiesel in fuel using virtual sensors and virtual detection methods. BACKGROUND

[0003] Exhaust aftertreatment systems are used to receive and treat exhaust gas generated by engines, such as internal combustion (IC) engines. Exhaust gas aftertreatment systems include any of several different components to reduce the levels of harmful exhaust emissions present in the exhaust gas. Such aftertreatment systems may include a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. SUMMARY

[0004] The quality of biodiesel fuel (e.g., blend quality) and / or the violation status of a physical sensor can be determined using virtual sensors and / or detection methods. The virtual sensor can be used to determine the quality of biodiesel fuel using sensors that may already exist in the after-processing system. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 217 / 284 2 / 63 treatment and without using a dedicated sensor to measure fuel quality. The virtual sensor can be used for engine fuel control, post-treatment aging / poisoning prognoses or health monitors, hydrocarbon dosage control adjustments, and adding reliability to a physical fuel quality sensor.

[0005] At least one aspect of the present disclosure relates to a non-transient, computer-readable medium that has computer-readable instructions stored thereon which, when executed by at least one controller, causes the at least one controller to control a quantity of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). The at least one controller can determine a first exhaust gas temperature at an inlet of the DOC. The exhaust gas can be produced from fuel combustion. The at least one controller can determine a second exhaust gas temperature at an outlet of the DOC. The at least one controller can calculate a lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel based on the first temperature, the second temperature, the quantity of hydrocarbons, and an exhaust gas flow rate.At least one controller can estimate a percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV.

[0006] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to an aftertreatment system. The aftertreatment system may include a DOC. The aftertreatment system may include at least one controller. The at least one controller may control a quantity of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of the DOC. The at least one controller may determine a first exhaust gas temperature at an inlet. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 218 / 284 3 / 63 of the DOC. Exhaust gas can be produced from fuel combustion. At least one controller can determine a second exhaust gas temperature at a DOC outlet. At least one controller can calculate a fuel LHV based on the first temperature, the second temperature, the amount of hydrocarbons, and an exhaust gas flow rate. At least one controller can estimate a percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV.

[0007] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method. The method may include controlling, by means of at least one controller, a quantity of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of a DOC. The method may include determining, by means of at least one controller, a first exhaust gas temperature at an inlet of the DOC. The exhaust gas may be produced from the combustion of fuel. The method may include determining, by means of at least one controller, a second exhaust gas temperature at an outlet of the DOC. The method may include calculating, by means of at least one controller, a LHV of the fuel based on the first temperature, the second temperature, the quantity of hydrocarbons, and an exhaust gas flow rate. The method may include estimating, by means of at least one controller, a percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV.

[0008] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the summary is merely illustrative and is not intended to be limiting in any way. Other aspects, inventive features and advantages of the devices and / or processes described herein, as exclusively defined by the claims, will become apparent from the detailed description presented herein and taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 219 / 284 4 / 63 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] A clear understanding of the advantages and features constituting the present disclosure, and of the construction and operation of typical mechanisms provided with the present disclosure, will become more readily apparent with reference to the exemplary and therefore non-limiting embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings which form a part of this descriptive report, similar reference numbers designating the same elements in the various views, and whereby: Figure 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a post-treatment system, according to an example implementation; Figure 2 illustrates a block diagram of a controller for the after-treatment system of Figure 1, according to an example implementation; Figure 3 illustrates a method for estimating biodiesel blend in fuel from an aftertreatment system, according to an example implementation; Figure 4 illustrates a method for detecting conditions using virtual sensors of a post-treatment system, according to an example implementation; Figure 5 illustrates a DOC vs. LHV outlet temperature plot and a table of various fuel blends and corresponding LHV and DOC outlet temperature values, according to an example implementation.

[0010] The aforementioned features and other features of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following description and the appended claims, taken together with the accompanying drawings. It being understood that these drawings represent only Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 220 / 284 5 / 63 some embodiments according to the disclosure and, therefore, are not intended to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through the use of the attached drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] In the detailed description that follows, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form part of this document. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, except where the context states otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, in the drawings and in the claims are not intended to be limiting. Other embodiments may be used, and other alterations may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that aspects of the present disclosure, as described herein in general terms and illustrated in the figures, may be arranged, substituted, combined and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated and made part of this disclosure.

[0012] Renewable fuel can be part of the transition to zero carbon emissions.Biodiesel is a biodegradable and renewable fuel derived from animals or plants. It can be manufactured from animal fats, vegetable oils, or recycled restaurant greases and can be used to fuel compression-ignition engines. Petroleum-based diesel can be blended with biodiesel to form a biodiesel blend, which can be referred to by its percentage of biodiesel (e.g., 100% biodiesel is identified as B100, 20% biodiesel is identified as B20, 10% biodiesel is identified as B10, 7% biodiesel is identified as B7, 5% biodiesel is identified as B5, 2% of... Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 221 / 284 6 / 63 biodiesel are identified as B2 etc.).

[0013] To determine a biodiesel fuel quality (e.g., percentage of biodiesel in the fuel), a physical sensor can be used to measure the biodiesel fuel quality. However, physical sensors that are configured to measure fuel quality (e.g., fuel quality sensors) can be expensive, as well as prone to errors and tampering.

[0014] Several embodiments described herein may provide one or more advantages, including, for example: (1) improved engine fuel control; (2) after-treatment system monitoring; (3) offering prognostics for aging and / or poisoning of the after-treatment system; (4) optimization of hydrocarbon dosing quantities; (5) adding reliability to a physical fuel quality sensor; (6) higher accuracy compared to physical fuel quality sensors; (7) using less fuel compared to a specific regeneration event; (8) improved engine performance; (9) determining the violation state of a physical sensor; and (9) cost reduction compared to physical fuel quality sensors. Overview of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems

[0015] Figure 1 represents an after-treatment system 100. The after-treatment system 100 is configured to receive exhaust gas (e.g., diesel exhaust gas, etc.) from an engine 101 (e.g., engine, etc.) and treat constituents (e.g., NOx, CO, CO2, etc.) of the exhaust gas. The after-treatment system 100 may also include an inlet duct 102, a first temperature sensor 103, an outlet duct 104, a second temperature sensor 105, an outlet sensor 107, a reductant storage tank 110, Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 222 / 284 7 / 63 a gas sensor 112, a reducer insertion assembly 120, a hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122, an oxidation catalyst 130, a filter 140, a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system 150, a reducing gate 156, an ammonia oxidation catalyst (AMOx) 152, a controller 160 and / or a heater 108.

[0016] Engine 101 may include, for example, a diesel engine, a gasoline engine, a natural gas engine, a dual-fuel engine, a biodiesel engine, an E-85 engine, or any other suitable engine. Engine 101 uses fuel and generates an exhaust gas that includes NOx, CO, CO2, and other constituents. Engine 101 may include other components, for example, a transmission, fuel insertion assemblies, a generator or alternator to convert the mechanical energy produced by the engine into electrical energy (for example, to power heater 108, gas sensor 112, reducer insertion assembly 120, hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122, and controller 160, etc.).

[0017] The aftertreatment system 100 may include an enclosure 114 (e.g., jacket, cover, container, casing, etc.) in which various aftertreatment components of the aftertreatment system 100 are arranged. The enclosure 114 may be formed from a rigid, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant material, for example, stainless steel, iron, aluminum, metals, ceramics, or any other suitable material. The enclosure 114 may have any suitable cross-section, for example, circular, square, rectangular, oval, elliptical, polygonal, or any other suitable shape.

[0018] The after-treatment system 100 may include an inlet conduit 102 (e.g., channel, duct, pipe, tube, trough, etc.) that is fluidly coupled to a cabinet inlet 114 and structured Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 223 / 284 8 / 63 to receive exhaust gas from engine 101 and communicate the exhaust gas to an internal volume defined by the enclosure 114. In addition, an outlet duct 104 (e.g., channel, duct, pipe, tube, trough, etc.) may be coupled to an outlet of the enclosure 114 and structured to expel treated exhaust gas into the environment (e.g., treated to remove particulate matter, such as soot, by the filter 140 and / or reduce exhaust gas constituents, such as NOx gases, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, etc. included in the exhaust gas by the RCS system 150 and the oxidation catalyst 130).

[0019] The after-treatment system 100 may include a heater 108 (e.g., ceramic heater, electric heater, etc.) which is disposed upstream of the other after-treatment components, for example, in the inlet duct 102 near an engine exhaust manifold (e.g., at an outlet of a turbo coupled to the engine 101). Heater 108 may be an electric heater, which may have an input voltage in the range of 36 to 52 V and a heater power in the range of 10 to 100 kW (i.e., the electrical energy consumed by heater 108 to generate heat). As used herein, a range of X to Y includes X, Y, and values ​​between X and Y. In some embodiments, heater 108 is a 48 V, 10 kW electric heater. Heater 108 is configured to selectively heat the exhaust gas entering the aftertreatment system 100, such that the heating of the exhaust gas by heater 108 causes an increase in the temperature of a heating element of gas sensor 112 as the heated exhaust gas flows past gas sensor 112.For example, heater 108 can be selectively activated to heat the exhaust gas flowing through it towards gas sensor 112 and the after-treatment components, thus heating gas sensor 112 as well as the... Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 224 / 284 9 / 63 downstream post-treatment components (e.g., heating the oxidation catalyst 130 to a light-off temperature, heating the RCS system 150 to its operating temperature, etc.).

[0020] The after-treatment system 100 may include a first temperature sensor 103 (e.g., detector, indicator, etc.). The first temperature sensor 103 may be positioned in the inlet duct 102 upstream of the heater 108. The first temperature sensor 103 is configured to measure an exhaust gas temperature upstream of the exhaust gas upstream of the heater 108. In some embodiments, a second temperature sensor 105 (e.g., detector, indicator, etc.) is also disposed downstream of the heater 108, for example, near an outlet of the heater 108 and configured to measure an exhaust gas temperature downstream of the exhaust gas downstream of the heater 108.In some embodiments, other sensors, for example, pressure sensors, oxygen sensors and / or any other sensors configured to measure one or more operating parameters of the exhaust gas entering the aftertreatment system 100 may be arranged in the inlet duct 102. In some embodiments, each of the first temperature sensor 103 and the second temperature sensor 105 may be omitted and, instead, the upstream and downstream exhaust gas temperatures may be virtually determined (e.g., by the controller 160), using equations, algorithms or lookup tables, for example, based on operating parameters of the engine exhaust gas flow rate 101, heater energy consumed, etc.

[0021] The after-treatment system 100 may include an oxidation catalyst 130. The oxidation catalyst 130 is disposed downstream of the heater 108 in the enclosure 114 and configured to decompose Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 225 / 284 10 / 63 unburned hydrocarbons and / or CO included in the exhaust gas. In some embodiments, the oxidation catalyst 130 may include a diesel oxidation catalyst. The hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 is configured to selectively insert hydrocarbons (e.g., the same fuel being consumed by the engine 101) upstream of the oxidation catalyst 130, for example, in the engine 101. When a temperature of the oxidation catalyst 130 is equal to or greater than a light-off temperature of the oxidation catalyst 130, the oxidation catalyst 130 catalyzes the combustion of the inserted hydrocarbons so as to cause an increase in the exhaust gas temperature. The oxidation catalyst 130 may catalyze the ignition of the hydrocarbons so as to increase an exhaust gas temperature to regenerate the oxidation catalyst 130 and / or regenerate other elements in the housing 114.In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 can be selectively activated (e.g., by the controller 160) to insert hydrocarbons into the oxidation catalyst 130 to heat the exhaust gas and thus the downstream filter 140 and the RCS system 150. The hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 can selectively inject hydrocarbons (e.g., fuel) upstream of the oxidation catalyst 130. In some embodiments, the insertion of hydrocarbons can heat the exhaust gas to a temperature sufficient to regenerate the filter 140 by burning particulate matter that may have accumulated in the filter 140 and / or regenerate the RCS system 150 by evaporating reducing deposits deposited in the RCS system 150 or on the internal surfaces of the after-treatment system 100.

[0022] The after-treatment system 100 may include a gas sensor. 112 (for example, a NOx sensor, detector, indicator, etc.) that is Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 226 / 284 11 / 63 located in cabinet 114 downstream of heater 108 and upstream of any after-treatment component that treats the constituents of the exhaust gas. For example, as shown in Figure 1, the gas sensor 112 is located downstream of heater 108 and upstream of oxidation catalyst 130.

[0023] The after-treatment system 100 may include an outlet sensor 107 (e.g., detector, indicator, etc.). The outlet sensor 107 may be positioned in the outlet duct 104. The outlet sensor 107 may comprise a second NOx sensor configured to determine the amount of NOx gases expelled into the environment after passing through the RCS system 150. In other embodiments, the outlet sensor 107 may comprise a particulate matter sensor configured to determine the amount of particulate matter (e.g., soot included in the exhaust gas exiting the filter 140) in the exhaust gas that is expelled into the environment. In still other embodiments, the outlet sensor 107 may comprise an ammonia sensor configured to measure the amount of ammonia in the exhaust gas flowing out of the RCS system 150, i.e., to determine ammonia leakage.The AMOX 152 catalyst can be positioned downstream of the RCS 150 catalyst and formulated to decompose any unreacted ammonia flowing through the RCS 150 system.

[0024] The after-treatment system 100 may include a filter 140 (e.g., mesh, separator, etc.) that is disposed downstream of the oxidation catalyst 130 and upstream of the RCS system 150 and configured to remove particulate matter (e.g., soot, debris, inorganic particles, etc.) from the exhaust gas. In some embodiments, the filter 140 may include a ceramic filter. In some embodiments, the filter 140 may include a cordierite filter which may, for example, be a filter Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 227 / 284 12 / 63 asymmetric. In other configurations, the 140 filter can be catalyzed. The 140 filter can include a particulate filter for diesel engines.

[0025] The post-treatment system 100 may include a system ofRCS 150 is configured to decompose constituents of an exhaust gas flowing through it in the presence of a reducing agent, as described herein. In some embodiments, the RCS 150 system may include a selective catalytic reduction filter (SCRF). The RCS 150 system includes an RCS catalyst configured to catalyze the decomposition of NOx gases into their constituents in the presence of a reducing agent. Any suitable RCS catalyst may be used, such as, for example, a platinum-based, palladium-based, rhodium-based, cerium-based, iron-based, manganese-based, copper-based, vanadium-based, or any other suitable catalyst, or a combination thereof. The RCS catalyst may be disposed on a suitable substrate, such as, for example, a monolithic ceramic (e.g., cordierite) or metallic (e.g., Kanthal) core that may, for example, define a honeycomb-shaped structure.A washcoat coating can also be used as a carrier material for the RCS catalyst. Such washcoat coating materials may comprise, for example, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, any other suitable washcoat coating material, or a combination thereof.

[0026] Although Figure 1 shows only the oxidation catalyst 130, the filter 140, the RCS system 150 and the AMOx catalyst 152 arranged in the internal volume defined by the enclosure 114; in other embodiments, a plurality of post-treatment components may be arranged in the internal volume defined by the enclosure 114, in addition to, or instead of, the oxidation catalyst 130, the filter 140, the RCS system. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 228 / 284 13 / 63 150 and the AMOx 152 catalyst. Such post-treatment components may include, for example, bidirectional catalysts, mixers, baffle plates, secondary filters (e.g., a secondary partial flow or catalyzed filter) and / or any other suitable post-treatment component.

[0027] The after-treatment system 100 may include a reducing port 156 (e.g., opening, outlet, etc.). The reducing port 156 may be positioned on a side wall of the cabinet 114 and structured to allow the insertion of a reducer through it into the internal volume defined by the cabinet 114. The reducing port 156 may be positioned upstream of the RCS system 150 (e.g., to allow the reducer to be inserted into the exhaust gas upstream of the RCS system 150) or in relation to the RCS system 150 (e.g., to allow the reducer to be directly inserted into the RCS system 150). Mixers, deflectors, blades or other structures may be positioned in cabinet 114 upstream of the RCS 150 system (for example, between filter 140 and the RCS 150 system) in order to facilitate the mixing of the regulator with the exhaust gas.

[0028] The after-treatment system 100 may include a reducer storage tank 110 (e.g., container, reservoir, etc.) that is structured to store a reducer. The reducer is formulated to facilitate the decomposition of exhaust gas constituents (e.g., NOx gases included in the exhaust gas). Any suitable reducer may be used. In some embodiments, the exhaust gas comprises diesel exhaust gas and the reducer comprises diesel exhaust fluid (DEF). For example, the DEF may comprise urea, an aqueous solution of urea, or any other fluid comprising ammonia, by-products, or Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 229 / 284 14 / 63 any other diesel engine exhaust fluid, as known in the art (for example, DEF marketed under the name ADBLUE®). For example, the reducer may comprise an aqueous urea solution having a specific ratio of urea to water. In some embodiments, the reducer may comprise an aqueous urea solution comprising 32.5% by weight of urea and 67.5% by weight of deionized water, including 40% by weight of urea and 60% by weight of deionized water, or any other suitable ratio of urea to deionized water.

[0029] The after-treatment system 100 may include a reducer insertion assembly 120 which is fluidly coupled to the reducer storage tank 110. The reducer insertion assembly 120 is configured to selectively insert the reducer into the RCS system 150, or upstream thereof, or upstream of or into a mixer (not shown) positioned upstream of the RCS system 150. The reducer insertion assembly 120 may comprise various structures to facilitate the reception of the reducer from the reducer storage tank 110 and its release into the RCS system 150, for example, pumps, valves, screens, filters, etc.

[0030] The after-treatment system 100 may include a reducer injector that is fluidly coupled to the reducer insertion assembly 120 and configured to insert the reducer (e.g., a combined flow of reducer and compressed air) into the RCS system 150. In some embodiments, the reducer injector may include a nozzle having a predetermined diameter. In some embodiments, a reducer injector may be positioned at the reducer port 156 and structured to release a stream or jet of reducer into the internal volume of the cabinet 114 so as to release the reducer into the RCS system 150.

[0031] The 160 controller can be operationally coupled to Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 230 / 284 15 / 63 first temperature sensor 103, to the second temperature sensor 105, to the gas sensor 112, to the heater 108, and, in some embodiments, to the reducer insertion assembly 120, to the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 and / or to the outlet sensor 107. For example, the controller 160 can be configured to receive an exhaust gas temperature signal upstream of the first temperature sensor 103 and to receive an exhaust gas temperature signal downstream of the second temperature sensor 105 to determine the upstream exhaust gas temperature and the downstream exhaust gas temperature, respectively. The controller 160 is configured to determine the exhaust gas temperature upstream of the heater 108, for example, based on the exhaust gas temperature signal received from the first temperature sensor 103. The upstream exhaust gas temperature corresponds to the exhaust gas temperature entering the after-treatment system 100.The controller 160 can also be configured to determine the exhaust gas temperature downstream of the heater 108, for example, based on a signal received from the second temperature sensor 105.

[0032] The controller 160 can be operationally coupled to the motor 101, the first temperature sensor 103, the second temperature sensor 105, the heater 108, the gas sensor 112, the outlet sensor 107, the reducer insertion assembly 120, the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 and / or various components of the aftertreatment system 100 using any type and any number of wired or wireless connections. For example, a wired connection may include a serial cable, a fiber optic cable, a CAT5 cable or any other form of wired connection. Wireless connections may include the Internet, Wi-Fi, a cell phone, a radio, Bluetooth, Zigbee, etc. In one embodiment, a Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 231 / 284 The 16 / 63 controller area network (CAN) bus provides the exchange of signals, information, and / or data. The CAN bus includes any number of wired and wireless connections. In some embodiments, the 160 controller includes multiple sets of circuits or modules configured to perform the 160 controller operations described herein. Using virtual sensors to detect conditions

[0033] Virtual biodiesel sensors can be used to detect conditions. For example, virtual biodiesel sensors can be used to estimate biodiesel blend, determine the violation status of a physical sensor, update a lower heating value for dosage calibration, and / or adjust the physical sensor.

[0034] Figure 2 illustrates a block diagram of the 160 controller. The controller 160 can be configured to estimate a percentage (e.g., blend) of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV to determine if a fuel quality sensor that may be present in the after-treatment system 100 has been tampered with and / or to update the LHV for hydrocarbon dosing calibration for use in filter regeneration 140, in cleaning deposits in the after-treatment system 100 and / or in desulfurization.

[0035] A non-transient computer-readable medium may include computer-readable instructions stored therein that, when executed by at least one 160 controller, cause at least one 160 controller to control a quantity of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of the DOC. The instructions may cause at least one 160 controller to determine a first exhaust gas temperature at a DOC inlet. The exhaust gas may be produced from fuel combustion. The instructions may cause at least one Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 232 / 284 17 / 63 Controller 160 determines a second exhaust gas temperature at a DOC outlet. The instructions can have at least one Controller 160 calculate a fuel LHV based on the first temperature, the second temperature, the amount of hydrocarbons, and an exhaust gas flow rate. The instructions can have at least one Controller 160 estimate a percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV.

[0036] Controller 160 can provide an indication of the estimated percentage of biodiesel in the fuel. Controller 160 can determine that the first temperature is greater than or equal to a DOC light-off temperature before controlling the amount of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of the DOC. Controller 160 can determine a difference between the second temperature and the first temperature to calculate the LHV. Controller 160 can provide an indication of the violation status. Controller 160 can determine a weighted percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV percentage of biodiesel in the fuel and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor. Controller 160 can determine an average of the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor.The 160 controller can estimate the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on at least one of the following: fuel density, fuel dynamic viscosity, fuel dielectric constant, or fuel resistivity. Fuel density, fuel dynamic viscosity, fuel dielectric constant, and / or fuel resistivity can be measured by one or more sensors. Fuel density, fuel dynamic viscosity, dielectric constant. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 233 / 284 The LHV (Low-Level Viscosity Value) and at least one of the fuel density, fuel dynamic viscosity, fuel dielectric constant, or fuel resistivity can be used by the 160 controller independently of the physical sensor. The LHV and at least one of the fuel density, fuel dynamic viscosity, fuel dielectric constant, or fuel resistivity can be used to determine the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel. The LHV and at least one of the fuel density, fuel dynamic viscosity, fuel dielectric constant, or fuel resistivity can be used in one or more machine learning models to determine the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel. The 160 controller can estimate the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel using one or more outputs from the physical sensor. The 160 controller can estimate a percentage of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) in the fuel based on the LHV.

[0037] Controller 160 can control a first hydrocarbon injection before calculating the LHV. Controller 160 can control a second hydrocarbon injection based on the calculated LHV. Controller 160 can control the first temperature, the amount of hydrocarbons injected, and the exhaust gas flow rate to achieve the second temperature below 450 °C. Controller 160 can initiate an injection event. The injection event can include hydrocarbon injection upstream of the DOC. The injection event can occur over a period of time shorter than a timeout. The timeout can be five minutes. The exhaust gas flow rate can be determined based on one or more engine operating conditions.

[0038] Controller 160 can compare the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV with a percentage of biodiesel in Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 234 / 284 19 / 63 fuel measured by a physical sensor. Controller 160 can determine a physical sensor violation state in response to a determination that a difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is greater than a threshold value.

[0039] Controller 160 may include a processor 205 configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in computer-readable memory 210. Processor 205 may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. Processor 205 may retrieve instruction(s) from memory 210 for execution. Memory 210 may be any of a variety of memories that may be suitable for use with controller 160.For example, in some embodiments, 210 memory may include static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), phase control memory (PCM), resistive random access memory (ReRAM), 3D XPoint memory, ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM), flash memory, hard disk drive memory, floppy disk memory, magnetic tape memory, optical disc memory, and / or other types of volatile, non-volatile, and semi-volatile memories that may be considered suitable.

[0040] The controller 160 may also include a hydrocarbon dosing module 215, a temperature determination module 220, a lower heating value (LHV) calculation module 225 and a biodiesel percentage estimation module 230. Although the Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 235 / 284 20 / 63 hydrocarbon dosing module 215, temperature determination module 220, lowest heating value calculation module 225, and biodiesel percentage estimation module 230 are shown as separate components of controller 160; in some embodiments, at least some of these modules may be integrated together, and the integrated module may perform the functions of the individual modules that were integrated. Furthermore, although not shown, in some embodiments, one or more of the hydrocarbon dosing module 215, the temperature determination module 220, the lowest heating value calculation module 225, and the biodiesel percentage estimation module 230 may have the respective processing unit(s) and memory unit(s) to perform their respective functions, as described herein.In other embodiments, one or more of the hydrocarbon dosing module 215, the temperature determination module 220, the lowest heating value calculation module 225, and the biodiesel percentage estimation module 230 may use the processor 205 and the memory 210.

[0041] The hydrocarbon dosing module 215 can be configured to dose hydrocarbons into the after-treatment system 100. The hydrocarbon dosing module 215 can control hydrocarbon dosing via the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122. The hydrocarbon dosing module 215 can receive an indication that the DOC temperature is higher than the DOC light-off temperature. The hydrocarbon dosing module 215 can determine a time period during which a dosing event (e.g., injection event) occurs (e.g., fuel injection, hydrocarbons). The dosing module Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 236 / 284 21 / 63 of hydrocarbons 215 can initiate an injection event. The hydrocarbon dosing module 215 can control a quantity of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of the DOC.

[0042] The temperature determination module 220 can be configured to determine a first exhaust gas temperature at a DOC inlet. The exhaust gas can be produced from fuel combustion. The first exhaust gas temperature at the DOC inlet can be determined by at least one controller 160. The exhaust gas can be produced from fuel combustion. The first temperature can be determined using one or more sensors (e.g., thermistors). The sensor can be coupled to the DOC inlet. For example, the sensor can be placed at the DOC inlet to measure the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC inlet. The first temperature can be a variable in the LHV calculation. The first exhaust gas temperature can include a DOC inlet temperature (e.g., DOC inlet temperature).The first exhaust gas temperature can be measured by a first sensor (e.g., DOC inlet sensor). The first sensor can be coupled to the DOC inlet. For example, the first sensor can be located at a DOC inlet. The first sensor can measure the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC inlet.

[0043] The temperature determination module 220 can be configured to determine a second exhaust gas temperature at a DOC outlet. The second exhaust gas temperature at the DOC outlet can be determined by at least one controller 160. The second temperature can be determined using one or more sensors (e.g., thermistors). The sensor can be coupled to the DOC outlet. For example, the sensor can be placed at the DOC outlet to Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 237 / 284 22 / 63 Measure the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC outlet. The second temperature can be a variable in the LHV calculation. The second exhaust gas temperature may include a DOC outlet temperature (e.g., DOC outlet temperature). A temperature difference between the exhaust gas at the DOC outlet and at the DOC inlet can be used to calculate the LHV. The second exhaust gas temperature can be measured by a second sensor (e.g., DOC outlet sensor, outlet sensor 107). The second sensor can be coupled to the DOC outlet. For example, the second sensor can be located at a DOC outlet. The second sensor can measure the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC outlet.

[0044] The LHV 225 calculation module can be configured to calculate a fuel LHV based on the first temperature, second temperature, amount of hydrocarbons (e.g., amount of hydrocarbons injected or supplied upstream of the DOC), and an exhaust gas flow rate. The fuel LHV can be calculated using at least one 160 controller. The exhaust gas flow rate can be a variable in the LHV calculation. The exhaust gas flow rate can be determined based on one or more engine operating conditions. For example, the exhaust gas flow rate can be calculated using an equation that relates the exhaust gas flow rate to one or more engine operating conditions. The flow rate can be estimated based on one or more engine operating conditions. The relationship between the flow rate and the engine operating conditions can be defined by an equation.Engine operating conditions may include, for example, engine speed, engine torque, charge flow through the engine, ambient air temperature, fuel quantities and / or speed. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 238 / 284 23 / 63 turbocharger. The LHV may not be directly measured by one or more sensors of the after-treatment system 100 and therefore may be calculated based on one or more of the first temperature, the second temperature, the amount of hydrocarbons and the exhaust gas flow rate.

[0045] Data relating to first temperature, second temperature, hydrocarbon quantity, and exhaust gas flow rate can be collected over a time interval. This data may include first temperature data, second temperature data, hydrocarbon quantity data, and exhaust gas flow rate data. The time interval may be in the range of 30 seconds to 20 minutes.For example, the time interval could be in a range of 30 seconds to 1 minute, 30 seconds to 2 minutes, 30 seconds to 3 minutes, 30 seconds to 4 minutes, 30 seconds to 5 minutes, 30 seconds to 10 minutes, 30 seconds to 20 minutes, 1 minute to 2 minutes, 1 minute to 3 minutes, 1 minute to 4 minutes, 1 minute to 5 minutes, 1 minute to 10 minutes, 1 minute to 20 minutes, 2 minutes to 3 minutes, 2 minutes to 4 minutes, 2 minutes to 5 minutes, 2 minutes to 10 minutes, 2 minutes to 20 minutes, 3 minutes to 4 minutes, 3 minutes to 5 minutes, 3 minutes to 10 minutes, 3 minutes to 20 minutes, 4 minutes to 5 minutes, 4 minutes to 10 minutes, 4 minutes to 20 minutes, 5 minutes to 10 minutes, 5 minutes to 20 minutes. minutes or 10 to 20 minutes. The data can be a real-time data stream. For example, the first sensor might collect initial temperature data. The initial temperature might fluctuate over the time interval.The exhaust gas flow rate can fluctuate over the time interval. The amount of hydrocarbons can fluctuate over the time interval. Therefore, the data may need to be filtered to obtain accurate data. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 239 / 284 24 / 63 filtered. The filtered data can be used to calculate the LHV. For example, the filtered data can be used as an input to calculate the LHV.

[0046] The 230 biodiesel percentage estimation module can be configured to estimate a percentage of biodiesel in fuel based on LHV. The percentage of biodiesel in fuel can be estimated using at least one 160 controller. The percentage of biodiesel in fuel can be estimated by correlating LHV with a percentage of biodiesel. The correlation can be performed using, for example, interpolation of measured data, lookup tables, simulated data, equations, or algorithms. The correlation can be adapted to specific types or kinds of biodiesel sources. The correlation can be adapted to specific regions of the same type of biodiesel. The correlation can be based on one or more prediction models to estimate biodiesel fraction based on LHV.The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel can be estimated after a vehicle has been refueled, rather than after the implementation of one or more protocols, such as filter regeneration 140, after-treatment system deposit cleaning 100 and / or desulfurization. The estimate can be made after the vehicle has been refueled.

[0047] Figure 3 illustrates an example method 300 for estimating biodiesel blend (e.g., percentage of biodiesel, biodiesel fraction, biodiesel quality) in fuel. Method 300 can be implemented by any of the various systems and devices described herein, including, but not limited to, the aftertreatment system 100 and / or the controller 160 (e.g., processor) described with reference to Figures 1 and 2. Method 300 can be implemented in Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 240 / 284 25 / 63 any of several modalities, including, but not limited to, real-time techniques in which one or more aspects of method 300 are executed in response to real-time sensor data detected with respect to inlet and outlet DOC temperatures, hydrocarbon quantity, and exhaust gas flow rate.

[0048] Method 300 may include biodiesel blend estimation using a virtual sensor (e.g., biodiesel virtual sensor) without the need for a physical sensor measuring fuel quality. Instead, the virtual sensor may use a proxy for fuel quality (e.g., lower heating value) to estimate the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel. The LHV for biodiesel may be different from the LHV for petroleum-based diesel (e.g., petroleum-derived diesel) and / or hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Method 300 may be performed, for example, using a hydrocarbon dosing event separate from that used to calibrate and / or regenerate the after-treatment system 100 (e.g., filter regeneration, deposit cleaning, and / or desulfurization).The hydrocarbon dosing event used to calculate the LHV and estimate the percentage of biodiesel may be a shorter dosing event compared to that used to calibrate and / or regenerate the aftertreatment system. Method 300 may support or contradict a value for the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor (e.g., fuel quality sensor). This may increase or decrease the confidence in using the physical sensor to measure fuel quality. Method 300 may dose fuel (e.g., hydrocarbons) through the DOC specifically to determine the amount of biodiesel. In some embodiments, method 300 may... Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 241 / 284 26 / 63 can be performed, for example, using the same hydrocarbon dosing event as that used to calibrate and / or regenerate the after-treatment system 100. In some embodiments, method 300 may replace the physical sensor so that the after-treatment system 100 is not a physical sensor specifically for measuring fuel quality.

[0049] Thus, method 300 includes controlling a quantity of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of a DOC (305). Method 300 may include determining a first exhaust gas temperature at a DOC inlet (310). Method 300 may include determining a second exhaust gas temperature at a DOC outlet (315). Method 300 may include calculating a fuel LHV (320). Method 300 may include estimating a percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV (325).

[0050] With reference to Figure 3 in more detail, method 300 may include controlling a quantity of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of a DOC (305). The quantity of hydrocarbons may be controlled by means of at least one controller 160. Hydrocarbons may be supplied to an after-treatment system 100. For example, hydrocarbons may be supplied to the motor 101 of the after-treatment system 100. Hydrocarbons may be supplied to an inlet of the DOC. The quantity of hydrocarbons may include a quantity of fuel (e.g., quantity of fuel injection). The quantity of hydrocarbons may include a quantity of hydrocarbons (e.g., quantity of hydrocarbons that is injected). The quantity of hydrocarbons may be controlled by controlling a hydrocarbon injection by a hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122. The injection of Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 242 / 284 27 / 63 hydrocarbons may include an initial hydrocarbon injection. The hydrocarbon injection may include a hydrocarbon dosing event. The hydrocarbon dosing event used to calculate the LHV may be a separate dosing event from that used to regenerate the filter 140, clean deposits in the after-treatment system 100, and / or perform desulfurization. The amount of hydrocarbons may be controlled by controlling the amount of hydrocarbons supplied to the engine. For example, the amount of hydrocarbons may be supplied to the engine by increasing the amount of fuel supplied to the engine (e.g., as opposed to a dosing event). The amount of hydrocarbons may be a variable in the LHV calculation. The amount of hydrocarbons may be a hydrocarbon rate injected by the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122. The amount of hydrocarbons may be a hydrocarbon rate supplied upstream of the DOC.The quantity of hydrocarbons may be in units of g / s. The DOC may be located downstream of the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122. The hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 may be located upstream of the DOC. The hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 may be coupled to at least one controller 160. For example, the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 may be electrically coupled to at least one controller 160. The at least one controller 160 may control hydrocarbon injection by or through the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122.

[0051] Method 300 includes determining a first exhaust gas temperature at a DOC inlet (310). The first exhaust gas temperature at the DOC inlet can be determined by at least one controller 160. The exhaust gas can be produced from fuel combustion. The first temperature can be Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 243 / 28428 / 63 determined using one or more sensors (e.g., thermistors). The sensor can be coupled to the DOC input. For example, the sensor can be placed at the DOC input to measure the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC input. The first temperature can be a variable in the LHV calculation. The first exhaust gas temperature can include a DOC input temperature (e.g., DOC input temperature). The first exhaust gas temperature can be measured by a first sensor (e.g., DOC input sensor). The first sensor can be coupled to the DOC input. For example, the first sensor can be placed at a DOC input. The first sensor can measure the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC input.

[0052] Method 300 includes determining a second exhaust gas temperature at a DOC output (315). The second exhaust gas temperature at the DOC output can be determined by at least one controller 160.The second temperature can be determined using one or more sensors (e.g., thermistors). The sensor can be coupled to the DOC outlet. For example, the sensor could be placed at the DOC outlet to measure the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC outlet. The second temperature can be a variable in the LHV calculation. The second exhaust gas temperature can include a DOC outlet temperature (e.g., DOC outlet temperature). A temperature difference between the exhaust gas at the DOC outlet and at the DOC inlet can be used to calculate the LHV. The second exhaust gas temperature can be measured by a second sensor (e.g., DOC outlet sensor). The second sensor can be coupled to the DOC outlet. For example, the second sensor could be placed at a DOC outlet. The second sensor can measure the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC outlet. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 244 / 284 29 / 63

[0053] Method 300 includes calculating an LHV of the fuel (320). The Fuel LHV can be calculated using at least one controller 160. Fuel LHV can be calculated based on one or more of the following: first temperature, second temperature, hydrocarbon quantity, and exhaust gas flow rate. The exhaust gas flow rate can be a variable in the LHV calculation. The exhaust gas flow rate can be determined based on one or more engine operating conditions. Engine operating conditions may include, for example, engine speed, engine torque, load flow through the engine, ambient air temperature, fuel quantities, and / or turbocharger speed. LHV may not be directly measured by one or more sensors of the aftertreatment system 100 and therefore can be calculated based on one or more of the following: first temperature, second temperature, hydrocarbon quantity, and exhaust gas flow rate.

[0054] Data relating to first temperature, second temperature, hydrocarbon quantity, and exhaust gas flow rate can be collected over a time interval. This data may include first temperature data, second temperature data, hydrocarbon quantity data, and exhaust gas flow rate data. The time interval may be in the range of 30 seconds to 20 minutes. For example, the time interval could be in a range of 30 seconds to 1 minute, 30 seconds to 2 minutes, 30 seconds to 3 minutes, 30 seconds to 4 minutes, 30 seconds to 5 minutes, 30 seconds to 10 minutes, 30 seconds to 20 minutes, 1 minute to 2 minutes, 1 minute to 3 minutes, 1 minute to 4 minutes, 1 minute to 5 minutes, 1 minute to 10 minutes, 1 minute to 20 minutes, 2 minutes to 3 minutes, 2 minutes to 4 minutes, 2 minutes to 5 minutes, 2 minutes to 10 Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 245 / 284 30 / 63 minutes, 2 minutes to 20 minutes, 3 minutes to 4 minutes, 3 minutes to 5 minutes, 3 minutes to 10 minutes, 3 minutes to 20 minutes, 4 minutes to 5 minutes, 4 minutes to 10 minutes, 4 minutes to 20 minutes, 5 minutes to 10 minutes, 5 minutes to 20 minutes, or 10 minutes to 20 minutes. The data can be a real-time data stream. For example, the first sensor might collect initial temperature data. The initial temperature might fluctuate over the time interval. The exhaust gas flow rate might fluctuate over the time interval. The amount of hydrocarbons might fluctuate over the time interval. Therefore, the data may need to be filtered to obtain filtered data. Filtered data can be used to calculate the LHV. For example, filtered data can be used as an input to calculate the LHV.

[0055] Method 300 involves determining a difference between the second temperature and the first temperature. For example, the difference between the second temperature and the first temperature may include the difference between the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC outlet and the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC inlet.

[0056] In some modalities, LHV can be calculated using equation 1: LHV (.Wies + ^^dose)XCp,es,output X 100 Equation 1 where Entrada is the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC inlet (e.g., first temperature), TsaÁda is the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC outlet (e.g., second temperature), Cp,es,entrada is the heat coefficient of the exhaust gas at the exhaust temperature at the DOC outlet. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 246 / 284 31 / 63 DOC inlet, Cpesaída is the heat coefficient of the exhaust gas at the exhaust temperature at the DOC outlet, msé is the mass flow rate (e.g., mass flow, mass stream) of the exhaust gas, mdose is the mass flow rate of hydrocarbons, and η^ is the thermal efficiency.

[0057] In some modalities, LHV can be calculated using equation 2: LHV = (^-escape + ^-HC injection')XCp,escapeX(Toutput DOC ^input DOC) m injection HC Equation 2, where mescape is the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas, mh is the mass flow rate of hydrocarbons (e.g., injected hydrocarbons), Cescape is the specific heat capacity of the exhaust gas, TinletOC is the temperature of the exhaust gas at the DOC inlet (e.g., first temperature), and ToutletOC is the temperature of the exhaust gas at the DOC outlet (e.g., second temperature). Equation 2 can assume 100% thermal efficiency.

[0058] At least one controller 160 can control the first temperature, the amount of hydrocarbons injected, and the exhaust gas flow rate to achieve a target temperature for the second temperature. For example, the target temperature can be less than 500 °C (e.g., less than 475 °C, less than 450 °C, less than 425 °C, less than 400 °C, less than 300 °C). The target temperature for the second temperature can be less than the temperature used for protocols such as filter regeneration 140, cleaning of deposits in the aftertreatment system 100, and / or desulfurization. These protocols (e.g., filter regeneration 140, cleaning of deposits in the aftertreatment system 100, and / or desulfurization) can occur at temperatures above 500 °C. Therefore, method 300 can operate at a Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 247 / 284 32 / 63 lower temperature than these protocols. The first temperature can be around 300 °C.

[0059] Method 300 involves estimating a percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV (325). The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel can be estimated using at least one controller 160. The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel can be estimated by correlating the LHV with a percentage of biodiesel. The correlation can be performed using, for example, measured data interpolation, lookup tables, simulated data, equations, or algorithms. For example, measured data interpolation might include constructing new data points based on a range of a discrete set of measured data corresponding to the lowest heating values ​​of various biodiesel blends. Lookup tables might include a matrix that replaces runtime computation with a matrix that indexes the lowest heating values ​​with various biodiesel blends.Simulated data can be data obtained from computationally calculating lower heating values ​​for various biodiesel blends. Equations may include mathematical formulas that define the relationship between lower heating values ​​and various biodiesel blends. Algorithms may include a sequence of operations to calculate lower heating values ​​for various biodiesel blends. The correlation can be tailored to specific types or kinds of biodiesel sources (e.g., rapeseed oil biodiesel, corn oil biodiesel, soybean oil, waste oil biodiesel). The correlation can be tailored to specific regions of the same biodiesel type (e.g., corn oil biodiesel from a farm in Indiana vs. corn oil from a farm in France). The correlation can be based on one or more models of... Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 248 / 284 33 / 63 Prediction to estimate biodiesel fraction based on LHV. The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel can be estimated after refueling a vehicle (e.g., truck), rather than after implementing one or more protocols, such as filter regeneration 140, after-treatment system deposit cleaning 100, and / or desulfurization. The estimate can occur after the vehicle has been refueled.

[0060] Method 300 includes issuing an indication of the estimated percentage of biodiesel in the fuel. The indication of the estimated percentage of biodiesel in the fuel may be issued by means of at least one controller 160. For example, the indication of the estimated percentage of biodiesel in the fuel may be displayed on an interface (e.g., display interface, user interface). The indication may include at least one of a light, a message, a sound, a beep, an alert, text, or email. The indication of the estimated percentage of biodiesel in the fuel may include a numerical value.

[0061] Method 300 includes initiating an injection event (e.g., injection, first injection). The injection event may begin in response to the determination of the first temperature and the determination of the second temperature. The injection event may include injection of hydrocarbons upstream of the DOC. The injection event may be initiated by at least one 160 controller. The injection event may include injection of hydrocarbons into the DOC. The injection event may occur in response to a determination that the DOC temperature (e.g., first temperature, second temperature) is higher than the DOC's "light-off" temperature. The DOC's light-off temperature may include a temperature at which the DOC will catalyze combustion of hydrocarbons (e.g., fuel burning). The event of Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 249 / 284 34 / 63 Injection can occur over a period of time. For example, the time period can be less than or equal to five minutes. The time period can be greater than five minutes. The time period can be a time interval. The time period can be shorter than a time period used for protocols such as filter regeneration 140, cleaning of deposits in the after-treatment system 100 and / or desulfurization. Therefore, method 300 can operate for a shorter time period than these protocols. The time period can be optimized for hydrocarbon oxidation. The injection event can occur over a time period shorter than a time limit. The time limit can be, for example, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes or 30 minutes.

[0062] The first injection (e.g., first hydrocarbon injection) can be controlled before calculating the LHV. The first injection can include an injection of hydrocarbons during the hydrocarbon quantity control step. For example, the first injection can be initiated before calculating the LHV. At least one controller 160 can control the first hydrocarbon injection before calculating the LHV. A second injection (e.g., second hydrocarbon injection) can be controlled after calculating the LHV. For example, the second injection can be initiated after calculating the LHV. At least one controller 160 can control the second hydrocarbon injection based on the calculated LHV. At least one controller 160 can calibrate the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 based on the lowest calculated heating value to control the second hydrocarbon injection.For example, at least one controller 160 can calibrate the hydrocarbon insertion assembly 122 by adjusting the amount of hydrocarbons in it. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 250 / 284 35 / 63 second injection. The hydrocarbons in the first injection may be different from the hydrocarbons in the second injection.

[0063] Method 300 involves comparing the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV with the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by a physical sensor. The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor can be compared using at least one controller 160. The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV may include an estimated percentage of biodiesel in the fuel. The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV can be compared with the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor by subtracting the value for the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV from the value for the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor.The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV can be compared to the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor by subtracting the value for the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor from the value for the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV.

[0064] Method 300 involves determining a physical sensor violation state in response to a determination that a difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is greater than a threshold value. The physical sensor violation state can be determined by at least one 160 controller. The violation state can be issued as an indication that the physical sensor has been subjected to violation. The physical sensor violation state can be defined as whether or not the physical sensor has been tampered with. By Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 251 / 284 36 / 63 For example, the physical sensor can be used to detect fuel (e.g., secondary fuel) that is not the same fuel as the fuel (e.g., primary fuel, actual fuel) used to operate the engine. In this case, the physical sensor may output the percentage of biodiesel for the secondary fuel, while the percentage of biodiesel based on LHV is estimated for the primary fuel. Since one of the purposes of the physical sensor may be to measure the fuel quality of the fuel used to operate the engine, if the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV differs from the percentage of biodiesel measured by the physical sensor, this may be an indication that the physical sensor and / or the after-treatment system 100 have been tampered with.There may be a difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV due to an error in one or more of the physical sensor measurements or LHV calculation. Therefore, the threshold value can be used to filter or protect against differences due to an error in one or more of the physical sensor measurements or LHV calculation.

[0065] In response to the determination that the difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is greater than the threshold value, at least one controller 160 may determine that the physical sensor and / or the after-treatment system 100 has been tampered with (e.g., the physical sensor is measuring the percentage of biodiesel in the secondary fuel and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV is estimated for the primary fuel). For example, a violation (e.g., physical sensor violation) may be defined as a scenario in which the physical sensor is not measuring the percentage of Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 252 / 284 37 / 63 biodiesel in the fuel in the engine 101. In response to the determination that the difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is less than the limit value, at least one controller 160 may determine that the physical sensor and / or the after-treatment system 100 has not been tampered with (e.g., the physical sensor is measuring the percentage of biodiesel in the primary fuel and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV is estimated for the primary fuel).

[0066] Method 300 includes issuing a violation status indication. The violation status indication can be issued by at least one controller 160. For example, the violation status indication can be displayed on an interface (e.g., display interface, user interface). The indication can include at least one of a light, a message, a sound, a beep, an alert, text, or an email.

[0067] Method 300 includes determining that the first temperature is greater than or equal to the DOC light-off temperature. The first temperature can be determined to be greater than or equal to the DOC light-off temperature by means of at least one 160 controller. The determination that the first temperature is greater than or equal to a DOC light-off temperature can occur before controlling the amount of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of the DOC. The DOC can be sufficiently heated (e.g., equal to or greater than the light-off temperature) before controlling the amount of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of the DOC. Method 300 may include determining that the DOC temperature is greater than or equal to the DOC light-off temperature. Method 300 may include determining that the second Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 253 / 284 38 / 63 temperature is greater than or equal to the DOC light-off temperature.

[0068] Method 300 includes estimating the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on at least one of a fuel density, a fuel dynamic viscosity, a fuel dielectric constant, or a fuel resistivity. The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel can be estimated by means of at least one controller 160. The fuel density, fuel dynamic viscosity, fuel dielectric constant, or fuel resistivity can be used by the controller 160 independently of the physical sensor.

[0069] Method 300 involves determining a weighted percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV-based percentage of biodiesel in the fuel and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor. The weighted percentage of biodiesel in the fuel can be determined using at least one 160 controller. For example, the LHV-based percentage of biodiesel in the fuel may be weighted more than the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor. The weighted percentage may include contributions from the LHV-based percentage of biodiesel in the fuel and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor. For example, the LHV-based percentage of biodiesel in the fuel may be weighted 60%, and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor may be weighted 40%.In this case, the weighted percentage of biodiesel in the fuel would be equal to the sum of the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV x 60% + the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor x 40%.

[0070] Method 300 includes determining an average percentage of Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 254 / 284 39 / 63 biodiesel in fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in fuel measured by the physical sensor. The average percentage (e.g., average percentage) of biodiesel in fuel can be determined using at least one 160 controller. The average percentage may include contributions from the percentage of biodiesel in fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in fuel measured by the physical sensor. For example, the percentage of biodiesel in fuel based on LHV can be weighted with the percentage of biodiesel in fuel measured by the physical sensor. In this case, the average percentage of biodiesel in fuel would be equal to half the sum of the percentage of biodiesel in fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in fuel measured by the physical sensor.

[0071] Figure 4 illustrates an example method 400 for detecting conditions using virtual sensors. For example, the virtual biodiesel sensor can be used to estimate biodiesel blend, determine violation state of a physical sensor, update a lower heating value for dosage calibration, and / or adjust the physical sensor. Method 400 can be implemented by any of the various systems and devices described herein, including, but not limited to, the aftertreatment system 100 and / or the controller 160 (e.g., processor) described with reference to Figures 1 and 2. Method 400 can be implemented in any of several embodiments, including, but not limited to, real-time techniques in which one or more aspects of method 400 are executed in response to real-time sensor data detected with respect to inlet and outlet DOC temperatures, hydrocarbon quantity, and exhaust gas flow rate. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 255 / 284 40 / 63

[0072] Method 400 includes initializing the aftertreatment system motor (405). For example, motor 101 of aftertreatment system 100 can be started after refueling or refueling. An ignition key can be turned to initialize motor 101 of aftertreatment system 100. The motor can be initialized by means of at least one controller 160.

[0073] Method 400 includes heating the DOC (410). For example, heating the DOC may include heating the DOC (e.g., DOC heating). The DOC may be heated to a temperature higher than the DOC light-off temperature. The DOC light-off temperature may include a temperature at which the DOC catalyzes hydrocarbon combustion (e.g., fuel burning). Heating the DOC may be controlled by at least one controller 160.

[0074] Method 400 includes injecting hydrocarbons (415). Hydrocarbons may be injected during an injection event (e.g., hydrocarbon injection event). The injection event may include injection of hydrocarbons upstream of the DOC. The injection of hydrocarbons may be controlled by at least one controller 160. The injection event may include injection of hydrocarbons into the DOC. The injection event may occur in response to a determination that the DOC temperature (e.g., first temperature, second temperature) is higher than the DOC lightoff temperature. Hydrocarbons (e.g., fuel) may be dosed into the aftertreatment system 100.

[0075] Method 400 involves determining an increase in the temperature of DOC (420). The increase in DOC temperature can be determined by at least one 160 controller. The increase in temperature can Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 256 / 284 41 / 63 can be determined using one or more sensors. For example, the temperature rise can be determined using thermistors at the DOC inlet and DOC outlet. The temperature rise may include the difference between the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC outlet and the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC inlet. The DOC temperature rise can be used in the LHV calculation.

[0076] Method 400 includes calculating an LHV (425). The LHV can be calculated using at least one 160 controller. The LHV can be calculated based on one or more of the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC inlet, the exhaust gas temperature at the DOC outlet, the amount of hydrocarbons, and the exhaust gas flow rate (e.g., exhaust mass flow). The electronic control unit (ECM) can be used to calculate the exhaust gas flow rate. The ECM can perform the calculation based on engine operating conditions. Engine operating conditions may include, for example, engine speed, engine torque, load flow through the engine, ambient air temperature, fuel quantities, and turbocharger speed.

[0077] Method 400 includes updating the LHV for dosing calibration (430). The LHV can be updated via at least one controller 160. The LHV can be updated to determine the hydrocarbon dose for other protocols (e.g., procedures), such as regenerating the filter 140 (e.g., particulate filter for diesel engines), cleaning deposits in the after-treatment system 100, and / or performing after-treatment system desulfurization 100. After-treatment system desulfurization 100 may include removing sulfur from the catalyst (e.g., DOC catalyst). Updating the LHV may lead to updating the amount of hydrocarbon injection fuel. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 257 / 284 42 / 63 to obtain the appropriate temperature (e.g., DOC output temperature, second temperature) for these protocols.

[0078] Method 400 includes estimating the percentage of biodiesel (435). The percentage of biodiesel can be estimated using at least one controller 160. The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel can be estimated by correlating the LHV with a percentage of biodiesel. The correlation can be performed using, for example, interpolation of measured data, lookup tables, simulated data, equations, or algorithms. The correlation can be adapted to specific types or kinds of biodiesel sources. The correlation can be adapted to specific regions of the same type of biodiesel. The correlation can be based on one or more prediction models to estimate the biodiesel fraction based on LHV. The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel can be estimated after refueling a vehicle, rather than after implementing one or more protocols, such as filter regeneration 140, after-treatment system deposit cleaning 100, and / or desulfurization.The estimate can be made after the vehicle has been refueled.

[0079] Method 400 includes obtaining a fuel quality sensor value (440). The fuel quality sensor value can be obtained by means of at least one controller 160. The fuel quality sensor value may include the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor. The fuel quality sensor value may be obtained during the time period to perform steps (410) to (435). For example, the fuel quality sensor value may be obtained in parallel with the LHV calculation and the biodiesel quality estimation based on the LHV. The fuel quality sensor value may include a sensor reading of Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 258 / 284 43 / 63 Fuel quality (e.g., fuel quality sensor data). The fuel quality sensor reading may include at least one of the following: fuel density, fuel dynamic viscosity, fuel dielectric constant, or fuel resistivity.

[0080] Method 400 involves comparing the estimated biodiesel percentage with the fuel quality sensor value (445). The estimated biodiesel percentage can be compared with the fuel quality sensor value by means of at least one controller 160. The biodiesel percentage in the fuel based on LHV may include an estimated biodiesel percentage in the fuel. The biodiesel percentage in the fuel based on LHV can be compared with the biodiesel percentage in the fuel measured by the physical sensor by subtracting the value for the biodiesel percentage in the fuel based on LHV from the value for the biodiesel percentage in the fuel measured by the physical sensor.The percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV can be compared to the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor by subtracting the value for the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor from the value for the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV. Method 400 may include comparing fuel quality sensor data with the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV. Method 400 may include using at least one of the fuel density, fuel dynamic viscosity, fuel dielectric constant, or fuel resistivity to calculate the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel.

[0081] Method 400 involves using the fuel quality sensor output (450). The fuel quality sensor output can Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 259 / 284 44 / 63 can be used via at least one controller 160. The fuel quality sensor can be used in response to the determination that the difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is less than the threshold value. For example, at least one controller 160 can determine that the physical sensor and / or the after-treatment system 100 have not been tampered with (e.g., the physical sensor is measuring the percentage of biodiesel in the primary fuel and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV is estimated for the primary fuel). Method 400 may include using the fuel quality sensor output based on one or more machine learning models or algorithms.

[0082] Method 400 involves adjusting the fuel quality sensor (455). The fuel quality sensor can be adjusted by means of at least one controller 160. The fuel quality sensor can be adjusted (e.g., modified, calibrated) in response to the determination that the difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is greater than the limit value. For example, the fuel quality sensor can be adjusted relative to a reference. The fuel quality sensor can be adjusted to decrease errors in the values ​​detected by the fuel quality sensor. The fuel quality sensor can be adjusted to correct any shifts in the fuel quality sensor range.The fuel quality sensor can be adjusted to correct any errors due to mechanical wear of the fuel quality sensor. The fuel quality sensor adjustment can be... Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 260 / 284 45 / 63 is sufficient if it is determined that a difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is less than a threshold value. Method 400 may include adjusting the fuel quality sensor using data from one or more machine learning models or algorithms.

[0083] Method 400 includes determining the fuel quality sensor violation state 460. The fuel quality sensor violation state can be determined by means of at least one controller 160. At least one controller 160 can determine that the physical sensor and / or after-treatment system 100 have been tampered with (e.g., the physical sensor is measuring the percentage of biodiesel in the secondary fuel and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV is estimated for the primary fuel). The estimated percentage or blend of biodiesel can be compared with the fuel quality sensor value to determine if the physical sensor has been tampered with. The physical sensor can be determined to have been tampered with if it is determined that a difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is greater than a threshold value.It can be determined that the physical sensor has not been tampered with if it is determined that a difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is less than a threshold value. The fuel quality sensor violation status may include an indication of the possibility that the fuel quality sensor has been tampered with. The violation status (e.g., fuel quality sensor violation status) may be issued as an indication that the physical sensor... Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 261 / 284 46 / 63 was subjected to a violation. The violation status of the physical sensor may include whether or not the physical sensor has been tampered with. For example, the physical sensor may be used to detect fuel (e.g., secondary fuel) that is not the same fuel as the fuel (e.g., primary fuel, actual fuel) used to operate the engine. In this case, the physical sensor may output the biodiesel percentage for the secondary fuel, while the biodiesel percentage based on LHV is estimated for the primary fuel. Since one of the purposes of the physical sensor may be to measure the fuel quality of the fuel used to operate the engine, if the biodiesel percentage in the fuel based on LHV differs from the biodiesel percentage measured by the physical sensor, this may be an indication that the physical sensor and / or the after-treatment system 100 have been tampered with.There may be a difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on LHV due to an error in one or more of the physical sensor measurements or LHV calculation.

[0084] Figure 5 illustrates an outlet temperature plot of DOC vs. LHV and a table of various fuel blends and corresponding LHV and DOC outlet temperature values, according to an example implementation. The plotted data may include a system with a DOC inlet temperature of 300 °C, an injected hydrocarbon quantity of 1 g / ms, and an exhaust gas flow rate of 10 kg / min. The plot may include simulated results. Pure biodiesel (B100) may have a lower LHV than a biodiesel blend with 50% biodiesel (B50). B100 may have an LHV that is lower than the LHV of standard diesel (e.g., diesel). B100 may have an LHV that is lower than the LHV of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). B50 Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 262 / 284 47 / 63 may have a lower LHV than diesel. B50 may have a lower LHV than HVO. Diesel may have a lower LHV than HVO. Plotting can show the impact of LHV on DOC exothermicity. For example, the DOC outlet temperature for an engine using B100 may be lower than the DOC outlet temperature for an engine using B50. The DOC outlet temperature for an engine using B100 may be lower than the DOC outlet temperature for an engine using diesel. The DOC outlet temperature for an engine using B100 may be lower than the DOC outlet temperature for an engine using HVO. The DOC outlet temperature for an engine using B50 may be lower than the DOC outlet temperature for an engine using diesel. The DOC outlet temperature for an engine using B50 may be lower than the DOC outlet temperature for an engine using HVO.The DOC outlet temperature for a diesel engine can be lower than the DOC outlet temperature for an HVO engine.

[0085] The table illustrates the DOC outlet temperature values ​​corresponding to the fuel blends. Standard diesel (e.g., petroleum-based diesel) may have an LHV of 42.7 MJ / kg and a DOC outlet temperature of 531.2 °C. Hydrotreated vegetable oil may have an LHV of 44 MJ / kg and a DOC outlet temperature of 538.2 °C. Pure biodiesel (e.g., B100) may have an LHV of 37.5 MJ / kg and a DOC outlet temperature of 503.0 °C. The LHV of pure biodiesel may be lower than the LHV of petroleum-based diesel. The DOC outlet temperature for a system using pure biodiesel may be lower than the DOC outlet temperature for a system using petroleum-based diesel. A biodiesel blend with 50% biodiesel (for example, B50) can have an LHV of 40.1 MJ / kg and a Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 263 / 284 48 / 63 DOC outlet temperature of 517.1 °C. The LHV of a biodiesel blend with 50% biodiesel may be lower than the LHV of petroleum-based diesel. The DOC outlet temperature for a system using 50% biodiesel may be lower than the DOC outlet temperature for a system using petroleum-based diesel. A biodiesel blend with 20% biodiesel (e.g., B20) may have an LHV of 41.7 MJ / kg and a DOC outlet temperature of 525.8 °C. The LHV of a biodiesel blend with 20% biodiesel may be lower than the LHV of petroleum-based diesel. The DOC outlet temperature for a system using 20% ​​biodiesel may be lower than the DOC outlet temperature for a system using petroleum-based diesel. The LHV for diesel can range from 42.5 to 44.0 MJ / kg, and the LHV for pure biodiesel can range from 36.5 to 38.0 MJ / kg. Biodiesel may have a lower LHV compared to petroleum-based diesel.Therefore, for a given dosage of hydrocarbons, the increase in DOC temperature can be reduced for biodiesel, compared to petroleum-based diesel.

[0086] Having described some illustrative implementations for the time being, it is evident that the elements previously mentioned are illustrative and not limiting, having been presented by way of example. In particular, although many of the examples presented here involve specific combinations of method acts or system elements, these acts and elements can be combined in other ways to achieve the same objectives. The acts, elements, and resources discussed in connection with one implementation are not intended to be excluded from a similar function in other implementations or implementations.

[0087] The phraseology and terminology used here are for the purposes of Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 264 / 284 49 / 63 description and should not be considered as limiting. The use of include, comprise, have, contain, involve, characterized by, characterized by, and variations thereof in this document is intended to encompass the items listed below, equivalents thereof, and additional items, as well as alternative implementations that consist of the items listed below in a unique way. In an implementation, the systems and methods described herein consist of one, each combination of more than one, or all of the elements, acts, or components described.

[0088] The material modalities and operations described in this descriptive report may be implemented in a set of digital electronic circuits, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this descriptive report, and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more thereof. The material described in this descriptive report may be implemented as one or more computer programs, for example, one or more computer program instruction circuits, encoded in one or more computer storage media for execution by, or to control the operation of, a data processing apparatus.Alternatively or additionally, program instructions may be encoded in an artificially generated propagated signal, for example, a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal that is generated to encode transmission information to a suitable receiving apparatus for execution by a data processing apparatus. A computer storage medium may be, or be included in, a computer-readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random-access or serial-access memory array or device, or a... Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 265 / 284 50 / 63 combination of one or more of the same. Furthermore, although a computer storage medium is not a propagated signal, a computer storage medium can be a source or a destination of computer program instructions encoded in an artificially generated propagated signal. The computer storage medium may also be, or be included in, one or more separate components or media (e.g., multiple CDs, disks, or other storage devices).

[0089] The operations described in this descriptive report may be performed by a data processing device on data stored in one or more computer-readable storage devices, or received from other sources. The term data processing device or computing device encompasses various devices and machines for data processing, including, by way of example, a programmable processor, a computer, a system-on-a-chip, or multiples thereof, or combinations of the aforementioned elements. The device may include a set of special-purpose logic circuits, for example, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).The device may also include, in addition to the hardware, code that creates a runtime environment for the computer program in question, for example, code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, a cross-platform runtime environment, a virtual machine, or a combination of one or more of these. The device and the runtime environment may implement various infrastructures. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 266 / 284 51 / 63 of different computing models, such as network services, distributed computing infrastructures, and grid computing.

[0090] A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) may be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative or procedural languages, and it may be installed in any form, including as a standalone program or as a circuit, component, subroutine, object, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may, but does not have to, correspond to a file in a file system. A program may be stored in a portion of a file that contains other programs or data (for example, one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (for example, files that store one or more circuits, subprograms, or portions of code).A computer program can be installed to run on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

[0091] Processors suitable for running a computer program include, by way of example, microprocessors and any one or more processors in a digital computer. A processor may receive instructions and data from read-only memory or random-access memory, or both. The elements of a computer are a processor to execute actions according to instructions and one or more devices. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 267 / 284 52 / 63 Memory for storing instructions and data. A computer may include, or be operationally coupled to, receive data from, or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, for example, magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. A computer does not need to have such devices. Furthermore, a computer may be embedded within another device, for example, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, or a portable storage device (e.g., a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive), to name just a few.Suitable devices for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media devices, and memory, including, for example, semiconductor memory devices, such as erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated into, a set of special-purpose logic circuits.

[0092] To provide interaction with a user, the implementations of the subject matter described in this descriptive report may be implemented on a computer that has a display device, for example, a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor or liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, to display information to the user, and a keyboard and a pointing device, for example, a mouse. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 268 / 284 53 / 63 or a trackball, through which the user can provide input to the computer. Other types of devices can also be used to provide interaction with a user; for example, the feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, for example, visual feedback, auditory feedback or tactile feedback; and the user input can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech or tactile input.

[0093] The implementations described herein can be implemented in any of numerous ways, including, for example, the use of hardware, software, or a combination thereof. When implemented in software, the software code can run on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided on a single computer or distributed across multiple computers.

[0094] In addition, a computer may have one or more input and output devices. These devices may be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that may be used to provide a user interface include printers or display screens for visual output presentation and speakers or other sound-generating devices for audible output presentation. Examples of input devices that may be used for a user interface include keyboards and pointing devices such as mice, touch-sensitive elements, and scanning tablets. As another example, a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or in another audible format.

[0095] Such computers may be interconnected by one or more networks in any suitable form, including an area network. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 269 / 284 54 / 63 local area or a wide area network, such as an enterprise network and intelligent network (IN) or the Internet. Such networks may be based on any suitable technology, and may operate according to any suitable protocol and may include wireless networks, wired networks or fiber optic networks.

[0096] A computer employed to implement at least a portion of the functionality described herein may comprise a memory, one or more processing units (hereinafter also simply called processors), one or more communication interfaces, one or more display units, and one or more input devices. The memory may comprise any computer-readable media and may store computer instructions (hereinafter also called processor-executable instructions) to implement the various functionalities described herein. The processing unit(s) may be used to execute the instructions. The communication interface(s) may be coupled to a wired or wireless network, a bus, or other means of communication, and may therefore allow the computer to transmit communications or receive communications from other devices.The display unit(s) may be provided, for example, to allow a user to view various information in connection with the execution of instructions. The input device(s) may be provided, for example, to allow the user to make manual adjustments, make selections, enter data, or various other information, or interact in various ways with the processor during the execution of instructions.

[0097] The various methods or processes described herein may be coded as software that is executable on one or more processors employing any one of a variety of Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 270 / 284 55 / 63 operating systems or platforms. In addition, such software may be written using any of a number of suitable programming languages ​​or programming or scripting tools, and may also be compiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code that runs on a framework or virtual machine.

[0098] In this respect, several concepts of the invention can be incorporated as a computer-readable storage medium (or multiple computer-readable storage media) (for example, a computer memory, one or more floppy disks, compact discs, optical discs, magnetic tapes, flash memories, field-programmable gate array circuit configurations or other semiconductor devices, or other non-transient media or tangible computer storage media), which are encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, execute methods that implement the various embodiments of the solution discussed above.The computer-readable media may be portable, so that the program or programs stored therein may be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement various aspects of the present solution, as discussed above.

[0099] The methods described herein, or operations thereof, may be implemented on machine-readable media for execution by various types of controller processors. An executable code circuit may, for example, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions, which may, for example, be organized as an object, a procedure, or a function. However, the executable elements of an identified circuit are not Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 271 / 284 56 / 63 need to be physically together, but they can comprise different instructions stored in different locations that, when logically joined, comprise the circuit and achieve the purpose intended for the circuit. In fact, a computer-readable program code circuit can be a single instruction, or multiple instructions, and can even be distributed across several different code segments, within different programs, and across multiple memory devices. Similarly, operational data can be identified and illustrated here within circuits, and can be implemented in any suitable and organized way within any suitable type of data structure.Operational data can be collected as a single dataset, or it can be distributed across different locations, including across different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals in a system or network.

[0100] Computer-readable media (also referred to in the present invention as machine-readable media or machine-readable content) may be a tangible computer-readable storage medium that stores computer-readable program code. The computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, holographic, micromechanical, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device, or any suitable combination thereof. As mentioned above, examples of computer-readable storage media may include, but are not limited to, a portable computer floppy disk, a hard disk, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), read-only memory. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 272 / 284 57 / 63 programmable and erasable (EPROM or Flash memory), a read-only compact disc memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disc (DVD), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, a holographic storage medium, a micromechanical storage device, or any suitable combination of the aforementioned elements. In the context of this document, a computer-readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain and / or store computer-readable program code for use by and / or in connection with an instruction-executing system, apparatus, or device.

[0101] Computer-readable media may also be computer-readable signal media. Computer-readable signal media may include a propagated data signal with computer-readable program code embedded therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electrical, electromagnetic, magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Computer-readable signal media may be any computer-readable media other than computer-readable storage media that can communicate, propagate, or transport computer-readable program code for use by or in connection with an instruction-executing system, apparatus, or device.Furthermore, as mentioned above, computer-readable program code embedded in a computer-readable signal medium can be transmitted using any suitable medium, including, but not limited to, wireless. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 273 / 284 58 / 63 profiling cable, fiber optic cable, radio frequency (RF) cable, or similar, or any suitable combination of the aforementioned elements. In one embodiment, the computer-readable media may comprise a combination of one or more computer-readable storage media and one or more computer-readable media. For example, computer-readable program code may be propagated as an electromagnetic signal through a fiber optic cable for execution by a processor and stored in a RAM storage device for execution by the processor.

[0102] The computer-readable program code for performing operations for aspects of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object-oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++, or similar, and similar procedural programming languages ​​such as the C programming language or similar programming languages. The computer-readable program code may be executed entirely on the local computer (as through controller 160 of Figure 1), partially on the local computer as a standalone computer-readable package, partially on the local computer and partially on a remote computer, or entirely on the remote computer or server.In the last scenario, the remote computer can be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection can be made to an external computer (for example, via the Internet using an Internet service provider). Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 274 / 284 59 / 63

[0103] Program code may also be stored on computer-readable media that may direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to operate in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored on the computer-readable media produce a manufactured article that includes instructions that implement the function / act specified in the schematic flowchart and / or block diagrams or blocks of schematic block diagrams.

[0104] It should be noted that the term exemplifier, as used in this document to describe various modalities, is intended to indicate that such modalities are possible examples, representations and / or illustrations of possible modalities (and such term is not intended to imply that such modalities are necessarily extraordinary or superlative examples).

[0105] As used herein, the term about, or similar terms, generally means plus or minus 10% of the declared value. For example, about 0.5 would include 0.45 and 0.55, about 10 would include 9 to 11, about 1000 would include 900 to 1100.

[0106] The term coupled and similar terms, as used herein, mean the union of two components directly or indirectly with each other. Such a union may be stationary (e.g., permanent) or movable (e.g., removable or liberable). Such a union may be obtained with the two members or the two members and any additional intermediate members that are integrally formed as a single unitary body with each other or with the two members or the two members and any additional intermediate members fixed to each other.

[0107] As used in the present invention, the terms substantially, generally, approximately and terms Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 275 / 284 The terms 60 / 63 are intended to have a broad meaning and to be in harmony with the common and accepted usage of those skilled in the art to which the subject matter of this disclosure relates. Those skilled in the art reviewing this disclosure should understand that these terms are intended to create a description of certain features described and claimed without restricting the scope of those features to the exact numerical ranges provided. Consequently, these terms should be interpreted as indicating that insubstantial or inconsequential modifications or changes to the subject matter described and claimed are considered to be within the scope of the appended claims.

[0108] Any references to implementations or elements or acts of the systems and methods referred to herein in the singular may also encompass implementations that include a plurality of such elements, and any references in the plural to any implementation or element or act herein may also encompass implementations that include only a single element. References in the singular or plural form are not intended to limit the systems or methods currently disclosed, their components, acts, or elements to single or plural configurations. References to any act or element based on any information, act, or element may include implementations, and the act or element is based, at least in part, on any information, act, or element.

[0109] Any implementation disclosed herein may be combined with any other implementation or embodiment, and references to an implementation, some implementations, an implementation, or the like, necessarily are not mutually exclusive and are intended to indicate that a specific feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the implementation may be included. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 276 / 284 61 / 63 in at least one implementation or embodiment. As used herein, such terms do not necessarily all refer to the same implementation. Any implementation may be combined with any other implementation, inclusively or exclusively, in any manner consistent with the aspects and implementations disclosed herein.

[0110] Furthermore, the term "or" is used, in the context of a list of elements, in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense), so that, when used to connect a list of elements, the term "or" means one, some, or all of the elements in the list. Conjunctive language such as the phrase "at least one of X, Y, and Z, unless specifically stated otherwise" should be understood in context as generally used to represent that an item, term, etc., can be X, Y, Z, X and Y, X and Z, Y and Z, or X, Y and Z (that is, any combination of X, Y, and Z). In this way, such conjunctive language is not generically intended to imply that certain modalities require that at least each of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z be present, except where indicated otherwise.

[0111] Additionally, the use of value ranges (for example, of W1 to W2, etc.) in the present invention includes their maximum and minimum values ​​(e.g., W1 to W2 includes W1 and includes W2, etc.), except where otherwise indicated. Furthermore, a range of values ​​(e.g., W1 to W2, etc.) does not necessarily require the inclusion of intermediate values ​​within the range of values ​​(e.g., W1 to W2 may include only W1 and W2, etc.), except where otherwise indicated.

[0112] It is important to note that the construction and arrangement of the various exemplary embodiments are merely illustrative. Although only some embodiments have been described in detail in this Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 277 / 284 62 / 63 disclosure, those skilled in the art who review this disclosure will readily recognize that various modifications are possible (for example, variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements; parameter values, mounting arrangements; use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the innovative teachings and advantages of the matter described herein. Furthermore, it should be considered that the features of one embodiment disclosed in the present invention can be combined with the features of other embodiments disclosed in the present invention, as one skilled in the art would understand. Other substitutions, modifications, alterations and omissions may also be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the various exemplary embodiments, without departing from the scope of the present embodiments.

[0113] Although this descriptive report contains many specific implementation details, these should not be interpreted as limitations on the scope of any embodiments or on what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of specific features for specific implementations of specific embodiments. Certain features described in this descriptive report, in the context of separate implementations, may also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, several features described in the context of a single implementation may also be implemented in multiple implementations, separately or in any suitable subcombination. Furthermore, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed in that way, one or more features of a claimed combination may, in some cases, be removed from the Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pages 278 / 284 63 / 63 combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or a variation of a subcombination. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 279 / 284

Claims

1 / 5 CLAIMS 1. Computer-readable non-transient media characterized in that it has computer-readable instructions stored therein which, when executed by at least one controller, cause the at least one controller to: control a quantity of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC); determine a first exhaust gas temperature at a DOC inlet, wherein the exhaust gas is produced from fuel combustion; determine a second exhaust gas temperature at a DOC outlet; calculate a lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel based on the first temperature, the second temperature, the quantity of hydrocarbons and an exhaust gas flow rate; and estimate a percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV.

2. Non-transient, computer-readable media according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one controller is configured to issue an indication of the estimated percentage of biodiesel in the fuel.

3. Computer-readable non-transient media according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one controller is configured to determine that the initial temperature is greater than or equal to a DOC light-off temperature before controlling the amount of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of the DOC. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 280 / 284 2 / 5 4. Computer-readable non-transient media according to claim 1, characterized in that, to calculate the LHV, at least one controller is configured to determine a difference between the second temperature and the first temperature.

5. Computer-readable non-transient media according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one controller is configured to compare the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV with a percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by a physical sensor.

6. Computer-readable non-transient media according to claim 5, characterized in that at least one controller is configured to determine a violation state of the physical sensor in response to a determination that a difference between the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV and the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel measured by the physical sensor is greater than a threshold value.

7. Non-transient, computer-readable media according to claim 6, characterized in that at least one controller is configured to issue an indication of the violation state.

8. Computer-readable non-transient media according to claim 5, characterized in that at least one controller is configured to estimate the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on at least one of a fuel density, a fuel dynamic viscosity, a fuel dielectric constant, or a fuel resistivity.

9. Non-transient, computer-readable media according to claim 5, characterized in that at least one controller is configured to estimate a percentage of hydrotreated vegetable oil in the fuel based on LHV.

10. Computer-readable non-transient media according to claim 1, characterized in that: at least one controller is configured to control a first injection of hydrocarbons before calculating the LHV; and at least one controller is configured to control a second injection of hydrocarbons based on the calculated LHV.

11. Computer-readable non-transient media according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one controller is configured to control the first temperature, the amount of hydrocarbons that is injected, and the exhaust gas flow rate to achieve the second temperature lower than 450 °C.

12. Computer-readable non-transient media according to claim 1, characterized in that: at least one controller is configured to initiate an injection event comprising injection of hydrocarbons upstream of the DOC; and the injection event occurs over a period of time shorter than a timeout.

13. Non-transient, computer-readable media according to claim 12, characterized by a time limit of five minutes.

14. Computer-readable non-transient media according to claim 1, characterized in that the exhaust gas flow rate is determined based on one or more engine operating conditions.

15. Post-treatment system characterized by comprising at least one controller and the DOC, as defined in claim 1. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 282 / 284 4 / 5 16. Aftertreatment system according to claim 15, characterized by further comprising a hydrocarbon insertion assembly coupled to at least one controller, wherein the at least one controller is configured to control the injection of hydrocarbons upstream of the DOC.

17. A method characterized by comprising: controlling, by at least one controller, a quantity of hydrocarbons supplied upstream of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC); determining, by means of at least one controller, a first exhaust gas temperature at an inlet of the DOC, wherein the exhaust gas is produced from fuel combustion; determining, by means of at least one controller, a second exhaust gas temperature at an outlet of the DOC; calculating, by means of at least one controller, a lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel based on the first temperature, the second temperature, the quantity of hydrocarbons and an exhaust gas flow rate; and estimating, by means of at least one controller, a percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on the LHV.

18. Method according to claim 17, characterized by further comprising: emitting, by means of at least one controller, an indication of the estimated percentage of biodiesel in the fuel.

19. Method according to claim 17, characterized by further comprising: Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 283 / 284 5 / 5 initiating, by means of at least one controller, an injection event comprising the injection of hydrocarbons upstream of the DOC; wherein the injection event occurs over a period of time of less than five minutes.

20. Method according to claim 17, characterized by further comprising: estimating, by means of at least one controller, the percentage of biodiesel in the fuel based on at least one of a fuel density, a fuel dynamic viscosity, a fuel dielectric constant or a fuel resistivity.

21. Product, process, system, kit, means or use, characterized in that it comprises one or more elements described in the descriptive report, claims, drawings, sequence listing, or summary of this application, when applicable. Petition 870260056152, dated 10 / 06 / 2026, pp. 284 / 284

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