Methods and systems for support of location for the internet of things

Abstract

Methods and techniques are described for supporting location services for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things radio access or Cellular Internet of Things features to access a wireless network. The techniques include enabling support for a last known location of a UE, using previously obtained location measurements, when a UE is not reachable from a wireless network for positioning. The techniques also include limiting positioning protocol interaction between a UE and a location server via a reduced maximum message size, reduced message volume and longer response and retransmission timers. The techniques further include enabling a UE to obtain location measurements when not connected to a wireless network, enabling periodic and triggered location of a UE in which a UE evaluates location triggers while not connected to a wireless network, enabling use of deferred location and enabling improved location security.

Description

85006392 -1- METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SUPPORT OF LOCATION FOR THE INTERNET OF THINGS CLAIM OF PRIORITY

[0001] This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 377,654, filed August 21, 2016, and entitled "LOCATION SUPPORT FOR CloT AND NBIoT DEVICES" and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 404,733, filed October 5, 2016, and entitled "LOCATION SUPPORT FOR CloT AND NB-IoT DEVICES," and to U.S. NonProvisional Application No. 15 / 409,468, filed January 18, 2017, and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SUPPORT OF LOCATION FOR THE INTERNET OF THINGS". BACKGROUND Background Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to communication, and more specifically to techniques for supporting location services (LCS) for user equipments (UEs) that may be part of or may be treated as being part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Relevant Background

[0003] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has defined specifications that provide support for wireless communication involving Machine Type Communications (MTC), Internet of Things (IoT), Cellular IoT (CioT) and Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT). The NB-IoT is a Radio Access Type (RAT), supported by the evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN), that was added by 3GPP in specifications for 3GPP Release 13 to provide 180 KHz UL / DL (Uplink / Downlink) bandwidth. The CloT concerns EPC (evolved packet core) support forNB-IoT, IoT and MTC and is complimentary to NB-IoT (i.e., NB-IoT is primarily concerned with E-UTRAN and CloT is primarily concerned with the EPC).

[0004] Support for NB-IoT and CloT in 3GPP Release 13 introduces a number of restrictions and limitations that may degrade and / or block location services (LCS) for a user equipment (UE) when existing location solutions are used. For example, Date Re1rue / Date Received 2023-08-31 CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 Umitations that may degrade and potentially block existing location sohttions may include: ( l) long periods (e,g. several hours) during which a UE may be unreachable for positioning; (2) unpredictable availability of a UE fbr positioning afrer a period of unreachability; (3) a limitation on message size and / or message ·volume for signaling to and from a UE; (4) long message delivery delay (e.g. several seconds) across the NB~ foT radio interface; and / or (5) potential inability ofa UE to obtain location measurem.ents. Despite these limitations, positioning support fix UEs ,:vith NB-IoT radio access and UEs being supported as part of CloT may be imponant for both users and ,,,,.,irel.ess uet\vork operators since NB-IoT devices may need to be located occasionally or frequently at short notice a:ndlor \.Vith high reliability and / or high accuracy. For example, NB-IoT or CloT UEs associated with tracking or monitoring devices for assets, people or pets or associated with control devices for movable objects such as portable air conditioners, robotic vacuum cleaners and law11 mowers, and drones etc. may need t() be positi()ned precisely and without excessive delay, Therefore, solutions to remove or mitigate limitations and restrictions on location support for NBfoT and CfoT UEs are needed. SUMMARY [00051 Location services for user equipments (Uii,s) that support a Nan-o\vband Internet of Things (NB-loT) radio access type or Cellular :Internet of Things (CloT) net\.vork features may be supported by certain positioning interactions with a location server in response to an indication to the location server that the UE supports an NBIOT radio access t)-1,e or CloT netvrnrk features, The positioning interactions may use a reduced maximum positioning message sizt\ longer retransmission and rt!Sponse timers, a restricted size of assistance data, or a reduced number of location measurement.s. Location measurements received fron1 a UE may be used for a detem1ination of a last bmwn location of the UE v / hen the UE is not wirelessly connected to a nehvork. The UE may engage in a positioning sessfrm \V-ith a location server when in a connected state, defer perform.ing location measurements until the UE is no longer in the connected state, and provide the location measurements for the positioning session after re-entering the cormected state. The UE rnay further receive a mobil.e terminated l.ocation request. including a trigger evaluation interval, a periodic maximum. reporting interval trigger, and one or more location triggers, '-Vhere the location triggers are CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 evaluated when the UE is not in the connected state, \Vhen a trigger e-ondition oce-urs, the UE re-enters a connee-ted state and initiates a location session. 1:00061 :In one implementation, a method includes receiv.iug by a location server an indication that a user equipment (UE) is using Narrmvband lnternet of Things (NB-loT) radk) acct$S or Ce!Ju.lar lntemet of Things (CloT) foaturt·s~ and limiting positioning interaction with the UE in response to the indkation that the LIE is using NB-lOT radio access or CioT features, wherein limiting the positioning interaction comprises at least one of using a reduced 1.naximum positioning .message size, using louger retnrnsmissiou and response timers, using a restricted size of assistance data, or requesting a reduced number of location measurements from the UE, each relative to positioning interaction for another UE whh a non-NB-IoT radio access and nou-CloT features. {00071 In one implementation. a location server includes an external interface configured to receive an indication that a user equipment (UE) is nsing Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-loT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CfoT) features; and at least one processor configured to limit positioning interaction witl1 the UE in response to the indication that the UE is using NB~IOT radio access or CloT features, wherein limiting the positioning interaction comprises at least one of using a reduced maximum positioning message size, using longer retransmission and response tirners, using a n:.•stricted size of assistance data, or requesting a reduced number of }()cation measurements from the UE, each relative to positioning interaction for another UE with a non-NB-IoT radio access and 11011-CioT features. 10008) In one implementation, a location server includes means for receiving an indication that a user equipment (UE) is using Narrmvhand lnternet of Things (NB-loT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features~ and means for limiting positioning interaction with the UE in response to the indication that the UE is using NB-lOT radio access or CfoT features, wherein limiting t11e positioning interaction comprises at least one of using a reduced maximum positioning message size, using longer retransmission and response timers, using a restricied size of assistance data., or requesting a reduced number of location measurements from the UE, each relative to positioning interaction for another UE with a non-NBMioT radio access and non-CloT features. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 100091 Iu one implementation, a nou4ransitory computer readable medium has stored therein computer executable instructions executable by one or more processors of a l.ocation server to: receive an indication that a user equipment (UE) is using Narrmvband Internet <>fThings (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CfoT) leatures; and limit positioning interaction by the location server with the UE in response to the indication that the UE is using NB-IOT radio access or CioT featun.$, wherein limjting the positioniug interaction comprises at least one of using a reduced maxim.um positioning message size, u.sing longer retnmsmission and response timers, using a restricted size of assistance data, or requesting a reduced number of location measurements from the UE, each relative to positioning interaction for another UE with a non-NB-loT radio 1:u.x:ess and non-CloT features. 1:00101 In one implementation, a method includes rece.iving location measureineuts fiJr a user equipment (UEJ that is using Narmwhand Internet of Things (NB-loT) radio access or Cellular :Internet ofTlfrogs (CioT) -features to ac.cess a '-'>'ireless network; storing the location measurements and a timestamp~ receiving a location .request for the UE when the UE is not connected to the wireless net\'\'Ork; transmitting the location measurements to a location server with an indication that the UE is not connected to the wireless net\.vork; and receiving a response from the location server cmuprising a last know11 location for the UE:. [00111 In one implementation, an apparatus includes an e.xtemal interface c.onfigured. to receive location measurements for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-loT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) featu.res to access a W'irdess net\vork; memory configured to store the location measurements and a timestamp:. and at least one processor configured. to receive ,vith the external interface a location request for the UE when the lJE is not connected to the wireless network:. cause the external interfi.u.~e to transmit the location measurements to a location server with an indication that the UE is not connected to the \vireless uet\vork; and receive with the external interface a response from the location server comprising a last k.11ovln location for the UE. [00121 In one implementation, an apparatus includes means for receiving location measurements for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrovvband Internet of Things (NB~foT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features to access a CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 wireless network:. means for storing the location measuren:ients and a timestamp:. means for receiving a location request for the UE when the UE is not connected to the wireless network; .rneans fbr trans1nitting tl1e location 1neasnre.ments to a location server with an indication that the UE is not connected to the vitirdess nt~twork~ and means for receiving a response from the location server comprising a last kno-\vn location for the UE. f00l3J In one implementation~ a non-transitory computer readabl.e medium has stored therein computer exectttable instn.1ctions executable by one ot more processors to: receive location rnem:uire1nents for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Intemet of Things (NB-foT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) foatures to access a ,vireless network; store the :location measurements and a timestamp; receive a locatfon request for the UE \vhen the UE is not connected to the wireless network; transmit the location tneasurement:s to a location server with an indication that the UE is not connected to the wireless network; and receive a response from the location server comprising a last: known location for the UE. [00141 In one implementation, a method comprises: entering a t~onnected state \Vith a wireless net\'-'Ork by a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-foT) radfo access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features; engaging 111 a positioning session with a location sen,,··er~ receiving a request .fbr locatiou measurements from the location server; deferring performing the location measurements m1til the UE is not in the com1ected state with the wireless network: entering an idle state ,vherein the UE is not connected with the wireless net\vork, obtaining the location measure.rnent:s ,vhile in the idle state; re-entering the connected state with the \v.ireless network; and providing the location measurements to the location server, [00151 ln one implementation, a user equipment, that uses Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-loT) radio access or Cellular lntemet of Things (CioT) features, comprises: a \Vireless transceiver configured to \Virelessly communicate with a wireless net"vork; and at least one processor configured to enter a connected state with the v,rireless network with the \Vireless transceiver,, engage in a positioning session ·with a location se.rver, receive with the wireless transceiver a request for location 1T1.easurements from the location server; defer perfon11ing the location measurements until the UE is not in the connected state ,vith the ,vireless network, enter an idle state wherein the UE is not connected \Vith tl1e wireless network,. obtain the location measurements w-I1ile in the idle CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 state, re-enter the connected state with the wireless netivork, and provide the location measurements to the location server. 10016) Jn one implementation, a user equipment., t.hat uses Narrrnvband Internet of Things. (NB-foT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features,, comprises: means for entering a connected state with a \Virefoss network; means lor engaging in a positioning session \Vith a location server; means for receiving a request for location measurements from the location server; means for deferring perfonning the location measure.m.ents until the UE .is not in the connected state vdth the w.ireless netv..,ork; means fr1r entering an kUe state wherein the VE is not connected with the \Vireless nehvork, means for obtaining the location measurements while in the idle state~ uieans for re-entering tbe connected state with the \\'ireless network; and means for providing the location measurements to the location server. f0017j Jn one irnplementation, a non-transitory co1nputer readable medium has stored. therein computer executable instructions executable by one or mOie processors of a user equipment that uses Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features to: enter a connected state with a ¥--'ireless network; engage in a positioning session \Vid1 a lo,:ation server; receive a request for location measurements from the location server; defer perfonning the }()cation n1easure1nents until the UF is not in the connected state with the wireless network: enter an idle state wherein. the UE is not com1ect,\d with the -.vireless net\.vork, obtain the location measurements while in the idle state; re-enter the connected state '-Vith the \Viretess network; and provide the location measurements to the location server. [0018) In one implementation, a method comprises: receiving a mobile tenninated location request from a wireless net,·-vork by a user equipment (UE) ·while the UE is in a connected state ,vith the wireless netw·m:k, the mobile terminated location request comprising a trigger evaluation interval. a periodic: maximum reporting interval trigger, and one or more location triggers; evaluating the one or more location triggers at the trigger evaluation interval \Vhile the UE is not in the connected state; re-entering the connected state ,vith the wireless network ,vhen a trigger condition is detected or when the periodic maximum reporting interval tr.igger occurs;. and initiating or re•initiating a location session \Vith the '-Vireless network after re-entering the connected state, CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 100191 Iu one implementation, a user equipment (UE) comprises: a \v.ireless transceiver configured to ,virelessly communicate '\.Vith a \Vireless net\vork; and at least one processor configured to rece.ive a mobile tenn.inated location request .from the wireless nerwork while the UE is in a connected state with thti •.vireless net,vork, the mobile tenni11ated location request comprising a trigger evaluation interval, a periodic maximum reporting interval trigger, and one or mo.re location triggers, evaluate the one or more location triggers al the trigger evaluation interval vvhile the UE is not in the connected state, re-enter tlH:~ connected state with the wireless network ,vhen a trigger condition is detected or when the periodic maximum reporting interval trigger occurs, and initiate or re-initiate a location session with the wireless net\vork after re-entering the connected state. 1:00201 :In one implementation, a user equipment (UE) cmnprises: means thr receiving a mob.He terminated location request from a \Virel.ess net\.vork whHe the UE is in a connected state with the vvirdess network, the 1nobile tenninated kication request comprising a t1·igger evaluation interval, a periodic maximunl reporting interval trigger, and one or more location triggers; means for evaluating the one or more location triggers at the trigger evaluation interval \Vhile the UE is not in the connected state; means for re-entering the connected state with the wireless network when a trigger condition is detected or \.Vhen the periodic maximum reporting interval trigger occurs; and means for initiating or re-initiating a location session with the wireless net'\.vork after re~entering the connected state. [00211 :In one implementation, a m:m-transitory cmnputer .readable medium bas stored therein compuk!r executable instn.i<.:tions exe<,:utabk by one or mort~ processors of a user equipment (DE) to: receive a mobile tem1inated location request from a '\.Vireless network ,vhile the lJE 1s in a connected state with the wireless net\vork, the mobile terminated lo<.:atkm request comprising a trigger evaluation intt~rval, :a periodic tnaximun1 reporting interval trigger, and one or more location triggers: evaluate the one or more location triggers at the trigger evaluation interval while the UE is not in the c<uu1ected state; re-enter the C{)nnected state ,vith the wfreless. network when a t:dgger condition is detected or when tht• periodic maximum reporting interval triggt~r occurs; and initiate or re-initiate a location session with the wireless nehvork after re-entering the connected state. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 100221 Iu one implementation, a method includes receiving a location Iequest for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet 0CI11ings (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular :Internet of Things (Clo T) features, ,vberein the location request co1nprises location measurements tbr the UE and an indication that the UE is not connected to a wireless net,vork; determining a last known locatio11 for the UE based on the location measun.•ments~ and returning a location response comprising tht~ last known location for the UL [0023) In one imp:lementation, an apparatus includes an external interface configured to receive a location request for a user tXJuiprnent (UE) that is us:ing Narrowband :Internet of Things {NB-loT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features, ,vberein the location request comprises location measurnments for the UE and an indication that the UE is not connected to a wireless network; and at least one processor configured to determine a last knmvn location .for the UE based on (he location measurements, and cause the external interface to return a location response comprising the last known :location for t.he UE 100241 In one implementation, an apparatus includes means for receiving a location request for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narro1Nband Internet of Things (NBIoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things {CloT) features, \¥herein tbe location request cornprises location measurements ·for the UE and an indication that the UE is not connected to a \vireless network; means for detennining a last kntw:.m location .fl.1r the UE based on the location measurements; and means for returning a location response cmnpris.iug the last known location for the UE. [0025) In one implementation, a non-transitory computer readable medium has stored. therein computer executable instructions executable by one or more processors to: receive a location request fix a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrovi-'band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features. ,vherein the location request comprises location measurements fi:.w the UE and an indication that the UE is not connected to a wireless network; determine a lm;t knmvn location for the UE based on the location measurements; and return a location response comprising the last known location for the UE. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -9- 100261 In one implementation, a method includes engaging in a positioning session ,vith a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Intemet of Things (NB-foT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CfoT) features to access a ·wireless network; receiving an indication that the lJE \Vill defor perfom1ing location measurements for the positioning session until the UE is not in a connected state "vith the wireless network; sending a request for location measurements to the UE, ,vherein the request for lo,:ation measurem.ents comprises an increased maximum response time that is higher than a maxim.um response time for another UE for vvhich the indication was not received; receiving the requested location measurements from the UE prior to expiration of the increased maximum response time;. and determining a location for the UE based on the received location measurements. 1:00271 :In one implementation, an apparntus includes an external interface confif:,>ured to communicate \.Vith a wireless net\vork;. and at least one processor configured to engage in a positioning session \.Vith a user equipment fUE) that is using Narro"vband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access the "vireless netw1ork, receive an indication that the UE will defer performing location measurements for the positioning session until tl1e UE .is not in a connected state with the "'tireless nenvork, cause the external intetface to send a request for location rneasurements to the lJE, wherein the request for location .measurements comprises au increased maximum response time that is higher than a maximum response time for another UE for "vbich the indkation \.vas not received, receive the requested location n:ieasuremems from. the UE prior to expiration of the increased rnaximum response time, and d.etennine a location fix tJ1e UE based on the received :location measurements. 100281 In one implementation, an apparatus includes means for engaging in a positioning session with a user equipment (UE) that is using N a:rrow'band fntemet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellulm: Internet of Things (CloT) features to access a wireless net'\.vork; means for receiving an indication that the UE will defer performing location. rneasuren1ents .for the positioning session unti I the UE is not. iu a connected state ,vith the ,.vireless net\\<'Ork; means for sending a request for location measuretrnmts to the UE, wherein the requesi .fbr location measurements comprises an increased maximum response time that is higher than a rnaximum response time for an<)ther UE 85006392 -10- for which the indication was not received; means for receiving the requested location measurements from the UE prior to expiration of the increased maximum response time; and means for determining a location for the UE based on the received location measurements.

[0029] In one implementation, a non-transitory computer readable medium has stored therein computer executable instructions executable by one or more processors to: engage in a positioning session with a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network; receive an indication that the UE will defer performing location measurements for the positioning session until the UE is not in a connected state with the wireless network; send a request for location measurements to the UE, wherein the request for location measurements comprises an increased maximum response time that is higher than a maximum response time for another UE for which the indication was not received; receive the requested location measurements from the UE prior to expiration of the increased maximum response time; and determine a location for the UE based on the received location measurements. [0029a] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for a Mobility Management Entity (MME) comprising: receiving location measurements for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network; storing the location measurements and a timestamp; receiving a location request for the UE when the UE is not connected to the wireless network; transmitting the location measurements to a location server with an indication that the UE is not connected to the wireless network and to a Visited Public Land Mobile Network Evolved Packet Core (VPLMN EPC) based on knowledge by the MME of support of features applicable to CloT and NB-IoT for the UE by the VPLMN EPC; and receiving a response from the location server comprising a last known location for the UE. [0029b] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus comprising: an external interface configured to: receive location measurements for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network; a memory configured to store the location measurements and a timestamp; and at least one processor configured to: receive with the external interface a location request for the UE when the UE is not connected to the wireless network; cause the external interface to transmit the location measurements to a location Date Re1rue / Date Received 2023-08-31 85006392 -lOaserver with an indication that the UE is not connected to the wireless network and to a Visited Public Land Mobile Network Evolved Packet Core (VPLMN EPC) based on knowledge by the MME of support of features applicable to CloT and NB-IoT for the UE by the VPLMN EPC; and receive with the external interface a response from the location server comprising a last known location for the UE. [0029c] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for a location server comprising: receiving a location request for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network, wherein the location request comprises location measurements for the UE and an indication that the UE is not connected to a wireless network and to a Visited Public Land Mobile Network Evolved Packet Core (VPLMN EPC) and wherein the indication is sent based on knowledge of support of features applicable to CloT and NB-IoT for the UE by the VPLMN EPC; determining a last known location for the UE based only on the location measurements, instead of attempting to obtain a current location for the UE; and returning a location response comprising the last known location for the UE. [0029d] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a location server comprising: an external interface configured to: receive a location request for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network, wherein the location request comprises location measurements for the UE and an indication that the UE is not connected to a wireless network and to a Visited Public Land Mobile Network Evolved Packet Core (VPLMN EPC) and wherein the indication is sent based on knowledge of support of features applicable to CloT and NB-IoT for the UE by the VPLMN EPC; at least one processor configured to determine a last known location for the UE based only on the location measurements, instead of attempting to obtain a current location for the UE, and cause the external interface to return a location response comprising the last known location for the UE. Date Re1rue / Date Received 2023-08-31 85006392 -IObBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] An understanding of the nature and advantages of various embodiments may be realized by reference to the following figures.

[0031] FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating the architecture of a system for enabling support oflocation for NB-IoT and CloT devices, according to an embodiment.

[0032] FIG. 2 is a signaling flow diagram illustrating how, according to an embodiment, a last known location may be obtained for an NB-IoT or CloT device

[0033] FIG. 3 is a signaling flow diagram illustrating how, according to an embodiment, a deferred location may be obtained for an NB-IoT or CloT device in which the device may obtain location measurements in an idle state and may need a limitation on positioning interaction with a location server.

[0034] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a mobile device or UE that may support NB-IoT or CioT. Date Re1rue / Date Received 2023-08-31 CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -l l- 100351 FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an enlbodfrnent of a network entity such as an MME, E-SMLC, SLP, G?v1LC or eNodeB. 10036) FIG.s 6, 7, 8, 9, .! 0 and 11 are flow charts exemplifying techniques for supporting location for an NB-IoT or ClnT device. [00371 Like nurnhered elements and entities in different figures may correspond to one another. For example, UE 102, eNB 104, 1vil\·1E 108, E-SMLC 110 and GMLC 116 .in F:!Gs. l, 2 and 3 may refer to the same set of entities. DETAILED DESCRIPTION f0038J Devices that fonn part of the so called Internet of Thil1gs (loT) may be mobile and may he pmvered by batteries \Vifh a long lifo expectancy {e.g. 5 to l 0 years) or \Vith a requiremem for infrequem recha.rging. Such devjces may support wireless communication according to different radio access types such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). Narrowband LTE also referred to as Narrowband foT (NB-loT), IEEE 802.l 1 \ViFi, Fifth Generation (50). In order to (a) reduce wireless netvrnrk subscription costs, which may in some cases be prepaid when an Io T device is purchased, (b) enable support of massive numbers of IoT devices by \Vireless network operators, and (c) enable longer battery Life or longer intervals benveen battery recharging, it may he desirable or essential to limit the frequency and / or amount of'\.vireless signaling bet1-veen IoT devices and ,:vireless net\vorks .. This may lead to restrictions on hmv often an IoT device can connect to or be accessed by a v.rireless nt~twork, \.\'hich may in turn limit the responsiveness, reliability and accuracy of location support for loT devices, {0039] As an example, support for NB~IoT and CloT devices in 3GPP Release 13 has introduced a munber of restrictions and limitations that may degrade and / or block location services for a user equipment (UE) \.Vben ex.isting location solutions a.re used. Limitations that may degrade and potentially block existing location solutions may include: ( l) long periods (e.g. several hours) during which a UE may be unreachable for positioning; (2) unpredictable availability of a UE for positioning after a period of unreachability; (3) a limitation on message size and / or message volumti for signaling to and from a UE; (4) long message delivery delay (e.g. several seconds) across the NBIoT radio intt!rface; and / or (5) potential inability of a UE to obtain Ioc.~ation measurernents (e.g. when connected to a wireless nel\.vork). Despite these fonitations, CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -12- positioning support for UEs with NB-IoT radio access and UEs supported as part of CfoT may be important for both users and wireless network operators since NB-loT devices rnay need to be located occasionally or frequently at short notice and / or \-vith high reliability and / or high accuracy .. For example., NB-IoT or CioT UEs associated with tracking or n1onitoring devices for assets, people or pets or associated "vith control devices for movable o~jects such as portable air conditiont~rs, robotic vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers, and drones etc. may need to he positioned precisely and without excessive delay. Therefore, solutions to remove or mitigate limitations and restrictions on location support ft)f NB-le.ff and CioT UEs are needed . [00401 . FlG, 1 is a diagram iHustrating a nenvork architecture I 00 for lot~ation support: of a user equipment: (UE) l 02 that supports and is: currentl:y using NB-IoT radio access or Long Term Evolution (LTE) rndio access with CfoT operational features_ The network architecture l 00 n1ay be referred to as an Evolved Packet System (EPS). As illustrated, the net\\'ork architecture l 00 may indude the lJE 102, an Evo1vt~d Univtirsal !v{obile Telecommunications Serv.ke (Ul'VfTS) Ten:esh-ial Radio Access Net\vork (EUTRAN) I 20, and an Evolved Packet: Core (EPC) 130_ The E-UTRAN 120 and the EPC 130 may be part of a Visited Public Land .Mobile Net<.vork (VPUvfN) that is a serving network for the UE l 02 and communicates \Vith a Hnme Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) 140 .fbrtbe UE 102. The VP[Jv{N E-UTRAN 120., VPUvlN EPC 130 .md / or HPLMN 140 may interconnect vidth other networks. For example, the Internet may be used to carry messages to and from diH:erent netv,,,-orks such as the HPLMN 140 and the VPLMN EPC BO. For simplicity these net\.vorks and assoc.lated entities and interlltces are not sho,vn, As shown, tht~ net,vork architecturt! l 00 provides packet-switched services to the UE .l 02. However, as those skilled in the art ,vHI readily appreciate, the various concepts presented th.roughout this disclosure may be extended to nehvorks providing c.ircuit-s•.vitched services. [00411 The UE 102 may be any electronic device configured for NB-IoT, CloT and / or LTE rad.io access. The UE 102 may be referred to as a device, a wireless device, a mobile terminal, a tenninal, a mobile station (MS), a mobile device, a Secure User Plane Location (Sl.JPL) Enabled Terminal (SET) or by some other name and may correspond to (or be part: ot) a smart watch, digital glasses, fitness monitor, smart car, smart appliance, cellphone, smartphone, laptop, tablet, PDA, tracking device, control CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -13- device, or some other portable or .moveable device. A UE l 02 may comprise a single entity or may comprise multiple entities such as in a personal area net\vork \\'here a user may e1nploy audio. video and / or data 1 / 0 devices and / or body sensors and a separnte wirelinc or wireless modem. Typically,. though not necessarily, a UE 102 may support wireless conummication with one or more types of \Vireless \Vide Area Nehvork (W\.VAN) su<.:h as a \V\VAN supporting Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Code Divjsion Multiple Access (CDMA), \Videband CDMA (WCDMA), Long Tem1 Evolution (LTE), Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT), Enhanced Machine Type Communications (eivfTC) also referred to as LTE category Ml (LTE-M), High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), \Vil\,fax, etc. VPLMN EPC 130 combined w-ith VPUvtN EUTRAN 120, and HPUv1N 140, may be exampks of a W\VAN. A UE 102 may alsQ support \-vireless con:ununication '1-Vith one or more types of Wireless Local Area Network (\VLAN) such as a \\'LAN supporting IEEE 802.1 :1 \Vifi or Bluetooth@ (BT). UE 102 1nay also support .conm1unicatfon with one or more t;ves ofwireline network such as by using a Digital Subs,:riber Line (DSL) or packet cable for example. Although HG. 1 sho\.VS only one UE 102, there may be many other UEs that can each correspond to UE l 02. [00421 The UE 102 may enter a connected state with a \Vireless communication netv,iork that may include the E-UTRAN .l 20. In one example, UE l 02 may commm1icate with a cellular communication network by transmitting vdreless signals to, and / or receiving wireh.$S signals fiom, a cellular transceiver, such as an evolved Node B (eNB) .104 in the E-UTRAN 120. The E-UTR.AN 120 may include one or n:mre additional t!NBs 106. The eNB 104 provides user plane and control plane protocol tenninations toward the UE 102. The eNB 104 may be a serving eNB for UE l 02 and may also be reforred to as a base station, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a radio nen-vork control !er, a transceiver fiu1ction., a base station subsystem (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), or by some other suitable terminology. The UE l 02 also may tnmsmit \-vireless signals to, or receive ,virel.ess signals from, a :local transceiver (not sbmvn in FIG. l), such as an access point (AP), femtocell, Home Base Station, small ceU base station~ Home Node B (HNB) or Home eNodeB fHeNB), which may provide access to a \virdess local area net\"vork f\1 / LAN, e.g., IEEE 802 .. 11 net\vork), a \:\tireless personal area network (WPAN, e.g., Bluetooth net,vork) or a CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -14- cellular network (e.g. an LTE net"vork or other wireless \\ride area network such as those discussed in the next paragraph). Of course it should be understood that these are merely examples of networks that rnay C{)nununkate with a rnobile device over a wireless link, and claimed subject matter is not limited in this resptict [00431 Examples of network tei;.,hnologies that may support wireless c.,ommunication include NB-foT, but may further include GSM, CDl'vlA, \\ / CDMA, LTE, HRPD, eMTC and future Fifth Generation (5G) radio types. NB-IoT, CfoT, GSM, WCD~lAJ LTE, eMTC and 5G are technologies defined by (or expected to be defined by) 3GPP .. CD!\..JA and HRPD are technologies defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Pro_ject 2 (3GPP2). .. WCDl\~lA is also part of the Universal lv:lobile Tefocommunications System (UMTS) and may he supported by an HNR Cellular transceivers, such as eNBs l 04 and 106, may comprise deployments of equipment pmv.iding subscriber access to a w.ireless telecommunication net,vork .for a service (e.g., under a service C{)ntract.). Here, a cellular trai1s<.:eiver may perform fun<.:tions of a cellulai· base station in servicing subscr.iber devices ·within a ceH determined based,. at least .in part, on a range at which the cellular transceiver is capable of providing access service, {00441 The eNBs l 04 and l 06 are connected by an interface (e.g. the 3GPP S 1 jnterface) to the VPLMN EPC 130. The EPC t 30 includes a 1\-fobil.it:y Management Entity (l\'.l:ME) 108, and a Serving Gateway (SGW) l 12 through \vhich data (e.g. Internet Protocol (IP) packets) to and from the UE 102 may bti transferred. The 1\l!ME 108 may he the serving MME for UE 102 and is then the control node that processes the s.igtmling bet,veen the UE .l 02 and the EPC 130 and supports attachment and netwo.rk connection ofUE 102, mobility ofUE 102 (e.g. via handover betv.,-een net\vork cells) as well as establishing. ai1d releasing data bearers on behalfofthe UE 102, The MME 108 may also support User Plane (UP) data transfor to and from the UE l 02 using a 3GPP CfoT feature known as CloT Control Plane (CP) optimization in which data packets are transferred to and from the UE via the MME 108, rather than by bypassing the MME l 08, in order to avoid the overhead of establishing and releas.ing data bearers for t11e UE 102. Generally, the MME 108 provides bearer and cc.lnnection management for the UE 102 and may he connected to the SGW 112, the eNBs l 04 and l06, an Euhanced Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC) l l0 and a Visited Gate\,,.ay I\fohile Location Center (V-GMLC) 116 in the VPLMN EPC 130. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -15- 100451 The E~SMLC 110 may support location of t11e UE l 02 using the 3GPP control plane (CP) location solution defined in 3GPP technical specifications (TSs) 2.3.271 and 36.305. The V-GMLC 116, which nui.y also be refer.red to sirnply as a Gateway Mobile Location Center (G!vlLC) l 16, may provide access on behalf of an external client (e.g. external client 150) or another network (e.g. HPLMN 140) to the location of UE l 02. The external client 150 may be a web server or remote applkation that may have some assodation witl1 UE 102 (e.g. may be accessed by a user ofUE .102 via VPLMN E-UTRAN 120, VPLMN EPC 130 and HPLMN 140) or may be a server, application or computer system providing a location service to some other user or users which may include obtaining and providing the location of UE 102 (e.g, to enable a service su.ch as friend or relative finder, asst~t tracking or child or pet location). l:0046J ,As illustrated, the HPLMN 140 includes a Home Gateway ~fobile Location Center (H-G~rf.LC) 148 dmt rnay be connected t.o the V-GMLC .l l 6 (e.g. via the Internet), as ,veH as a Packet Data Nehvork Gate\vay (PDG) 114 that may be connected to the SGW 112 (e . .g. via the Internet). The PDG .114 may provide UE .102 \Vitb [ntemet Protocol (JP) address allocation and IP and other data access to external networks {e,g. the Internet) and to ,~xternal clfonts (e.g.;. external client 150) and external servers .. as well as other data transfer related functions. ln some cases, PDG 114 may he located in VPLMN E PC t 30 and not in HPLMN .l 40 ,vhen t.he UE 102 receives local [P breakout.. The PDG l 14 may be connected to a location server,. such as a :Home Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platfbnn (EI-SLP) 118. The H-SLP 118 may support the SlJPL UP location solution defined by the Open :r:vh1bile Alliance (OMA) and may support location services for UE 102 bast!d on subscription information for UE 102 stored in B-SLP 118. In some en1bodin1ents of 11etwork architecture .100, a Discovered SLP (D-SLP) or Emergency SLP (E-SLP) (not shown in FIG. l), in or .accessible from VPLMN EPC 130, may he used to locate UE 102 using the SUPL UP solution. [00471 The H-G~H.C 148 may be cmmected to a Home Subscriber Server (USS) 145 for UE l 02, \vhich is a central database that contains user-related and subscriptionrelated information for UE .102. The H-Gf\-1LC 148 may provide location access to the UE l 02 on behalf of external clients such as external dient 150. One or more of the H· GMLC 148, PDG 114, and H-SLP 118 may be connected to the external client t50, e.g., through another network, such as the Internet. [n some cases, a Requesting GMLC CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 (R-GMLC) :located in another PLl\.JN (not shown in FIG. l) ma.y be connected to HG! v1LC 148 (e.g. via the Internet) in order to provide location access to UE 102 on behalf of external clients connected to the R~GMLC ... The R-GMLC, H-GMI .. .C 148 and V-GrvtLC 116 may support location access to the UE 102 using the 3GPP CP solution defined in 3GPP TS 23.271. t0048J It should be understood that \Vhile a VPl:2v1N net"'vork (comprising V:PLr..•tN E-UTRAN [20 and VPLIVlN EPC 130) and a separate HPLMN 140 are illustrated in FIG. l; both PLMNs (networks) 1nay be the sarne PLMN. In that case, (i) the H-SLP l 18, PDG l l 4, and HSS l 45, will he in the same net\.vork (EPC) as the MME 108, and (ii) the V-GMLC 116 and the H-GMLC 148 may be the s,m1t~ GMLC. [0049) In particular implementations, the UE 102 may have circuitry and processing resources capable of obtaining location related measurements (also referred to as location measurements), such as measurements for signals received from GPS or other Satellite Positioning System {SPS) space vehicles (SVs) 160, measure1nent.s for cellular transceivers such as eNBs 104 and 106, and / or measurements for local transceivers. UE l 02 may further have circuitry and processing resources capable of computing a position fix or estimated location ofUE 102 based on these location related measurements. In some imple1nentations, location related measurements obtained by UE 102 may be transferred to a location server, such as the E-SMLC 110 or H-SLP I. l8, after which the location server may estimate or detem1ine a location for UE l 02 bas,ed on the measurements. {00501 Location related measurements obtained by lJE l 02 may include measurements of signals received from SVs 160 belonging to an SI,S or Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) such as GPS,. GLONASS, Galileo or Beidou and / or may include measurements of signals received from terrestrial tiansmitters fixed al known locations (e.g., such as eNB 104, eNB 106 or other local transceivers). UE l 02 or a separate location server (e.g. f>S:t\.{LC 110 or H •SLP 118) may then obtain a location estimate for the UE 102 based on these location related mt~asurements using any one of several position methods such as, for example, GNSS, Assisted GNSS (AGNSS). Advanced Fonvard Link Trilaterntion (AFLT}, Observed Time Difference Of An-ival (OTDOA), Enhanced Cell U) (EClD), \ViFi,. or combinations thereof. In sorne CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -17- of these techniques (e.g. A-GNSS, AFLT and OTDOA), pseudoranges or timing differences may be measured by UE 102 relative to three or more terrestrial transmitters fixed at k.no,vu locations or relative to fbur or more SVs ,vith accurately knmvn orbital data, or combinations thereot: based at least in pan. on pilot signals, positioning re.f-erence signals (PRS) or other positioning related signals transmitted by the transmitters or SVs and received at the UE 102. Here, location servers, such as ES~ U.C 11 O or H-SLP 118, may be capable of prnviding 1,osifaming assistance data to UE 102 including, for example, information regarding signals to be measured by UE 102 (e.g., expected signal timing, signal coding, signal frequencies, signal Doppler), locations and / or identities of terrestrial transmitters, and / or signal, timing and orbital i11fom1ation fbr GNSS SVs to facilitate positioning techniques such as A-GNSS, AFLT, OTDO.A ~rnd ECID. The facilitation may include improving signal acquisition and measurement accuracy by UE 102 andior,, in some cases, enabling UE 102 to compute hs estimated location based on tl1e location measu.rements .. For example, location servers may comprise an almanac (e.g .. a Base Station Almanac (BSA)) \Vh.kh indicates the locations and identities of cellular transceivers and transrnhters (e.g. eNBs 104 and 106) and / or Jocal transceivers and transmitters in a particular region or regions such as a particular venuti, and may fimher cm1tain infonnation descriptive of signals transmitted by these transceivers and transmitters such as signal pmver, signal timing, signal banc.hvidt:h, signal coding and / or signal frequency. In the case of ECID, a UE 102 1nay obtain measurements of signal strength (e.g. received signal strnngtl1 indication fRSSI) or reference signal received pO\ver (RSRP)) for signals rec:eived from cellular transceivers (e.g~, eNBs I 04, l 06) ancVor local transceivers and / or may nbtain a signal to noise ratio (S / N), a reference signal received quality (RSTQ), or a round trip signal propagation time (RTT) bet\veen UE 102 and a cellular tnmsceiver (e.g., eNB 104 or 106) or a local transceiver. AUE 102 may transfer these measurements to a location St!rver. such as E-SlV1LC 110 or H-SLP 118, to detem1ine a location for UE 102, or in s01ne hnplementadous, UE 102 may use these 1neasurements togethe:r with assistance data (e.g. terrestrial almanac.: data or GNSS SV data such ,ts GNSS Almanac and!or GNSS Ephemeris infi1n:nation) received from the location server to detennine a location forUE 102. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -18- 100511 b1 the case ofOTDOA, UE l02 may measure a Reference Signal Thne Dffterence (RSTD) bem'een signals, such as a Position Reference Signal (PRS) or Comrnon Reference Signal (CR.S), received fmrn nearby transceivers or base stiltkms (e.g, eNBs 104 and 106). An RSTD measurement may provide the time of arrival di.fterence between signals (e.g. CR.S or PRS) received at U:E l 02 from two different transceivers (e.g. an R.STD between signals re,:eived from eNB l 04 and from eNB 106). The UE l 02 may return tl1e measured R.STDs to a location server (e.g. E-SMLC 110 or H-SLP l 18) \Vhich may ctm1pute an estimated location for UE 102 based on kno·1.vn locations and known signal timing for the measured transceivers. In some implementations ofOTDOA .• the signals used for RSTD measurements (e.g. PRS or CRS signals) may be accnratdy synchronized by the transi;..~eivers or transmitters to a common universal time such as GPS time or coordinated universal time (UTC), e,g,, using a GPS receiver at each transceiver or transmitter to accurately obtain the conu:non m1iversal thne. [0052) An estimate of a location of a UE .l 02. may be refer.red to as a focatio.n, location estimate, location fix, fix, position, position estimate or position fix, and may be geodetic;. thereby providing location C-{)Ordinates for the UE l 02 (e.g,, latitude and longitude) which may or may not include an altitude cmnponent (e.g., height above sea level, height ahove or depth below ground level, floor level or basement level). Alternatively, a location of the UE 102 may he expressed as a civic location (e.g., as a post.al address or the designatfon of some point or srnaU area in a building snch as a particular room. or floor), A :locat.ion of a UE 102 may also include an uncertainty and may then he expressed as an area or volume (defined either geodetically or in civic fbrm) within which the UE l 02 is expected to be located with some given or default probiibility or c.onfidence level (e,g., 67% or 95%). A 1.ocatkm of a UE l 02 may further be au absolute location (e.g. defined in terms of a latitude, longitude and possibly altitude and / or uncertainty) or may he a relative location cornprising, for exmnple, a distance and direction or relative X, Y (and Z) coordinates defined relative to some origin at a known absolute location. fa the descriptkm contained herein, the use of the term location may comprise any of these v1niants nn1ess indkated other\.vlse. Measurernents (e.g. obtained hy 1JE 102 or by another entity such as eNB .104) that a.re used to deten:nine (e.g. calculate) a location estimate for UE 102 may be referred to as CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -19- measurements, location measurements, location refa.ted meastu-ements, positioning measurements or position measurements and the act of determining a location for the UE t 02 may be reforred to as positioning of the lJE l 02 or locating the UE 102. [0053) Conventional support for NB-loT and CloT includes a number of restrictions and limitations that may degrade and / or blo,~k location st·rvk.es for UEs. The network architecture IO0 and UE 102 ofFIG. I may be configured to perform one or inore techniques to mitigate or eliminate the restrictions and limitatious found in conventional systems. Exmuples of several of the one or more techniques that may be per.formed within the network architecture I 00 or by UE 102 to improve location support for UEs supporting or associated ,-vith NB-IoT, CfoT or other types of foT are next identified and described in more detafl forther dm:vn. {0054] fa a first example tedmique, a location server (LS) (e.g. E-S:MLC l l 0 or HSLP 118) may be infom1ed (e.g. by ?vfl\'1E l 08) that the UE I 02 being positioned supports CioT and / or NB-foT, or has network access via NB-loT. ]11is may be accomplished via (i) a parameter, indicating NB-IoT access or CioT support, in a :location request sent from an entity such as IvtME l 08 or external client 150 t:o the LS and / or (ii) a UE subscription parameter configured in the LS indicating support ofCioT and / or NB-IoT. The LS may then limjt positioning interaction ,,vith the UE .l 02 by, e.g., using a reduced maximum positioning message s.ize, a reduced message volume, longer retransmission and / or response timers. The parameter in the location rtiqut$t, for exan1ple, may define aspects ofNB-:loT access and / or CloT support for the {.JE 102 (e.g. a maximum positioning message size, a n:rnximurn message volume, a maximum expected message transfer delay). [00551 In a second example technique, an accurate last k.no\vn location oflJE 102 may be provided to an external client l 50 ,vhen the UE I 02 is not available for a ctn-rent positioning request To support this, t11e UE .t 02 may obtain dov,mHnk fDL) measuren1ents, e.g. for Enhanced Cell ID (ECID) a11dlor Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA), prior to and / or after entt~dng a nt~twork connticted state, and provide these measurements to the network, e.g., to a serving Evolved NodeB (eNB) l 04 or serving IVIME 108. The provided measurements togetht~r with the last knovm serving cell identity (lD) for UE l 02 may then be stored, e.g., in the serving MME 108, and CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -20- used to obtain a fast known location of the UE 102, if later requested by an external client l 50 after the UE 102 is no longer in a network connected state, by modi(ying a nonnal. location procedure to use only the stored .infbr.mation. [0056) In a third example technique, when the UE .l 02 enters a network connected state, e.g,, has a network signaling link, any pending Mobile Terminated Location Request {ivlT-LR.) for the UE 102, or any lVlohile Originated Location Request (MOLR) instigated by the UE 102, may be started in a conventional manner by the network (e.g .. by E-SMLC l .10), but the UE l 02 defers making any measurements until back .in idle state (e.g. ·with no network connection). \Vhile in the idle state '-Vith no network connection, the UE 102 pcrfom1S DL measurements, rt~-enters the nehvork connected state and sends the measurements back to the network or LS (e.g. E-Sl\-1LC 110 or HSLP 118). This technique may overcome resource Hm.itations in the UE 102 (e.g. regarding available processing, memory and / or an RF receiver cha.in) that could otherwist• impede DL measurements \\'hile the UE 102 is in net.\vork connected state and using resources to perform other activity. The extra delay in returning measurements by the UE l 02 may be much smaller than the delay in waiting for the UE l 02 to initially enter th,~ connected statt\ so the extra delay rnay not appear significant to an external client 150. [00571 In a fourth example technique, a combined periodic and triggered :MT-LR procedure for Long Tenn Evoh1tion (LTE) arid NB-IoT access is used by a net-..vork (e.g. VPUV1N EPC BO) in which the UE l 02 eva:!uates trigger conditions at a defined minirnum interval \\'hi1e in idle state and enters the c.onnected state when a trigger event 1s detected by the UE .102 in order to enable a location of the UE 1.02 to he obtained ( e,g. by E-SJVILC l l O) and provided to external client 150. [0058) More details are next provided of the previous techniques and the limitations associated with supporting location for a UE 102 that is using NB-IoT nuiio access and / or CloT features to access a wireless network (e.g. VPLMN EPC'. 130 and EUTRAN 120) which thesti techniques may hdp overcome or mitig,tte. !"00591 PSl\4 and e.DRX Limitations CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -21- 100601 Limitations on location suppo1t for UEs (e.g. UE l02) that support NB•lOT radio access or for which Ck(f is applicable, may arise due to various features applicable to CloT and NB-foT such as extended Discontinuous Reception (eDRX) and Power Saving ~-'lode (PSl\4). \Vith eDRX or PSM, a UE 102 may remain in idle state and ne1ther be reachable from a serving network nor connect to the serving net,vork (e.g. E-UTRAN 120 and EPC 130) for a long period of time (e.g. several hours or longer). During the period of time in 'which d1e UE 102 remains in idle state, it may not be possible for an external client 150 to obtain the current location of the UE 102 (e.g. from VPUv1N EPC 130 or HPUvfN 140), thereby restricting or blocking location services. 111is limitation may affect use of the 3GPP control plane (CP) location solution as defined in 3GPP TSs 36.305 and 23.271 and / or may affect use of the SUPL UP location solution defined by OMA or use of other location solutious such as solutions defined by the Institute of Electrical and Elec:tronics Engineers (IEEE) and the .Internet Engineering Task Force (IETf} This Hn1it:atfon rnay als() affect and impede proprietary location solutions in '-Vhk-b a UE 102 and an external client 150 (e.g. whkh may be an external location server) communicate to obtain a location for the UE t 02 using a proprietary protocol or protocols. [0061.1 With eDRX, the paging cycle for a UE l 02 can be as long as 2 .9 l hours during whkh a UE 102 could be unavailable tbr positioning- e.g. using a Mobile Tenninated Location Request (MT-LR) as defined in 3GPP TS 23.271. \Vith PS!vf, a UE 102 may be available for positioning fbr the duration of a periodic Tracking Area Update (TAU} timeout which could be severa:I hours or longer. ln both cases, a UE 102 could become unpredictably available when a mobile originated (l\,10) service is .invoked by the UE 102 (e.g. such as the Short Message Service (SlV1S)), which woul.d then provide au opportunity to perform positioning for any deferred l\,fT-LR. This means tlrnt an external client l 50 who needs the current focation of the UE 102 could need to wah for an extended and unpredktahle time for the location to become available. lfthe external client 150 is, or is associated with, a person as opposed to a machine, the ensuing MT-LR location service could he considered as almost useless .. For exampk, a user \.Vho \vishes to locate a child~ asset or pet that has an NB-IoT tracking devke will not nonnaHy ,vant to \Vait several hours for a response. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -22- 100621 To help overcome the previously described limitations associated with eDRX and PS!\'1, several techniques may be used. In a first technique referred to as ''last known location'', a VPLMN EPC 130 (e.g. MME 108 or E-SMLC 110) may return (i) a last known locati<m for a UE l 02 to an external client 150 \Vhen the UE 102 is not available tbr a current lV1T-LR location request and (if) optionally the 1naximum time period that the UE 102 may continue to remain unavailable due to eDRX or PSM. In a second technique referred to as "'deferred location'>, a VPUv1N EPC 130 andior HPLMN 140 may support a deferred location request for a UE 102 from an external client 150. In a third technique reforred to as «periodic and triggered location", a ·vPLMN EPC BO and / or HPLMN 140 may support a periodic and triggered location capability for a UE "I 02. Such a periodic and triggered location capability may a1tow an external client 150 to temporarily activate positioning for a UE 102 such that location results for the UE 102 are available to the external client 150 without significant delay. These tedmiques are described in m()re detail below. [0063) Last Kno\vn Location { 0064) To overcome or mitigate sorne disadvantage of a long response time for :locating a UE 102 with eDRX or PS!vl, as described above, an external client 150 might request a fast known location for such a UE l 02 or the EPC 130 might return a last known location for the {JE 102 if the UE 102 ,vill not become available for a cutTent location for some tong period. fn the case of CfoT, there is a capability to obtain a last knov.ln location of a UE 102 as described in 3GPP TS 23.682, hut the location granularity of this capability .is restricted to a cell ID or Tracking Area (Tl\) vvhich may tnean a location error of 500 t() l 000 meters ()r more. \Vhile the location granularity of a cell ID or TA may be useful in some cases, it may be better to enable finer granularity. For example, a person locating a child or pet may like to know· whether the last kuown location \Vas compatible with the child befog at school or the pet being at home. In add1tion~ the solut1011 for last kno·wn location in 3GPP TS 23.682 is not directly aligned \v.itb the 3GPP CP location solution in 3GPP TS 23.27 l since the architecture and protocols are d.ifferent. Accordingly, an operator who offers location services using the 3GPP control plane (CP) solution defined in 3GPP TS 23271 may need to add new capability to support the solution in 3GPP TS 23.682 ,vbich could add additional cost and complexity···· e.g. to VPL!\·1N EPC 130 or HPLMN 140. This means that a new CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -23- capability to obtain a more accurate last known location for a UE l 02 by enhancing the 3GPP CP location solution may be useful with power saving features, 1\.vo techniques to support a more accurate last known location of a UE l 02 are next desctibed. [0065) In a first t.echnique for last knmvn location, the serving ~-1ME 108 for UE 102 stores in memory: (i) the last knov,in serving celJ ID {e.g. an E.UTR.AN CeH G1oba1 :Identifier (ECG-I)) or :last serving eNB 10 (e.g. for the eNB l 04) for the UE 102 after UE 102 goes into idle state (e.g. with no active signaling link from UE 102 to the VPLMN E-UTRAN 120 and no at~tive s.ignaling connection from UE 102 to the VPLMN EPC l30) and (ii) a thnestamp indicating when the UE 102 went into idle state. The last kno\vn serving <.:ell ID or last serving eNB ID may be used to derive a last kno\vn location for the UE I 02 should an !vlT-LR location request for the UE I 02 he received later (e.g. by the serving lVUvIE 108) from an external client .150 (e.g. via the HG! v{LC 148 and V-GJlviLC 116} when the UE l 02 .is still in idle state and unavai I able .for paging, Tbe ~-IME 108 may make use of the E-S1VILC 11 Oto convert the 1ast known cell ID or last serving eNB .identity into a geographic location. For example, the Location Services Application Protocol (LCS-AP) loc-ation procedure defined in 3GPP TS 29.17 l may be used ,vith a 11ev.,, parameter, new flag or ne\v parameter value being included in an LCS-AP Location Request message sent from the :rvU\,fE l 08 to the E-Sl\.-1LC l 10 which tells the E.-SMLC t 10 that the UE .l 02 is not available for location and that the ES :!\tLC 1 l 0 needs to determine a location for the UE l 02 using only the information included by the lVfME 108 in the LCS-AP Location Rt~quest message. The E~SMLC 110 may then detennine a :last known locat.ion for the UE 102 using only the informat.iou indudt!d by the !\.·1l\4E 108 in the LCS-AP Location R.eqnest message (e.g, which may .include the last kno\vn serving cell ID or last serving eNB ID). Since the UE l 02 could have changed serving ce11 with the serving eNB (e.g, eN B l 04) remaining the same, t11e E-S1-1LC l l 0 may use only an eNB portion of a last kn(n,vn serving cell ID (e.g. ECGI) to determine a last knm.vn location for the UE l 02. Hmvever, when UE 102 has NB-IoT access., the E-SMLC 110 may use the entire last kno'1:vn serving cell ID (e.g .. ECGI) since a change of serving ceU m.ay not be supported for NB-IoT access. E-SMLC l 10 may then return the last known locatiou to the M:JV1E .l 08 in an LCS-AP Location Response message. The MME l 08 may then return the last known location for tbe UE l 02, and a time (and date) (or an age) for the last knov.m location corresponding to the CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -24- timestamp for when the UE entered idle state, to the •extemaI client J 50 (e.g. via the V~ G!v1LC 116 and H-Gl\·1LC 148). 1:00661 In a second technique fbr last b1own location, the prevkxusly described first technique may be extended with some addition.al location rueasurements. The UE 102 may provide location rneasurements to the M.ME 108 when the UE l 02 enters connected state (e.g. obtains a s.ignaHng counection to (he eNl3 l 04 and ~f\VlE 108), before returning to idle state; and / or at other times. The servfog eNB l 04 may similarly obtain location measurem.ents for the UE .102 when a signaling I.ink is establ.ished to tl1e UE l02, prior to releasing the signaling link, and / or at other times. The measurements may include meastm~ments applicable to the ECID position method such as RSSI, RSRP, RSRQ and / or RTT andlor other measurements such as OTDOA RSTD t.neasurements. TI1e measurements may be provided to the serving Ml\lE l 08 by UE I 02 and / or by eNB 104. The MME 108 may then. store the measurements in memory. The M!VIE l 08 may also store a timestamp :indkating when the measuretntints \Vere received or \Vere obtained (e.g. if this time .is provided t.o the MME 108 and .is earlier). The MlVtE 108 may then include any stored location measurements (and the last known serving cell ID or last serving eNB ID) in au LCS-AP Location Request sent to E-Sl\.fLC 110 to obtain a last knO\vn location from E-Sl'.v1LC 110 as described for the first technique for last knm,\,··n location. ln the case of the second technique, the E~SMLC 1 10 may compute the last known :location for UE l 02 using both the provided last kno\vn serving cell ID or last serving eNB lD and the provided location measuremt~nts. \Vhile the first technique for last knmvn :location may be restricted to cell rD granularity, the second technique may u.se ECID or OTDOA positioning and may therefon.~ be more ac<.:urate. [00671 Deferred Location [0068) \Vhen eDRX or PSM is used for a UE 102, a deferred location for the UE 102, obtained automatically by the VPLlvf.N EPC 130 and l·IPLl\tt:N .l 40 after the UE 102 becomes available (e.g. is connected to VPLMN EPC 130), may be useful to avoid reliance on notifying an external client ·150 when the UE 102 next becomes available for positioning and requiring the external client l 50 to then issue an l'vtR-LR request before the UE 102 again becomes unavailable. Support of a deferred loc.ation for the UE availahihty event is defined hy 3GPP for GSJ\.:1 and UMTS access in 3GPP TS 23.27] CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -25- and is able to support change of a Serving General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Support Node (SGSN), or serving Mobile Switching Center (~dSC) for a UE 102. For E-UTRAN access, an MT-LR procedure for current location for a U:E t 02 has been extended in 3GPP TS 23.271 to support deferral of a current UE l 02 location m1tH the UE 102 next hec.omes available, hut the procedure does not folly support. change of a serving ~fl\.-IE for a UE 102 (e.g. ,:hange of!VIME 108 to some other I\JME not shown in FIG. 1) and assumes an external dieut 150 will request a current location rather than a deferred location for a UE 102. That m.eans the !v1T-LR procedure for E-UTRAN access by a UE 102 in 3GPP TS 23.271 is not aligned with defom:.xl location for GSM and u1vrrs access in which the external client 150, R-GMLC and H-GMLC 148 are all a\varc of and support the deferred location request As a consequence, for a UE l 02 that uses eDRX and / or PSM ,vith E-UTRAN access, a defened i\·fl'-LR can only he supported \Vith restrictions. This means that an enhancement to the ~'iT-LR procedure for E-UTR.AN access hy a UE 102 in 3GPP TS 23.271 to provide foll alignment with deferred location for the UE availability event for GSM and UMTS access \V(Jtdd be usdht !"00691 To suppoJt: this enlumcement to the .MT-LR procedure-,, a deferred :MT-LR location procedure may he added for the UE availability event in 3GPP TS 23 .271 for EPC access by a UE 102 that is alif,'Iled with the cuffent 3GPP MT -LR location procedure for the UE availabil.ity event fi.1r GSM and UMTS access. This. may allow an external client 150 to request a defened location for UE 102 for the UE availability event ,vithout having to know in advance \.Vhich access type the UE 102 is using. [n addition, common parts of the deit.!fft!d ~tT-LR procedure invohring the H-GMLC 148 and an R-Gl\4LC may he shared (e.g. for GS:rvr, UMTS and EPC access) to reduce network impacts (e.g. to the HPLMN 140 and VPUvIN EPC 130). f00701 Periodic and Triggered Location (00711 Periodic location for a UE l 02 {e.g. location of OE l 02 at fixed periodic intervals) and triggered location .for a UE 102 (e .. g. focation (IfUE l.02 whtmtwer UE 102 enters, leaves or remains within a specified geographic area) are defined for GSM and U1v1TS access by a UE in 3GPP TS 23.271, but are not defined for E-UTRAN access. ln the case of a UE .l 02 supporting CfoT features ( e.g. eDRX, PSM and / or CfoT CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 CP optimization), a so:lution is defined in 3GPP TS 23,682 to support reporting of a change in location for the UE l 02, but the solution is not aligned with support of control plane location as defined in 3GPP TS 23.271, since the solution in 3GPP TS 23.682 uses a different architecture and different protocols than the solution in 3GPP TS 23 .27 l. In addition, the so Jut.ion in TS 23 .682 enables detennination of a location for the UE l 02 ,vith a granularity only of cell ID or TA ,vhich could ha'vt~ an error of 500 meters or more aud can only report a location when a UE .I 02 becomes avaHable (e.g. after an interval of 2,91 hours in the case of the longest eDRX paging cycle for the UE 102). [00721 A more flexible periodi<.~ and triggt-~red !v!T-LR capabi lhy may be usefi.1!. to enable location of a UE 102 that has LTE access or NB-IoT access at times other tfo.m when the UE 102 nornrnUy becomes available (e.g_ becomes connected to the VPLlVIN EPC 130) and / or with finer granularity tlu.m a cell ID or TA. For exampl.e., a user might like to kno~v when a valuable asset, child or pet enters or leaves a particular area .immediately after the event occurs, rather than hours later, and may in addition prefer a more accurate current location w1hen such an event occurs, The lack of support for periodic and triggertKl location for E-llTRAN access by a UE 102 may thus restrict location support for the UE l 02 (e.g. \.Vith eDRX or PS1\.'I). [00731 Two techniques may he employed to support periodic and tr.iggered location for a UE 102 to overcome tht~ limitations described above, ln a first tedmiqiw fbr pedodk and triggered location, a new periodic MT-LR procedure for EPC access by a UE .t 02 may be added in 3GPP TS 23 .271 aligned \vith the exi.sling periodic MT-LR prnced11re for GSM: and UMTS access. Thfa may enable an external client l 50 t:o request periodic location for a UE l 02 without having to know in advance which access type the UE 102 is using. ln addition, portions of the periodic MT-LR procedure involving an R-Glv1LC and the H-GMLC 148 rnay be common for all access t}1,es (e.g. GSM. UJ\4TS and LTE) lo reduce impacts (e.g. to HPLt'.·1N 140 and VPLMN EPC UO). Both uplink and downlink positioning of the UE l02 may he applicable. [00741 In a second technique for periodic and triggered location, a new triggered MT-LR procedure for the change of area t•vent for EPC access may be added in 3GPP TS 23.27 l aligned with the existing triggered MT-LR procedure for GSM and UMTS CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -27- access. \Vith the change of area event. an external client 150 can provide (e.g. to an R.G! v1LC or to the H-Gr..4LC 148) a target geographic area (e.g. defined using a circle, ellipse or polygon) and au indication of,'-'··hether location reports for the UE 102 are requested by the external client 150 when the UE l 02 enters, I.eaves or remains within the target area. 111e target area may be converted (e.g. by an R-GMLC, H-(IMLC 148 or V-GMLC 116) into a set of,:ell IDs and / or other an.ias (e .. g. TAs in the case ofEPC access) that approximately correspond to (e.g. cover) the target area before being provided to the UE l 02. The ne,v triggered MT •LR procedlll'e for EPC access may enable an external client 150 to request triggered location for the UE l 02 vvit.hout having to k.110\v in advance \vhich access type (e.g. C.i-Si\-1, UMTS or LTE) the UE 102 is currently using. In addition, portions of the proct~<.lure involving an R-G!vlLC and the HGMLC 148 may be conunon to all access types (e.g. GSM, Ul\-tTS and LTEJ to reduce impacts (e.g. to HPLIVfN 140 and VPLMN EPC 130). ln order to reduce pmver consumption, the UE t 02 may be allowed to evaluate the trigger condition (e.g. ,vhether the UE 102 has entered, left or remained ,vithin the target area) ,vhile in idle state (e.g.. with no sjgnaling connection to the eNB 104 and M~·1E 108) at some defined trigger evaluation interval ( e.g. a minimum or a maximum trigger evaluation interval) and only return to connected state wht.<:tl a trigger condition is detected. The UE 102 may determine whether it has entered, left or re.mained \.Vi(hin the target area by detecting a cell ID or cell IDs fron1 nearby eNBs (e.g. eNB 104 and / or eNB 106) and comparing the detected cell ID(S) to the cell IDs provided eailier (e.g. by M~lE 108) for the target area. For exampk, ff the UE 102 detects a ceH ID that belongs to the target area, the UE 102 may assume that UE 102 entered the target area if the UE 102 did not detect any c:eUs belonging to the target area previously. Similarly, if the UE 102 does not detect any cells belonging to the target area, the UE 102 n1ay ftssume that. the UE 102 has letl the target area if the UE 102 dt•tected one or more cells belonging to the target area previously. Other trigger conditions may also be provkk"l to the UE 102 (e.g. by MME l 08) and evaluated at the trigger evaluation interval such as a trigger condition that o,:cu.rs vvhen the UE 102 moves by more than. some threshold linear distance from a previous location or has attained some minimum velocity. After the lJE l 02 returns to connected state (e.g. after detecting a target area trigger condition), the current UE 102 location rnay be obtained (e.g. by the E-SMLC 110) and provided to the extemal client CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -28- l50 (e.g. via the V-GMLC 116 and H-G~·ILC 148) along possibly ,vith the type of trigger condition that has occurred. 1:00751 In some en1bodin1ents, the first and second tedmiques for supporting periodjc and triggered location may he combined using a single procedure that supports both periodic location of the UE 102 and triggered Io,~ation (e.g. based on UE 102 entering, leaving or remaining vvithin a specified target geographk area). [00761 UE Positioning Protocol Limitation {00771 For pos.ition methods such as ECID, OTDOA. and A-GNSS, a UE 102 and a :location server (e.g. f>SMLC 110 or B-SLP 118) may need to exchange positioning protocol messages .in order to: (i) aUo,v the location server to obtain the positioning capabilities of the UE l 02,. transfer assistance data to (he UE 102 and / or send a request for a location or k.1cation measurements t<.1 the UE 102; imd / or (ii) aUo,·v the UE 102 to request assistance data from the :location server and / or send location measurements or a cakulate<l location to the location server. Positioning protocols that may be used in the case of LTE, eMTC or NB-IoT access by a UE 102 include tbe LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) defined in 3GPP TS 36355, the LPP Exttmsions (LPPe) protocol defined by OlVlA in O:~.:fA TS OMA-TS-LPPe-Vl ___ 0, O1vIA-TS-LPPe-Vl .. J and OMATS- LPPti-V2 ... o, and a combination ofLPP V-.'ith LPPe referred to as LPP / LPPe. However, for a UE 102 ,vith NB-IoT access, transmission delay between a UE l 02 and eNB 104 may he much higher than for nonnal LTE access by the UE l 02 due to lower bandwidth and / or a higher signal error rate (e.g .. w·hid1 may lead to a transmission delay of several seconds or more), '\Vhich may lead to longer message delivery times and the need for longer end4o-end response timers and retransmission timers. 100781 For LPP messages exchanged het\vcen the UE 102 and E-SMLC 110 for the 3GPP CP solution, the E>Sl'\4LC l HJ rnay sirp:port retrnnsmisskm of undel.ivered (e.g. m1acknowledged) LPP messages as defined in 3GPP TS 36.355, A minimum retransmission timeout defined in 3GPP TS 36.355 is currently 250 milliseconds (ms) though ru., E-SivtLC l lO n1ay use a longer timeout to avoid um1ecessary retran.smiss.ion. In the case of NB-IoT access by a UE 102, the normal E-Sl'vlLC retransmission timeout (of250 ms or more) for E-UTRAN access 1nay be too short leading to excessive CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 retransmission which could place extra :load on the signaling connection bet\veen the UE t 02 and E-SMLC 110 via the serving eNB l 04 and serving 1v1!\.1E l 08. 1:00791 For SUPL messages exchanged bet\\'een the UE 102 and H-SLP 118 (or some otl1er SLP) for the OMA SUPL UP location solution, the SUPL messages may be treated as Proto,~ol Data Units (PDUs) by the VPLMN EPC 130 and the HPLJ\.,fN 140 and 1nay therefore be transported using the CioT CP optimization referred to previously. ln this case, an H-SLP l 18 could support end•to-end retransmission of anacknowledged PD Us using the Transmiss.ion Control Protocol (TCP) defined by lETF but again the retransmission timeout could be too short leading to unnecessar-y retransn1i:ssion of PDUs that might overload the NB-IoT network connection for UE 102. [0080) In addition to the longer delivery time for positioning protocol messages, message size fbr NB-IoT access for a UE 102 may need to be constrained to some maximum size in order to avoid inefficient Internet Protocol (IP) fragmentation by VPLMN EPC 130 and VPLMN E-UTRAN 120. Furthermore, message vohn.ne (e.g. munber of PD Us sent every minute or every fe\v minutes) may need to be limited for NB-loT and CloT devices due to limited hand\vidtb (e.g. 180 KHz for NB-loT access) and / or, in the case of data PDUs (e.g. which could he applicable to SUPL location), due to explicit serving Public Land l\..·fobite Network (PUVfN) and Access Point Name (APN) rate control. 1:00811 The preceding observations show that for a UE 102 \s.-·ith NB-IoT radio access and / or that is using CioT features (e.g. eDRX, PSM and / or CfoT CP optimization), message delivery time expec:tation and message retransmission time 1nay need be longer, message size may need to be limited (e.g. to below some maximum value) and / or message volume may need to he limited, However, a location server such as E~SMLC l lO or H~SU'> l 18 may not normally be aware of these requirements (e.g. when lJE 102 bas NB-loT access or e.~·1TC access), and may atternpt to use an inappropriately short message delivery time expectation and message retransmission time, inappropriately large message sizes and / or an inappropriately high messag,~ volmne, which may cause varioas problem as just described. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -30- 100821 To overcome the problems just described, an Jvll\4E 108 may provide an indication to an E-SMLC l t O in an LCS-AP Location Request message (as defined in 3GPP TS 29 .. 171) of the access tyJ)e curreudy being used by a UE l 02. For example, the M!VIE 108 may indicate to the E-SMLC 110 that the UE 102 has NB-IoT access \Vhen this applies (e.g. or may indicate eMTC access when eMTC access applies). Additional or alte.mative information ( e.g. parameters) could also be provided by MME 108 to ES~ U.C 11 O in the LCS-AP Location Request .message concerning the maximum positioning (e.g. LPP) message size, a maximum message volume and / or an indication of the maximum expected message transfer delay. In the case that E-SMLC l 10 is informed by MME 108 that UE 102 has NB-loT access, the E-SMLC 110 could be configured by the VPUvfN EPC 130 network operator \~iith one or more configuration parameters for NB-loT radio access (or CioT features), such as a reduced (oI preferred) maximum positioning message size, a maximum message volume, and / or a maximum. expected message transfer delay which could avold the need to provide these parameters to the E-SMLC 110 by the M!v1E 108. Assuming that E-SMLC 110 is dther configured with NB-IoT access related configuration parameters or provided ,.vith such parau1eters by l\.·1ME 108 (e.g. in an LCS-AP Location Request message as just described}, the ESl\ t1LC 1 10 may employ longer rt~transn1ission and response timers, a rtxlrn. x. ~d maximum positioning 111essage size and / or a Hmitation on the number (or volmne) of positioning prot<-1cQl (e,g. LPP audku· LPPe) messages transferred bet\\'een E-S:~-1LC 110 and UE l 02. For example, the E-SMLC l l O could limit the amount of assistance data trausfon-ed to the UE 102 and / or the number of measurements requested from. the DE l 02 according to a maximum positioning message size and / or a maximum message number or maximum mess.age volume, 10083) [n some implementations, ceU configuration data in E-SMLC l 10 may infonn l~>SMLC .l l O as to ,vhether a particu:lar serving cell for UE 102 supports NB-loT access. Iu these implementations, MME l 08 may not need to transfer an explicit NBlo T indication to E-SMLC I IO fbr a location request for a UE 102 ,.vith NB-loT access, because E-SJvtLC may be able to infer NB-loT access from the serving cell for UE 102 which may have been provided to E-SMLC 11 Oby MME 108. 100841 UE Positioning in Idle State CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -3 l- 100851 UEs (e.g. a U:E 102) that support NB-IoT radio access and.for CioT features, such as CioT CP optimization, eDRX and / or PSl\·1, may have limited resources such as lfrnited processing capability, lim.ited rne1nory and / or only one radio frequency (RF) receiver chain. This may be a consequence of implementing such UEs as l.O\V cost devices that communicate infre{1uently and with lov;..' battery po\.ver. The limited resources may limit positioning support, panicularly when a UE 102 is perfom1ing other activities such as data tnmsfer and / or SMS (text) transfer on behalf of a user for the UE l 02 or an application in the UE l 02. The resouxce limitation may directly impact position methods such as OTDOA, EClD, A-GNSS and \Vifi, since .a UE .l 02 may need to tune away from a serving eNB 104 to a different frequency OI a number of different frequendes in order tQ measure signals from, and obtain related loc . atkm measurenu~nts for, non-serving eNBs (e.g. eNB 106), GNSS SVs (e.g. SVs 160) and / or WiFi APs associated \Vith these position methods. The UE may also need to store the resulting locations measurements (e.g, nleasuren:ients ofRSSJ:, RSRP, RSRQ, RSTD, RTT, SV pseudornnges) tmtil transferred to the nt•twork (e.g. to E-SMLC 110 or H-SLP 118). Ltrnited resources in a UE 102 may therefore limit the ability ofthe UE 102 to support some position methods. [00861 As just discussed, UE 102 resources may he linfrted and possibly unavailable when the UE l 02 is in connected state (e.g. \.Vith a signaling connection to eNB 104 and MME 108) due to other UB 102 activity such as transferring data and / or Sl\.:1S messages. Howt.!ver UE 102 resources may be maximally available while the UE 102 is in idle state, since no communication activity and little or no other activity may then be ongoing in LJE 102. Hence, the current i\.'1T-LR, Network Induced Location Request (NI-LR) and !v{O-LR location procedures defined in 3GPP TS 23.27.1 fbr LTE access by a UE 102, and the corresponding MT-LR and MO-LR location procedures for the OMA SUPL UP location solution, may be amended such that location measurement: by t:be UE l 02 are allowed to occur only when the UE 102 is in idle state. The MT-LR, MO-LR and NI-LR procedures may then fi.mction as currently defined up until the point \vhen a :location request is sent to the UE 102 by the E-SI\.fLC l 10 or by the B-SLP l 18 (or by some otJ1er SLP such as a D-SLP or E-SLP). The UE 102 may then stme the location request information (e,g, may st.ore a list of the location measurements being requested) and may acknowledge the location request at the LPP level if an LPP ackno\>vledgment CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -32- is requested (e.g. by E-SlMLC 110) but may not perform any measurements. :rvfore than one location request may be sent to and stored by the UE 102 in a similar manner. \Vhen the UE 102 next enters idle state, the UB 102 rnay perthrm the requested measurernents, return to connected state and send the requested measurements (or a location estimate) back to the server (e.g. E-SMLC 110 or B-SLP t 18). toos11 Obtainfog location measurements while in idle state by UE 102 may require some support from other entities. To enable support from an E.SMLC (e.g. E-SMLC .110) or SLP (e.g. H-SLP 118),. a ne\:v' capability flag or nev,r capability parameter may be added to LPP and / or to LPPe for each position method supported b-y a UE for which the UE needs to be in idle state to obtain measurements. UE 102 may then send its positioning capabilities to E-SMLC 110 or H-SLP 118 using LPP and / or LPPe and include (or set) the new capability flag 01· new capability parameter for each posit.ion n1ethod. supported by UE 102 for ·which UE 102 needs t<.) be in idle state to obtain location mt!asurements. If the capability flag or capability parnmt~ter is included (or St!t) .H.1r a particular position method (e.g. A-GNSS, OTDOA, \V.iFi or ECJD) and E-SMLC 110 or H-SLP 118 requests measurements (or a location estimate) from UE 102 for this position method, .E-SMLC 110 or H-SLP 118 muy indicate a longer than normal maximum response time to UE 102 (e.g. a maximum response time of2 to lO minutes) .in order to allow enough time for UE .l 02 to go into idle state, obtain the measurements, re-enter connected state and return the measurernents (or a location estimate) back to ESl\. lLC 110 or H-SLP l 18. As an alternative, a new flag or new parameter may be added to LPP or LPPe in a common set of parameters applicable to all position ·methods to indicate whetht!r UE 102 needs to be in idle state to obtain measurt~ments for any posit.ion 1net.hod supported by UB 102. For this alternative, if the new· capability flag or new parameter is indnded (or set) and E-SMLC 110 or H-SLP 118 requests measurements ( or a :location estimate) t}om UE 102 for any position method, E-SMLC 110 or H-SLP 118 may indicate a :longer than normal maximum response ti1T1e to UE 102 to allow enough time for UE l 02 to obtain the rneasurements in idl.e state as just described .. [00881 To enable support from an MME (e.g .. MME !08) for UE location measurements in idle state using the 3GPP CP location solution, the serving IVHvlE 108 for UE l 02 may assume that \Vhen UE l 02 has NB-loT access {or possibly another type CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -33- of uarro,vband access such as elVITC), the UE HJ2 may need to make location measurements while in idle state. rvfl\-1E l 08 may then allm.v a CP location session for UE to2 to continue unt.H some threshold ti.rue period has expired (e.g. 2 to 5 minutes} after UE 102 next goes into idle state - in order to avoid aborting the CP location session for UE .l 02 before UE 102 has had thne to obtain and return location measun.•ments to E-SlVILC 110 via 1v!ME 108. f00891 To support location measurements in ide state, UE l 02 may explicitly indicate to E-SlVILC 110 or H-SLP l .l 8 (e.g. using LPP or LPPe) and / or to MME 108 (e.g. usingNAS as defined i113GPP ·rs 24.301) that UE 102 needs to enter idle state in order to obtain and return requested location measurements. For example, after ESF\- lLC 110 or H-SLP l l 8 sends an LPP Request Location lnfunnation m.essage to UE 102 to request location measmen1ents, UE 102 may return an interim LPP Provide Location lnfonnation message to E-S MLC l .l O or H-SLP 118 (e.g. contain.ing t.he same LPP transaction ID as the LPP Request Location Information message sent by E-SMLC 110 or H-SLP 118 and with an LPP end of transaction flag not. set) indicating that. UE l 02 needs to enter idle state in order to obtain the requested location measurements. In the case ofpositioniug by E-SMLC 1 W, E-SMLC 110 may theu send a message t.o MME 108 to indicate to ~-HvtE 108 that UE 102 needs to enter idle state to obtain requested location measu.remeuts. MME .108 may then assist UE I 02 to ent.er idle state (e .. g. by instigating release of a signaling connection from MME I 08 to UE l 02 or by temporarily suspending data and text transfi. !. r to and from UE 102 ,vhic.h may enable eNB .104 orUE 102 to release the signaling connection for l.TE 102 after detecting a period of signaling inactivity). UE 102 may then enter idle state and obtain tht~ requested location m.easurerneuts .. E-S!VfLC .t 10, H-SLP 118 and / or l\Hv!E 108 nrny atlO\v for a longer than normal response time from UE 102 (e.g. due to being infom1ed that UE l 02 needs h.) enter idle state to obtain the location measurements) and may thereby avoid aborting the location session to UE 102. After UE 102 obtains the requested location m.easu.remeuts, UE 102 may re-enter connected st.ate and. send. the :location measurements to E-SMLC l l O or H-SLP l l 8. [00901 h1 case the entry to idle state by UE 102 is delayed for a long time (e.g. 3 mfoutes or more) on the network (VPLMN) side, the UE 102 may run a timer and locally release the RRC signaling connection to the eNB l 04 and enter idle state after CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -34- some period of inactivity in the UE 102. Alternatively, the U:E 102 ma:y request release or suspension of the RRC signaling connection from the serving eNB 104 by sending an RRC message to the serving eN:B 104 containing this request, which rnay then all.ow the UE l 02 to enter idle state. In the case of a high priority location request, an E-SI\-lLC l IO may indicate to the MME l 08 \vhen the UE 102 can be allowed to go into idle state. For the 3GPP CP location solution, such a procedure could require that the MME l 08 and E-Sl\tLC t 10 are a"vare of the UE 102 going into idle state to perform the measurements in order to retain location context and location session information ·while the UE l 02 is in idle state and employ suitably long response timers. This a\vareness by the i\..iME 108 and E~SMLC 110 could be associated with NB-loT access for the UE l 02 if the nse ofidle state to obtain to-cation measurernents by UE 102 is used only when {JE 102 has NB-toT access. Alternatively, the use of idle state to obtain location measurements by the UE 102 may be treated as a ne\v CloT UE capability (e.g. and. may he indicated to tl1e MME l 08 by the UE 102 using NAS signaling when attaching to the VPLMN EPC 130 and / or may be indicated to the E-Sl\,f LC 110 or H-SLP 1 l 8 using LPP or LPPe). TI1e use of id.le state for UE 102 measurements may have the dlect of delaying a location response to an external dient l 50. However, such a delay may be very small in comparison to the longer delay involved in waiting for a UE 102 to become available for location and may therefore not he significant to the external client 150. 100911 Security fbr NB-IoT 1:00921 For a UE 102 \'lt'ith NB-IoT access that suppons CfoT CP optimi7..ation but not UP data transfer, Access Stratum (AS) security (in which \vireless signaling bet,veen a UE l 02 and eNB l 04 may be encrypted) may not be supported for the UE 102. For a UE 102 that supports C]oT CP optimization and nonnal UP data transfer or CloT User Plane (tJP) optimization (in ,vhich a signaling connection for a UE 102 can be suspended ratl1er than released), AS security could be supported as soon as a Packet Data Network (PDN) connection for the UE l 02 is created or resumed. [0093) In the case of location for a UE 102 using the 3GPP CP solution defined in 3GPP TS 36.305, the possible lack of AS security may not be important when positioning of the UE 102 is supported using the LPP and / or LPPe positioning CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -35- protocols. This is because LPP and / or LPPe messages may be transferred between the UE to2 and serving Iv!ME l08 inside Non-Access Stratum (NAS) messages, such as Uplink and Downlink generic NAS transport messages defined in 3GPP TS 24.30.t. All NAS messages may he prott':Cted via encryption, while in transit bet,veen the UE 102 and serving l\.fME 108, using NAS security and may thereby not be a security risk .tbr the UE 102 orVPL:tvfN EPC 130. f00941 Similar protection may apply to the OMA SUPL solution. In this case,. SUPL messages 1nay be transferred as data behveen the UE 102 and an SLP such as H-SLP l 18 using either (a) CloT CP optimization or (b) EPC UP data heru:ers associated with CloT UP optimization or non-optimized UP bearers. .. NAS st~curitymaybe available for (a) and AS security may be available for (b) in which SUPL messages transferred to and fn.H.n a UE .l02 would be encrypted at least \.Vhile in transit between the UE 102 and serving eNB .l 04. j"0095J When the 3GPP CP solution defined in 3GPP TS 36.305 is used vdth uplink position methods iu which measurements ofa UE 102 are received by an E-Sl'viLC 110 not directly from the UE l 02 but from the serving eNB l 04, other eNBs such as eNB 106 (e.g. using the LTE Pos.itioning Protocol A. (LPPa), defined in 3GPP TS 36.455) or from Location Measurement Units (LMUs), security may be a11 issue. Examples of uplink position methods defined in 3GPP TS 36.305 .include Uplink Titne Difference of Arrival (U-TDOA) and ECID \\!'here location measurt~ments for UE 102 are obtained by a serving eNB l 04 for UE l02, other eNBs (e.g. eNB 106) and / or by LMlJs rather than by the UE .102. In these c,ises, any Radio Resource C'.nrtrol (RRC} signaling used. between the serving eNB 104 and UE l 02 to coordinate positioning, and / or receive measurements obtained by the UE 102 at the serving eNB 104, may not be security protected (e.g. may not he encrypted) rvhen CioT CP optimization is use for data POU transter ben.veen the rvIME lOS and UE l 02. In addition, any uplink transmiss.ion from a UE l 02 at the RRC level that is rneasured by the serving eNB 104, another eNB .l 06 and / or hy an LMtJ may not be secw-ity protected (e.g. may not be encrypted.) and could thus be easier for other entities to intercept and measure. TI1ese lin1itations mean that support of uplink positioning for a UE 102 (e.g. using the LPPa and RRC'. protocols) may not be secure in the case of CloT CP optimization when no UP data bearers are supported by or established to the UE I 02. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 100961 b1 order to mitigate lack of security in the case of uplink positioning of a UE l 02, an M!\.·:1E 108 may indicate to an E-SMLC 110, in an LCS-AP Location Request sent to the E~SMLC 1.10, whether or not i\S security (e.g. encryption) is cmnndy being used fbr a UE l 02. For example, for a UE l 02 that uses CI.oT CP optimizatfon for all data lrnnsfor, the MME 108 could indicate that AS security is not being used. The ES1\.- ILC 110 could then take this into account ,vhen instigating diffcrtint position methods for the UE .l 02. For example, downlink positio11 methods that are supported by UE l 02 (such as A-GNSS and OTDOA) might be used by the E-SMLC 110 as security may not he needed due to the availability ofNAS security and encryption as previously described. Hovvever, for uphnk positioning, the E-SMLC 11.0 may only invoke uplink position methods that art~ dependent on eNB measnrements (t~.g. th.,m eNB 104) that do not require additional RRC signaling "vith the lJE I 02 "vhen AS security is not being used. [00971 CP versus UP location solutions \Vith NB-IoT [0098) With the 3GPP CP location solution (e.g. as defined in 3GPP TS 23.27 l and 36305), an 1'v1lV1E l 08 may queue a deferred MT-LR request for a UE 102 until UE 102 .is next reachable for positioning and may avoid sending a deferred request to E-SMLC 110, which n:ury simplify implementation of E-Si'v1LC l 10. A last know11 location for the {JE 102 may also be suppoited by storing the last knmvn serving cell ID (and possibly location measurements) for the UE l 02 in the Ml'vfE l 08 or eNB l 04 as previously described. The E-SMLC l 10 may also receive the current cell ID aud possibl.y ECID location tneasurements .for .i cur.rent location request lbr a UE 102 when the UE 102 'is reachable for positioning. The 1VlME l 08 may remain aware that a CP location session is active and allov.-' the UE 102 to remain in connected state longer or corne back from idle state to return requested measurements to the E-S:MLC l IO as previously described, (00991 \Vith the OMA SUP:L UP location solution, an H-SLP l 18 may receive a location request from an external dient 150 while the l 02 is in idle state and not available for paging (e.g. by the MME l 08) and may have to wait, e.g., several hours, to obtain a location for the UE 102, The H-SLP 118 also cannot necessarily obtain a last kno\vn location for the UE I 02 using current SUPL procedures. The H-SLP l 18 tnay CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -37- also not know when the UE l02 \Vill next become available for positioning. For example, the H-SLP 118 may send a SUPL ]NIT message to the UE 102 to start a SUPL l.ocation session and tl1en wait several hours for a reply frmn the UE I 02. [00100} To irnprove SUPL location, the H-SLP 118 may use or support a Services Capability Server (SCS) fum.:tion to obtain a last kno,vn cell ID and / or a UE 102 availahiliry (or reachability) indication from a Service Capabil.ity Exposure Function (SCEF) in the HPLMN 140 for the UE 102 as defined in 3GPP TS 23.682. This could allmv an H-SLP 118 to support last kno,,rn location, cur.rent location and defe1nd periodic and triggered location for the UE 102 in a manner almost comparable with the 3GPP CP location servke. [OOJOlJ Some rnore detailed exemplary embodiments are provided herein .for som.e of the techniques described previous! y. {001021 FlG. 2 sbov,ts a signaling tlmv 200 illustrating a process of obtaining a last kno\vn locatiou for a UE 102 that is using NB-IoT radio access and / or features applicable to loT or CioT, As illustrated at stage 20 l, the UE l 02 transinits a request that is received by the eNB 104. The request enables the UE 102 to enter connected state in 'INhich the UE .102 obtains an active RRC signaling connection to fhe eNB 104 and M!VI E l 08, The request, for example, may be a NAS Attach Request, a NAS Trac.king Area Update Request, an RRC Connection Resume, a NAS Service Request or a NAS Control Plane Service Request. The request may include location measurements obtained by UE 102 of signals received from the serving eNB 104 such as measurements of RSSI, RSR.P; RSRQ and / or Rrr and / or may include RSTD location measurements of eNB l 04 and other eNBs (e.g. eNB l 06). Tbe location 11:1easurements, when obtained by the UE 102, nmy have been obtained prior to stage 201 ·· e.g,. \Vbich may assist the location measurements by UE 102 when UE 102 has; limited resources due to UE 102 still being in idle state .. The request may further iudude the ti.1.ne (and date) at ,.,.foch the UE obtained the location measurements. 1001031 .At stage 202; the eNB !04 transmits to the serving MME 108 an Sl-AP Initial Context Setup message or an Sl-AP UE Context Resume message, which may include any NAS .message, UE l 02 location rneasurernents and / or time (and date) of CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -38- "location meastffements received from the UE 102 at stage 20 I. Additionally, the message at stage 202 may include the serving cell ID for the UE 102, the eNB l04 ID, l.ocation 1neasmen1ents obtained by eNB .l04 of the UE 102 (e .. g. RSSl, RSRP, RSRQ andfor RTT) andl<>r a time (and date) at \Vhich the eNB I 04 obtained the serving cell ID and / or location measu.rements. tOOl041 At st.age 203,. the JvflVlE l 08 may store the rece.ived cell lD, eNl3 104 ID, tl1e UE l 02 location 1neasurements, the eNB l 04 location measureme11ts ( ot ,vhichever of these we.re received at stage 202), mid the time (and dat.e) at vvhich these were rnce.ived by MME 108 (or at which these were obtained by lJE 102 or eNB 104 if this time \:v·as earlier). Following stage 203, the UE 102 may be assigned an RRC signaling link by eNB I 04 and a signaling connection to !vt:ME l 08 and may enter a connected state (not sho\.vn in FrG. 2). !001051 At stage 204,. UE 102 activity is performed while the UE is in the connected state···· e.g. the UE 102 rnay send and receive data and / or SMS (Short ~fossage Services) messages via one or more of the eNB l 04, the SG\V 112, the PDG 114 and the MME 108.

[00106] At stage 205, the RRC connection (and signaling Hnk) fi.)r the UE 102 is released or suspendt•d and the UE l 02 t•nters an idle state. The ll E 102 and / or eNB l 04 may send additional location measurements to the 1dlVlE 108 prior to releasing the signaling link (or just after releasing the signaling link in the case of eNB l 04) and the 1'v{ME 108 may store these measurements. Tlle 1'v{ME may al.so store the time (and date) at ,vhich the UE enters 1dle state and / or the time (and date) at which the additional location measurements were received or were obtained. The additional location measurements may have been obtained by the UE 102 and / or by tl1e eNB l 04 pri.or to (e.g. immediately prior to) releasing the signaling link Entry to idle state at stage 205 may be associated \\''ith eDRX or PSM support for UE l 02 .in ,vh.ich UE l 02 .may not become reachable again by MME 108 (or by VPLlVlN EPC 130) for a long duration (e.g. sevt~ral hours). f00l07} At stage 206, a location request for the UE 102 is rnceived bythe GMLC l l 6 from some external source (e.g. from. an external client: l 50 e.ither directly or via the CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 H-GMLC 148). The location request is received while the UE 102 is in the idle state. The location request may indicate that a current or last knmvn location is being requested. [00108} At stage 207, the G~H . .C I 16 sends an EPC LCS Protocol (ELP) Provide Subscriber Location message to the serving ~.-fME 108 for UE .102 to request a current or last known location for the UE l 02 and includes an identity for the UE I 02 (e.g. a Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number (MSISDN) Of International Mobile Suhscr.iber Identity (Il\'.1SI)} The GMLC 1.16 may determine the address or identity of MME 108 (not shown in FlG. 2) by querying an HSS for the UE 102 (e.g. HSS 145) or by being provided with the address or identity of MI\-1E 108 in the request at stage 206. {001091 At stage 208,. the ~vfME l 08 sends an LCS-AP Location Request message to the E-SMLC l 10, \Vhich may include the serving cell 10, eNB 104 ID, the UE 102 location measurements and the eNB 104 location measurements (or whichever ofthese are available) that \'-'ere previously stored at stage 203 andior stage 205, The MME 108 may include an indication in the LCS-AP Location Request that a location is to be obtained for UE 102 using on:ly the information provided at stage 208 and that the lJE 102 is not available .fbr positioning. The indication in the LCS-AP Location Request may also Of instead indicate that the UE 102 is not ,vire!essly connected to the VPLMN EPC 130 and E-UTRAN 120 and / or that a last known location is rcqut$ttid for UE 102. The actions of M!VIE 108 at stage 208 may be based on knovvledge by lvft\-1E l08 that UE .t 02 is not currently reachable for positioning (e.g. based on support of eDRX or PSM for UE l 02 by VPL1\-1N EPC l 30). The actions of MME 108 at st.age 208 may als<) be based in part on a request for a. current or last kno\.vn location for the UE 102 received at stage 207. {001101 At stage 209,. the E-SMLC 110 may determine a last known l.ocation of t:he UE l 02 from the information received at stage 208 ~ e.g. using EC [D, ceH ID andior OTDOA position methods... Dett~nnination of a last known location for UE 102 by ESMLC 110 (e.g. instead of attempting to obtain a current location for l.JE l 02) may be based on tht• indication received at stage 208 that the UE l 02 is not available for positioning (or on an indication received at stage 208 that UE .102 is not wirelessly CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -40- connected to the VPLMN EPC l 30 and E~UTRAN l 20 or on an indication that a last kno\vn location for UE 102 is requested). 1:0011 '1 l At stage 210, the E~SMI. .. C 11 O sends to the Ml\llE 108 an LCS AP Location Response rnessage, which includes the last k.110,.vn locatinn of the UE l 02 obtained at stage 209, [001121 At stage 21 l, the Ml\<IE 108 transmits an ELP Provide Subscriber Location Acknowledge message to the GMLC 116 that includes the last knovm l.ocation of the UE 102 received at stage 210 and the time (and date) for the last knmvn location. The time (and date) .for the last known location may be the time (and date) when the UE 102 enters .idle state, as stored by the 1\-'IME 108 at stage 205, when the last known location is obtajned using a last km)wn cell ID or last kno~v11 eNB ID for the UE l 02. Alternatively, the time (and date) for the last known location may be the time (and date) at which location measurements provided to the E-S!vILC 110 at stage 208 to obtain the last kno\.Yn locatfon \Vere received by the l\:HvfE l08 at stage 202 or stage 205 or were obtained by the lJE 102 or eNB 104 if this ,vas earlier. ht some embodiments, the time (and date) tlx the last know11 location may be rep:!aced by the age of the last known :location- e.g. the interval oft.hue between the time (and date) for the last kno\.vn location and a cmTent tin1e (and date). 100113 J At stage 212, the GMLC 116 sends a Location Respor1se message~ to the external source (e .. g. external client 150 or H-GMLC 148) which may iuclude the last known location of the UE 102 and. the time (and date), or the age, for the last knov,.11 location received at stage 2 l l. {001141 FlG. 3 sbmvs a signaling tlm¾· 300 illustrating. a con1bined example of deft~rred location fbr the UE availability event, an indication to an E-Sl\..fLC that a lJE has NB-foT access and needs special positioning support (e.g. a maxinrnm LPP message size, longer retrnnsmission and response timers), and use of the idle state by a UE to obtain location mt~asurement.s. Although the example is for NB-foT acct$S and includes {i) a deferred location for UE 102, (ii) UE l 02 measuren.1ents in idle state a:nd (iii) a11 indication to an E-SMLC 110 of a UE 102 with NB-IoT acct~ss, it is not necessary that aU three of these features be used together or that UE 102 have NB-JoT access and other CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -41- exan1ples may exist \-vhere only one or t\vo of these three features are used to loc.ate the UE t 02 or where UE l 02 has a difforent access type (e.g. etv1TC access). As illustrated, at stage 301 of s.ignaHng flow 300, the UE 102 is initially in ml idle stat:e with no active RRC signaling connection to a PLMN (e.g. to the tiNB I 04 and M.ME I 08) and is not currently reachable for positioning - e.g. due to support of eDRX or PSM fl.Jr UE 102 by VPUvfN EPC 130. fOOl 151 At stage 302; the GMLC 116 receives a Deferred Location Request for UE 102 for the UE availability event from some external source (e .. g. from an extemal cl.ient 150 either directly or via an H-GJ\.fLC 148). The Deferred Location Request may indicate a request for a currt~nt location ofUE 102 after UE 102 next becomes available (or reachable) for positioning. {001161 At stage 303,. the GMLC 116 sends an ELP Provide Subscriber Location message to the MME l 08 to request a deferred location of tl1e UE 102 for the UE avaHabHity event and includes an identity for the U:E 102 (e.g. au MS ISDN or IMSI). The Gl\·1LC l 16 may determine the address or identity oflv1ME 108 (not shown in FIG. 3) by querying an HSS for the UE 102 (e.g. BSS 145) or by being provided \Vith the address or .identity of MME 108 in the request at stage 302. root 17 J At stage 304, the MME 108 stores tile request re<.:eived at stage 303 as the UE I 02 is not currently avaHabkt for positioning. 1001181 At stage 305, the MME 108 returns an ELP Provide Subscriber Locatkm Ac:knm.vledge message to the Gl\.·tLC l 16 that confinns that the request at stage 303 is accepted. In some embodiments, the ELP Provide Subs<.:ribt~r Location Acknowkdgt~ message at stage 305 may include a last kn<,,vn location for the UE l 02 and a thne (and date), or an age, for the last kno"vn location (e.g. obtained as described for FIG. 2) and / or may include an expected (e.g. max.inmm) delay for UE 102 to next become available for positioning. For example, the expected (or ma,x.imum) delay tnay equal. the time interval until the next allO\"-'t~d paging occasion for UE 102 at MME 108 {e.g. if eDRX is used by UE l 02) or the next expected periodic Tracking Area update from UE 102 (e.g. if PS!V1 is used by UE 102). CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -42- 100119) .At stage 306, the GMLC 116 may send a Request Accepted message to the external source (e.g. extemaJ client I 50) indicating that the request at stage 302 ,vas accepted and r.nay include a last kno,vn locatfon for the UE l 02, a time fand date), or an age, for the last knmvn location, and / or au expected (01· maximum) delay in UE 102 next becoming available for positioning if one or more of these v.rere included at stage 305. f00120l At stage 307 which may occur at some later time (e.g. up to several hmm; or more after stages 302-306), the UE 102 re-enters a connected state in which UE 102 has an active RRC signaling connection to the eNB 104 and MrvtE 108, e.g., as a consequt~nce of a Tracking A,rea Update by UE 102 or bt~ing paged by MME 108 after becoming available for paging (not shown in FIG. 3). {001211 At stage 308,. the ~vfME l 08 sends to the E-SMLC 110 an LCS-.AP Location Request message for the deferred location request received at stage 303 and may include the current serving cell ID for (he UE l 02, an indication that the UE l 02 has NB-loT access and / or an indication that the lJE 102 performs location measurements while the UE 102 is in idle stat:e. The MME 108 may detennine that the UE 102 performs :location measurements ,vhile in idle state fr01n a CloT foatu.re indication (e.g. indicating UE ! 02 location n1easm·en1cnts in idle st-r-ite) provided by UE l 02 to MME .I 08 \¾'hen UE 102 previously attached to \lPLl\{N EPC 130 (not shmvn in FIG. 3) or due to the UE 102 having NB-foT access. Following stage 308, the E-Sl'vlLC 1 "l O may request and obtain the positioning capabilities of UE 102 using LPP and / or LPPe (not shown in FIG. 3). For example, E-Sl\-1LC 110 nmy send an LPP Request Capabilities 1nessage to UE .l 02 (via l\1:ME I 08 and eNB, 104 and not shown in FIG. 3) to request the positioning capabilities of OE 102, and OE 102 may return an LPP Provide Capabilities message to E-SMLC l 10 (via eNB 104 and Ml'vlE 108 and not shown in FIG. 3) containing tl1e positioning capabilities ofUE 102, In one embodiment, the positioning capabilities of UE l 02 may indicate one or more position methods supported by UE l 02 for which UE l 02 needs to be in idle state in order to obtain location measurements. [001221 At stage 309, the E~SMLC l l O may transmit an LPP Provide Assistance Data message to the UE 102 via the MME 108 and eNB 104 that includes assistance data .frff UE measurements (e.g. assistance data indicated as supported by any CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -43- positioning capabi:lities for UE 102 obtained by E-SMLC l lO after stage 308). The assistance data may be for ECID, OTDOA, A-GNSS and / or other position methods supported by UE .l 02. :In some e.rnbodirneuts, lJE l 02 may send an LPP Request Assistance Data mt•ssage to E-SMLC l 10 (not shmvn in FIG. 3) prior to stage 309 and after stage 308 to request the assistance data sent at stage 309. Iu smne ernbodiments, ·when E-S1vILC 110 is aware that UE 102 has NB-foT ac.<.~t$S (e.g. due to an indication of this received at stage 308), E-S~4LC 110 may restrict the amount of assistance data sent to VE I 02 at stage 309 based on a maximum positioning message size or maximmn message volume .for a UE with NB-IoT access. For example, the LPP Provide Assistance Data message sent at stage 309 may not exceed a. maximum positioning message size (or a maximum message size for any application) for NB-loT access, In some embodimeuts, more than one LPP Provide Assistance Data message may he sent to UE 102 at stage 309 in order to send more assistance data to UE 102 \.Vithout exceeding a maximum positioning message size (or a maxh:nurn message size fbr any application) for NB-loT a~x:ess. 1001231 At stage 310, the E~SMLC 110 transmits an LPP Request Location lnfornrntion mttssage to the lJE l 02 via the ivHv1:E l 08 and eNB 104 that includes a request for location measurements, e,g., for OTDOA, A~GNSS and / or ECID. The LPP Request Location Information message sent at stage 310 may indicate a higher than norma:1 response time (e,g .. 2 to l 0 minutes) if E-S MLC l l 0 is aware (e.g, from infonnation provided by Mf\-lE 108 at stage 308 or from positioning capabilities fbr UE .l 02 received follmving stage 308) that UE l 02 needs to be in idle state in order to obtain somt! or an of the rt!questt~d location measurements. In some embodiments, wht!n E-SMLC .t 10 is aware that UE .102 has NB-loT access (e.g. due to an in.d.icatfon of this received at stage 308), E-SMLC 110 may restrict the number oflocation meusmements requested from UE 102 at. stage 3 lO (e.g. based on a maximum positioning message size for a UE \Vith NB-loT access). ln an embodiment, follo\ving stage 310 and not shown in FKL 3, UE 102 may send an LPP message (e.g. an LPP Provide Location Infbrmation message) to E-SMLC l l 0 and / or a NAS message to 1v1ME l 08 to indicate that U:E l 02 needs to enter idle state in order to obta.in the location measurements requested by Es: MLC 110 at st.age 31 0. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -44- 100124) .At stage 3 l l, the RRC signaling connection for UE 102 is released or suspended and the UE I 02 enters an idle state. Stage 311 may occu.r by nonnal means after data transfer, SMS transfer and / or other activity for lJE l 02 has finished or been suspended. Alternatively, UE l 02 may enter idle state after some period of inactivity without waiting for RRC signaling connection release or suspension from eNB l 04 and MME 108. Alternatively, cNB 104 and / or M!VIE l 08 may release or suspend the RRC signaling com1ection befhre all normal data transfer, S~·1S and / or other activity for the UE 102 are complete - e.g. due to receiving a request from E-S~,fLC 11 0 or from UE 102 to allow UE 102 to enter idle state. Follm,\'ing stage 311, the MME 108 and ES1\..- lLC 110 may retain location session aud location context infom1ation for the OE 102, based on an indication or m,vareness (e.g. obtained as described previously) that the UE 102 perfonns location measurements while in idle state, to enable the location session to resume later at stage 3 :l [001251 At stage 312, the UE 102 obtains some or an of the location measurt!ments requested at stage 310, e.g .. , using OTDOA, A-GNSS and / or ECID, \:vhile the UE 102 is in the idle state. {001261 At stage 313,. the UE 102 transmits a NAS Service RetJuest., an RR.C Connection Resume\ a CP Service Request or some other n1essage to eNB 104 (or possibly to a difierent eNB, such as eNB 106, if eNB 104 is no longer suitable a,; a serving eNB) to enable UE I 02 to obtain an RRC signaling connection to eNB 104 {or to another eNB} and to !VIM E l 08 and to re-enter a connected state. {001271 At stage 314, and after the UE has re-entered connected state, the UE 102 ttansmits an LPP Provide Location Information message to the E~SMLC l 10 via the eNB 104 (or other serving eNB) and MME 108 that includes t11e UE location measurements obtained at stage 312. [001281 At stage 315, the E-Si\·1LC l 10 determines (ti.g .. c.alcu1att$) the UE 102 location i1sing thti measurements received at stage 314, [001291 At stage 316,. the :E:-SMLC 110 tran.smits t<).the M1v1E 108 an LCS AP Location Response rnessage, vihich includes the UE locatk'm determined at: stage 315. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -45- 100130) .At stage 317, the :MME 108 transmits an ELP Subscriber Location Report message to the GMLC l l 6 that includes the UE I 02 location received at stage 316 and other infonnation (e.g. a UE 102 lD such as an MSfSDN or J:MSr or sorne other lD received at stage 303 or sent at stage 305) to enable GMLC 116 to associate the ELP Subscriber Location Report message with the ELP i-nessage sent by Gl'V1LC 116 at stage 303 and the ELP message received by GlVILC 116 at stage 305. f0013ll At stage 318; the GMLC 116 transmits a Deferred Location Response with the UE l 02 location received at stage 3 .t 7 to the extemal source (e.g. external client: 150). [001321 At stage 319, the G~H.,C 116 transmits to the i\·1l'v1E 108 an ELP Subscriber Location Report Ack11owledge message. [001331 FlG, 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hard.ware implementation of lJE 102. The UE 102 may include a WWAN trausceiver 402 to wirelessly communicate with, e.g., cellular transceivers such as eNB l 04 and eNB l 06 (shown in FIG. 1 ). The UE 102 may also include a WLAN transceiver 404 to \vfrelessly communkate \Vith local transceivers (e.g. WiFi APs or BT beacons). The UE l 02 may include one or more antennas 406 that may be used with the \.V\.VAN trnnsceiver 402 and WLAN trnnsceiver 404. The UE 102 may further include an SPS receiver 408 for receiving and measuring signals from SPS SVs 160 (shown in FIG. 1 ), rect~ived. via antenna(s) 406. The UE 102 may jnclude one or more sensors 410, such as cameras, accelerometers, gyrost:opes, electronic compass, m.agnetometer, barometer, etc. The UE l 02 may further include a user int.erface 412 that may include e.g., a display, a keypad or other input device. such as virtual keypad on the display, through \vhfoh a user may inter.face with the lJE 102. [00134J The UE 102 further includes one or more pn)cessots 414 a.nd nu~mOl)' 420, which may be <.:oupled together with bus 416. The ont~ or more processors 414 and other components of the UE 102 may similarly be coupled together with bus 416,. a separat.e bus, or may be directly connected together or coupled using a combination of the foregoing, The memory 420 may contain executable code ot soft.wan.~ instntctions that ,vhen executed by the one or more prncessors 414 cause the 011 e or more processors CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 4 l 4 to operate as a special purpose computer programmed to perform the techniques disclosed herein. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the memory 420 may include one or more components or modules that 1nay he implernented by the one or more processors 414 to perform the methodologies described herein. \Vhile the components or modules are illustrn.ted as software in memory 420 that is executable by the one or more processors 414, :it shuukl be understood that the components or modules may be dedicated hardware either in the one or more processors 414 or off the processors. [001351 The n:ieinory 420 may include an NB-IoT / CioT unit 422 that when irnplemented by the one or more processors 414 configures the one or 1nore processors 414 to enable NB-:loT or CfoT type network communications and features by \V\VAN transceiver 402 during communication with a network entity (e.g., E-SMLC 110, HSLP 118, MME 108 or eNB 104), For example, NB-IoT / CioT unit 422 may cause \VWAN trnnsceiver 402 to not.HY the network entity that the UE 102 supports NB-IoT or CioT type nen-vork communications and / or that the UE 102 supports other features ( e .. g. such as obtaining location measurements \vhen in idle state) that are assodat.ed \Vith NB-IoT or CloT net\vork communication. When implemented by the one or more processors 414, du.~ NB-IoT / CloT unit 422 may cause the indication to define aspects of N13-IoT or CloT radio access type supported by the UE 102. [00136} The memory 420 may further include a location m.easurements unit 424 that \\-'hen implemented hy the one or morn processors 414 configures the one or mort~ processors 4 l 4 to obtain location measurements. e.g., using one or more of the WW AN transceiver 402, \VLAN transceiver 404 and SPS Receiver 408. For example., the location measurements n1ay include at least one of a cell ID, RSSl, RSRP, RSRQ, RSTD or RTT measurement When implemented by the one or more processors 414, the location measurements unit 424 may cause the location measurements.: to be obtained, e.g., prior to connecting to a network, and may cause the \V\VAN transceiver 402 to transmit the location measurements to a location server (e.g .. E-SMLC 110) or other entity (e.g. MME 108) once the UE 102 is connected to a network. [001371 The memory 420 may further include a position session unit 426 that \•vhen implemented by the one or more processors 414 configures the one or more processors 414 to engage in, or re-engage in, a positioning session \-Vith a location server (e.g. ECA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -47- Sl\.JLC 110 or H~SLP 118), e.g .• upon request from the location server or initiated by the UE to2, once the UE 102 enters a connected state with a wireless net\vork (e.g. VPLMN EPC 130 and f:AJTRAN 120). When irnplernented, the position session unit 426 may cause the one or more processors 414 to defor perforn1ing location measurements using the location measurements unit 424 until the UE l 02 is 110 longer in a connected state, The position session unit 426, for tixampte, may cause the one or more processors 414 to wait for a release or suspension fro1n the \.vireless network of a connection to the wireless network or may release the connection to the \.Vireless network. Once the location measurements are obtained using the location measurements unfr 424, the one or more processors 414 implementing the position sessi(m unit 426 may ,:ause the UE l 02 to re-enter a connected state ,vith the wireless nehvork and cause the WW AN transceiver 402 to provide the obtained location measurements to the location server. [001381 The memory 420 may fmther include a trigg,~r unit 428. The trigger unit 428 \vhen .implem.ented by the one or more processors 414 configures the o.ne or more processors 414 to receive trigger parameters, e.g., provided in a mobile terminated location .request. The trigger panuneters may include, e .. g., a trigger evaluation interval, a periodic maximum reporting interval trigger, and one or more location triggers. The trigger evaluation interval may be a rninimum or maximum interval. for evaluating the one or more location triggers. Tbe location triggers may comprise at least one of: (i) a fixed petiodk reporting interval; (ii) a change of cell; (iii) a change of TA: (iv) an entry inrn, an exit fro.111 or a remaining within a geographic area defined according to a group of cells and / or TAs:. or (v) a movement by more than a threshold lint!ar distam.:e from a previous location. The trigger unit 428, when ilnplemented by the one or more processors 414, evaluates the one or more location triggers at the trigger evaluation interval and also tracks the periodic maxilm.un reporting interval triggeL The one or more processors 414 implementing the trigger unit 428 causes the UE 102 to re-enter a c01mected state with a wireless network when a trigger condition occurs or when the per.iodk maximum reporting interval ti-igger occurs and causes the position session unit 426 to initiate or re-initiate a location session with the wireless network (e_g_ with an Es: MLC 110 or H-SLP 118 in or accessible from the wireless network). CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -48- 100139) The methodologies described herein may be implemented by various means depending upon the application. For example, these methodologies may be irnplernented in hardv,.rare, firnw,.,are, software. or any cornbination thereo{ For a hardware implementation, the one or more processors 414 may be implemented \\dthin one or more apphcation specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmabfo logic dev.kes (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, l'nicrocontrollers, microprocessors, electronic devices, other electronic- units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. [001401 For an implementation of UE 102 involving f'imnvare and / or software, the methodologies may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the separate fonctions described herein. Any machine~readable n1edium tangibly embodying instructions nmy be used in implementing the methodologit!S des<.~ribed herein. For example, software <.~odes may be ston.~d in a rnemory (e.g .. memory 420) and executed by one or more processors 4.14, causiug t.he one or more processors 414 to operate as a special purpose computer programmed to perfonn the techniques disclosed bereiu. l\4einory may be implemented within the one or processors 414 or external to the one or more processors 414 .. As used herein the tenn "<memory" refers to any tyJ)e of kmg tern1, short tenn, volatile, nonvolatile, or other memory and .is not to be limited to any part.icular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon which mt~mory is stored. 1:00141 J If implemented in fim1,vare and!or sofnvare, the functions perfmmed by UE .l 02 tnay be stored as one or more instructions or code on a non-transitory computer~ readable storage medium such as memory 420. Examples of storage media include coruputer-readable media encoded with a data structure and computer-readable media encoded \vith a computer program. Computer-readable media includes physical computer storage media. A storage mediu:m may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer, By \.Vay of example, and not limitation, such computerreadabl. e media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical. disk storage, magnetic disk storage, semicondu.ctor storage, or other storage devices, or any other medium. that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data stmctures and that can be accessed by a computer; disk and disc, as used herein, CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc. digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically ,v.ith lasers. Combinations of the above sbnukl also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. [00142) In addition to storage on ,:ornputer-readable storage medium, instructions and / or data for UE l 02 may be provided as signals on transmission media included in a communication apparatus. For example, a communication apparatlls comprising part or all oflJE 102 may include a transce.iver having signals indicative of instructions and data. The instructions and data are stored on non-transitory computer readable media, e.g., memory 420, and are configured to cause the one or more processors 414 to operate as a special purpose computer pmgrammed to perfonn the techniques disclosed herein. That is., the comn1m1ication apparatus includes tra11sn11ssion media with signals indicative of infonna.t.ion to per.form disdosed functions. At a first. time, the transmission media induded in the ,:ommunication apparatus may imJudt! i:i first portion of the .information to perfonn the disclosed fonctions, while at a second time the trnnsmission media included in the communication apparatus may include a second portion of the iuformatkm to pt~rform the disdos,~d functions. [00143} Thus, a user equjprnent, such as UE 102, that is using Narro\-vband lnt:emet of Things (NB-foT) radio access and / or Cellular Internet of Things (CfoT) features, may include a means for entering a co1mt~c.ted state with a wireless net\\'Ork by a user equipment that is using Narrowband Iuternet of Things (NB-loT) radio access and / or Cellular lntern.et of Things (CfoT) features, ,vhich may be, e.g., the \VW AN trn11scei ver 402. A means for engaging in a positioning session with a location server (e.g. E~ SMLC 110 or H-SLP l l 8) may be, e.g., one or more processors 414 ,:vith dedicated hardv.-'are or implementing executable code or software instructions in memory 420 such as the position session unit 426. A means for receiving a request for location measurem.ents from the location server n-iay be, e.g., the \V\VAN transceiver 402. A means for deferring performing :location measurements until the user equipment is not in the connected state with the ,vircless network may be, e.g., one or .more processors 414 with dedicated hardware or implementing executable code or sofhvare instructions in mem:ory 420 such as the position session unit 426. A means for entering an idf.e state by· the user equipment ,vberein the user equipment is not connected with tl1e wireless CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -50- network may be, e.g., the \V\VAN transceiver 402 and one or more processors 414 with dedicated hardware or implementing executable code or soft:\vare instructions in memory 420. A ineans for obtaining the location measurements '.vhile .in the idle state may be, e.g., the WWAN transceiver 402 and one or morn processors 414 with dedicated har,hvare or implementing executable code or software instructions in memory 420 such as the location measuremeuts unit 424. A means for rc-tintering the connected state with the "vireless network may be, e.g., the \VWAN transceiver 402 a11d one or more proc-essors 414 ,vith dedicated hardvvare or implementing executable code or software instructions in memory 420 such as the position session 1mit 426. A means for providing the location measurements to the location server may he, e.g., the \\l\VAN transceiver 402 and one or more proct$sors 414 with dedicated han.hvare or implen1enting executable code or software instmctions in memory 420 such as the position session unit 426. [001441 A user equipment, such as UE l 02, that is using NarrO\vhand Internet of Things (NB-loT) radio access and / or Cellular lniernet of Things (CloT) features, may include a means for receiving a mobile tem1inated location request from a wireless network (e.g. from m1 MM:E 108, E-Sl\'1LC 110 {)r H-SLP 118 in {)r associated with the wireless network) \vhile the UE is in a connected state \Vith the wireless network:> the mobile tenninated location request comprising a trigger evaluatiou interval, a periodic maximum reporting interval t1·ig__~er, and one or more location triggers, \Vhid1 nmy he, e.g., the \V\VAN transceiver 402 and one or more processors 414 ,vit.h dedicated hardware or irnplem.enting executable code or software instructions in memory 420 such as tht! position session unit 426 and trigger unit 428, A nwans for evaluating tht! one or n1ore location triggers at the tTigger evaluation interval ,vbHe the UE- .is not in tbe connected state may inclnde, e.g., the one or more processors 414 with dedicated hardv,mre or .implem.enting executable code or soft.ware instTudions in rnemmy 420 such as the trigger unit 428, as well as one or more of the ·w\VAN transceiver 402, \VLAN tnmsceiver 404, SPS receiver 408 and sensors 410. A n1eans for re-entering the connected state with the \Vireless uetw01:k \ovhen a trigger condition is detected or when the pe1iodic maximum reporting interval trigger occurs may be, e.g., the \V\VAN transceiver 402, and one or more processors 4.14 with dedicated harchvare or implementing executable code or softv.tare instructions in memory 420 such as the CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -5 ltrigger unit 428, A means for initiating or re-initiating a location session 'Nith the ,vireless network (e.g. vvith a location server such as E-S1V1LC l l O or H-SLP 118 in or accessible fron1 the vdreless network) atler re-entering the connected state 1nay be, e.g., the one or more processors 414 with dedicated hardware or implementing executable code or sofh.vare instn1ctions in memory 420 such as the positiou session m1it 426. t0OI4SJ FlG. 5 .is a diagrmn mustrating an example of a hardware irnplementation of a net,vork entity 500, such as the !vfl\·lE 108, E~StvfLC 110, G~,fLC I 16, H-SLP 118, HG~ H..C 148 or eNB 104. The net\vork entity 500 includes, e.g., hardware cmn:ponents such as an external interface 502, "\vhich rnay be a wired or wireless interface capable of connecting to UE 102 directly or through one or more intem1ediary networks (e,g. HPUvlN 140 and / or VPU\tJN EPC DO and E-UTRAN 120) a:nd / or one or more netwo1·k entities (e.g. eNB 104 and / or MM:E 108). The net\vork entity 500 .includes one or more processors 504 and memory S l 0, \\'hich rnay be coupled together vvith bus 506. The memory 51 O may contain executable code or sofuvare instructions that whtm executed by the one or more processors 504 cause the one or rnore processors to operate as a special purpose computer programmed to perfonn the techniques disclosed herein. As Hlustrnted in FIG. 5. the menmry 510 may include one m more cmnponents or modules that may be implanted by the one or more processors 504 to perform the methodologies as described herein. \Vhile the components or modules <'m~ illustrated as sofrvva:re in memory 5 l O that is executable hy the one or .more processors. 504, it should ht! understood that the components or modules rnay be dedicated hard\¥are either in the one or more processors 504 c,r off the processors .. It should be 1.mderstood that, since the network entity 500 can correspond to a number of c.hffr~rent net\vork ,~ntitfos, not all the functions and component.s for the net-.vork entity 500 described herein may be present for any partictdar example of the network entity 500. f001461 For example, the memory 510 may include a position session unit 512 that when implemented by the one or more processors 504 configures the one or more processors 504 to enable commtmication, e.g., via the external interface 502, with a user equipment. (e.g. UE 102) to request a location session, or receive a request for a location session. When implemented by the one or more processors 504, the position session unit 512 may configm:e the one or more processors 504 to receive an indication that the user equipment supports NB-loT radio access and / or CloT features, e.g., from the user CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -52- equipment in a location request message or acknm,vledgement of a location req1-1est message, or in a location request from another entity, such as the external client 150 or MME 108. The received .indication 1nay further define aspects ofNB-loT radio access andfor CfoT features that are supported by the UE 102. The net\vork entity 500 may also or instead be configured \vith base station configuration data (e.g. BSA data\ arn.i / or w ~ . w l cell configuration data such as an identification of base stations (e.g. eNB 104 and / or eNB to6) and / or cells that support NB-loT access, stored in memory. ½'hen implemented by the one or more processors 504, the position session unit 512 may configure the one or more processors 504 to infer that a user equipment (e.g. UE 102) supports Narrowband Internet of Things {NB~IoTJ radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (Ckff) features based on a received identification of the base station or cell serving the user equipment and the base station or cell configuration data '"'ith the identification of base stations or cells that support NB-IoT access, ln response to determining that a user equipment (e.g. UE 102) supports Narrovvband Internet of Things (NB-foT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features, the one or :more processors 504 implementing the position session unit 512 may limit the positioning interaction ,vith the user equipment. The network entity 500 may be configured with configuration parameters, e .. g., st(m.\d in memory 510, such as a maximum message size, a maximum positioniug message size or a maximun1 expected message transfer delay for a user equipmeut that is using NB-I OT radio access or CfoT features, or a conibination thereof Tbe one or more processors 504 implementing the position session unit 512 rnay limit the positioning interaction with the user equipment by using a reduced maximum positioning message size, longer retl"ansmission and response timers, a restricted size of assistance data, and / or by requesting a reduced number of location measurements from. the user equipment relative to positioning interaction for another UE ,-vith a non-NB-IoT radio access and non-CloT features. [001471 The memory 510 may include a last known location unit 514 that when implemented hy the one or rnore processors 504 configures the one en: more processors 504 to receive location measurements .for a UE l 02 (e.g. frorn the U:E l 02 or from eNB l 04) and cause the location measurements to be stored, e.g., in memory 510 or other tnemory. The location n1easurement.s, for example, maybe a cell JD (e.g. a last serving cell ID). a base station lD (e.g. a last serving eNB ID such as for eNB l 04), and at least CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -53- one of a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), RSRP, RSRQ, RSTD and round trip time (RTT). The location measurements, by \Vay of example, may be obtained by the UE t 02 before the UE 102 is ,v.irelessly connected to a network or alter t:he UE I 02 .is wirelessly connected to the network, and may be receivtid by the one or more processors 504 while the (JE 102 is wirelessly com1ected to the net\•vmk The location measurt•ments may also or alternatively be obtained from measurtiment performed by an access point, such as eNB 104 (shown in FIG. I) when the UE 102 is \.vfrelessly connected to the network. The fast known location unit 514 configures the one or more processors 504 to use the location measurements for a detennination of a last kno-wn location of the UE 102 when the UE 102 is not wirelessly connected to a network. For example, if the net\'\'Otk entity 500 is, e.g., the lVfME 108 or eNB l 04, hut not the location server, e.g., the E-SMLC 1 lO, then upon receiving a positioning request for the UE 102 (e.g. from Gl'vlLC 116) when the UE 102 is not vvirelessly c.01mected to the network (e.g. and not reachable for posit1oni11g), the one or more processors 504 configured by the last knoivn location unit 514 may c,xuse the exttimat interHK~e 502 to t.ra11smit the stored location m.easmernenls for the UE 102 to a location server (e.g. ESMLC l l 0) with an indication that the UE 102 is not wire!essly connected to the network. Alternatively, the last kno\-s.'n location unit 514 may configun.~ the one or mcm.~ processors 504 to cause the position session unit 512 to use the stored location measurements to detennine the last kno·wn klcatk)n Clf the UE 102. The external interface 502 may further transmit the :lastknmvn location of the UE 102 (e.g. \Vben obtaim.id by the nehvork entity 500) to an external client 150 or a requesting tmtity such as GMLC 116 or H~GMLC 148, [001481 The menlory 510 may .include a deferred p{)Sition.ing unit 516 that \vhen implemented hy the one or more processors 504 configures the one or more processors 504 to cause the position session unit 512 tQ engage in a positioning session \vit:h a UE l 02, and to permit the UE I 02 to defer obtaining 'location measurements until the DE 102 is no longer connected to the network. The dderrt.xl positioning unit 516 configures the one or more processors 504 to permit the OE 102 to reengage the positioning session and pn.Yvide the location measurements for a positioning session implemented by t.he position session unit 5.12 after the UE .102 has re-entered a connected. state. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -54- 100149) The memory 510 may include a trigger unit 518 that vihen implemented by the one or more processors 504 configures the one or more processors 504 to define trigger parar.neters co1nprising a trigger evaluation interval, a per.iodic maxiu1mn reporting interval trigger, andl<>r one or more location triggers and cause the external interface 502 to provide the tr'igger parm:neters to the UE 102 in a mobile tenninated location request. For example, the location triggers may comprist~ at least one of: (i) a fixed periodic reportiug interval; (ii) a change of cell; (hi) a change of TA; (iv) an entry into, an exit from. or a remaining \Vithin a geo!,,>raphic area defined according to a group of cells and / or TAs; or (v) a movement by more than a threshold linear distance from a previous location. 1001501 The methodologies described herein may be implemented by various .means depending upon the appl.kation. For example, these methodologies may be implemented in net\vork entity 500 using hardware, firmware, software, or any conibination thert•of For a hardware implementation, the one or more processors 504 rnay he implemented \Vithin one or more application specific. int.egrated circuits (ASlCs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), progrannnahle logic cfovic:es (PLDs). field pmgnnnmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, electronic devices, other eleclTonic units designed to perfbrm the functions described he.rein, or a combination thereof 100151) for an implementation of network entity 500 involving firmwarn and / or sotlware, the methodologies may be implemented ,vith modules (e .. g., pn::.icedures, -functions, and so cm) that perlbrm the separate fimctions described herein. Any machine~readable mediun1 tangibly embodying instructions may be u.sed in implementing the methodologies described herein. For example, software codes may be stored in a memory and executed by one or more processor units, causing the processor units to operate as a special purpose computer prof,>rarmned to perfbrm tbe techniques disclosed herein. l\'1emory may be implemented within the one o.r more processors 504 or exte.mal to the one or processors 504 fe.g. as memory 510). As used herein the term "'memory" refers to any type of long term. short tenn, volatile, nonvolatile, or other memory and is not to be limited to any particular type of memory or number of memories, or type of media upon \\lbich memory is stored. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -55- 100152) tf implemented in fim1ware and / or sothvare in net\'-'Ork entity 500, the functions described herein may be stored as one or more instructions or code on a nontransitory computer~readahle storage .medh.nn. Exan1ples include co.rnputer-readable media encoded virith a data strucnu:e and computer-readable media encoded with a computer progrmn. Computer-readable media includes physical computer storage media. A storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of exai:nple, and not Hniitation, such computer-readabl.e media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPRO!vt, CD-ROM or other optic.al disk storage, magnetic disk storage, semiconductor storage, or other storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the fom1 of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer; disk and disc, as -used herein, includes <X.lmpact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc ,vhere disks usually reproduce data magnetically, vvhile discs reproduce data optfoally with lasers. Combinations of tlle above should also be included \vithin the SC{)pe of computer-readable media. 1001531 ln addition to storage on computer-readable storage medium, instructions and / or data for network entity 500 may be provided as signals on transmission media included in a communication apparatus that may comprise part or all of network entity 500. For example, a counmmication apparatus may include a transceiver having signals indfoative of instrnctions and data. The instructions and data are stored on 11011- transitory computer readable media, e.g., memory SH\ and are configured io cause the one or more processors 504 to operate as a special purpose computer programmed to perform the tt!clmiques disclosed herein. That is, the <xnnmunication apparatus indudes tnms.mission med.ia with signals indicative ofinfonnatfon to per.form. disdosed functions. At a first time, the transmission media :induded in the communication apparatus rnay indude a first portion of the infonnation to perfonn the disclosed functions, while at a second time the transmission rnedia included in the communication a:pparntus n1ay include a second portion of the infonnation to perform the disdosed functions. [001541 Thus, a net\vork entity 500 may indude a means for receiving an indication that a user equipm:ent (e.g. UE 102} is using Narrm-vbami Internet of Things (NB~foT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features, which may be, e.g., tbe CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 external interfa.ce 502 and the one or more -processors 504 \vitb dedicated hard\"\1are or implementing executable code or sothvare instructions in memory 510 such as the position session unit 5 .l 2 .. A means for limiting positioning interaction with the UE in response to the indication that the UE is using NB-IOT radio access or CloT features, wherein limiting the positioning interaction comprises at least one of using a reduced maximum positioning message size, using longer retnmsmission and response timers, using a restricted size of assistance data, or requesting a reduced number of location measurements from. the UE, each relative to positioning interaction for another UE with a non-NB-loT radio access and non-CioT features, may be, e.g., the one or more processors 504 with dedicated hardv..-are or implementing executable code or software instmctions in memory 51 Osuch as the position sessfon unit 512. 1:001551 ,An ~lJlp~lratu.s, such !ls the net,-vork entity 500, .inay include a means for receiving location 1ueasure1nents for a. user equipn1e11t (e.g. UE 102) that is using NatTO'\\-fomd Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or CeHnlar Internet of Things (CfoT) .features, \vhich may be, e.g., the external interface 502 and the one or more processors 504 with dedicated han.hvare or implementing executable code or software instructions in 1nemory 510 such as the last km.)Viin location unit 514. A means for storing the location measurements and a timestamp may be, e,g~, memory 510 and the one (tr more processors 504 "\.vith dedicated hardware en- implementing executable code or sofb;i.•are. instructions in n1emory 5 l 0 such as t1'1e last known location unit 514. Means for n.!ceiving a location request for the ust!r equipment when the user equipment -is not connected to the wireless net\'VOrk may include, e.g., the external interface 502 and the one or more processors 504 with dedicated har<.hvare or impkmenting executable code or sofhvare instructions in memory 510 such as the posit.ion sesskm unit 512. A means for transmitting the location measurements to a location server (e.g. E-S1.1LC l l 0) w-ith an indication that the user equipment is not connected t<1 the wireless net\.vork may be, e.g., the external interface 502 and the one or more processors 504 with dedicated hardware or implen1enting executable code or so.thvare instructions in memory 510 such as the last known location unit 514. A means for receiving a response from the location server comprising a last known location fbr the user equipment may include, e.g., the external interface 502 and the one or 1nore processors CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -57- 504 with dedicated hardware or implementing executable code or soft\¥are instructions in memory 510 such as the last knm.vn location unit 514. 1:001561 An apparatus, such as the nehvork entity 500, may include a 1nea11s fo1: receiving a location request for a user equipment ( e.g. UE 102) tl1at is using Narnnvband Internet ()fThings (NB~loT) radio ac<x•ss or Cellular Internet of Things (CroT) :features, \\'herein t.he location request comprises location measurements for tbe UE ru1d an indication that the lJE is not connected to a \>ilirele.ss net\.vork; "vhic.h may be, e.g., the exle.mal interface 502 and tl1e one or more processors 504 \Vith dedicated hardware or implementing executable code or soft:\.vare instructions in me:mory 510 such as the position session unit 512. A means for determining a last known lorntion for the UE based on the location measurements may be, e.g., the one or more processors 504 with dedicated hardware or irnplernenting executable code or sofl\.•vare .instn1ctkn1s in n1emory 510 such as the last known location unit 514. A. means for return.ing a location response comprising the last known location for the UE may be, e.g., the external .interface 502. {00157) An apparatll5, such as the network entity 500, may include a means for engaging in a positioning sess.ion ,vitb a user equipment (e.g. UE 102) that is using Narn.),,vband Intemet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Thinu:s ~ . ~ (CloT) features to access a ,:vireless net\vork, \vhich may be, e.g., the external interface 502 and the one or more processors 504 v,tith dedicated har<.hvare or impfomenting executable code or sofhvare instructions in memory 510 such as the position session unit 512. Means for receiving an indication that the UE ·.viH defer perfonning tocm.ion tneasurements for the positioning session until the UE is not in a connected state wifh the wireless network may be, e.g., the external interface 502 and the one or more processors 504 witl1 dedicated hardware or implementing executable code or soHware instrnctions in memory 5 l 0 such as the deferred positioning unit 516. A means for sending a request for location rneasurernents to the UE, wherein the request fbr location measurements comprises an increased maximum respnnse time that is higher than a maximum response time .fr)f another UE .for \vhich the indication ,:vas not received may be, e.g., the external interface 502 and the one or more processors 504 with dedicated hard,vare or implementing executable code or software instructions in memory 5 l 0 such as the deterred positioning unit 516 and the position session unit 5] 2. A means for CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -58- receiving the requested location measurements from the UE prior to expiration of the increased maximum response time may be, e.g., the external interface 502 and the one or rnore processors 504 w.ith dedicated hardware or implementing executable code or sofhvarc instru.ctions in memory 510 such as the position session unit 512. A means fbr detennining a location for the UE based on the received location measurements may be, e.g .. , the one or more processors 504 ,vith dedicated hanhvare or implementing executable code or so-fhvare instructions in me1nory 510 such as the position session unit 512. [001581 In one implernentation, a non-transitory cotnputer readable medium may have stored therein computer executable instnictions exe,~iitable by ont! or more processors to.: receive a location request for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-JoT) radio access or CeJlular Jnt:emet of Things (CloT) features, wherein the location request cor111,rises location measu.re1nents for the UE and an indkation that the UE is not conne,:ted to a ·wireless network; determine a last knm.vn location for the UE based 011 the location rneasurement.s; and ret.um a location response comprising the last known location for the UE. {001591 FlG. 6 sho\vs: a process flO\v 600 illustrating a method oflimiting positioning interaction \.Vith a UE (e.g. UE 102) when the UE is using NB-JOT radio access or CloT features to access a "vireless netv.rork (e.g. VPLMN EPC 130 and EUTRAN 120). The process flo\.V 600 may be perforrned by ~1 1oc.ation server such as the E-SlV1LC 110 or the H-SLP 118 in network architecture 100. The process fiow 600 may start at block 602 \.Vhere the location server receives au indicm.ion Hmt the UE is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-JoT) radio access and / or Cellular Internet. ofl11ings (CfoT) foatures to access the wireless network When the location server is an E-S1'1LC (e.g. E-S1'v1LC 110),. the indication may be received in a location request message (e.g. an LCS-AP Location Request) sent by an MI'v:fE (e.g. MME 108). \Vhen the location server is an SLP (e.g. H-SLP 118), the indication may be received in a location request message (e.g. a location request message defined for the Otv1A l.Vtobile Location Protocol (MLP)) sent by au external client (e.g. external dient 150). In other cases, the indication may he received from the UE (e.g. in a11 LPP or LPP / LPPe positioning protocol message) or from a serving eNodeB for the UE (e.g. eNB 104) (e.g. in an LPPa message), ln another embodiment, the location server may be configured with base CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -59- station configuration data (e.g. BSA data) or celJ configuration data \vhic-h may indude an indication of base stations or cells, respectively, that support NB-Io T radio access, The indication may then he received (e .. g. fi:om the UE, an l'Vl:ME or an eNB) as an identification of a base station or cell that is currentl.y serving the UE: the location server may then infor that the UE is using NB-IoT radio access or CloT featu.res based on an indication in the base station or <.:ell configu.ration data, respectivdy. that the -identified base station or cell cturemly serving the UE supports NB-loT radio access. f 001601 i\t block 604, the location server limits positioning interaction wit:h the UE in response to the indication that the UE is using NB-JOT radio access or CloT features. Limiting positioning interaction ,-vith tbe UE may include at least one of using a redu.ced maximum positioning message size (e.g. for LPP or LPP / LPPe\ using longer retransmiss.ion and response timers, using a restricted size of assistance data, or requesting a reduced number of location rneasure1nents fron1 the UE, where each type of limitation is rdativt! to positioning interaction for another UE that uses a non-NB-loT radio access and non-CloT features (e . .g. such as another UE that uses no.rm.al LTE .radio access). {001611 To support tlie limited positioning interaction w.ith the UE in block 604, the location server may be configured ,vith one or more configuration parameters for NBIoT rad.io access and / or CloT features. The configuration parameter(s) may comprise a maximum positioning message size (e.g. for LPP and / or LPP / LPPe), a maximum message vohune, and / or a maximum expected m.essage transfer delay for a UE that is using NB-IOT radio access or CloT features. f001621 In some enibodiments, to support the limited positioning interaction with the UE in block 604, the indic-ation received at block 602 may comprise aspects ofNB-foT radio access and CfoT features that are supported (e.g. by the wireless net,vork) for the UE. TI1e aspects of NB-loT radio access and CloT features supported for the UE .may comprise at least one of a maximum positioning message size (e.g. for LPP or LPP / LPPc), a maximum message volume, a maximum expected message transfer delay, or some combination of these. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -60- 100163) FIG. 7 shO\\'S a process flow 700 illustrating a method of detem1ining a last knmvn location for a UE (e.g, UE 102) that is using NB-IoT radio access and / or CloT -features to access a wireless netvrnrk (e .. g. VPLMN EPC .l 30 and E~UTRAN 120). TI)e process f1o\\' 700 may be performed by a serving MME for the UE (e ... g. l\.11\,tE 108). The process flow 700 may start at block 702 where location measurements are received by the MME for the UE. The location measurements may have been obtained by the UE inu:nediately prior to connecting to the wireless network o.r \vhfle connected to the wireless nen.vork, and may be received from the UE (e.g, in a NAS message as defined in 3GPP TS 24.30 l) ,-vh:ile the UE is connected to the wireless nel"\.vork. Alternatively or in addition~ the location measurements may have been obtained hy the UE and transferred to an access point such as a serving base station for the UE (e.g. the eNB 104) and / or may have been obtained by the access point (e.g. eNB 104), and 1nay then be received by the :r.vUvIE from the acc.ess point (e,g. using LPPa) while the UE is connected to the wireless network or frnmediately after the UE is no longer connected to the '-Vireless net,-vork. The location measurements may include a last known serving cell jdemity (ID) or last known serving eNodeB ID for the UE while the UE ·was connected to the wireless network. The location measurements may further include a received signal smmb>th indication (RSSI), a reference signal recdved pm.ver (RSRP}, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ),. a signal to noise ratio (S / N), a round trip signal propagutio11 time (RTT), a reforence signal time difference (RSTD)~ or some combination oftl1ese. Block 702 may correspond to stages 201 and 202 and / or stage 205 in sib:rnaling flow 200 in some embodiments. [0()1641 At block 704 in process flow 700, the l\1:ME may store the location measurements received at bhJck 702 and a t.imestamp. The t:imestanlp may com.':sp<.1nd to the time (and date) at which the location measurements ,vere received by the 1\.-fME, the tim.e (and date) at \-vhich the location measm·ements ,vere obtained by the UE or by an access point if this was earlier, or the time (a:nd date) at -.vhich the UE enters an idle state ( e.g. if the location measurements comprise a last knmv11 cell ID or last kmwvn eNB ID), B:lock 704 may correspond to stage 203 and / or stage 205 in signaling t1o\v 200 jn some embodiments. 1001651 .At block 706, the rvUvfE receives a location request for the UE \.Vhen the UE is not connected to the wireless net'>vork (as a consequence of a signaling connect.ion CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -61- release for the UE as at stage 205 in signaling flow 200). The location request may be received from a GMLC (e.g. G!v1LC l 16) \vhich may in tum have received the location request from an external client: (e.g.. external client 150) or from another GM.LC (e.g. HG! V1LC 148), The location request may include a n.iquest for a current or last km>\Vn location fix the UE Block 706 may correspond to stage 207 in signal.ing flow 200 in some embodiments. f00166l At block 7087 the l'vUv1E transmits the location measurements to a location server with an indication that the lJE .is not connected to the vdreless netwmk In smne embod:iments, the location server may be an E-SrvtLC (e.g. E-mvlLC 11 0) and the location measurements may be transmitted to the E-SMLC as pat1 of atl LCS-AP Location Request. The M!vlE may include the indication that the UE is not connected to the \vireless network if the UE is not reachable .from the MME fi:ff positioning (e.g. if the UE is using eDRX or PSJ'vi). The indication that the UE is not connected to the \\rireless net,vork may in some embodiments be an indication that a last knov .. •n location ft,r the UE is requested by the MME or an indication that the UE is not currently reachable from the wireless net\vork. Block 708 may be triggered in some embodiments by the UE not being connect:,~d to and not reachable from t:he V-lireless network combined with the location request received at block 706 including a request for a last knov.rn location for the UE (or a request for current or last known locatiou fcn· the UE). Block 708 may correspond to stage 208 in signaling flow 200 in some embodiments. 100167) At block 7.10,, the tvIME receives a response from the location server comprising a last knov,-'1l location .tbr the UE. For example, the location server may have determined (e.g. calculated) the last known location using the location measurements transmitted at block 708 and based on the indication transmitted at block 708 that the UE is. not connected to the \Virele.ss netw·ork. Block 710 may correspond to stage 2 l 0 in signaling flo\v 200 in some enibodiments. (00168) Follo\ving block 7 l 0 (and not shown in FlG. 7), the :tvU\:fE may return a location response to the source of the location request received at block 706 and may jndude in the location response the last kno'livn location for the UE received at block 710 and the times tamp stored at btoc.k 704, CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 100169) FIG. 8 shO\\'S a process flow 800 illustrating a method of defen-ing performing location meas:urement.s by a UE (e.g. UE 102) until the UE is in an idle state. The process flow 800 .rnay be performed by· a UE (e.g. lJE 102) t:hat .is rnsing Narrmvband Internet <>fThings (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CfoT) leatures to access a wireless net\.vork (e.g. VPL~·IN EPC 130 and E~UTRAN 120). In some embodiments, the process tlm.-v 800 may be perform.ed by other UEs using other types ofradjo access (e.g. LTE wideband access or eMTC access)- e.g. if a UE 102 has limited resources {e.g. limited processing, memory and / or RF transceivers), [001701 Process t1o-w 800 may start at block 802 ;,vhere the UE enteJ:s a connected state with a \."\dreless net\vork - e.g. as a consequenct~ of obtaining a signaling ,:onm:x:tion to a serving eNB (e.g. eNB l 04) and serving MME (e.g. tvU'.vlE 108). Block 802 rnay correspond to stage 307 in signaling flow 300 in some embodiments. !001711 At block 804,. the UE engages in a positioning session with a location server_ In some embodiments, the positioning session may be a positioning session for the 3GPP CP location solution for LTE, elVITC or NB-IoT access as defined in 3GPP TS 36305; in this case, the location server may be an E-S~,'lLC (e.g. I>SMLC 110). In other embodiments, the positioning session may he a positkm.ing session for the OMA SUPL UP location solution (e.g. as defined in OMA TS OMA-TS-ULP-V2~0-_3); in this case, the location server may he an SLP (e.g. H-SLP l 18} In some ernbodfrnents (e.g. for a positioning session for an MT-LR}; engaging in the positioning session ·with the location server by the UE may cou1prise receiving a message from the location server (e.g .. a SUPL, LPP or LPP!LPPe mess,ige) to initiate tff start the positioning session. 1n some other embodiments (e.g. for a positioning session for an MO-LR), engaging in the positioning session with the location server by tl1e UE may comprise transmitting a message to the wireless net\-vork or to the location server (e.g. a SlJPL, NAS ~'1O-LR, LPP or LPP / LPPe message) to initiate or start the positioning session. In some embodiments, engaging in the positioning session with the location server may include transmitting an indication to the location server or to the \Vireless network (e.g. to a serving l\-1ME for the UE in the wireless net,-vork such as MJ\.·IE 108) that the UE will defer performing location measurements for the positioning session until the UE is not in the connected state. In some embodiments, the indication may comprise an indication for one or more position methods that the UE perfon11s location CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -63- measurements for the one or more position methods while in an idle state. In some embodiments,. the indication is an indication for the LPP or LPPe positioning protocol. For example, the indication rnay be a parameter or a ·flag for positioning capabilities of the UE ass,>dated ,vith a particular position method or "'vith all position methods supported by the UE and may be sent by the UE to the locatio-n server using an LPP or LPP / LPPe Provide Cap.abilities message. f0(H72l At block 806,. the UE receives a request for location tneasurements from the location server. For example .. the re(iuest n.iay be received in an LPP or LPP / LPPe Request Location lntl)nnation message. The location measurements Iequested may ind.ude measurements for one or more position mt~thods such as ECID, OTDOA, A.GN SS, WiFi, sensors etc. and / or may include a request for a location estimate for the U:E. Block 806 may correspond to stage 310 in signaling fl.ow 300 in some embodim.euts. j"00l73J At block 808, the UE may defer tJerthm1ing the location 1:neasurements requested at block 806 until the UE is not in the connected state with the wireless net\vork. For example, block 808 may he perfonned when the UE does not have enough resources (e.g. processing, memory, RF receiver chains) to obtain the requested location measurements while connected to the wireless network. 1001741 At block 810. the UE t~nters an idle state ,vherein the UE is not connected with the wireless nen-vork For example, the {JE may: (i) \.vait until a signaling connection to t11e wireless net,vork is released or suspended by the \Virelcss network such as by a serving eNB (e.g. eNB 104) or serving MME (e.g. rvnvrn to8) for the UE; (ii) release or suspend a signaling connection to the ,vireless network itself (e.g. after some timeout period during which the UE detects no activity such as for data or Sl\·1S w·ith the ,vireless nenvork); or (iii) request release or suspension of a sig1mling cotmectkm to the wireless nehvork fn.)tn a serving eNB (e.g. eNB .!04), a serving MM:E (e.g. MJ\-1E 108) or the location server. Block 8 !0 may correspond to stage 31 l in signaling flo\V 300 in some embodiments. !"001751 At block 812, the UE obtains the location measuren1t~nts requested at block 806 ,vhile in the idle state., Obtaining the location measurements \Vhile in the idle state CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -64- may enable the UE to allocate more resources (e.g, processing, memory, RF receiver chains) to obtaining the location measurements than when the UE is in a connected state which may improve rne.asurernent accuracy, .reduce response tirne and / or enable use of certain position meth,>ds. Block 812 may correspond to stage 312 in signaling flow 300 in some embodiments. tOOl761 At block 814, the UE re-enters the connected state with the ,vireless net\\-'ork For example, the UE may send a NAS Service Request, NAS Control Plane Service Request or RRC Connection Resume to the vvireless network such as to an eNB (e.g. eNB 104) or serving l\.JME (e.g. JV1ME 108) in order to initiate the reentry to connected state. Block 814 may correspond to stage 313 in signaling tlO\v 300 in some embodiments:, {001771 At block 816,, the UE provides the location measurements obtained at: block 8 I 2 to the location server. For example, the OE may send the location measurements to the location server in an LPP or LPP / LPPe Provide Location Information .message. Block 816 may correspond to stage 314 in signaling flmv 300 in some embodiments, The location server may then use the location measureme11ts to detennine a location for the UE (e .. g. as at stage 315 in signaling flov,t 300). root78J FIG. 9 show·s a process fl.ow 900 illustrating a method of supporting a location session for ptiric.1<.Hc and triggered location at a user equipment.. The process t1ow 900 may he pertbrmed by a UE such as UE 1 02. In some embodiments, a UE that per.forms the process flo\.v 900 may use Nanm-vband Iniernet of Things (NB-foT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CloT) features to access a \.Vireless network (e.g. VPLMN EPC 130 and E~UTRAN 120) but other UEs (e.g, a UE '-Vith normal "videband LTE acc.ess) may also perfom1 process flmv 900. [00179J Process t1o,v 900 may start at Block 902 \.Vhere a UE receives a n:mbile tt~rrninated location request (MT-LR) from a wireless net,vork ,.,,bile the UE is in a connected state with the wfrdt!SS network. The mobile tem1inated location request may c,01npdse a trigger evaluation interval (e.g. a minimum or a maximum trigger evaluation interval), a periodic maximum reporting interval trigger, and one or more location triggers. The mobile terminated location request 1uay he received from a serving MME CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 (e,g. Ml\.·1E 108) or from a :location server (e.g, E•SMLC l JO or H•SLP 118), The one or more location triggers may comprise at least one of i) a fixed periodic location reporting interval; (.ii) a change of cell; (iii) a change of Tracking Arna; (iv) an entry .into, an exit from or a remaining \Vithin a geographic area defined according to a group of cells and Tracking Areas; or (v) a movement of the UE by more than a threshold linear distance from a previous location for the UE. f00180l At block 9047 the UE evaluates the one or more location triggers at the trigger evaluation interval while the UE is not in the connected state with the \Vireless network, The UE may also evaluate the one or more location triggers while the UE is in a connected state \"-'ith the wireless network in some embodiments, [OOJ8lJ At block 906, the UE re-enters the connected state with the wireless net>vvork when a trigger condition is detected hy the UE or when the periodic maximum reporting interval trigger occurs. f001821 .At block 908, the UE initiates or re-initiates a location session \.Vith the wireless network after re-entering the connected state, For example, the UE may initiate a new location session, or may resume a previous location session, with one or more entities in the wireless network (e.g. the M1v1E 108, E-SJ\..J:LC 110 and / or H-SLP 118). 1001831 At block 910, which is an optional block and shm:vn using dashed lines, the UE may provide location infonuation to the wireless network. The location infrmnation may comprise location 1neasurements, a location estilnate, an indication of the trigger condition dete<.:ted at blo<.:k 906, or some combination of these, Tht! location information may be provided to an entity .iu the wireless network such as an :E-SlVfLC (e.g. E-SMLC 110) or SLP (e.g. H-SLP 118). 1001841 FIG.10 shows a process Ho,v 1000 illustrating a method of supporting a last known location for a UE that is using NB-IoT radio access and / or CioT features to access a ,vire!ess net\\-'Olk The process flow l 000 may be performed by a location server such as E-S!v{LC 110. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 100185) Process flo\\' 1000 may start at Block l 002 '-Vhere the location server receives a location request for a UE that is using Narrmvband Internet of Things (NBfoT) radio access and / or Cellular Internet ofTh.ings (Ck>T). The location request nrny comprise location measurements for the UE and an indication that the UE is not connected to a wireless net\.vork. In some etnbodiments, the location request may comprise an LCS-AP Location Request and may be sent to the location server by a serving M~4E fhr the UE (e.g. MME 108). In some embodhnents, the indication that the UE is not wirelessly connected to the net\vork may comprise an indication tlmt: (i) the UE is not reachable for positioning f'i-om the wireless net\.vork; (ii) a last knov,m location is requested for the UE; and / or (Hi) a location is requested for the OE based only on i11fom1ation included in the location request. In some embodiments, the location measurements for the UE may have been obtained by the UE prior to connecting to the wireless nem.cork or prior to disconnecting from the wireless network In some emb(H.iiments, the ]()cation measurements for the UE nuiy have been obtained by an access point, such as a serving eNB (e .. g, eNB 104). after the UE ,vas ctmne,ted to the wireless network and prior t,J the UE disconnecting from the wireless net.work lu some embodiments, the location measurements comprise a last known serving cell lD or a la.st knovm serving eNodeB ID for the UE before the UE was no longer connected to the wireless net\vork. ln some embodiments, the location measurements may further comprise a :received signal strength indicatfon (RSSI), a reference signal received po\ver (RSRP), a reference signal received quality (RSRQ), a round trip time ( RTT), a reference signal time d:ifferen,:e (RSTD), or som.e combinatiun of these. In some e.1.nbodi.1.nents,. block 1002 m.ay correspond to stage 208 in signaling flow 200. [001861 At block .1004 of process J.fo\v toOO, the location server detem1ines a last knO\vn location for the user equipment based on the location measurements received at block 1002. For example, when the location measurenlents include a last knmvn serving ceU lD or last known eNodeB ID, the location server may determine the last knm.vn ]()cation based on the cell ID position n1ethod. Altenrntively, when the location measurements include one or more ofan H.SSr, RSRP, R.SRQ o.r RIT measurement, the location server may detern1ine the last known location based on the ECID positiou tnetbod. Alternatively, when the location measurements include one or more RSTD measurements, the location server may determine the last kno,vn location based on the CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 OTDOA. position method, Jn some embodiments, block 1004 may correspond to stage 209 in signaling flow 200. 1:00187] At block 1006, the location server returns a location response comprising the last know11 location fbr the user equipment determined at block l 004. ln some ernbodfrnents, blo,~k 1006 may coffespond to stage 210 in signaling flow 200 .. [001881 FIG. 11 shows a process t1ow l l 00 illustrating a method of enabling a UE (e.g. UE .102) to defer location measuren:ients until the UE is inan idle state. The process f1m.v 1 l 00 may be performed by a location server (e.g. E-SMLC 11 0 or H-SLP 118) that needs to obtain a location lor a UE (e.g. UE 102) that is using Narrowband Internet of]11ings (NB-loT) radio acc.ess or Ceflular Internet of Things (CloT) features to access a wireless network (e.g. VPLMN EPC 130 and E-UTRAN 120). [001891 Process flow 1100 may start at block 1102 when.i the location server t~ngages in a positioning session \Vith a UE (e.g. UE l 02) that is using Narro\'iiband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network. l:n some embodiments, the positioning session may be a positioning session for the 3GPP CP location solution for LTE, e.MTC or NB-IoT access as defined in 3GPP TS 36.305; in this case, the location server may he an E-S.MLC (e.g .. E-SMLC 110). 111 othei embodiments, the positioning session may be a positioning St!ssion for tht~ O1\.tA SUPL UP location solution (e.g. as defined in O1\-'IA TS OMA-TS-ULP-V2 ___ 0 ___ 3); in this case, the location sen--er may he a11 SLP ( e.g. H-SLP l 18), ln some embodiments ( e.g. for a positioning session for an MT-LR), engaging in the positioning session \Vith the UE may comprise sending a message to the UE (e.g. a SUPL; LPP or LPP / LPPe message) to initiate or start the positioning session. In some embodiments ( e.g. for a positioning session for an MO-LR), engaging in the positioning session \-Vith the {JE may comprise receiving a message sent by the UE or sent by an entity in the wireless network ( e .. g. an :rvfl'vlE) to initiate the positioning sess.ion. For example, the focation server may receive a SUPL, LPP or LPP / U>Pe message sent by the UE to initiate the positioning session or may receive an LCS-AP Location Request sent by a serving MME for the UE (e.g. !\-·1l\-1E I 08) to initiate the positioning session. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 100190) .At block 1104 in process tlo"v l 100, the location server rece.ives an indication that the UE will defer perfom1ing location measurements for tl1e 1,ositioning session until the tJE is not in a connected state with the wireless nehvork. ln so.me emb<>diments, the indicatfon may comprise an indication for one or more position methods that the UE performs location measurements .for the one or more position methods \11-'hile in an idle state. Jn some embodiments, the indication is an indic~nion for the LPP or LPPe positioning pmtocoL For example, the imlkatfon may be a parameter or a flag for positioning capabilities of the UE associated with a particular position method or associated with all position methods supported by the UE and may be sent by the lJE to the location server using an LPP or LPP / LPPe Provide Capabilities message. 1001911 At block l 106, the location server sends a request for location measurements to the UE, where the request for location measurements comprises an increased n1aximum response time that is higher than a maxi1nm1l respcmse time for another (JE for which the indication ,vas not received. For example, the location server may St!nd an LPP or LPP / LPPe Request Location l:nformation 1nessage to the UE containing the increased max immn response time as part of a Quality of Service (QoS) parameter in the inessage .. In some embodirnents. tl1e location server nmy be ixmfigured ,v.i.th one or more maximum response times for UEs that are able to obtain location measurements while connected to a wireless netvvork. The maximum response tilnes for these UEs may he related to particular pos.ition 111ethods, to a location accuracy, t:o a location n.$pOnSl! time rl!QUeswd by an external client (l!.g. external dient J 50), and / or t.o a location service or application. The maximurn response times may be higher for position mt!tlmds fr.lr which location measurements typicaHy take more time, where higher location accuracy .is requested by an external client, where fo\.v response time .is not requested by an external client, or \\"here a location service or application has high priority. As an examp:le, \vhen high location accuracy (e.g. an enor of50 meters or less) is requested for the A-GNSS position method in association -.vit11 an emergency call from a UE, a maximum response time of 20 to 30 seconds may be configtued. Conversely, \vhen lower location accuracy is requested (e.g. an error of 200 tneters or moreJ for the EClD position method not in association with an emergency call, a tnaxinmm response time of 2 to 5 seconds may be configured. rn the case of a UE that. needs to obtain some or all location measurements whe11 :in idle state, these co11figui-ed CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 maximmn response times may be increased, Thus, as an example. in the case of high accuracy location fur A-GNSS, a maximum response time of 1 to 5 minutes may be configured and for a lmver accuracy location for :ECID, a nmxinrum response thne of 1 m 2 minutes may be configured. The increased maximum response time sent at block l I 06 may enable the U:E to wait until the UE is in an idle state before obtainiug the location measurements requested by the location server and thereby enable a lo,:ation to be obtained frw the UE. In some embodiments, block 1 .l 06 may correspond to stage 31 0 in signaling flo\V 300, [001921 At block 1 l 08, the location server receives the requested location measurements from the UE prior to expiration of the increased maximum response fone at the location server. For example, the location l'neasurements ma:y be received in an LPP or LPP / LPPe Provide Location Intbrmation message sent to the location server by the UE. In order to obtain tl1e l.ocation measnrernents, the UE may first (i) \vait. u.ntH a signaling connt!Ction to the \Vireless network is released or suspended by the wireless net\.vork; (ii) release or suspend a signaling connection to the ,virdess uehvork it.self; or (iii) request release or suspension of a signaling com1t~ction to the wireless nen.vork timn a serving eNB (e.g. eNB l 04), a serving ~,fME (e.g ... MME 108) or the locatkm server, as illustrated for stage 3 t 1 of signaling flow 300. Following release of a signaling connection to the wireless net•.vork, the UE may obtain the 1.ocatfon measurements requested by the location server while in idle state (e.g, as at stage 312 .in signaling flow 300) and then re-enter connected state with the ,vireless net\vork (e.g, as at stage 313 in signaling flow 300) before returning the 'location rneasu:rements to the location server at bhx:k 1108. In some embodiments, block 1108 may t:orrespond to stage 3.14 in signaling flow 300. l 00193) At block 11 to, the location server determines a location for the UE based on the location measurements received at bloc:;k l 108, For example, the location server may calculate a location for the UE using BSA data configured in the location server in the case of location measurements for the ECID or OTDOA position methods and / or using GNSS ephemeris and timing data for location measurements for fhe GNSS or A-GNSS position method. In some embodiments, hlock l l IO may correspond to stage 3 l 5 in signaling fio,v 300. CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -70- 100194) Many of the exemplary embodiments of the method described herein assume a UE I 02 that is using NB~IOT radio access and / or CioT features, such as; eDRX, PStvt and / or CfoT CP optirnization, to access a wireless network such as VPLl'VIN EPC U0 and E-UTRAN 120. Some of the embodiments also assume that the 3GPP CP location solution is used to locate the {JE t 02. However, techniques similar to or the same as those descdbed herein may be used to support or improve support of location for a UE that js associated vrith or suppmts other tyJles of loT features and / or other types of radio access including, for example, radio access according to e!VITC, ,:videband LTE, GSM, \VCDIVtA, cdma2000, \ViFi or a future 5G standard. In addition, techniques similar to or the same as those described herein may be used to support or improve support of location for a UE using (1ther k)<.:ation solutions such as the OF\·1A SUPL UP location solution, location solutions defined by IETF and lEEE, and a futtu-e CP or UP location solution defined by 3GPP or OM.A. for 5G radio access. These simila:r or same solutions nrny apply whenever a UT makes use of or is 0th.en-vise aqsociated with foa t:ures and limitations applicable to IoT and CloT, such as powt~r savings features, low resource limitation, limited battery power, limited message size ancVor limited message '>lolume. 1'00195] Reforence thrnughout this specificatitm to "one example", "an example0 , <•certain examples'', or "exemplary implementation" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the feature and / or example may be included in at :least one feature and / or example of claimed subject .matter. Thus, the appearances of the phrase "in ont.! example", "an example", "in certain examples" or "fo certain implen.'lentations" or other like phrases in various places throughout this spt!cifk:ation are not necessmily all reforring to the same feature, exampfo, and / or limitation. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in one or more examples and / or features. f001961 Some portions of the detailed description included herein are presented in terms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations on. binary digital signals stored ,vithin a memory of a specific apparatus or spedal purpose co.mputiug device or platfom1. ln the context of this pa11.icular specification, the tem1 specific apparatus or the llke includes a general purpose computer once it is programmed to perfonn particular operations pursuant to instructions from program sofhvare. Algorithmic. descriptions or symbolic representations are examples of techniques used hy those of CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -7 lordinary ski:H in the signal processing or refated arts to convey the substance of their ,vork to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, is considered to be a setf.:.consistent sequence of operations or similar signal processing leading to a desired result In this context, operatfons or processing involve physical manipulation c.,f physical quantities. Typically, although not necessarily, such quantities may take the fom1 of electtkal or magnetic signals <.:apable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared or othenvise manipulated. lt has proven conven.ient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to such signals as hits, data, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, numerals, or the Hke. lt should be understood, however, that all of these or similar terms are to he associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels. Unless spec.if'icall.y stated (Jtherwist~, as apparent from the discussion herein, it is appreciated that throughout this specification discussions utilizing tenns such as 11processing / "co1nputing," ''calculating,'' 11det.ernlining" or the like refer t:o actions or processes of a specific apparatus, such as a special purpose computer, spel~ial purpose computing apparntus or a similar special purpose electronic com1-mting device. In the context of this specification, thetefote, a special purpose computer or a similar special purpose electronic computing device is capable of rmmipulating or transfom1ing signals, typically represented as physical electronic or magnetic quantities within rnemories, registers, or other information st:ornge devices, tnmsmission devices, or disphry devk.es oftlle special purpose computer or similar special purpose electronic computing device. [001971 In the preceding detailed description. nun.'lerous specific detaHs have been set forth to provide a thorough U1.1dersta11di11g of daimed subject matter. However, it \ViU be understood. by those skilled in the art that claimed subject iuat.ter may be practiced without these specific details, In other instances, methods and apparntuses that \vould be k.novm by one of ord.1m1ry skill have not been described in detail so as not to obscure claimed subject matter. [001981 The tem1s,. "and'', "or'\ and "and / or'' as used herein may include a variety of meanings that also are expected to depend at least in part upon the context in ·which such tenns are used. Typically, "or" if used to associate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as well as .A, B or C, here used in the exclusive sense. ln addition,. the term '"one or more" as used herein CA 03031214 2019-01-17 WO 2018 / 038799 PCT / 0S2017 / 039256 -72- may he used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in the singular or may be used to describe a plurality or some other combination offoatures, structures or characteristics. TI1ough, it should be noted that this is merely an illustrative exmnple and claimed su~jcct matter is not limited to this example .. [00199) While then.~ has been illustrated and des,:ribed what are presently considered to be exarnple features, h wm he understood by fhose skilled in the art that va.dous other modifications may be made, and equivalents may he substituted, without departing from claimed subject matter. Additionally, many rnodifications may be made io adapt a particular situation to the teachings of daimed subject matter \vithout departing from the central com.:ept described herein. [002001 Therefore, it is intended that claimed subject matter not be limited to the particular examples disclosed, hut that such claimed subject matter may also include all aspects falling within tl1e scope of appended daims, and equivalents thereof.

Claims

85006392 -73- CLAIMS:

1. A method for a Mobility Management Entity (MME) comprising: receiving location measurements for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network; storing the location measurements and a timestamp; receiving a location request for the UE when the UE is not connected to the wireless network; transmitting the location measurements to a location server with an indication that the UE is not connected to the wireless network and to a Visited Public Land Mobile Network Evolved Packet Core (VPLMN EPC) based on knowledge by the MME of support of features applicable to CloT and NB-IoT for the UE by the VPLMN EPC; and receiving a response from the location server comprising a last known location for the UE.

2. An apparatus comprising: an external interface configured to: receive location measurements for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network; a memory configured to store the location measurements and a timestamp; and at least one processor configured to: receive with the external interface a location request for the UE when the UE is not connected to the wireless network; cause the external interface to transmit the location measurements to a location server with an indication that the UE is not connected to the wireless network and to a Visited Public Land Mobile Network Evolved Packet Core (VPLMN EPC) based on knowledge by the MME of support of features applicable to CloT and NB-IoT for the UE by the VPLMN EPC; and receive with the external interface a response from the location server comprising a last known location for the UE. Date Re1rue / Date Received 2023-08-31 85006392 -74- 3. The method of claim 1 or the apparatus of claim 2, wherein the location measurements for the UE are received from the UE while the UE is connected to the wireless network.

4. The method of claim 1 or the apparatus of claim 2, wherein the location measurements for the UE are received from an access point while the UE is connected to the wireless network.

5. The method of claim 1 or the apparatus of claim 2, wherein the location measurements comprise a last known serving cell ID or last known serving eN odeB ID for the UE while the UE was connected to the wireless network.

6. The method of claim 5 or the apparatus of claim 5, wherein the location measurements further comprise at least one of a received signal strength indication, a reference signal received power, a reference signal received quality, a round trip time, a reference signal time difference, or a combination thereof.

7. A method for a location server comprising: receiving a location request for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network, wherein the location request comprises location measurements for the UE and an indication that the UE is not connected to a wireless network and to a Visited Public Land Mobile Network Evolved Packet Core (VPLMN EPC) and wherein the indication is sent based on knowledge of support of features applicable to CloT and NB-IoT for the UE by the VPLMN EPC; determining a last known location for the UE based only on the location measurements, instead of attempting to obtain a current location for the UE; and returning a location response comprising the last known location for the UE.

8. A location server comprising: an external interface configured to: Date Re1rue / Date Received 2023-08-31 85006392 -75- receive a location request for a user equipment (UE) that is using Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) radio access or Cellular Internet of Things (CioT) features to access a wireless network, wherein the location request comprises location measurements for the UE and an indication that the UE is not connected to a wireless network and to a Visited Public Land Mobile Network Evolved Packet Core (VPLMN EPC) and wherein the indication is sent based on knowledge of support of features applicable to CloT and NB-IoT for the UE by the VPLMN EPC; at least one processor configured to determine a last known location for the UE based only on the location measurements, instead of attempting to obtain a current location for the UE, and cause the external interface to return a location response comprising the last known location for the UE.

9. The method of claim 7 or the location server of claim 8, wherein the location measurements for the UE were obtained by the UE prior to connecting to the wireless network or prior to disconnecting from the wireless network.

10. The method of claim 7 or the location server of claim 8, wherein the location measurements for the UE were obtained by an access point after the UE was connected to the wireless network and prior to the UE disconnecting from the wireless network.

11. The method of claim 7 or the location server of claim 8, wherein the location measurements comprise a last known serving cell ID or last known serving eN odeB ID for the UE before the UE was no longer connected to the wireless network.

12. The method of claim 11 or the location server of claim 11, wherein the location measurements further comprise a received signal strength indication, a reference signal received power, a reference signal received quality, a round trip time, a reference signal time difference, or a combination thereof. Date Re1rue / Date Received 2023-08-31