Brush prodrugs and uses thereof

Abstract

The present disclosure provides, in some aspects, macromonomers of Formula (I), and salts thereof; methods of preparing the macromonomers, and salts thereof; Brush prodrugs (polymers); methods of preparing the Brush prodrugs; compounds of Formula (II); conjugates of Formula (III), and salts thereof; pharmaceutical compositions comprising a Brush prodrug, or a conjugate or a salt thereof; kits comprising: a macromonomer or a salt thereof, a Brush prodrug, a compound, a conjugate or a salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition; methods of using the Brush prodrugs, or conjugates or salts thereof; and uses of the Brush prodrugs, and conjugates or salts thereof. These chemical entities may be useful in delivering pharmaceutical agents to a subject or cell.

Description

BRUSH PRODRUGS AND USES THEREOF BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Bottlebrush polymers have found widespread applications in fields ranging from drug delivery and molecular imaging to novel materials preparation.<com:Sup>1-3< / com:Sup> Graft-through ring- opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) offers distinct advantages over other bottlebrush synthesis methods.<com:Sup>4,5< / com:Sup> The fast-initiating Grubb's 3<com:Sup>rd< / com:Sup> generation catalyst (G3- Cat) has been shown to sustain propagation of polymer chains with exceptionally high tolerance towards a wide range of sterically-hindered multivalent macromonomers (MMs), reaching high degrees of polymerization and low dispersity values, even at low millimolar concentrations.<com:Sup>6,7< / com:Sup> Furthermore, using G3-Cat, it is possible to control composition, morphology, and size of final macro molecules, preparing remarkable polymeric architectures such as bottlebrushes and stars.<com:Sup>7-11< / com:Sup> Due to high packing density of their side- chains, the backbone of bottlebrush polymers is very rigid and adapts extended morphology with minimal side-chain entanglement. Recently, self-assembly behaviors of bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) have become an active area of research, as these macromolecules readily undergo phase separation and can be used to design materials with novel mechanical properties in bulk.<com:Sup>6,12< / com:Sup> On the other hand, polymeric star nanoarchitectures offer several valuable features such as tunable nanoscale sizes and shapes that mimic globular biomacromolecules, allowing for extended blood circulation and efficient biodistribution and / or tumor accumulation. These properties make star polymers particularly well-suited for biological applications. <com:Sup>10< / com:Sup> SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure provides, in one aspect, Brush prodrugs of pharmaceutical agents (Brush prodrugs). In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical agents are therapeutic agents, diagnostic agents, and prophylactic agents. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agents are bromo and extra terminal protein (BET) inhibitors (iBETs). BET inhibitors are promising anti-cancer agents, but their clinical development has been limited by hematological and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. For the benzodiazepine-derived inhibitor OTX-015, the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) are thrombocytopenia (96%), anemia (91%), and neutropenia (51%) with additional GI events (diarrhea, vomiting and mucositis) reported to limit patient compliance despite evidence of durable / objective tumor responses. [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] (OTX-015, OTX015, or OTX-15) The Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors described herein have been found to improve the narrow therapeutic index of the free BET inhibitors, with a favorable biodistribution and release of free BET inhibitors in tumor compared to other tissues, including gut and bone marrow. Specifically, the Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors were evaluated for myelosuppression and GI toxicity using in vitro, clinical pathology, and immunohistopathology techniques. Compared to free BET inhibitors, which showed dose- dependent body weight loss, diarrhea, and suppression of white blood cells, the Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors spared the lymphocytes, platelets, and neutrophils, and showed minimal suppression of the reservoir of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. The release (e.g., the rate of release) of the free BET inhibitors from the Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors may be tuned by changing one or more moieties of the Brush prodrugs of BET inhibitors. The Brush prodrugs of other pharmaceutical agents are expected to show similar and optionally additional advanateges over the free pharmaceutical agents. The Brush prodrugs may be polymers prepared by polymerizing a macromonomer of Formula (I): [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] <com:Math><semantics>(I)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(I)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, or a salt thereof, in the presence of a metathesis catalyst, wherein each instance of -Y-Z- [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] is independently [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] . In certain embodiments, the metathesis catalyst is a 5 Grubbs catalyst. Not bound by any particular theory, the advantages of the Brush prodrugs may be [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] due to the moiety (e.g., . The properties (e.g., release of the free pharmaceutical agents) of the Brush prodrugs may be tuned, e.g., [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] by changing the moiety . example, the size, polarity, chemical reactivity, and / or photochemical reactivity of W, R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup>, and / or R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> may affect the cleavage (e.g., rate of cleavage) of the moiety W-C(=O)-W' (e.g., the C-O bond). Bulkier R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> may slow the cleavage. Bulkier R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> may also slow the cleavage. Less polar <com:Math><semantics>RK<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{K}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> may slow the cleavage. Less polar <com:Math><semantics>RL<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{L}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> may also slow the cleavage. Smaller R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> may expedite the cleavage. Smaller R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> may also expedite the cleavage. More polar R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> may expedite the cleavage. More polar R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> may also expedite the cleavage. The moiety W–C(=O)–W' may also affect the cleavage. For example, C(=O)–O may be cleaved faster than C(=O)-N. Therefore, the cleavage may be fine tuned by modifying one [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or more moieties include in In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (II): [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] (II). In another aspect, the present disclosure provides conjugates of Formula (III): [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] c (III). In the compounds and conjugates, each instance of T is substituted or unsubstituted methylene; and each instance of M is independently an ammonium salt or iminium salt of a pharmaceutical agent, wherein the attachment point is the N<com:Sup>+< / com:Sup> of the ammonium salt or iminium salt. The compounds and conjugates may be useful for conjugating with a delivery vehicle a pharmaceutical agent that does not contain a conventional reaction handle. The pharmaceutical agent may be cleaved from the compounds or conjugates in the way shown in FIG. 4A. The cleavage may be fine tuned as described herein, e.g., by [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] modifying one or more moieties include in In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of preparing the Brush prodrugs. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides macromonomers of Formula (I), and salts thereof. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of preparing the macromonomers, and salts thereof. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a Brush prodrug and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a conjugate and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides kits comprising: a macromonomer, or a salt thereof, a Brush prodrug, or a pharmaceutical composition; and instructions for using the macromonomer, or a salt thereof, the polymer, or the pharmaceutical composition. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides kits comprising a compound; and instructions for using the compound. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides kits comprising a conjugate, or a salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition; and instructions for using the conjugate, or a salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a cell comprising contacting the cell with a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of: a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a prophylactically effective amount of: a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of diagnosing a disease in a subject comprising administering to or implanting in the subject a diagnostically effective amount of: a polymer or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a cell comprising contacting the cell with a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of treating a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of: a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to or implanting in the subject in need thereof a prophylactically effective amount of: a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of diagnosing a disease in a subject comprising administering to or implanting in the subject a diagnostically effective amount of: a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition; wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent. In certain embodiments, the disease is cancer. The present disclosure refers to various issued patent, published patent applications, journal articles, and other publications. DEFINITIONS For convenience, certain terms employed herein, in the specification, examples and appended claims are collected herein. Unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. The following definitions are more general terms used throughout the present application: The singular terms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word "or" is intended to include "and" unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients or reaction conditions used herein should be understood as modified in all instances by the term "about." "About" and "approximately" shall generally mean an acceptable degree of error for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of the measurements. Exemplary degrees of error are within 20 percent (%), typically, within 10%, and more typically, within 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% of a given value or range of values. Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5<com:Sup>th< / com:Sup> Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3<com:Sup>rd< / com:Sup> Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various stereoisomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and / or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E.L. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962); and Wilen, S.H. Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E.L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN 1972). The invention additionally encompasses compounds as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers. When a range of values ("range") is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. A range is inclusive of the values at the two ends of the range unless otherwise provided. For example, "an integer between 1 and 4" refers to 1, 2, 3, and 4. For example "<com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl" is intended to encompass, <com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_3< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_6< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-5}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-3}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C2−5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-5}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C2−4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C2−3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-3}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C3−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C3−5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-5}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C3−4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C4−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{4-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C4−5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{4-5}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, and <com:Math><semantics>C5−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{5-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl. The term "alkyl" refers to a radical of a C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> straight—chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group. In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 200 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl"), 1 to 20 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl"), 1 to 10 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>- <com:Math><semantics>C10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl"), 1 to 9 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C9<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_9< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl"), 1 to 8 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C8<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_8< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl"), 1 to 7 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>7< / com:Sub> alkyl"), 1 to 6 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>6< / com:Sub> alkyl"), 1 to 5 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>5< / com:Sub> alkyl"), 1 to 4 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>4< / com:Sub> alkyl"), 1 to 3 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub> alkyl"), 1 to 2 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub> alkyl"), or 1 carbon atom ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub> alkyl"). Examples of C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>6< / com:Sub> alkyl groups include methyl (C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>), ethyl (C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>), n-propyl (C<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>), isopropyl (C<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>), n-butyl (C<com:Sub>4< / com:Sub>), tert—butyl (<com:Math><semantics>C4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), sec—butyl (<com:Math><semantics>C4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), iso—butyl (<com:Math><semantics>C4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), n—pentyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), 3—pentanyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), amyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), neopentyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), 3-methyl-2-butanyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), tertiary amyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), and n-hexyl (<com:Math><semantics>C6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_6< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>). Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C<com:Sub>7< / com:Sub>), n-octyl (C<com:Sub>8< / com:Sub>) and the like. C<com:Sub>30< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> alkyl may be obtained from polymerization. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkyl") or substituted (a "substituted alkyl") with one or more substituents. The term "alkenyl" refers to a radical of a straight—chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 200 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 20 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>2-9< / com:Sub> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−8<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-8}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−7<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-7}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>" alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>2-5< / com:Sub> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>2-4< / com:Sub> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>2-3< / com:Sub> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub> alkenyl"). The one or more carbon–carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2–butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl). Examples of <com:Math><semantics>C2−4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl groups include ethenyl (<com:Math><semantics>C2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), 1- propenyl <com:Math><semantics>(C3)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_3)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, 2-propenyl <com:Math><semantics>(C3)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_3)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, 1-butenyl <com:Math><semantics>(C4)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_4)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, 2-butenyl <com:Math><semantics>(C4)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_4)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, butadienyl <com:Math><semantics>(C4)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_4)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, and the like. Examples of <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl groups include the aforementioned <com:Math><semantics>C2−4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), pentadienyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), hexenyl (<com:Math><semantics>C6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_6< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), and the like. <com:Math><semantics>C30<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{30}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl may be obtained from polymerization. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkenyl") or substituted (a "substituted alkenyl") with one or more substituents. In an alkenyl group, a C=C double bond for which the stereochemistry is not specified (e.g., -CH=CHCH<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>, <com:Sup>2< / com:Sup> / <com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>, or [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] may be in the <com:Math><semantics>(E)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(E)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>- or <com:Math><semantics>(Z)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(Z)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-configuration. The term "alkynyl" refers to a radical of a straight—chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds) ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 200 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"), 2 to 20 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"), 2 to 9 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−9<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-9}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"), 2 to 8 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−8<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-8}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"), 2 to 7 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−7<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-7}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"), 2 to 6 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"), 2 to 5 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-5}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"), 2 to 4 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"), 2 to 3 carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C2−3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-3}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"), or 2 carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub> alkynyl"). The one or more carbon—carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2—butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1—butynyl). Examples of <com:Math><semantics>C2−4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>), 1-propynyl (C<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>), 2-propynyl (C<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>), 1-butynyl <com:Math><semantics>(C4)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_4)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, 2—butynyl <com:Math><semantics>(C4)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_4)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, and the like. Examples of <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl groups include the aforementioned <com:Math><semantics>C2−4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), hexynyl (<com:Math><semantics>C6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_6< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), and the like. <com:Math><semantics>C30<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{30}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl may be obtained from polymerization. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkynyl") or substituted (a "substituted alkynyl") with one or more substituents. The term "heteroalkyl" refers to an alkyl group which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or more heteroatoms, as valency permits) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, a heteroalkyl group refers to a saturated group having from 1 to 1000 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>10< / com:Sub> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>- C<com:Sub>9< / com:Sub> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 8 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C8<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{8}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 7 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>–C<com:Sub>7< / com:Sub> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>6< / com:Sub> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 4 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>–<com:Math><semantics>C4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 3 carbon atoms and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_3< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkyl"), 1 to 2 carbon atoms and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain ("<com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-<com:Math><semantics>C2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkyl"), or 1 carbon atom and 1 heteroatom ("C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub> heteroalkyl"). C<com:Sub>30< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> heteroalkyl may be obtained from polymerization. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted heteroalkyl") or substituted (a "substituted heteroalkyl") with one or more substituents. The term "heteroalkenyl" refers to an alkenyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or more heteroatoms, as valency permits) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("heteroC<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> alkenyl"). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−9<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-9}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−8<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-8}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−7<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-7}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-5}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain ("heteroC<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>- 4 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-3}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one double bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain ("heteroC<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl"). C<com:Sub>30< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> heteroalkenyl may be obtained from polymerization. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted heteroalkenyl") or substituted (a "substituted heteroalkenyl") with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is an unsubstituted hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkenyl group is a substituted hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl. The term "heteroalkynyl" refers to an alkynyl group, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or more heteroatoms, as valency permits) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., inserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and / or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent chain. In certain embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 1000 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("heteroC<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> alkynyl"). In certain embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group refers to a group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−9<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-9}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−8<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-8}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("heteroC<com:Sub>2-7< / com:Sub> alkynyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or more heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain ("heteroC<com:Sub>2-5< / com:Sub> alkynyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-4}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 heteroatom within the parent chain ("hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-3}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl"). In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms, at least one triple bond, and 1 or 2 heteroatoms within the parent chain ("heteroC<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl"). C<com:Sub>30< / com:Sub>-C<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> heteroalkynyl may be obtained from polymerization. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroalkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted heteroalkynyl") or substituted (a "substituted heteroalkynyl") with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkynyl group is an unsubstituted hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the heteroalkynyl group is a substituted hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl. The term "carbocyclyl" or "carbocyclic" or "cycloalkyl" refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>3-10< / com:Sub>" carbocyclyl") and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C3−8<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-8}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl"), 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C3−7<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-7}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl"), 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C3−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl"), 4 to 6 ring carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>4-6< / com:Sub> carbocyclyl"), 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>5-6< / com:Sub> carbocyclyl"), or 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms ("<com:Math><semantics>C5−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{5-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl"). Exemplary <com:Math><semantics>C3−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl <com:Math><semantics>(C3)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_3)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, cyclopropenyl <com:Math><semantics>(C3)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_3)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, cyclobutyl <com:Math><semantics>(C4)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_4)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, cyclobutenyl (<com:Math><semantics>C4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), cyclopentyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), cyclopentenyl (<com:Math><semantics>C5<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_5< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), cyclohexyl (<com:Math><semantics>C6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_6< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), cyclohexenyl <com:Math><semantics>(C6)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_6)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, cyclohexadienyl <com:Math><semantics>(C6)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_6)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, and the like. Exemplary <com:Math><semantics>C3−8<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-8}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned <com:Math><semantics>C3−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (<com:Math><semantics>C7<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_7< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), cycloheptenyl (C<com:Sub>7< / com:Sub>), cycloheptadienyl (C<com:Sub>7< / com:Sub>), cycloheptatrienyl (C<com:Sub>7< / com:Sub>), cyclooctyl (C<com:Sub>8< / com:Sub>), cyclooctenyl (C<com:Sub>8< / com:Sub>), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C<com:Sub>7< / com:Sub>), bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C<com:Sub>8< / com:Sub>), and the like. Exemplary <com:Math><semantics>C3−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned <com:Math><semantics>C3−8<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-8}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (<com:Math><semantics>C9<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_9< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), cyclononenyl (<com:Math><semantics>C9<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_9< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), cyclodecyl (<com:Math><semantics>C10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), cyclodecenyl (<com:Math><semantics>C10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), octahydro–1H–indenyl (<com:Math><semantics>C9<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{9}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), decahydronaphthalenyl (<com:Math><semantics>C10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), spiro <com:Math><semantics>[4.5]<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">[4.5]< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> decanyl <com:Math><semantics>(C10)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(C_{10})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, and the like. As the foregoing examples illustrate, in certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic ("monocyclic carbocyclyl") or polycyclic (e.g., containing a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system ("bicyclic carbocyclyl") or tricyclic system ("tricyclic carbocyclyl")) and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon—carbon double or triple bonds. "Carbocyclyl" also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted carbocyclyl") or substituted (a "substituted carbocyclyl") with one or more substituents. The term "heterocyclyl" or "heterocyclic" refers to a radical of a 3– to 14– membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur ("3–14 membered heterocyclyl"). In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic ("monocyclic heterocyclyl") or polycyclic (e.g., a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system ("bicyclic heterocyclyl") or tricyclic system ("tricyclic heterocyclyl")), and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon—carbon double or triple bonds. Heterocyclyl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. "Heterocyclyl" also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of heterocyclyl is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted heterocyclyl") or substituted (a "substituted heterocyclyl") with one or more substituents. In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5–10 membered non–aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur ("5–10 membered heterocyclyl"). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5–8 membered non– aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur ("5–8" membered heterocyclyl"). In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5–6 membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur ("5–6 membered heterocyclyl"). In some embodiments, the 5–6 membered heterocyclyl has 1–3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5–6 membered heterocyclyl has 1–2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5–6 membered heterocyclyl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Exemplary 3—membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiiranyl. Exemplary 4—membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl. Exemplary 5—membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione. Exemplary 5- membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl and dithiolanyl. Exemplary 5—membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6—membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6—membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7—membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl, and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8—membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl. Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclyl groups include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydroisochromenyl, decahydronaphthyridinyl, decahydro–1,8–naphthyridinyl, octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, indolinyl, phthalimidyl, naphthalimidyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, 1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepinyl, 1,4,5,7-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]pyrrolyl, 5,6- dihydro-4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrolyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-furo[3,2-b]pyranyl, 5,7-dihydro-4H- thieno[2,3–c]pyranyl, 2,3–dihydro–1H–pyrrolo[2,3–b]pyridinyl, 2,3–dihydrofuro[2,3– b]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrofuro[3,2- c]pyridinyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,6- naphthyridinyl, and the like. The term "aryl" refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) <com:Math><semantics>4n+2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">4n+2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or <com:Math><semantics>14π<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">14\pi< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6–14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system ("C<com:Sub>6-14< / com:Sub> aryl"). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 6 ring carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>6< / com:Sub> aryl"; e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 10 ring carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>10< / com:Sub> aryl"; e.g., naphthyl such as 1–naphthyl and 2–naphthyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 14 ring carbon atoms ("C<com:Sub>14< / com:Sub> aryl"; e.g., anthracyl). "Aryl" also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted aryl") or substituted (a "substituted aryl") with one or more substituents. The term "heteroaryl" refers to a radical of a 5–14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) <com:Math><semantics>4n+2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">4n+2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or <com:Math><semantics>14π<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">14 \pi< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5–14 membered heteroaryl"). In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. "Heteroaryl" includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. "Heteroaryl" also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl / heteroaryl) ring system. Polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5—indolyl). A heteroaryl group be monovalent or may have more than one point of attachment to another moiety (e.g., it may be divalent, trivalent, etc), although the valency may be specified directly in the name of the group. For example, "triazoldiyl" refers to a divalent triazolyl moiety. In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5–10 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5–10 membered heteroaryl"). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5–8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1–4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5–8 membered heteroaryl"). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5–6 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1– 4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5–6 membered heteroaryl"). In some embodiments, the 5–6 membered heteroaryl has 1–3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5–6 membered heteroaryl has 1–2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5— 6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted heteroaryl") or substituted (a "substituted heteroaryl") with one or more substituents. Exemplary 5—membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5—membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5—membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5—membered heteroaryl groups containing 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6—membered heteroaryl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing 3 or 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5,6—bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl. Exemplary tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, phenanthridinyl, dibenzofuranyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl and phenazinyl. As understood from the above, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups are, in certain embodiments, optionally substituted. Optionally substituted refers to a group which may be substituted or unsubstituted (e.g., "substituted" or "unsubstituted" alkyl). In general, the term "substituted" means that at least one hydrogen present on a group is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a "substituted" group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position. The term "substituted" is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound. The present invention contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound. For purposes of this invention, heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and / or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety. Affixing the suffix "ene" to a group indicates the group is a polyvalent (e.g., bivalent, trivalent, tetravalent, or pentavalent) moiety. In certain embodiments, affixing the suffix "ene" to a group indicates the group is a bivalent moiety. Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, -CN, [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] <com:Math><semantics>−SC(=S)SRaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SC(=S)SR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SC(=O)SRaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SC(=O)SR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)SRaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)SR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SC(=O)ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SC(=O)OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SC(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SC(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(Raa)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(R^{aa})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(=O)(Raa)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(=O)(R^{aa})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(=O)(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(=O)(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(N(R^{bb})_2)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(=O)(N(R^{bb})_2)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRbbP(=O)(Raa)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{bb}P(=O)(R^{aa})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRbbP(=O)(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{bb}P(=O)(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRbbP(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{bb}P(=O)(N(R^{bb})_2)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(Rcc)3+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(R^{cc})_3^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(ORcc)3+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(OR^{cc})_3^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(Rcc)4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(R^{cc})_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(ORcc)4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(OR^{cc})_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(Rcc)3+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(R^{cc})_3^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(ORcc)3+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(OR^{cc})_3^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(Rcc)4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(R^{cc})_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(ORcc)4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(OR^{cc})_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−B(Raa)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-B(R^{aa})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−B(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-B(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−BRaa(ORcc)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-BR^{aa}(OR^{cc})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> perhaloalkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, heteroC<com:Sub>2-10< / com:Sub> alkynyl, C<com:Sub>3-10< / com:Sub> carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C<com:Sub>6-14< / com:Sub> aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or <com:Math><semantics>5Rdd<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">5 R^{dd}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> groups; wherein <com:Math><semantics>X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is a counterion; or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with the group =0, =S, <com:Math><semantics>=NN(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">=NN(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>=NNRbbC(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">=NNR^{bb}C(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>=NNRbbC(=O)ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">=NNR^{bb}C(=O)OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>=NNRbbS(=O)2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">=NNR^{bb}S(=O)_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>=NRbb<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">=NR^{bb}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, or <com:Math><semantics>=NORcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">=NOR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>; each instance of <com:Math><semantics>Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is, independently, selected from <com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> perhaloalkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>alkenyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>alkynyl, <com:Math><semantics>C3−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, <com:Math><semantics>C6−14<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{6-14}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R<com:Sup>aa< / com:Sup> groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with <com:Math><semantics>0,1,2,3,4, or 5 Rdd groups;<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">0, 1, 2, 3, 4, \text{ or } 5 \text{ R}^{\text{dd}} \text{ groups};< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> each instance of R<com:Sup>bb< / com:Sup> is, independently, selected from hydrogen, -OH, -OR<com:Sup>aa< / com:Sup>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRcc)ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{cc})OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRcc)N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{cc})N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2Rcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2R^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SOR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=S)N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=S)N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)SRcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)SR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=S)SRcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=S)SR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(Raa)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(R^{aa})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(N(Rcc)2)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(N(R^{cc})_2)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> perhaloalkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>alkyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>alkenyl, heteroC<com:Sub>2-10< / com:Sub>alkynyl, C<com:Sub>3-10< / com:Sub> carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C<com:Sub>6-14< / com:Sub> aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R<com:Sup>bb< / com:Sup> groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 <com:Math><semantics>Rdd<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{dd}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> groups; wherein <com:Math><semantics>X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is a counterion; each instance of R<com:Sup>cc< / com:Sup> is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C<com:Sub>1-10< / com:Sub> alkyl, C<com:Sub>1-10< / com:Sub> perhaloalkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, <com:Math><semantics>C3−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, <com:Math><semantics>C6−14<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{6-14}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R<com:Sup>cc< / com:Sup> groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R<com:Sup>dd< / com:Sup> groups; each instance of R<com:Sup>dd< / com:Sup> is, independently, selected from halogen, -CN, -NO<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>, -N<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2H<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2H< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO3H<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_3H< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−ON(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-ON(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Rff)3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^{ff})_3< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(ORee)Rff<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(OR^{ee})R^{ff}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SRee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SSRee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SSR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CO2H<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2H< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CO2Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OCO2Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OCO_2R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)N(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)N(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRffC(=O)Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{ff}C(=O)R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRffCO2Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{ff}CO_2R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRffC(=O)N(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{ff}C(=O)N(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRff)ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{ff})OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=NRff)Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=NR^{ff})R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=NRff)ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=NR^{ff})OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRff)N(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{ff})N(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=NRff)N(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=NR^{ff})N(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRffC(=NRff)N(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{ff}C(=NR^{ff})N(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRffSO2Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{ff}SO_2R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2N(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2N(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−Si(Ree)3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-Si(R^{ee})_3< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OSi(Ree)3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OSi(R^{ee})_3< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=S)N(Rff)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=S)N(R^{ff})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)SRee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)SR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=S)SRee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=S)SR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SC(=S)SRee<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SC(=S)SR^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(ORee)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(OR^{ee})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(Ree)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(R^{ee})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(=O)(Ree)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(=O)(R^{ee})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(=O)(ORee)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(=O)(OR^{ee})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> perhaloalkyl, C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl, heteroC<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub>alkyl, heteroC<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub>alkenyl, heteroC<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> 6alkynyl, C<com:Sub>3-10< / com:Sub> carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C<com:Sub>6-10< / com:Sub> aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R<com:Sup>gg< / com:Sup> groups, or two geminal R<com:Sup>dd< / com:Sup> substituents can be joined to form =O or =S; wherein X is a counterion; each instance of <com:Math><semantics>Ree<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{ee}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is, independently, selected from <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> perhaloalkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, <com:Math><semantics>C3−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl, C<com:Sub>6-10< / com:Sub> aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R<com:Sup>gg< / com:Sup> groups; each instance of R<com:Sup>ff< / com:Sup> is, independently, selected from hydrogen, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> perhaloalkyl, C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl, heteroC<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub>alkyl, heteroC<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub>alkenyl, heteroC<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>- 6alkynyl, C<com:Sub>3-10< / com:Sub> carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, C<com:Sub>6-10< / com:Sub> aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two R<com:Sup>ff< / com:Sup> groups are joined to form a 3-10 membered heterocyclyl or 5-10 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R<com:Sup>gg< / com:Sup> groups; and each instance of R<com:Sup>gg< / com:Sup> is, independently, halogen, -CN, -NO<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>, -N<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>, -SO<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>H, -SO<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>H, <com:Math><semantics>−OH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>−ON(C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-ON(C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl)<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl)<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl)<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub><com:Math><semantics>+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NH(C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NH(C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>alkyl)2+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">alkyl)_2^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NH2(C1−6alkyl)+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NH_2(C_{1-6} alkyl)^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NH3+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NH_3^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(OC1−6alkyl)(C1−6alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(OC_{1-6} alkyl)(C_{1-6} alkyl)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(OH)(C1−6alkyl)+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(OH)(C_{1-6} alkyl)^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl), <com:Math><semantics>−NH(OH)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NH(OH)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SC1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SC_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>−SS(C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SS(C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl), <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)(C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)(C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl), <com:Math><semantics>−CO2H<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2H< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CO2(C1−6 alkyl),−OC(=O)(C1−6 alkyl),−OCO2(C1−6 alkyl),−C(=O)NH2,−C(=O)N(C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl}), -OC(=O)(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl}), -OCO_2(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl}), -C(=O)NH_2, -C(=O)N(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>alkyl2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">alkyl_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)NH(C1−6alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)NH(C_{1-6} alkyl)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NHC(=O)(C1−6alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NHC(=O)(C_{1-6} alkyl)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(C1−6alkyl)C(=O)(C1−6alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(C_{1-6} alkyl)C(=O)(C_{1-6} alkyl)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl), <com:Math><semantics>−NHCO2(C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NHCO_2(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NHC(=O)N(C1−6 alkyl)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NHC(=O)N(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NHC(=O)NH(C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NHC(=O)NH(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NHC(=O)NH2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NHC(=O)NH_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NH)O(C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NH)O(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=NH)(C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=NH)(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=NH)OC1−6 alkyl<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=NH)OC_{1-6} \text{ alkyl}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NH)N(C1−6 alkyl)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NH)N(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NH)NH(C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NH)NH(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NH)NH2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NH)NH_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=NH)N(C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=NH)N(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>alkyl)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">alkyl)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(NH)NH(C1−6alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(NH)NH(C_{1-6} alkyl)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(NH)NH2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(NH)NH_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NHC(NH)N(C1−6alkyl)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NHC(NH)N(C_{1-6} alkyl)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NHC(=NH)NH2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NHC(=NH)NH_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NHSO2(C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NHSO_2(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2N(C1−6 alkyl)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2N(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2NH(C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2NH(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2NH2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2NH_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2OC1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OC_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>−OSO2C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OSO_2C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>−SOC1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SOC_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>−Si(C1−6)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-Si(C_{1-6})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>alkyl3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">alkyl_{3}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OSi(C1−6alkyl3−C(=S)N(C1−6alkyl2,C(=S)NH(C1−6alkyl3,C(=S)NH2,C(=S)NH2)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OSi(C_{1-6} alkyl_{3} -C(=S)N(C_{1-6} alkyl_{2}, C(=S)NH(C_{1-6} alkyl_{3}, C(=S)NH_{2}, C(=S)NH_{2})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)S(C1−6 alkyl),−C(=S)SC1−6 alkyl,−SC(=S)SC1−6 alkyl,−P(=O)(OC1−6 alkyl)2,<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)S(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl}), -C(=S)SC_{1-6} \text{ alkyl}, -SC(=S)SC_{1-6} \text{ alkyl}, -P(=O)(OC_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})_2,< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(C1−6 alkyl)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(=O)(C1−6 alkyl)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(=O)(C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OP(=O)(OC1−6 alkyl)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OP(=O)(OC_{1-6} \text{ alkyl})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6 alkyl<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6} \text{ alkyl}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> perhaloalkyl, C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl, heteroC<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub>alkyl, heteroC<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub>alkenyl, heteroC<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> 6alkynyl, C<com:Sub>3-10< / com:Sub> carbocyclyl, C<com:Sub>6-10< / com:Sub> aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal <com:Math><semantics>Rgg<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{gg}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> substituents can be joined to form =0 or =S; wherein <com:Math><semantics>X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is a counterion. In certain embodiments, the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>−ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SRaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SCN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SCN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OCO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OCO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRbbC(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{bb}C(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRbbCO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{bb}CO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, or <com:Math><semantics>−NRbbC(=O)N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{bb}C(=O)N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>. In certain embodiments, the carbon atom substituents are independently halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>−ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SRaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SCN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SCN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, or <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>. Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, -OH, -OR<com:Sup>aa< / com:Sup>, -N(R<com:Sup>cc< / com:Sup>)<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>, -CN, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRbb)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{bb})R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRcc)ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{cc})OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRcc)N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{cc})N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2Rcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2R^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SOR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=S)N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=S)N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)SRcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)SR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=S)SRcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=S)SR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(Raa)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(R^{aa})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(N(Rcc)2)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(N(R^{cc})_2)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> perhaloalkyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, <com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C1−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>alkyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>alkenyl, heteroC<com:Sub>2-10< / com:Sub>alkynyl, C<com:Sub>3-10< / com:Sub> carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C<com:Sub>6-14< / com:Sub> aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two R<com:Sup>cc< / com:Sup> groups attached to an N atom are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R<com:Sup>dd< / com:Sup> groups, and wherein R<com:Sup>aa< / com:Sup>, R<com:Sup>bb< / com:Sup>, R<com:Sup>cc< / com:Sup> and R<com:Sup>dd< / com:Sup> are as defined above. In certain embodiments, the substituent present on the nitrogen atom is an nitrogen protecting group (also referred to herein as an "amino protecting group"). Nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, -OH, -OR<com:Sup>aa< / com:Sup>, -N(R<com:Sup>cc< / com:Sup>)<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>, -C(=O)R<com:Sup>aa< / com:Sup>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRcc)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{cc})R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRcc)ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{cc})OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRcc)N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{cc})N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2Rcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2R^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2ORcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2OR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SOR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=S)N(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=S)N(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)SRcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)SR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=S)SRcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=S)SR^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>C1<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_1< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>. <com:Sub>10< / com:Sub> alkyl (e.g., aralkyl, heteroaralkyl), C<com:Sub>2-10< / com:Sub> alkenyl, C<com:Sub>2-10< / com:Sub> alkynyl, heteroC<com:Sub>1-10< / com:Sub> alkyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, hetero<com:Math><semantics>C2−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, <com:Math><semantics>C3−10<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-10}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C<com:Sub>6-14< / com:Sub> aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R<com:Sup>dd< / com:Sup> groups, and wherein R<com:Sup>aa< / com:Sup>, R<com:Sup>bb< / com:Sup>, R<com:Sup>cc< / com:Sup> and R<com:Sup>dd< / com:Sup> are as defined herein. Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3<com:Sup>rd< / com:Sup> edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. For example, nitrogen protecting groups such as amide groups <com:Math><semantics>(e.g.,−C(=O)Raa)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(e.g., -C(=O)R^{aa})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> include, but are not limited to, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p- phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N'- dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o- nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o- phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o- nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine derivative, o-nitrobenzamide and o- (benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide. Nitrogen protecting groups such as carbamate groups (e.g., <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>) include, but are not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC), 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc), 1-(3,5-di-t- butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2'- and 4'-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC or Boc), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1- isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz), p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p- bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4- methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, 2-(p- toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4- methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2- phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p- (dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2- (trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5- dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2- dimethoxyacylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate, 1,1- dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, p-(p'- methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(3,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1- methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 4- (trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate. Nitrogen protecting groups such as sulfonamide groups (e.g., -S(=O)<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>R<com:Sup>aa< / com:Sup>) include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6-trimethyl-4- methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6- dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4- methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6- trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms), β- trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide, 4-(4',8'- dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS), benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide. Other nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, phenothiazinyl- (10)-acyl derivative, N'-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N'-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5- diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3- diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5- substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4- pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine, N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM), N-3-acetoxypropylamine, N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammonium salts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine, N-5- dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr), N-[(4- methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr), N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF), N-2,7- dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm), N-2-picolylamino N'-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine, N-benzylideneamine, N-p- methoxybenzylideneamine, N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2- pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine, N-(N',N'-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N'- isopropylidenediamine, N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine, N-5- chlorosalicylideneamine, N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine, N- cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine, N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative, N-[phenyl(pentaacylchromium- or tungsten)acyl]amine, N-copper chelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4- dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4- methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfenamide, and 3- nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys). In certain embodiments, the substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to herein as an "hydroxyl protecting group"). Oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, <com:Math><semantics>−Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)SRaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)SR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRbb)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{bb})R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRbb)ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{bb})OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRbb)N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{bb})N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−Si(Raa)3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-Si(R^{aa})_3< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(Rcc)3+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(R^{cc})_3^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(ORcc)3+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(OR^{cc})_3^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(Raa)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(R^{aa})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, and <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(N(R^{bb})_2)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, wherein X<com:Sup>-< / com:Sup>, R<com:Sup>aa< / com:Sup>, R<com:Sup>bb< / com:Sup>, and R<com:Sup>cc< / com:Sup> are as defined herein. Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3<com:Sup>rd< / com:Sup> edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p- methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl, 2- methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl, bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR), tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3- bromotetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4- methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4- methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl S,S-dioxide, 1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4- methoxypiperidin-4-yl (CTMP), 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1- (2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1- benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2- (phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p- halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl, 4-picolyl, 3- methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido, diphenylmethyl, p,p'-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl, α-naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p- methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4'- bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, 4,4',4"-tris(4,5- dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl, 4,4',4"-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4',4"- tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 3-(imidazol-1-yl)bis(4',4"-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl, 1,1- bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1'-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl, 9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl- 10-oxo)anthryl, 1,3-benzodithiolan-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido, trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS), dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS), diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS), dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t- butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS), t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate, benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, 3- phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate (levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate (levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), methyl carbonate, 9- fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc), ethyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate (TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl) ethyl carbonate (Psec), 2- (triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), isobutyl carbonate, vinyl carbonate, allyl carbonate, t-butyl carbonate (BOC or Boc), p-nitrophenyl carbonate, benzyl carbonate, p- methoxybenzyl carbonate, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate, o-nitrobenzyl carbonate, p- nitrobenzyl carbonate, S-benzyl thiocarbonate, 4-ethoxy-1-napththyl carbonate, methyl dithiocarbonate, 2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o- (dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl, 4- (methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate, 2,6-dichloro-4- methylphenoxyacetate, 2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4- bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate, isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate, o-(methoxyacyl)benzoate, α-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl N-phenylcarbamate, borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate, sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate (Ts). In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a sulfur atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a "thiol protecting group"). Sulfur protecting groups include, but are not limited to, <com:Math><semantics>−Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)SRaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)SR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRbb)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{bb})R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRbb)ORaa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{bb})OR^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRbb)N(Rbb)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^{bb})N(R^{bb})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SO2Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SO_2R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−Si(Raa)3<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-Si(R^{aa})_3< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(Rcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(R^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(Rcc)3+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(R^{cc})_3^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(ORcc)3+X−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(OR^{cc})_3^+X^-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(Raa)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(R^{aa})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(ORcc)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(OR^{cc})_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, and <com:Math><semantics>−P(=O)(N(Rbb)2)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-P(=O)(N(R^{bb})_2)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, wherein <com:Math><semantics>Raa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{aa}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>Rbb<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{bb}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, and <com:Math><semantics>Rcc<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{cc}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> are as defined herein. Sulfur protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3<com:Sup>rd< / com:Sup> edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. The term "halo" or "halogen" refers to fluorine (fluoro, –F), chlorine (chloro, –Cl), bromine (bromo, –Br), or iodine (iodo, –I). The term "hydroxyl" or "hydroxy" refers to the group –OH. The term "thiol" or "thio" refers to the group –SH. The term "amine" or "amino" refers to the group <com:Math><semantics>−NH−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NH-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> or <com:Math><semantics>−NH2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NH_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>. As used herein, the term "polyethylene glycol" or "PEG" refers to an ethylene glycol polymer that contains about 20 to about 2,000,000 linked monomers, typically about 50-1,000 linked monomers, usually about 100-300. Polyethylene glycols include ethylene glycol polymer containing various numbers of linked monomers, e.g., PEG20, PEG30, PEG40, PEG60, PEG80, PEG100, PEG115, PEG200, PEG300, PEG400, PEG500, PEG600, PEG1000, PEG1500, PEG2000, PEG3350, PEG4000, PEG4600, PEG5000, PEG6000, PEG8000, PEG11000, PEG12000, PEG2000000 and any mixtures thereof. The term "salt" refers to ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. A salt is composed of one or more cations (positively charged ions) and one or more anions (negative ions) so that the salt is electrically neutral (without a net charge). Salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid, or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange. Other salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2—naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3—phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and <com:Math><semantics>N+(C1−4 alkyl)4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">N^+(C_{1-4} \text{ alkyl})_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further salts include ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1–19. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid or with organic acids, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2—naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3—phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, and <com:Math><semantics>N+(C1−4 alkyl)4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">N^+(C_{1-4} \text{ alkyl})_4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate. The term "leaving group" is given its ordinary meaning in the art of synthetic organic chemistry and refers to an atom or a group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile. Examples of suitable leaving groups include halogen (such as F, Cl, Br, or I (iodine)), alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, alkanesulfonyloxy, arenesulfonyloxy, alkyl-carbonyloxy (e.g., acetoxy), arylcarbonyloxy, aryloxy, methoxy, N,O- dimethylhydroxylamino, pixyl, and haloformates. In some cases, the leaving group is a sulfonic acid ester, such as toluenesulfonate (tosylate, –OTs), methanesulfonate (mesylate, -OMs), p-bromobenzenesulfonyloxy (brosylate, -OBs), -OS(=O)<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>(CF<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>)<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>CF<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub> (nonaflate, - ONf), or trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate, -OTf). In some cases, the leaving group is a brosylate, such as p-bromobenzenesulfonyloxy. In some cases, the leaving group is a nosylate, such as 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy. In some embodiments, the leaving group is a sulfonate-containing group. In some embodiments, the leaving group is a tosylate group. The leaving group may also be a phosphineoxide (e.g., formed during a Mitsunobu reaction) or an internal leaving group such as an epoxide or cyclic sulfate. Other examples of leaving groups are water, ammonia, alcohols, ether moieties, thioether moieties, zinc halides, magnesium moieties, diazonium salts, and copper moieties. The terms "composition" and "formulation" are used interchangeably. A "subject" to which administration is contemplated refers to a human (i.e., male or female of any age group, e.g., pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child, or adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle—aged adult, or senior adult)) or non—human animal. In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal (e.g., primate (e.g., cynomolgus monkey or rhesus monkey), commercially relevant mammal (e.g., cattle, pig, horse, sheep, goat, cat, or dog), or bird (e.g., commercially relevant bird, such as chicken, duck, goose, or turkey)). In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a fish, reptile, or amphibian. The non-human animal may be a male or female at any stage of development. The non-human animal may be a transgenic animal or genetically engineered animal. The term "administer," "administering," or "administration" refers to implanting, absorbing, injecting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing a compound described herein, or a composition thereof, in or on a subject. The terms "treatment," "treat," and "treating" refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more signs or symptoms of the disease have developed or have been observed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of signs or symptoms of the disease. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible subject prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and / or in light of exposure to a pathogen). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to delay and / or prevent recurrence. The term "prevent," "preventing," or "prevention" refers to a prophylactic treatment of a subject who is not and was not with a disease but is at risk of developing the disease or who was with a disease, is not with the disease, but is at risk of regression of the disease. In certain embodiments, the subject is at a higher risk of developing the disease or at a higher risk of regression of the disease than an average healthy member of a population of subjects. The terms "condition," "disease," and "disorder" are used interchangeably. An "effective amount" of a compound described herein refers to an amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response. An effective amount of a compound described herein may vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the condition being treated, the mode of administration, and the age and health of the subject. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein in a single dose. In certain embodiments, an effective amount is the combined amounts of a compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein in multiple doses. A "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound described herein is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the condition. A therapeutically effective amount of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of the condition. The term "therapeutically effective amount" can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms, signs, or causes of the condition, and / or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent... A "prophylactically effective amount" of a compound described herein is an amount sufficient to prevent a condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the condition or prevent its recurrence. A prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the condition. The term "prophylactically effective amount" can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent. The term "therapeutic agent" includes an agent that is capable of providing a local or systemic biological, physiological, or therapeutic effect in the biological system to which it is applied. For example, a therapeutic agent can act to control tumor growth, control infection or inflammation, act as an analgesic, promote anti-cell attachment, and enhance bone growth, among other functions. Other suitable therapeutic agents can include anti-viral agents, hormones, antibodies, or therapeutic proteins. Other therapeutic agents include prodrugs, which are agents that are not biologically active when administered but, upon administration to a subject are converted to biologically active agents through metabolism or some other mechanism. The term "prodrug" refer to a compound that becomes active, e.g., by solvolysis, reduction, oxidation, or under physiological conditions, to provide a pharmaceutically active compound, e.g., in vivo. A prodrug can include a derivative of a pharmaceutically active compound, such as, for example, to form an ester by reaction of the acid, or acid anhydride, or mixed anhydrides moieties of the prodrug moiety with the hydroxyl moiety of the pharmaceutical active compound. The term "small molecule" refers to molecules, whether naturally-occurring or artificially created (e.g., via chemical synthesis) that have a relatively low molecular weight. Typically, a small molecule is an organic compound (i.e., it contains carbon). The small molecule may contain multiple carbon-carbon bonds, stereocenters, and other functional groups (e.g., amines, hydroxyl, carbonyls, and heterocyclic rings, etc.). In certain embodiments, the molecular weight of a small molecule is not more than 2,000 g / mol. In certain embodiments, the molecular weight of a small molecule is not more than 1,500 g / mol. In certain embodiments, the molecular weight of a small molecule is not more than 1,000 g / mol, not more than 900 g / mol, not more than 800 g / mol, not more than 700 g / mol, not more than 600 g / mol, not more than 500 g / mol, not more than 400 g / mol, not more than 300 g / mol, not more than 200 g / mol, or not more than 100 g / mol. In certain embodiments, the molecular weight of a small molecule is at least 100 g / mol, at least 200 g / mol, at least 300 g / mol, at least 400 g / mol, at least 500 g / mol, at least 600 g / mol, at least 700 g / mol, at least 800 g / mol, or at least 900 g / mol, or at least 1,000 g / mol. Combinations of the above ranges (e.g., at least 200 g / mol and not more than 500 g / mol) are also possible. In certain embodiments, the small molecule is a therapeutically active agent such as a drug (e.g., a molecule approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as provided in the Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.)). The small molecule may also be complexed with one or more metal atoms and / or metal ions. In this instance, the small molecule is also referred to as a "small organometallic molecule." Preferred small molecules are biologically active in that they produce a biological effect in animals, preferably mammals, more preferably humans. Small molecules include radionuclides and imaging agents. In certain embodiments, the small molecule is a drug. Preferably, though not necessarily, the drug is one that has already been deemed safe and effective for use in humans or animals by the appropriate governmental agency or regulatory body. For example, drugs approved for human use are listed by the FDA under 21 C.F.R. §§ 330.5, 331 through 361, and 440 through 460; drugs for veterinary use are listed by the FDA under 21 C.F.R. §§ 500 through 589 All listed drugs are considered acceptable for use in accordance with the present invention. A "protein," "peptide," or "polypeptide" comprises a polymer of amino acid residues linked together by peptide bonds. The term refers to proteins, polypeptides, and peptides of any size, structure, or function. A protein may refer to an individual protein or a collection of proteins. Proteins preferably contain only natural amino acids, although non-natural amino acids (i.e., compounds that do not occur in nature but that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain) and / or amino acid analogs as are known in the art may alternatively be employed. In certain embodiments, the amino acid residues of a peptide are alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and / or valine, in D and / or L form. In certain embodiments, the amino acid residues of a peptide are alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and / or valine, in L form. One or more of the amino acids in a protein may be protected. Also, one or more of the amino acids in a protein may be modified, for example, by the addition of a chemical entity such as a carbohydrate group, a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, a farnesyl group, an isofarnesyl group, a fatty acid group, a linker for conjugation or functionalization, or other modification. A protein may also be a single molecule or may be a multi-molecular complex. A protein may be a fragment of a naturally occurring protein or peptide. A protein may be naturally occurring, recombinant, synthetic, or any combination of these. In certain embodiments, a protein comprises between 2 and 10, between 10 and 30, between 30 and 100, between 100 and 300, or between 300 and 1,000, inclusive, amino acids. In certain embodiments, the amino acids in a protein are natural amino acids. In certain embodiments, the amino acids in a protein are unnatural amino acids. In certain embodiments, the amino acids in a protein are a combination of natural amino acids and unnatural amino acids. The disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the above exemplary listing of substituents. Additional terms may be defined in other sections of this disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The figures are exemplary and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure. FIGs. 1A and 1B show an exemplary synthesis of Brush macromolecular prodrugs (FIG. 1A) and modulating release kinetics of the BET inhibitors from Brush prodrugs via tuning linker structure (FIG. 1B). FIGs. 2A to 2F show the in vitro release profile of Brush prodrugs T1 to T6. FIG. 2A shows the macromolecule (MM) used for preparing T1 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of T1. FIG. 2B shows the MM used for preparing T2 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of T2. FIG. 2C shows the MM used for preparing T3 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of T3. FIG. 2D shows the MM used for preparing T4 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of T4. FIG. 2E shows the MM used for preparing T5 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of T5. FIG. 2F shows the MM used for preparing T6 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of T6. FIGs. 3A to 3D show the in vitro release profile of Brush prodrugs B1 to B4. FIG. 3A shows the MM used for preparing B1 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of B1. FIG. 3B shows the MM used for preparing B2 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of B2. FIG. 3C shows the MM used for preparing B3 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of B3. FIG. 3D shows the MM used for preparing B4 and the <com:Math><semantics>t1 / 2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">t_{1 / 2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of B4. FIG. 4A shows an exemplary release of a pharmaceutical agent from a Brush prodrug. FIG. 4B shows that the release of the pharmaceutical agents from the Brush prodrugs is tunable. FIGs. 5A to 5F show the efficacy of Brush prodrug B4 in orthotopic, syngeneic tumor. FIG. 5A shows the tumor volume, and FIG. 5B shows the tumor weight, after B4 doses, or API (OTX-015 (OTX015 or OTX-15), as a competitor) doses (b.i.d. daily as a PO bolus). At the 500 mpk dose (both 4x and 6x) B4 was as effective in reducing final tumor weight at a lower cumulative dose than the tolerated dose of API. No weight loss was observed in any of the B4 regimens, while even the tolerated dose of API at 100 mpk BID shows minor weight loss (FIG. 5C). Similar dosing regimen was followed for T2, and the tumor volumes are shown in FIG. 5D. At the 500 mpk dose (both 4x and 6x) T2 was as effective in reducing final tumor weight (stats) at a lower cumulative dose than the tolerated dose of API (FIG. 5E). No weight loss was observed in any of the T2 regimens, while even the tolerated doses of API at 5 mpk and 10 mpk show minor weight loss (FIG. 5F). In FIGs. 5D to 5F, "iBET" refers to OTX-015. FIGs. 6A to 6D show the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of Brush prodrug B4. FIG. 6A shows biodistribution of the B4 quantified using fluorescence signal (n=5) in homogenized tissue samples. FIG. 6B shows that B4 displayed favorable accumulation in tumors compared to other organs. A representative whole organ fluorescent imaging shows accumulation of OTX-015 in tumor. FIG. 6C shows tumor pharmacokinetics of B4 in mice treated with B4. B4 provides sustained release of OTX-015 at the tumor site. FIG. 6D shows assessment of free drug in whole blood of mice administered OTX-015 or B4 (n=5), and that linker design modulated serum stability. FIGs. 7A and 7B show Brush prodrug B4 offer efficacy without systemic side effects. FIG. 7A shows significant reduction of OTX-015-caused toxicity in gut is achieved with B4 compared to free OTX-015 as evident by preservation of c-Myc production in cell of gut lining. Concurrently, in-tumor efficacy of B4 is comparable to free OTX-015 as shown by modulation of c-Myc, CD180, and HEXIM1. FIG. 7B shows B4 prevents systemic toxicity associated with BET inhibition in bone marrow. Platelets, reticulocytes, and white blood cells (WBC) levels are not affected in mice treated with B4 (n=5) compared to group treated with free OTX-015. FIG. 8 shows exemplary release of a pharmaceutical agent (niraparib) from two different brush prodrugs, P1 and P2. FIG. 9 shows the GPC chromatogram of T2. FIG. 10 shows the DLS analysis of ROMP aliquot of T2. FIG. 11 shows the MALDI-MS spectrum of T2-MM. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure provides, in some aspects, macromonomers, and salts thereof; methods of preparing the macromonomers, and salts thereof; Brush prodrugs (polymers); methods of preparing the Brush prodrugs; pharmaceutical compositions comprising a Brush prodrug; kits comprising: a macromonomer, or a salt thereof, a Brush prodrug, or a pharmaceutical composition; methods of using the Brush prodrugs; and uses of the Brush prodrugs. Macromonomers In one aspect, the present disclosure provides macromonomers of Formula (I): [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] <com:Math><semantics>(I)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(I)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, and salts thereof, wherein: each instance of R<com:Sup>A< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, halogen, or substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl; a is an integer from 1 to 20, inclusive; [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] each instance of -Y-Z- is independently [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] each instance of M is independently hydrogen or a pharmaceutical agent; each instance of m is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of L is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-200< / com:Sub> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, or <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene, wherein: optionally one or more carbons in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-200< / com:Sub> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkenylene, and C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; and optionally one or more heteroatoms in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkenylene, and substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; provided that when each instance of M is hydrogen, at least one instance of – <com:Math><semantics>L(M)m<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">L(M)_m< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> comprises a click-chemistry handle; each instance of W is independently a single bond, –O–, –S–, or –NR<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup>–; each instance of R<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each instance of W' is independently -O-, -S-, or -NR<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup>-; each instance of R<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> and R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, <com:Math><semantics>−ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SCN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SCN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>C(=NRa)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C(=NR^a)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>NRaC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">NR^{a}C(=O)OR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{a}C(=O)N(R^{a})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)R^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)OR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, or <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)N(R^{a})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>; each instance of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom; or two instances of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl; each instance of T is independently a single bond, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>- 20 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, or <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene, wherein: optionally one or more carbons in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, and <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; and optionally one or more heteroatoms in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, and substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; each instance of R<com:Sup>B< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, halogen, or substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl; each instance of b is independently an integer from 1 to 20, inclusive; e is an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; and X is <com:Math><semantics>ORC<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">OR^{C}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> or <com:Math><semantics>N(RD)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">N(R^{D})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, wherein: <com:Math><semantics>RC<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{C}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>-<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> heteroalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynyl, an oxygen protecting group, or a leaving group; and each instance of R<com:Sup>D< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-1000 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>- 1000 heteroalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>-1000 heteroalkynyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, the macromonomers of the disclosure are macromonomers of Formula (I), and salts thereof, wherein: each instance of R<com:Sup>A< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, halogen, or substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl; a is an integer from 1 to 20, inclusive; [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] each instance of -Y-Z- is independently [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] each instance of M is independently hydrogen or a pharmaceutical agent; each instance of m is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of L is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-200< / com:Sub> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, or <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene, wherein: optionally one or more carbons in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, and <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; and optionally one or more heteroatoms in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkenylene, and substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; provided that when each instance of M is hydrogen, at least one instance of – <com:Math><semantics>L(M)m<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">L(M)_m< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> comprises a click-chemistry handle; each instance of W is independently a single bond or -O-; each instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> and R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, <com:Math><semantics>−ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SCN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SCN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>C(=NRa)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C(=NR^a)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>NRaC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">NR^{a}C(=O)OR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{a}C(=O)N(R^{a})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)R^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)OR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, or <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)N(R^{a})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>; each instance of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom; or two instances of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl; each instance of T is independently a single bond, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>- 20 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, or <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene, wherein: optionally one or more carbons in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-20< / com:Sub> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, and <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; and optionally one or more heteroatoms in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> heteroalkenylene, and substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; each instance of R<com:Sup>B< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, halogen, or substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl; each instance of b is independently an integer from 1 to 20, inclusive; e is an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; and X is <com:Math><semantics>ORC<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">OR^{C}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> or <com:Math><semantics>N(RD)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">N(R^{D})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, wherein: R<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup> is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-1000< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>-1000 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>-1000 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>-1000 heteroalkynyl, an oxygen protecting group, or a leaving group; and each instance of R<com:Sup>D< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-<com:Sub>1000< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−1000<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-1000}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1< / com:Sub>-1000 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>- 1000 heteroalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>-1000 heteroalkynyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] > or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] > 5 or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] > or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] 3 5 or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof. When Formula (I) includes two or more instances of a moiety, the two or more instances of the moiety are independent from each other (e.g., any two of them may be the same or different). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>A< / com:Sup> is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of RA is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>A< / com:Sup> is halogen (e.g., F). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>A< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl (e.g., unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, e.g., Me). In certain embodiments, a is 1. In certain embodiments, a is an integer from 2 to 20, inclusive. In certain embodiments, a is 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In certain embodiments, a is 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, a is 5. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of -Y-Z- is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] • ٠ In certain embodiments, at least one instance of -Y-Z- is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of <com:Math><semantics>−Y−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-Y-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of – [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] In certain embodiments, at least one instance [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] of <com:Math><semantics>−Y−Z−i<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-Y-Z-i< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> . In certain embodiments, at least one [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] instance of -Y-Z- is . In certain embodiments, each [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] instance of -Y-Z- is independently [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] 5 In certain embodiments, at least one instance of -Y-Z- is نجح * <com:Math><semantics>QRK<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">QR^{K}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>ℝ𝕃<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">\mathbb{R}^{\mathbb{L}}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> 333 ORK <com:Math><semantics>ℝ𝖫<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">\mathbb{R}^{\mathsf{L}}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> W -W W T-M Ŵ'- T-M <com:Math><semantics>RK′<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{K'}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> ÌR<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> <com:Math><semantics>Jm<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">J_{m}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> (e.g., R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> ÌR<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> ). In certain کمی <com:Math><semantics>RK<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{K}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>RL<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{L}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> T-M embodiments, at least one instance of -Y-Z- is <com:Math><semantics>RK<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{K}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>RL<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{L}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> . In certain [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] embodiments, at least one instance of -Y-Z- is In [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] 5 certain embodiments, at least one instance of -Y-Z- is . In [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] certain embodiments, at least one instance of -Y-Z- is . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of -Y-Z- is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of -Y-Z- [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] . In certain embodiments, each instance of -Y-Z- is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] independently ). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of M is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, no instance of M is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is a pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, each instance of M is independently a pharmaceutical agent. The pharmaceutical agents include chemical compounds and mixtures of chemical compounds, e.g., small organic or inorganic molecules; saccharines; oligosaccharides; polysaccharides; biological macromolecules, e.g., peptides, proteins, and peptide analogs and derivatives; peptidomimetics; antibodies and antigen binding fragments thereof; nucleic acids; nucleic acid analogs and derivatives; an extract made from biological materials such as bacteria, plants, fungi, or animal cells; animal tissues; naturally occurring or synthetic compositions; and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent is a peptide or protein. Exemplary pharmaceutical agents include, but are not limited to, those found in Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th Edition, Eds. T.R. Harrison et al. McGraw-Hill N.Y., NY; Physicians' Desk Reference, 50th Edition, 1997, Oradell New Jersey, Medical Economics Co.; Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th Edition, Goodman and Gilman, 1990; United States Pharmacopeia, The National Formulary, USP XII NF XVII, 1990; current edition of Goodman and Oilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics; and current edition of The Merck Index. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, each instance of M is a therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, exemplary therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the agents listed in Paragraph 0148 of U.S. Patent No. 9,381,253. In other embodiments, exemplary therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the therapeutic agents listed in WO 2013 / 169739, including the anti-hypertensive and / or a collagen modifying agents ("AHCM") disclosed, e.g., in Paragraphs 40-49, 283, 286-295; the microenviroment modulators disclosed, e.g., in Paragraphs 113-121, of WO 2013 / 169739. Examples of therapeutic agents also include, but are not limited to, antimicrobial agents, analgesics, antinflammatory agents, counterirritants, coagulation modifying agents, diuretics, sympathomimetics, anorexics, antacids and other gastrointestinal agents; antiparasitics, antidepressants, antihypertensives, anticholinergics, stimulants, antihormones, central and respiratory stimulants, drug antagonists, lipid-regulating agents, uricosurics, cardiac glycosides, electrolytes, ergot and derivatives thereof, expectorants, hypnotics and sedatives, antidiabetic agents, dopaminergic agents, antiemetics, muscle relaxants, para- sympathomimetics, anticonvulsants, antihistamines, beta-blockers, purgatives, antiarrhythmics, contrast materials, radiopharmaceuticals, antiallergic agents, tranquilizers, vasodilators, antiviral agents, and antineoplastic or cytostatic agents or other agents with anticancer properties, or a combination thereof. Other suitable therapeutic agents include contraceptives and vitamins as well as micro- and macronutrients. Still other examples include antiinfectives such as antibiotics and antiviral agents; analgesics and analgesic combinations; anorexics; antiheimintics; antiarthritics; antiasthmatic agents; anticonvulsants; antidepressants; antidiuretic agents; antidiarrleals; antihistamines; antiinflammatory agents; antimigraine preparations; antinauseants; antineoplastics; antiparkinsonism drugs; antipruritics; antipsychotics; antipyretics, antispasmodics; anticholinergics; sympathomimetics; xanthine derivatives; cardiovascular preparations including calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers such as pindolol and antiarrhythmics; antihypertensives; diuretics; vasodilators including general coronary, peripheral and cerebral; central nervous system stimulants; cough and cold preparations, including decongestants; hormones such as estradiol and other steroids, including corticosteroids; hypnotics; immunosuppressives; muscle relaxants; parasympatholytics; psychostimulants; sedatives; and tranquilizers; and naturally derived or genetically engineered proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or lipoproteins. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is an anti- cancer agent. Anti-cancer agents encompass biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents as well as chemotherapeutic agents. Exemplary biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, interferons, cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, interferon <com:Math><semantics>α<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">\alpha< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, interferon <com:Math><semantics>γ<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">\gamma< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>), vaccines, hematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal serotherapy, immunostimulants and / or immunodulatory agents (e.g., IL-1, 2, 4, 6, or 12), immune cell growth factors (e.g., GM-CSF) and antibodies (e.g., HERCEPTIN (trastuzumab), T-DM1, AVASTIN (bevacizumab), ERBITUX (cetuximab), VECTIBIX (panitumumab), RITUXAN (rituximab), BEXXAR (tositumomab)). Exemplary chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, anti-estrogens (e.g., tamoxifen, raloxifene, and megestrol), LHRH agonists (e.g., goscrclin and leuprolide), anti-androgens (e.g., flutamide and bicalutamide), photodynamic therapies (e.g., vertoporfin (BPD-MA), phthalocyanine, photosensitizer Pc4, and demethoxy-hypocrellin A (2BA-2-DMHA)), nitrogen mustards (e.g., cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide, chlorambucil, estramustine, and melphalan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)), alkylsulphonates (e.g., busulfan and treosulfan), triazenes (e.g., dacarbazine, temozolomide), platinum containing compounds (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin), vinca alkaloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinorelbine), taxoids (e.g., paclitaxel or a paclitaxel equivalent) docosahexaenoic acid bound-paclitaxel (DHA-paclitaxel, Taxoprexin), polyglutamate bound-paclitaxel (PG-paclitaxel, paclitaxel poliglumex, CT-2103, XYOTAX), the tumor- activated prodrug (TAP) ANG1005 (Angiopep-2 bound to three molecules of paclitaxel), paclitaxel-EC-1 (paclitaxel bound to the erbB2-recognizing peptide EC-1), and glucose- conjugated paclitaxel, e.g., 2'-paclitaxel methyl 2-glucopyranosyl succinate; docetaxel, taxol), epipodophyllins (e.g., etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, topotecan, 9- aminocamptothecin, camptoirinotecan, irinotecan, crisnatol, mytomycin C), anti- metabolites, DHFR inhibitors (e.g., methotrexate, dichloromethotrexate, trimetrexate, edatrexate), IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (e.g., mycophenolic acid, tiazofurin, ribavirin, and EICAR), ribonuclotide reductase inhibitors (e.g., hydroxyurea and deferoxamine), uracil analogs (e.g., 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), floxuridine, doxifluridine, ratitrexed, tegafur- uracil, capecitabine), cytosine analogs (e.g., cytarabine (ara C), cytosine arabinoside, and fludarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine and Thioguanine), Vitamin D3 analogs (e.g., EB 1089, CB 1093, and KH 1060), isoprenylation inhibitors (e.g., lovastatin), dopaminergic neurotoxins (e.g., 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion), cell cycle inhibitors (e.g., staurosporine), actinomycin (e.g., actinomycin D, dactinomycin), bleomycin (e.g., bleomycin A2, bleomycin B2, peplomycin), anthracycline (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin, pirarubicin, zorubicin, mitoxantrone), MDR inhibitors (e.g., verapamil), Ca<com:Sup>2+< / com:Sup> ATPase inhibitors (e.g., thapsigargin), imatinib, thalidomide, lenalidomide, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., axitinib (AG013736), bosutinib (SKI-606), cediranib (RECENTIN<com:Sup>TM< / com:Sup>, AZD2171), dasatinib (SPRYCEL®, BMS-354825), erlotinib (TARCEVA®), gefitinib (IRESSA®), imatinib (Gleevec<com:Sup>®< / com:Sup>, CGP57148B, STI-571), lapatinib (TYKERB<com:Sup>®< / com:Sup>, TYVERB<com:Sup>®< / com:Sup>), lestaurtinib (CEP- 701), neratinib (HKI-272), nilotinib (TASIGNA®), semaxanib (semaxinib, SU5416), sunitinib (SUTENT®, SU11248), toceranib (PALLADIA®), vandetanib (ZACTIMA®, ZD6474), vatalanib (PTK787, PTK / ZK), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®), bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), rituximab (RITUXAN®), cetuximab (ERBITUX®), panitumumab (VECTIBIX®), ranibizumab (Lucentis®), nilotinib (TASIGNA®), sorafenib (NEXAVAR®), everolimus (AFINITOR®), alemtuzumab (CAMPATH®), gemtuzumab ozogamicin (MYLOTARG®), temsirolimus (TORISEL®), ENMD-2076, PCI-32765, AC220, dovitinib lactate (TKI258, CHIR-258), BIBW 2992 (TOVOK<com:Sup>TM< / com:Sup>), SGX523, PF- 04217903, PF-02341066, PF-299804, BMS-777607, ABT-869, MP470, BIBF 1120 (VARGATEF®), AP24534, JNJ-26483327, MGCD265, DCC-2036, BMS-690154, CEP- 11981, tivozanib (AV-951), OSI-930, MM-121, XL-184, XL-647, and / or XL228), proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib (VELCADE)), mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin, temsirolimus (CCI-779), everolimus (RAD-001), ridaforolimus, AP23573 (Ariad), AZD8055 (AstraZeneca), BEZ235 (Novartis), BGT226 (Norvartis), XL765 (Sanofi Aventis), PF-4691502 (Pfizer), GDC0980 (Genetech), SF1126 (Semafoe), and OSI-027 (OSI)), oblimersen, gemcitabine, carminomycin, leucovorin, pemetrexed, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, procarbizine, prednisolone, dexamethasone, campathecin, plicamycin, asparaginase, aminopterin, methopterin, porfiromycin, melphalan, leurosidine, leurosine, chlorambucil, trabectedin, procarbazine, discodermolide, carminomycin, aminopterin, and hexamethyl melamine. In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer agent is abiraterone acetate (e.g., ZYTIGA), ABVD, ABVE, ABVE-PC, AC, AC-T, ADE, ado- trastuzumab emtansine (e.g., KADCYLA), afatinib dimaleate (e.g., GILOTRIF), aldesleukin (e.g., PROLEUKIN), alemtuzumab (e.g., CAMPATH), anastrozole (e.g., ARIMIDEX), arsenic trioxide (e.g., TRISENOX), asparaginase erwinia chrysanthemi (e.g., ERWINAZE), axitinib (e.g., INLYTA), azacitidine (e.g., MYLOSAR, VIDAZA), BEACOPP, belinostat (e.g., BELEODAQ), bendamustine hydrochloride (e.g., TREANDA), BEP, bevacizumab (e.g., AVASTIN), bicalutamide (e.g., CASODEX), bleomycin (e.g., BLENOXANE), blinatumomab (e.g., BLINCYTO), bortezomib (e.g., VELCADE), bosutinib (e.g., BOSULIF), brentuximab vedotin (e.g., ADCETRIS), busulfan (e.g., BUSULFEX, MYLERAN), cabazitaxel (e.g., JEVTANA), cabozantinib-s- malate (e.g., COMETRIQ), CAF, capecitabine (e.g., XELODA), CAPOX, carboplatin (e.g., PARAPLAT, PARAPLATIN), carboplatin-taxol, carfilzomib (e.g., KYPROLIS), carmustine (e.g., BECENUM, BICNU, CARMUBRIS), carmustine implant (e.g., GLIADEL WAFER, GLIADEL), ceritinib (e.g., ZYKADIA), cetuximab (e.g., ERBITUX), chlorambucil (e.g., AMBOCHLORIN, AMBOCLORIN, LEUKERAN, LINFOLIZIN), chlorambucil-prednisone, CHOP, cisplatin (e.g., PLATINOL, PLATINOL-AQ), clofarabine (e.g., CLOFAREX, CLOLAR), CMF, COPP, COPP-ABV, crizotinib (e.g., XALKORI), CVP, cyclophosphamide (e.g., CLAFEN, CYTOXAN, NEOSAR), cytarabine (e.g., CYTOSAR-U, TARABINE PFS), dabrafenib (e.g., TAFINLAR), dacarbazine (e.g., DTIC-DOME), dactinomycin (e.g., COSMEGEN), dasatinib (e.g., SPRYCEL), daunorubicin hydrochloride (e.g., CERUBIDINE), decitabine (e.g., DACOGEN), degarelix, denileukin diftitox (e.g., ONTAK), denosumab (e.g., PROLIA, XGEVA), Dinutuximab (e.g., UNITUXIN), docetaxel (e.g., TAXOTERE), doxorubicin hydrochloride (e.g., ADRIAMYCIN PFS, ADRIAMYCIN RDF), doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome (e.g., DOXIL, DOX-SL, EVACET, LIPODOX), enzalutamide (e.g., XTANDI), epirubicin hydrochloride (e.g., ELLENCE), EPOCH, erlotinib hydrochloride (e.g., TARCEVA), etoposide (e.g., TOPOSAR, VEPESID), etoposide phosphate (e.g., ETOPOPHOS), everolimus (e.g., AFINITOR DISPERZ, AFINITOR), exemestane (e.g., AROMASIN), FEC, fludarabine phosphate (e.g., FLUDARA), fluorouracil (e.g., ADRUCIL, EFUDEX, FLUOROPLEX), FOLFIRI, FOLFIRI- BEVACIZUMAB, FOLFIRI-CETUXIMAB, FOLFIRINOX, FOLFOX, FU-LV, fulvestrant (e.g., FASLODEX), gefitinib (e.g., IRESSA), gemcitabine hydrochloride (e.g., GEMZAR), gemcitabine-cisplatin, gemcitabine-oxaliplatin, goserelin acetate (e.g., ZOLADEX), Hyper-CVAD, ibritumomab tiuxetan (e.g., ZEVALIN), ibrutinib (e.g., IMBRUVICA), ICE, idelalisib (e.g., ZYDELIG), ifosfamide (e.g., CYFOS, IFEX, IFOSFAMIDUM), imatinib mesylate (e.g., GLEEVEC), imiquimod (e.g., ALDARA), ipilimumab (e.g., YERVOY), irinotecan hydrochloride (e.g., CAMPTOSAR), ixabepilone (e.g., IXEMPRA), lanreotide acetate (e.g., SOMATULINE DEPOT), lapatinib ditosylate (e.g., TYKERB), lenalidomide (e.g., REVLIMID), lenvatinib (e.g., LENVIMA), letrozole (e.g., FEMARA), leucovorin calcium (e.g., WELLCOVORIN), leuprolide acetate (e.g., LUPRON DEPOT, LUPRON DEPOT-3 MONTH, LUPRON DEPOT-4 MONTH, LUPRON DEPOT-PED, LUPRON, VIADUR), liposomal cytarabine (e.g., DEPOCYT), lomustine (e.g., CEENU), mechlorethamine hydrochloride (e.g., MUSTARGEN), megestrol acetate (e.g., MEGACE), mercaptopurine (e.g., PURINETHOL, PURIXAN), methotrexate (e.g., ABITREXATE, FOLEX PFS, FOLEX, METHOTREXATE LPF, MEXATE, MEXATE-AQ), mitomycin c (e.g., MITOZYTREX, MUTAMYCIN), mitoxantrone hydrochloride, MOPP, nelarabine (e.g., ARRANON), nilotinib (e.g., TASIGNA), nivolumab (e.g., OPDIVO), obinutuzumab (e.g., GAZYVA), OEPA, ofatumumab (e.g., ARZERRA), OFF, olaparib (e.g., LYNPARZA), omacetaxine mepesuccinate (e.g., SYNRIBO), OPPA, OTX-015, oxaliplatin (e.g., ELOXATIN), paclitaxel (e.g., TAXOL), paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation (e.g., ABRAXANE), PAD, palbociclib (e.g., IBRANCE), pamidronate disodium (e.g., AREDIA), panitumumab (e.g., VECTIBIX), panobinostat (e.g., FARYDAK), pazopanib hydrochloride (e.g., VOTRIENT), pegaspargase (e.g., ONCASPAR), peginterferon alfa-2b (e.g., PEG-INTRON), peginterferon alfa-2b (e.g., SYLATRON), pembrolizumab (e.g., KEYTRUDA), pemetrexed disodium (e.g., ALIMTA), pertuzumab (e.g., PERJETA), plerixafor (e.g., MOZOBIL), pomalidomide (e.g., POMALYST), ponatinib hydrochloride (e.g., ICLUSIG), pralatrexate (e.g., FOLOTYN), prednisone, procarbazine hydrochloride (e.g., MATULANE), radium 223 dichloride (e.g., XOFIGO), raloxifene hydrochloride (e.g., EVISTA, KEOXIFENE), ramucirumab (e.g., CYRAMZA), R-CHOP, recombinant HPV bivalent vaccine (e.g., CERVARIX), recombinant human papillomavirus (e.g., HPV) nonavalent vaccine (e.g., GARDASIL 9), recombinant human papillomavirus (e.g., HPV) quadrivalent vaccine (e.g., GARDASIL), recombinant interferon alfa-2b (e.g., INTRON A), regorafenib (e.g., STIVARGA), rituximab (e.g., RITUXAN), romidepsin (e.g., ISTODAX), ruxolitinib phosphate (e.g., JAKAFI), siltuximab (e.g., SYLVANT), sipuleucel-t (e.g., PROVENGE), sorafenib tosylate (e.g., NEXAVAR), STANFORD V, sunitinib malate (e.g., SUTENT), TAC, tamoxifen citrate (e.g., NOLVADEX, NOVALDEX), temozolomide (e.g., METHAZOLASTONE, TEMODAR), temsirolimus (e.g., TORISEL), thalidomide (e.g., SYNOVIR, THALOMID), thiotepa, topotecan hydrochloride (e.g., HYCAMTIN), toremifene (e.g., FARESTON), tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab (e.g., BEXXAR), TPF, trametinib (e.g., MEKINIST), trastuzumab (e.g., HERCEPTIN), VAMP, vandetanib (e.g., CAPRELSA), VEIP, vemurafenib (e.g., ZELBORAF), vinblastine sulfate (e.g., VELBAN, VELSAR), vincristine sulfate (e.g., VINCASAR PFS), vincristine sulfate liposome (e.g., MARQIBO), vinorelbine tartrate (e.g., NAVELBINE), vismodegib (e.g., ERIVEDGE), vorinostat (e.g., ZOLINZA), XELIRI, XELOX, ziv-aflibercept (e.g., ZALTRAP), or zoledronic acid (e.g., ZOMETA), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a bromodomain inhibitor. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a bromo and extra terminal protein (BET) inhibitor. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a bromodomain-containing protein 2 (BRD2) inhibitor, bromodomain-containing protein 3 (BRD3) inhibitor, bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor, TBP (TATA box binding protein)-associated factor protein (TAF) (e.g., TAF1 or TAF1L) inhibitor, CREB- binding protein (CBP) inhibitor, or E1A binding protein p300 (EP300) inhibitor. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is a PARP inhibitor, ALK inhibitor, or STING ligand. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is OTX-015. [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] embodiments, at least one instance of –T–M is: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent. In certain embodiments, each instance of M is a prophylactic agent. Prophylactic agents that can be included in the conjugates of the invention include, but are not limited to, antibiotics, nutritional supplements, and vaccines. Vaccines may comprise isolated proteins or peptides, inactivated organisms and viruses, dead organisms and viruses, genetically altered organisms or viruses, and cell extracts. Prophylactic agents may be combined with interleukins, interferon, cytokines, and adjuvants such as cholera toxin, alum, Freund's adjuvant. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent. In certain embodiments, each instance of M is a diagnostic agent. Exemplary diagnostic agents include, but are not limited to, fluorescent molecules; gases; metals; imaging agents, such as commercially available imaging agents used in positron emissions tomography (PET), computer assisted tomography (CAT), single photon emission computerized tomography, x-ray, fluoroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); and contrast agents. Examples of suitable materials for use as contrast agents in MRI include gadolinium chelates, as well as iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, and chromium. Examples of materials useful for CAT and x-ray imaging include iodine-based materials. In certain embodiments, the diagnostic agent is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), such as iron oxide particles or gadolinium complexes. Gadolinium complexes that have been approved for clinical use include gadolinium chelates with DTPA, DTPA-BMA, DOTA and HP-DO3A which are reviewed in Aime, et al. (Chemical Society Reviews (1998), 27:19-29). In certain embodiments, the diagnostic agent is a metal, inorganic compound, organometallic compound, organic compound, or salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent contains a metal selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, rutherfordium, dubnium, seaborgium, bohrium, hassium, meitnerium, gadolinium, gallium, thallium, and barium. In certain embodiments, the diagnostic agent is an organic compound. In certain embodiments, the diagnostic agent is metal-free. In certain embodiments, the diagnostic agent is a metal-free organic compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent. In certain embodiments, the MRI agent is gadolinium. In certain embodiments, the MRI agent is a nitroxide radical-containing compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent is a nuclear medicine imaging agent. In certain embodiments, the nuclear medicine imaging agent is selected from the group consisting of <com:Sup>64< / com:Sup>Cu diacetyl-bis(N<com:Sup>4< / com:Sup>-methylthiosemicarbazone) (<com:Sup>64< / com:Sup>Cu-ASTM), <com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F- fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), <com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F-fluoride, 3'-deoxy-3'-[<com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F]fluorothymidine (FLT), <com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F- fluoromisonidazole (FMISO), gallium, technetium-99m, and thallium. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent is radiographic imaging agent. In certain embodiments, the radiographic imaging agent is selected from the group consisting of barium, gastrografin, and iodine contrast agent. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent the diagnostic agent is a radical- containing compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent is a nitroxide radical- containing compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent the diagnostic agent is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] of the formula: In certain embodiments, the imaging agent the diagnostic agent is an organic compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent is a salt of an organic compound. In certain embodiments, the imaging agent the diagnostic agent is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] In certain embodiments, the diagnostic agent may comprise a fluorescent molecule, a metal chelate, a contrast agent, a radionuclide, or a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent, an infrared imaging agent, a near-IR imaging agent, a computer assisted tomography (CAT) imaging agent, a photon emission computerized tomography imaging agent, an X-ray imaging agent, or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent. In some embodiments, the diagnostic agent is a fluorescent molecule. In some embodiments, the fluorescent molecule comprises an acridine dye, a cyanine dye, a rhodamine dye, a BODIPY dye, a fluorescein dye, a dansyl dye, an Alexa dye, an atto dye, a quantum dot, or a fluorescent protein. In some embodiments, the fluorescent molecule is a cyanine dye (e.g., Cy3, Cy 3.5, Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7, or Cy7.5). In some embodiments, the diagnostic agent is an MRI agent (e.g., a contrast agent). Examples of suitable materials for use as MRI agents (e.g., contrast agents) include gadolinium chelates, as well as iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, and chromium. In some embodiments, the diagnostic agent is a CAT imaging agent or an X-ray imaging agent. Examples of materials useful for CAT and X-ray imaging include iodine- based materials. In some embodiments, the diagnostic agent is a PET imaging agent. Examples of suitable PET imaging agents include compounds and compositions comprising the positron emitting radioisotopoes <com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F, <com:Sup>15< / com:Sup>O, <com:Sup>13< / com:Sup>N, <com:Sup>11< / com:Sup>C, <com:Sup>82< / com:Sup>Rb, <com:Sup>64< / com:Sup>Cu, and <com:Sup>68< / com:Sup>Ga, e.g., fludeoxyglucose (<com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F-FDG), <com:Sup>68< / com:Sup>Ga-DOTA-psuedopeptides (e.g., <com:Sup>68< / com:Sup>Ga-DOTA-TOC), <com:Sup>11< / com:Sup>C- metomidate, <com:Sup>11< / com:Sup>C-acetate, <com:Sup>11< / com:Sup>C-methionine, <com:Sup>11< / com:Sup>C-choline, <com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F-fluciclovine, <com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F-fluorocholine, <com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F-fluorodeoxysorbitol, <com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F-3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine, <com:Sup>11< / com:Sup>C-raclopride, and <com:Sup>18< / com:Sup>F- desmethoxyfallypride. In some embodiments, the diagnostic agent is a near-IR imaging agent. Examples of near-IR imaging agents include Pz 247, DyLight 750, DyLight 800, cyanine dyes (e.g., Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7), AlexaFluor 680, AlexaFluor 750, IRDye 680, IRDye 800CW, and Kodak X-SIGHT dyes. In some embodiments, the agent can be a radionuclide, e.g., for use as a therapeutic, diagnostic, or prognostic agents. Among the radionuclides used, gamma- emitters, positron-emitters, and X-ray emitters are suitable for diagnostic and / or therapy, while beta emitters and alpha-emitters may also be used for therapy. Suitable radionuclides for forming use with various embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, <com:Sup>123< / com:Sup>I, <com:Sup>125< / com:Sup>I, <com:Sup>130< / com:Sup>I, <com:Sup>131< / com:Sup>I, <com:Sup>133< / com:Sup>I, <com:Sup>135< / com:Sup>I, <com:Sup>47< / com:Sup>Sc, <com:Sup>72< / com:Sup>As, <com:Sup>72< / com:Sup>Sc, <com:Sup>90< / com:Sup>Y, <com:Sup>88< / com:Sup>Y, <com:Sup>97< / com:Sup>Ru, <com:Sup>100< / com:Sup>Pd, <com:Sup>101m< / com:Sup>Rh, <com:Sup>119< / com:Sup>Sb, <com:Sup>128< / com:Sup>Ba, <com:Sup>197< / com:Sup>Hg, <com:Sup>211< / com:Sup>At, <com:Sup>212< / com:Sup>Bi, <com:Sup>212< / com:Sup>Pb, <com:Sup>109< / com:Sup>Pd, <com:Sup>111< / com:Sup>In, <com:Sup>67< / com:Sup>Ga, <com:Sup>68< / com:Sup>Ga, <com:Sup>67< / com:Sup>Cu, <com:Sup>75< / com:Sup>Br, <com:Sup>77< / com:Sup>Br, <com:Sup>99m< / com:Sup>Tc, <com:Sup>14< / com:Sup>C, <com:Sup>13< / com:Sup>N, <com:Math><semantics>15<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">^{15}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>O, <com:Math><semantics>32<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">^{32}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>P, <com:Math><semantics>33<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">^{33}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>P, or <com:Math><semantics>18<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">^{18}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>F. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the diagnostic agent is a contrast agent. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the contrast agent is a magnetic- resonance signal enhancing agent, X-ray attenuating agent, ultrasound scattering agent, or ultrasound frequency shifting agent. In certain embodiments, M being a pharmaceutical agent refers to M being a monovalent radical of the pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, the monovalent radical of the pharmaceutical agent is formed by removing a hydrogen atom from the moiety HV of the pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, V is a carbon atom. In certain embodiments, V is a heteroatom. In certain embodiments, V is an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, V is a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, V is a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, the monovalent radical of the pharmaceutical agent is formed further by changing the atom V of the pharmaceutical agent to substituted or unsubstituted U, wherein each of V and U is a heteroatom, and V and U are different from each other. In certain embodiments, M being a pharmaceutical agent refers to M being an ammonium (e.g., a quaternary ammonium) salt or iminium (e.g., tertiary iminium) salt of the pharmaceutical agent, wherein the attachment point is the N<com:Sup>+< / com:Sup> of the ammonium salt or iminium salt. In certain embodiments, the nitrogen atom of the N<com:Sup>+< / com:Sup> of the ammonium salt or iminium salt is part of the pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, M is electrically neutral. In certain embodiments, all instances of M are the same. In certain embodiments, at least two instances of M (e.g., all instances of M) are different from each other. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of m is 1. In certain embodiments, each instance of m is 1. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of m is an integer from 2 to 10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of m is 2, 3, 4, or 5. When a first divalent moiety comprises a second divalent moiety, the second divalent moiety is part of the backbone of the first divalent moiety. For example, when L<com:Sup>F< / com:Sup> comprises –S–S–, –S–s is part of the backbone of L<com:Sup>F< / com:Sup>. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>3-30< / com:Sub> alkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkenylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>3-30< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkenylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, wherein one or more carbons and / or one or more heteroatoms, of the substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>3-30< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene), wherein one or two carbons and / or one or two heteroatoms, of the substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C3−30<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-30}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene) are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted arylene (e.g., phenylene) or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene (e.g., substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 5- or 6- membered heteroarylene). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, wherein one or more carbons and / or one or more heteroatoms, of the substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene, are independently [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] replaced with , wherein the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***". In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, wherein one carbon or one heteroatom, of the substituted or unsubstituted, [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, is replaced with *** , wherein the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***". In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L comprises [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] wherein: each instance of p is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of L<com:Sup>F< / com:Sup> is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-180< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene; and the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***". In certain embodiments, at least one [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] instance of L is . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] comprises > wherein: each instance of p is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of q is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of r is independently an integer from 0 to 10, inclusive; each instance of s is independently 0 or 1; each instance of t is independently an integer from 0 to 10, inclusive; and the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***". In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L<com:Sup>F< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C3−30<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{3-30}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L<com:Sup>F< / com:Sup> comprises –S–S–. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L<com:Sup>F< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>3-30< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene comprising one –S–S– and no other heteroatoms in the backbone. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L<com:Sup>F< / com:Sup> comprises a peptide comprising between 1 and 20 (e.g., between 1 and 4), inclusive, amino acid residues. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is He Ny (0) (0) (0) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1 <Formule mathématique disponible dans le document PDF, Math available in the PDF document display="block"> \begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] embodiments, at least one instance of L comprises > wherein: each instance of p is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of L<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup> is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-180< / com:Sub> alkylene; and the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***". In certain embodiments, at least one [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] instance of L is . In certain embodiments, at least one instance of <com:Math><semantics>LC<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">L^{C}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−12<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-12}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup> is unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-12< / com:Sub> alkylene. In certain embodiments, each instance of L<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup> is independently <com:Math><semantics>C1−180<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-180}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene substituted with one or more instances of: substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and / or substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L comprises a polymer. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the polymer is substituted or unsubstituted polyethylene (e.g., unsubstituted polystyrene). In certain embodiments, the weight-average molecular weight of at least one instance of the polymer is between 300 and 10,000, between 300 and 3,000, between 300 and 1,000, between 1,000 and 10,000, between 1,000 and 3,000, or between 3,000 and 10,000, inclusive, g / mol. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L comprises an amino acid or a peptide. In certain embodiments, at least one instance the peptide consists of between 3 and 60, between 3 and 30, between 3 and 10, between 10 and 60, between 10 and 30, or between 30 and 60, inclusive, amino acids. In certain embodiments, each instance of the amino acid is a natural amino acid. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the amino acid is an unnatural amino acid. A cleavable linker is "cleaved" or "degraded" when one or more bonds of the cleavable linker are broken, e.g., resulting in release of an agent, e.g., from the Brush prodrug or particle. Linker cleavage or agent release need not be 100%, e.g., a cleavage or release of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or higher, e.g., over a period of seconds, minutes, hours (e.g., 6 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours), days (e.g., 2 days or 7 days), weeks, or months is encompassed by this term. In certain embodiments, at least 50% of all instances of the L that is cleavable is cleaved after about 10 minutes, about 1 hour, about 6 hours, about 12 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 5 days, or about 7 days of the ultraviolet irradiation, hydrolysis, reduction, oxidation, or contact with the enzyme. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is cleavable by or is sensitive to an enzyme (e.g., an esterase or a protease), pH (e.g., acidic pH, basic pH), light (e.g., ultraviolet light), a nucleophile, reduction, or oxidation. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is cleavable by or is sensitive to an enzyme (e.g., an esterase or a protease) or pH (e.g., acidic pH, basic pH). In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is not cleavable by light (e.g., ultraviolet light). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is cleavable by ultraviolet irradiation. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is cleavable by hydrolysis, reduction, or oxidation. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of L is cleavable by contacting with an enzyme. In certain embodiments, no instance of L comprises in the backbone of L a linker that is more easily cleaved than the [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] bond C—O in The cleavable linker may include an atom or a part of a moiety that is derived in part from the agent (e.g., a therapeutic agent). In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is cleaved or degraded, e.g., preferentially cleaved or degraded, upon exposure to a first set of conditions relative to a second set of conditions. For example, the cleavable linker can be "preferentially cleaved" or "preferentially degraded" in a first set of conditions relative to a second set of conditions if at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of a bond or bonds of the cleavable linker are broken, or the agent is released, in the first set of conditions relative to the second set of conditions. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is degraded or hydrolyzed at physiological conditions. In some embodiments, the linker is pH sensitive or cleaved at a certain pH. In some embodiments, the linker is degraded or hydrolyzed through the action of an enzyme (e.g., a protease or esterase). For example, in some embodiments, the cleavable linker is preferentially cleaved in a tissue microenvironment, e.g., a tumor microenvironment, which is referred to herein as a "tissue microenvironment cleavable linker." In embodiments, the tissue (e.g., tumor) microenvironment cleavable linker is preferentially cleaved or degraded upon exposure to a first desired tissue or tumor microenvironment relative to a second tissue or non-tumor tissue. A tissue (e.g., tumor) microenvironment cleavable linker can be preferentially cleaved if at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more of a bond or bonds of the linker are broken, or the agent is released, in a desired tissue or tumor microenvironment relative to another tissue or non-tumor tissue. In one embodiment, the tissue (e.g., tumor) microenvironment cleavable linker is preferentially cleaved or degraded if one or more of the bonds of the linker are broken, or the agent is released, at least 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 100 times faster upon exposure to a first desired tissue or tumor microenvironment relative to a second tissue or non-tumor tissue. The tissue (e.g., tumor) microenvironment can have a particular set of conditions, e.g., pH, enzymes, that cause the cleavage or degradation of the linker. In certain embodiments, at least two instances of L are different from each other. In all instances of L are the same. In one embodiment, the tissue (e.g., tumor) microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable by an enzyme. In some embodiments, the enzyme comprises an esterase or a protease. Exemplary proteases include MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-14, plasmin, PSA, PSMA, CATHEPSIN D, CATHEPSIN K, CATHEPSIN S, ADAM10, ADAM12, ADAMTS, Caspase-1, Caspase-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-4, Caspase- 5, Caspase-6, Caspase-7, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Caspase-10, Caspase-11, Caspase-12, Caspase-13, Caspase-14, or TACE. In other embodiments, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a particular pH. In some embodiments, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a pH between about 5.0 and about 7.4, between 5.0 and 7.0, between 5.0 and 6.5, between 5.0 and 5.5, or between 5.9 and 6.2. In one embodiment, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a pH between about 6.0 and about 7.0, between about 6.2 and about 6.9, between about 6.5 and about 6.8, or between about 6.5 and about 6.7. In one embodiment, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a pH between about 5.5 and about 6.5, e.g., between 5.9 and 6.2. In one embodiment, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable at a hypoxic pH, e.g., a pH about 6.7 to 6.9, e.g., compared to a physiological pH of about 7.4. In some embodiments, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleavable is cleaved at a pH of no more than 7.4, no more than 7.0, no more than 6.9, no more than 6.8, no more than 6.7, no more than 6.6, no more than 6.5, no more than 6.4, no more than 6.3, no more than 6.2, no more than 6.1, no more than 6.0, no more than 5.5 or lower. In one embodiment, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is preferentially cleaved or degraded upon exposure to a first pH relative to a second pH. In one embodiment, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker is cleaved or degraded at least 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 100 times faster upon exposure to a first pH relative to a second pH. In other embodiments, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker shows a greater release or degradation rate at a first acidic pH (e.g., pH=6.7) relative to a second more basic pH (<com:Math><semantics>e.g.<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">e.g.< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, pH = 7.4). In one embodiment, ratio of release or degradation rate of the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker at pH=<com:Math><semantics>6.7<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">6.7< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> relative to pH = <com:Math><semantics>7.4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">7.4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is greater than 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3 or higher. In one embodiment, ratio of release or degradation rate of the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker at pH=6.7 relative to pH <com:Math><semantics>=7.4<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">= 7.4< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is greater than 2. In one embodiment, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker shows increased pH-sensitivity in a hypoxic microenvironment, e.g., in a tumor, or fibrotic tissue. In some embodiments, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker exhibits an increased release rate or increased release yield of the agent at a desired site (e.g., a tumor), e.g., relative to the release rate or release yield at another site. In one embodiment, the tissue microenvironment cleavable linker comprises an electron withdrawing group (e.g., an electron withdrawing group that enhances the cleavage rate or yield, e.g., upon exposure to a first set of conditions relative to a second set of conditions). When an instance of m is an integer from 2 to 10, inclusive, the m instances of [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] may be attached to L at the same atom and / or different atoms, as valency permits. In certain embodiments, at least one substituent in at least one instance of L is =0, halogen (e.g., F), or substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl. When each instance of M is hydrogen, at least one instance of <com:Math><semantics>−L(M)m<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-L(M)_m< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> comprises a click-chemistry handle. "Click chemistry" reaction includes Huisgen alkyne-azide cycloaddition. Any "click chemistry" reaction known in the art can be used to this end. Click chemistry is a chemical approach introduced by Sharpless in 2001 and describes chemistry tailored to generate substances quickly and reliably by joining small units together. See, e.g., Kolb, Finn and Sharpless Angewandte Chemie International Edition (2001) 40: 2004–2021; Evans, Australian Journal of Chemistry (2007) 60: 384–395). Exemplary coupling reactions (some of which may be classified as "click chemistry") include, but are not limited to, formation of esters, thioesters, amides (e.g., such as peptide coupling) from activated acids or acyl halides; nucleophilic displacement reactions (e.g., such as nucleophilic displacement of a halide or ring opening of strained ring systems); azide—alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition; thiol—yne addition; imine formation; Michael additions (e.g., maleimide addition); and Diels-Alder reactions (e.g., tetrazine <com:Math><semantics>[4+2]<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">[4 + 2]< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> cycloaddition). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the click-chemistry handle comprises C=C or C=C. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the click- chemistry handle comprises C=CH, C=CH, CH=CH, C=CH<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>, or CH=CH<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of the click-chemistry handle is -C=CH, substituted or unsubstituted cyclooctynyl optionally fused independently with one or more instances of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclopropenyl, substituted or unsubstituted cyclobutenyl, substituted or unsubstituted trans-cyclooctenyl optionally fused independently with one or more instances of substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] substituted or unsubstituted . In certain embodiments, each instance of the click- chemistry handle is –C≡CH. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W is a single bond. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W is -O-. In certain embodiments, at least one <com:Math><semantics>(e.g.,each)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">(e.g., each)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> instance of W is <com:Math><semantics>−S−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W is <com:Math><semantics>−NRE−(e.g.,−NH−)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^E-(e.g., -NH-)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup> is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup> is Me. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup> is Et, Pr, Bu, substituted methyl, substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup> is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts). In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W' is -O-. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W' is -S-. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of W' is <com:Math><semantics>−NRJ<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{J}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> (e.g., <com:Math><semantics>−NH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>-). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup> is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup> is Me. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup> is Et, Pr, Bu, substituted methyl, substituted ethyl, substituted propyl, or substituted butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup> is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., Bn, Boc, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, or Ts). [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] In certain embodiments, each instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> on at least one instance of (Ring A) is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one instance of <com:Math><semantics>RK<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^K< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> on at least one instance [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] of is hydrogen, and the other instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> on the at least one instance of [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] is substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl or <com:Math><semantics>−O(<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-O(< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] alkyl). In certain embodiments, one instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> on at least one instance of is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] hydrogen, and the other instance of <com:Math><semantics>RK<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{K}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> on the at least one instance of 1S unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl (e.g., Me, Et, i-Pr). In certain embodiments, one instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> on [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] at least one instance of is hydrogen, and the other instance of <com:Math><semantics>RK<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{K}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> on the at least [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] one instance of is <com:Math><semantics>−O(unsubstitutedC1−6alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-O(unsubstituted C_{1-6} alkyl)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> (e.g., <com:Math><semantics>−OMe<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OMe< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OEt<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OEt< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−O(i−Pr)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-O(i-Pr)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>). In [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] certain embodiments, one instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> on at least one instance of is hydrogen, [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] and the other instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> on the at least one instance of is halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] I). In certain embodiments, each instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> on at least one instance of is independently halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, or I), substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or – O(substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl). In certain embodiments, each instance of <com:Math><semantics>ℝK<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">\mathbb{R}^K< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> on [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] at least one instance of is independently substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl or – O(substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl). In certain embodiments, each instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> on [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] at least one instance of is independently unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl (e.g., Me, Et, i- Pr) or <com:Math><semantics>−O(unsubstituted C1−6 alkyl)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-O(\text{unsubstituted }C_{1-6}\text{ alkyl})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> (e.g., <com:Math><semantics>−OMe<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OMe< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OEt<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OEt< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−O(i−Pr)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-O(i-Pr)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> is –OR<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup>, –N(R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup>)<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>, –SR<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup>, –CN, –SCN, – <com:Math><semantics>C(=NRa)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C(=NR^a)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=O)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, or <com:Math><semantics>−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>OC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">OC(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>. In certain embodiments, no instance of <com:Math><semantics>RK<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^K< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is an electron-withdrawing group (e.g., F). [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] In certain embodiments, each instance of R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> on at least one instance of 3 [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> on at least one instance of is halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I), substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or –O(substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl). In certain embodiments, each instance of R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> on at least one [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] instance of is halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I), unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl (e.g., Me, Et, i-Pr), or –O(unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl) (e.g., –OMe, –OEt, –O(i-Pr)). In certain embodiments, no instance of R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> is an electron-withdrawing group (e.g., F). In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, two instances of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is a single bond, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is a single bond; unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene; <com:Math><semantics>C1−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene substituted with one or more halogen and / or one or more unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl; unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene; <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene substituted on one or more carbons with one or more =0, one or more halogen, and / or one or more unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is a single bond. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene (e.g., unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene). In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is substituted or unsubstituted methylene. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is <com:Math><semantics>−CH2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CH_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is -CH(R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup>)-. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is <com:Math><semantics>−CH(CH3)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CH(CH_3)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>—. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-20< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, wherein the backbone heteroatoms of the <com:Math><semantics>C2−20<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-20}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene are oxygen atoms. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)—O—C(=O)—, *—(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)—O— C(=O)-O-, *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-O-C(=O)-N(R<com:Sup>N< / com:Sup>)-, *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)<com:Math><semantics>−N(RN)−C(=O)−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^N)-C(=O)-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)- <com:Math><semantics>N(RN)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">N(R^N)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>–<com:Math><semantics>C(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>–<com:Math><semantics>O<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">O< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>–, or *–(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)–<com:Math><semantics>N(RN)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">N(R^N)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>–<com:Math><semantics>C(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>–<com:Math><semantics>N(RN)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">N(R^N)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>–, wherein the attachment point labeled with "*" is attached to Ring A, and each instance of R<com:Sup>N< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, at least one (e.g., each) instance of T is *-CH<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>- O-C(=O)- or *-CH<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>-O-C(=O)-N(<com:Math><semantics>ℝℕ<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">\mathbb{R}^{\mathbb{N}}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>)-. In certain embodiments, at least one instance (e.g., each instance) of T is more stable (e.g., between 30% and 100%, between 1-fold and 10-fold, between 10-fold and 100-fold, between 100-fold and 1,000-fold, between 1,000- fold and 10,000-fold, or between 10,000-fold and 1,000,000-fold, inclusive, more stable) than the moiety <com:Math><semantics>−W−C(=O)−W′<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-W-C(=O)-W'< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> attached to the same Ring A to which the at least one instance of T is attached. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more chemically stable. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more stable under physiological conditions. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more slowly cleaved by hydrolysis. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more slowly cleaved by light (e.g., ultraviolet light), reduction, or oxidation. In certain embodiments, being more stable refers to being more slowly cleaved by contacting with an enzyme. In certain embodiments, each instance of R<com:Sup>B< / com:Sup> is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, each instance of b is independently an integer from 2 to 20, inclusive. In certain embodiments, each instance of b is independently 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, e is 1. In certain embodiments, e is an integer from 2 to 10, inclusive. In certain embodiments, e is 2 or 3. In certain embodiments, X is OR<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup>. In certain embodiments, X is N(R<com:Sup>D< / com:Sup>)<com:Sub>2< / com:Sub>. In certain embodiments, R<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup> is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, an oxygen protecting group, or a leaving group; and at least one instance of R<com:Sup>D< / com:Sup> is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, X is –OR<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup>, wherein R<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup> is an oxygen protecting group or a leaving group. In [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] certain embodiments, X is –OH. In certain embodiments, X is . In [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] certain embodiments, X is , wherein n is an integer from 40 to 100, inclusive; and <com:Math><semantics>RF<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^F< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is hydrogen or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl. In certain embodiments, R<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup> or at least one instance of R<com:Sup>D< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>50-1000< / com:Sub> heteroalkyl. In certain embodiments, R<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup> or at least one instance of [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] , wherein: n is an integer from 1 to 300, inclusive; and R<com:Sup>F< / com:Sup> is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group. [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] R<com:Sup>C< / com:Sup> or at least one instance of R<com:Sup>D< / com:Sup> is , wherein: u is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; each instance of R<com:Sup>G< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, halogen, or substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl; v is an integer from 1 to 300, inclusive; and R<com:Sup>F< / com:Sup> is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group. [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] In certain embodiments, Exemplary macromonomers may be described by a number of properties, including molecular weight (kDa) and hydrodynamic diameter (nm). In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the macromonomer is between about 1 kDa and about 10 kDa, e.g., between about 2 kDa and about 8 kDa or about 3 kDa and about 6 kDa, e.g., as detected by mass spectrometry. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the macromonomer is between about 3 kDa and about 6 kDa. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the macromonomer is about 2 kDa, about 3 kDa, about 4 kDa, about 5 kDa, or about 6 kDa. In some embodiments, the hydrodynamic diameter of the macromonomer is between about 0.5 nm and about 3 nm, e.g., about 1 nm and about 2 nm, e.g., as detected by dynamic light scattering. Compounds of Formula (II) In another aspect, the present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (II): [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] (II), wherein: <com:Math><semantics>EA<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">E^{A}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is a first reaction handle; L is substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> 200 heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkenylene, or C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkynylene, optionally one or more carbons in the substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C1−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, and <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; optionally one or more heteroatoms in the substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkenylene, and substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; W is a single bond, –O–, –S–, or –NR<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup>–; R<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup> is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] <com:Math><semantics>RJ<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">R^{J}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C1−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{1-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> and R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, <com:Math><semantics>−ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SCN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SCN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>C(=NRa)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C(=NR^a)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>NRaC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">NR^{a}C(=O)OR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{a}C(=O)N(R^{a})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)R^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)OR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, or <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)N(R^{a})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>; each instance of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom; or two instances of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl; T is substituted or unsubstituted methylene; and M is an ammonium salt or iminium salt of a pharmaceutical agent, wherein the attachment point is the <com:Math><semantics>N+<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">N^+< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> of the ammonium salt or iminium salt. Unless otherwise provided, the moieties included in a compound of Formula (II) are as described herein (e.g., in the "Macromonomers" and / or the "Conjugates of Formula (III)" subsections). The compounds and conjugates may be useful for conjugating with a delivery vehicle (e.g., the moiety D) a pharmaceutical agent that does not contain a conventional reaction handle. In certain embodiments, the conventional reaction handle is a nucleophile, an electrophile, a leaving group, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl, –OH, –SH, –NHR<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup>, –N<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>, –C(=O)OH, –C(=NR<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup>)OH, – <com:Math><semantics>S(=O)OH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">S(=O)OH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)2OH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)_2OH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>—(a leaving group), <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>—(a leaving group), <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>— (a leaving group), or <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>—(a leaving group). In certain embodiments, the conventional reaction handle is a nucleophile, an electrophile, a leaving group, -OH, -SH, -NHR<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup>, -N<com:Sub>3< / com:Sub>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)OH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)OH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)OH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)OH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)OH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)OH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)2OH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)_2OH< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>—(a leaving group), <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>C(=NRa)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C(=NR^a)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>—(a leaving group), <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>—(a leaving group), or <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>—(a leaving group). In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent, before conjugation to form the compounds or conjugates, comprises tertiary amino or secondary imine. In certain embodiments, the tertiary amino or secondary imine is the conjugation site when the pharmaceutical agent is conjugated to form the compounds or conjugates. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent, after conjugation to form the compounds or conjugates, comprises a quaternary ammonium salt or tertiary iminium salt. The pharmaceutical agent may be released from the compounds or conjugates in the way shown in FIG. 4A. Related drug delivery technologies are reported in References (16) to (18). Conjugates of Formula (III) In another aspect, the present disclosure provides conjugates of Formula (III): [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] and salts thereof, wherein: D is a polymeric moiety, dendrimeric moiety, antibody, particle, bead, nanostructure, liposome, micelle, or vesicle; each instance of L<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup> is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-200< / com:Sub> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkenylene, or C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkynylene, optionally one or more carbons in the substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-200< / com:Sub> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, and <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; optionally one or more heteroatoms in the substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkenylene, and substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; each instance of E is a moiety formed by reacting <com:Math><semantics>EA<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">E^{A}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> with <com:Math><semantics>EB<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">E^{B}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>; each instance of <com:Math><semantics>EA<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">E^A< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is a first reaction handle; each instance of E<com:Sup>B< / com:Sup> is a second reaction handle, wherein the second reaction handle is able to react with the first reaction handle; each instance of L is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>1-200< / com:Sub> alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C<com:Sub>2-200< / com:Sub> heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkenylene, or <com:Math><semantics>C2−200<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-200}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> heteroalkynylene, each instance of W is independently a single bond, –O–, –S–, or –NR<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup>–; each instance of R<com:Sup>E< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each instance of W' is independently -O-, -S-, or -NR<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup>-; each instance of R<com:Sup>J< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each instance of R<com:Sup>K< / com:Sup> and R<com:Sup>L< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>2-6< / com:Sub> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, <com:Math><semantics>−ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−CN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-CN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−SCN<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-SCN< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=NRa)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=NR^a)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>C(=NRa)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C(=NR^a)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)OR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)R^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)N(R^a)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NO2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NO_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>NRaC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">NR^{a}C(=O)OR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{a}C(=O)N(R^{a})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)Ra<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)R^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)ORa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)OR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, or <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)N(Ra)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)N(R^{a})_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>; each instance of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C<com:Sub>1-6< / com:Sub> alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom; or two instances of R<com:Sup>a< / com:Sup> attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl; each instance of T is substituted or unsubstituted methylene; each instance of M is independently an ammonium salt or iminium salt of a pharmaceutical agent, wherein the attachment point is the N<com:Sup>+< / com:Sup> of the ammonium salt or iminium salt; and c is an integer between 1 and 1000, inclusive. Unless otherwise provided, the moieties included in a conjugate of Formula (III) are as described herein (e.g., in the "Macromonomers" subsection). The compounds may be conjugated with D, which may be a delivery vehicle, to form the conjugates. The conjugates may be useful for, e.g., delivering the pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, D is a brush polymeric moiety or brush-arm star polymeric moiety. In certain embodiments, D is a nanoparticle or microparticle. In certain embodiments, D is an antibody. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of E is a moiety formed by reacting two click-chemistry handles (e.g., two orthogonal click-chemistry handles). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of E is a single bond, <com:Math><semantics>−O<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-O< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−S<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−C(=O)O<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-C(=O)O< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>C(=NRa)O−,−S(=O)O−,−S(=O)2O−,−C(=O)NR−a,−C(=NRa)NR−a,−S(=O)NR−a,−S(=O)NR−a,−S(=O)NR−a,−S(=O)NR−a,−S(=O)NR−a,−S(=O)NR−a,−S(=O)NR−a,−S(=O)NR−a,−S(=O)NR−a<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C(=NR^a)O_{-}, -S(=O)O_{-}, -S(=O)_2O_{-}, -C(=O)NR^a_{-}, -C(=NR^a)NR^a_{-}, -S(=O)NR^a_{-}, -S(=O)NR^a_{-}, -S(=O)NR^a_{-}, -S(=O)NR^a_{-}, -S(=O)NR^a_{-}, -S(=O)NR^a_{-}, -S(=O)NR^a_{-}, -S(=O)NR^a_{-}, -S(=O)NR^a_{-}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>S(=O)2NRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">S(=O)_2NR^a< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=NRa)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=NR^a)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OS(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OS(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OS(=O)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OS(=O)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OS(=O)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OS(=O)_2< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>NRaC(=NRa)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">NR^{a}C(=NR^{a})< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{a}S(=O)< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)2<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{a}S(=O)_{2}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=O)O<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=O)O< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=NRa)O<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=NR^{a})O< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OS(=O)O<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OS(=O)O< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OS(=O)O<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OS(=O)O< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>OS(=O)2O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">OS(=O)_2O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=O)O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=NRa)O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aC(=NR^a)O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aS(=O)O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)2O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aS(=O)_2O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)2O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aS(=O)_2O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)2O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aS(=O)_2O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)2O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aS(=O)_2O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)2O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aS(=O)_2O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)2O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aS(=O)_2O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)2O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aS(=O)_2O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaS(=O)2O−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^aS(=O)_2O-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <Formule mathématique disponible dans le document PDF, Math available in the PDF document>$-NR^aS(=O)_$ <com:Math><semantics>OC(=O)NRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">OC(=O)NR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OC(=NRa)NRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OC(=NR^{a})NR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OS(=O)NRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OS(=O)NR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−OS(=O)2NRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OS(=O)_{2}NR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−NRaC(=O)NRa<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-NR^{a}C(=O)NR^{a}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>, <com:Math><semantics>−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> <com:Math><semantics>NRaC(=NRa)NRa−,−NRaS(=O)NRa−,−NRaS(=O)2NRa−,−C(=O)−,−C(=NRa)−,−S(=O)−,<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">NR^{a}C(=NR^{a})NR^{a}-, -NR^{a}S(=O)NR^{a}-, -NR^{a}S(=O)_{2}NR^{a}-, -C(=O)-, -C(=NR^{a})-, -S(=O)-,< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> or <com:Math><semantics>−S(=O)2−<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-S(=O)_2-< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math>. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of <com:Math><semantics>EA<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">E^A< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is a polymerization handle. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of E<com:Sup>A< / com:Sup> is an addition polymerization handle or condensation polymerization handle. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of E<com:Sup>A< / com:Sup> is a metathesis polymerization handle. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of E<com:Sup>A< / com:Sup> is substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted <com:Math><semantics>C2−6<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">C_{2-6}< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of <com:Math><semantics>EA<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">E^A< / annotation>< / semantics>< / com:Math> is <com:Math><semantics>−OH<annotation encoding="application / x-tex">-OH< / annotation>&l...

Claims

1. A macromonomer of Formula (I): [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] ( I ) (I) , or a salt thereof, wherein: each instance of R A is independently hydrogen, halogen, or substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl; a is an integer from 1 to 20, inclusive; [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] each instance of -Y-Z- is 1 each instance of M is independently hydrogen or a pharmaceutical agent; each instance of m is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of L is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C 1 − 200 C_{1-200} alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkenylene, or C 2-200 heteroalkynylene, wherein: optionally one or more carbons in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-200 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkenylene, and C 2-200 heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; and optionally one or more heteroatoms in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 200 C_{2-200} heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 200 C_{2-200} heteroalkenylene, and substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 200 C_{2-200} heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; each instance of W is independently a single bond, –O–, –S–, or –NR E –; each instance of R E is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each instance of W' is independently -O-, -S-, or -NR J -; each instance of R J is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each instance of R K and R L is independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 - 6 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2-6 alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7- membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, –OR a , –N(R a ) 2 , –SR a , –CN, –SCN, –C(=NR a )R a , – C ( = N R a ) O R a C(=NR^a)OR^a , − C ( = N R a ) N ( R a ) 2 -C(=NR^a)N(R^a)_2 , − C ( = O ) R a -C(=O)R^a , − C ( = O ) O R a -C(=O)OR^a , − C ( = O ) N ( R a ) 2 -C(=O)N(R^a)_2 , − N O 2 -NO_2 , − N R a C ( = O ) R a -NR^aC(=O)R^a , − C ( = O ) R a -C(=O)R^a , − C ( = O ) N ( R a ) 2 -C(=O)N(R^a)_2 , − N O 2 -NO_2 , − N R a C ( = O ) R a -NR^aC(=O)R^a , − C ( = O ) N ( R a ) 2 -C(=O)N(R^a)_2 , − N O 2 -NO_2 , − N O 2 -NO_2 , − N O 2 -NO_2 , − N O 2 -NO_2 , − - N R a C ( = O ) O R a NR^aC(=O)OR^a , − N R a C ( = O ) N ( R a ) 2 -NR^aC(=O)N(R^a)_2 , − O C ( = O ) R a -OC(=O)R^a , − O C ( = O ) O R a -OC(=O)OR^a , or − O C ( = O ) N ( R a ) 2 -OC(=O)N(R^a)_2 ; each instance of R a R^a is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 − 6 C_{1-6} alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 − 6 C_{2-6} alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 2 − 6 C_{2-6} alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic carbocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7- membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom; or two instances of Ra attached to the same nitrogen atom are joined to form substituted or unsubstituted, 3- to 7-membered, monocyclic heterocyclyl, or substituted or unsubstituted, 5- or 6-membered, monocyclic heteroaryl; each instance of T is independently a single bond, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-20 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-20 alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-20 alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-20 heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-20 heteroalkenylene, or C 2-20 heteroalkynylene, wherein: optionally one or more carbons in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-20 alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} alkenylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} alkynylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} heteroalkenylene, and C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; and optionally one or more heteroatoms in each instance of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} heteroalkenylene, and substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-20 heteroalkynylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene; each instance of R B is independently hydrogen, halogen, or substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl; each instance of b is independently an integer from 1 to 20, inclusive; e is an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; and X is − O R C -OR^{C} or − N ( R D ) 2 -N(R^{D})_{2} , wherein: R C R^{C} is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1 − 1000 C_{1-1000} alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 1000 C_{2-1000} alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 1000 C_{2-1000} alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1 − 1000 C_{1-1000} heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 -1000 heteroalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 -1000 heteroalkynyl, an oxygen protecting group, or a leaving group; and each instance of R D is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-1000 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 1000 C_{2-1000} alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 1000 C_{2-1000} alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-1000 heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-1000 heteroalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 -1000 heteroalkynyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.

2. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] each instance of -Y-Z- is each instance of W is independently a single bond or -O-.

3. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof.

4. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] -1 or a salt thereof.

5. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] 2 or a salt thereof.

6. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof.

7. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] 1 or a salt thereof.

8. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof.

9. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof.

10. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1 and 2, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of R A is hydrogen.

11. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-10, or a salt thereof, wherein a is an integer from 2 to 20, inclusive.

12. The macromonomer of claim 11, or a salt thereof, wherein a is 4, 5, or 6.

13. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1 and 3-12, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] instance of -Y-Z- is14. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 alkynylene.

15. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkynylene.

16. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, wherein one or more carbons and / or one or more heteroatoms, of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 200 C_{2-200} heteroalkylene, are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

17. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 heteroalkylene, wherein one or two carbons and / or one or two heteroatoms, of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 heteroalkylene are independently replaced with substituted or unsubstituted phenylene or substituted or unsubstituted, monocyclic, 5- or 6-membered heteroarylene.

18. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 200 C_{2-200} heteroalkylene, wherein one or more carbons and / or one or more heteroatoms, of the substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 200 C_{2-200} heteroalkylene, are independently replaced [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] with , wherein the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***".

19. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 200 C_{2-200} heteroalkylene, wherein one carbon or one heteroatom, of the [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-200 heteroalkylene, is replaced with *** , wherein the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***".

20. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] L comprises wherein: each instance of p is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of L F is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C 2-180 heteroalkylene; and the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***".

21. The macromonomer of claim 20, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]22. The macromonomer of claim 20 or 21, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L F comprises –S–S–.

23. The macromonomer of any one of claims 20-22, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L F comprises a peptide comprising between 1 and 20, inclusive, amino acid residues.

24. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] L comprises ) wherein: each instance of p is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of q is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of r is independently an integer from 0 to 10, inclusive; each instance of s is independently 0 or 1; each instance of t is independently an integer from 0 to 10, inclusive; and the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***".

25. The macromonomer of claim 24, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]26. The macromonomer of claim 24, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] , wherein r is 1 , 2 , o r 3 1, 2, or 3 ; and t is 1 o r 2 1 or 2 .

27. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] L comprises wherein: each instance of p is independently an integer from 1 to 10, inclusive; each instance of L C is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-180 alkylene; and the nitrogen atom labeled with "*" is closer to the attachment point labeled with "**" than the attachment point labeled with "***".

28. The macromonomer of claim 27, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]29. The macromonomer of claim 27 or 28, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of L C is unsubstituted C 1 − 12 C_{1-12} alkylene.

30. The macromonomer of claim 27 or 28, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of L C is independently C 1-180 alkylene substituted with one or more instances of: substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and / or substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl.

31. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of L is independently substituted or unsubstituted, C 1 − 200 C_{1-200} alkylene or substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 200 C_{2-200} heteroalkylene, wherein one or more carbons in the C 1 − 200 C_{1-200} alkylene or C 2 − 200 C_{2-200} heteroalkylene is replaced with substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

32. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of L is substituted or unsubstituted, C 3-30 alkylene.

33. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-13, or a salt thereof, wherein at least 50% of all instances of the L that is cleavable is cleaved after about 10 minutes, about 1 hour, about 6 hours, about 12 hours, about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 5 days, or about 7 days of the ultraviolet irradiation, hydrolysis, reduction, oxidation, or contact with the enzyme.

34. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-6 and 10-33, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of W is a single bond.

35. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-6 and 10-33, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of W is –O–.

36. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-6 and 10-33, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of R E is hydrogen.

37. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1, 3, 5, and 10-36, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of W' is -O-.

38. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1, 3, 5, and 10-36, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of W' is − N R J -NR^{J} –.

39. The macromonomer of claim 38, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of R J is hydrogen.

40. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1, 3, 5, and 10-33, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of W is a single bond, and each instance of W' is -O-.

41. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-40, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of R K R^{K} on [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] at least one instance of is hydrogen.

42. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-40, or a salt thereof, wherein one instance of R K R^{K} on [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] at least one instance of is hydrogen, and the other instance of R K R^{K} on the at least one instance of [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 − 6 C_{1-6} alkyl or − O ( -O( substituted or unsubstituted C 1 − 6 C_{1-6} alkyl).

43. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-40, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of R K R^{K} on [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] at least one instance of is independently substituted or unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl or – O(substituted or unsubstituted C 1 − 6 C_{1-6} alkyl).

44. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-43, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of R L on [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] at least one instance of is hydrogen.

45. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-40, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of R K is hydrogen, and each instance of R L is hydrogen.

46. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-45, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of T is a single bond, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1 − 20 C_{1-20} alkylene, or substituted or unsubstituted, C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} heteroalkylene.

47. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-45, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of T is a single bond; unsubstituted, C 1 − 20 C_{1-20} alkylene; C 1 − 20 C_{1-20} alkylene substituted with one or more halogen and / or one or more unsubstituted C 1 − 6 C_{1-6} alkyl; unsubstituted C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} heteroalkylene; or C 2 − 20 C_{2-20} heteroalkylene substituted on one or more carbons with one or more =0, one or more halogen, and / or one or more unsubstituted C 1 − 6 C_{1-6} alkyl.

48. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-45, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of T is substituted or unsubstituted methylene.

49. The macromonomer of claim 48, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of T is -CH 2 -.

50. The macromonomer of claim 48, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of T is – C H ( C H 3 ) CH(CH_3) —.

51. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-45, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of T is *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-O-C(=O)-, *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)—O-C(=O)-O-, *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-O-C(=O)-N(R N )-, *- (substituted or unsubstituted methylene) − N ( R N ) − C ( = O ) − -N(R^N)-C(=O)- , *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)- N(R N )-C(=O)-O-, or *-(substituted or unsubstituted methylene)-N(R N )-C(=O)-N(R N )-, wherein the attachment point labeled with "*" is attached to Ring A, and each instance of R N is independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 − 6 C_{1-6} alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.

52. The macromonomer of claim 51, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of T is *-CH 2 - O − C ( = O ) − o r * − C H 2 − O − C ( = O ) − N ( R N ) − . O-C(=O)- or *-CH_2-O-C(=O)-N(R^N)-.

53. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-52, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is hydrogen.

54. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-52, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a quaternary ammonium salt or tertiary iminium salt of a pharmaceutical agent, wherein the attachment point is the N + N^+ of the quaternary ammonium salt or tertiary iminium salt.

55. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-54, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a pharmaceutical agent.

56. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-45, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of T is a single bond, and each instance of M is a pharmaceutical agent.

57. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-56, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent.

58. The macromonomer claim 57, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent.

59. The macromonomer of claim 58, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of the anti- cancer agent is: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

60. The macromonomer of claim 57, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a bromodomain inhibitor.

61. The macromonomer of claim 57, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a bromo and extra terminal protein (BET) inhibitor.

62. The macromonomer of claim 57, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a bromodomain-containing protein 2 (BRD2) inhibitor, bromodomain-containing protein 3 (BRD3) inhibitor, bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor, TBP (TATA box binding protein)-associated factor protein (TAF) inhibitor, CREB-binding protein (CBP) inhibitor, or E1A binding protein p300 (EP300) inhibitor.

63. The macromonomer of claim 57, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of the therapeutic agent is a PARP inhibitor, ALK inhibitor, or STING ligand.

64. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-52, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]65. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-52, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]66. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-45, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of − T − M -T-M is: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]67. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-56, or a salt thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent.

68. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-4 and 10-67, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of m is 1.

69. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1, 2, and 10-68, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of R B is hydrogen.

70. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-69, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of b is independently an integer from 2 to 20, inclusive.

71. The macromonomer of claim 70, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of b is independently 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

72. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1, 2, 5, and 10-71, or a salt thereof, wherein e is 1.

73. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-72, or a salt thereof, wherein: R C is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl, an oxygen protecting group, or a leaving group; or at least one instance of R D is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group.

74. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-72, or a salt thereof, wherein X is -OR C , wherein R C is an oxygen protecting group or a leaving group.

75. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-72, or a salt thereof, wherein X is –OH.

76. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-72, or a salt thereof, wherein R C or at least one instance of R D is substituted or unsubstituted, C 50-1000 heteroalkyl.

77. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-72, or a salt thereof, wherein R C or at least one [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] instance of R D is , wherein: n is an integer from 1 to 300, inclusive; and R F R^F is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, C 1 − 6 C_{1-6} alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group. [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]78. The macromonomer of claim 77, or a salt thereof, wherein X is [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]79. The macromonomer of claim 77, or a salt thereof, wherein X is , wherein n is an integer from 40 to 100, inclusive; and R F R^F is hydrogen or unsubstituted C 1 − 6 C_{1-6} alkyl.

80. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-72, or a salt thereof, wherein X is − N ( R D ) 2 -N(R^D)_2 .

81. The macromonomer of claim 80, or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of R D is independently hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C 1 − 1000 C_{1-1000} heteroalkyl. [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document]82. The macromonomer of any one of claims 1-81, or a salt thereof, wherein [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] .

83. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] • [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] ) [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] , , [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] 1 .

84. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] .

85. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] • [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] , [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] 2 • [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or -86. The macromonomer of claim 1, or a salt thereof, wherein the macromonomer is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] •87. A method of preparing the macromonomer of any one of claims 1-86, or a salt thereof, comprising coupling a compound of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] (D), or a salt thereof, with a compound of the formula: HOR C or HN(R D ) 2 , or a salt thereof.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the step of coupling is performed in the presence of a reagent for coupling a carboxylic acid with an alcohol or amine.

89. The method of claim 87 or 88 further comprising: coupling a compound of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof, with a compound of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof, to provide a compound of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof, wherein R H is an oxygen protecting group; and deprotecting the compound of Formula (C'), or a salt thereof, to provide the compound of Formula (D), or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of -Y-Z- is independently [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] .

90. The method of claim 87 or 88 further comprising: coupling a compound of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] or a salt thereof, with a compound of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] S 2 " or a salt thereof, to provide a compound of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] . . . ) or a salt thereof, wherein R H is an oxygen protecting group; and deprotecting the compound of Formula (C), or a salt thereof, to provide the compound of Formula (D), or a salt thereof, wherein each instance of -Y-Z- is independently [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] ₩.

91. A polymer prepared by polymerizing the macromonomer of any one of claims 1-86, or a salt thereof, in the presence of a metathesis catalyst.

92. A polymer prepared by polymerizing a first macromonomer of any one of claims 1-86, or a salt thereof, and a second macromonomer of any one of claims 1-86, or a salt thereof, in the presence of a metathesis catalyst, wherein at least one instance of M of the first macromonomer is different from at least one instance of M of the second macromonomer.

93. The polymer of claim 91 or 92, wherein the metathesis catalyst is a transition metal metathesis catalyst or Grubbs catalyst.

94. The polymer of claim 93, wherein the metathesis catalyst is a ruthenium metathesis catalyst.

95. The polymer of claim 93, wherein the metathesis catalyst is of the formula: [Image disponible dans le document PDF, Image available in the PDF document] (G3-Cat).

96. The polymer of any one of claims 91-95, wherein the weight average molecular weight of the polymer as determined with static light scattering is between 3,000 and 1,000,000, between 3,000 and 100,000, between 3,000 and 10,000, between 10,000 and 1,000,000, between 10,000 and 100,000, or between 100,000 and 1,000,000, inclusive, g / mol.

97. The polymer of any one of claims 91-96, wherein at least one instance of M is a pharmaceutical agent.

98. A method of preparing the polymer of any one of claims 91-97 comprising polymerizing the macromonomer of any one of claims 1-86, or a salt thereof, in the presence of a metathesis catalyst.

99. A method of preparing the polymer of any one of claims 91-97 comprising polymerizing a first macromonomer of any one of claims 1-86, or a salt thereof, and a second macromonomer of any one of claims 1 and 4-78, or a salt thereof, in the presence of a metathesis catalyst, wherein at least one instance of M of the first macromonomer is different from at least one instance of M of the second macromonomer.

100. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the polymer of any one of claims 91-97 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

101. A kit comprising: the macromonomer of any one of claims 1-86, or a salt thereof, the polymer of any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 100; and instructions for using the macromonomer, or a salt thereof, the polymer, or the pharmaceutical composition.

102. Use of the polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 in the manufacture of a medicament for delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a subject in need thereof or a cell.

103. Use of the polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition s defined in claim 100 in delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a subject in need thereof or a cell.

104. The use of claim 102 or 103, wherein the cell is in vitro.

105. The use of claim 102 or 103, wherein the cell is in vivo.

106. Use of the polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 100 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent.

107. Use of the polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent.

108. Use of the polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 in the manufacture of a medicament for diagnosing a disease in a subject, wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent.

109. Use of the polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 in treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent.

110. Use of the polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 in preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent.

111. Use of the polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 in diagnosing a disease in a subject, wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent.

112. The use of any one of claims 106-111, wherein the disease is a proliferative disease.

113. The use of claim 112, wherein the disease is cancer.

114. The use of any one of claims 102-113, wherein the subject is a human.

115. The polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 for use in delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a subject in need thereof or a cell.

116. The polymer or the pharmaceutical composition for use of claim 115, wherein the cell is in vitro.

117. The polymer or the pharmaceutical composition for use of claim 115, wherein the cell is in vivo.

118. The polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 for use in treating a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a therapeutic agent.

119. The polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 for use in preventing a disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein at least one instance of M is a prophylactic agent.

120. The polymer as defined in any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition as defined in claim 100 for use in diagnosing a disease in a subject, wherein at least one instance of M is a diagnostic agent.

121. The polymer or the pharmaceutical composition for use of any one of claims 118-120, wherein the disease is a proliferative disease.

122. The polymer or the pharmaceutical composition for use of claim 121, wherein the disease is cancer.

123. The polymer or the pharmaceutical composition for use of any one of claims 118-122, wherein the subject is a human.

124. A method of delivering a pharmaceutical agent to a cell comprising contacting the cell with the polymer of any one of claims 91-97 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 100, wherein the cell is in vitro.