Methods for weight management and mitigation of vesceral malaise
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CA3320295
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CA · CA
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-02-18
- Filing Date
- 2025-02-17
- Publication Date
- 2025-08-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing treatments for weight management and gastrointestinal intolerability, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, often cause significant gastrointestinal adverse effects like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, leading to compromised patient compliance and efficacy.
Combining a GPR40 agonist with a GLP-1 receptor agonist and/or a DPP-4 inhibitor to enhance weight reduction effects while minimizing gastrointestinal intolerability.
The combination significantly reduces gastrointestinal adverse effects and enhances weight management outcomes, allowing for effective body weight and food intake reduction with improved patient compliance.
Abstract
Description
METHODS FOR WEIGHT MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION OF VESCERAL MALAISE
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 077423, filed February 18, 2024, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
[0002] In various embodiments, the present disclosure generally relates to novel treatment methods related to weight management and / or gastrointestinal intolerance or malaise, and pharmaceutical kits.BACKGROUND
[0003] Nausea and vomiting are the most frequently occurring symptoms in treatments related to metabolic disorders. The mechanism underlying these adverse effects is complex. Ingestion of kaolin (adirt or clay) , also called pica behavior, is an indication of malaise by measuring the consumption of non-nutritive substances following a toxic treatment in rodents (Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2006, 125: 100) . It is a common phenomenon in animals and is also observed in humans experiencing nausea and vomiting. Rats injected with toxins or subjected to motion consume kaolin that they would not normally ingest. Anti-emetic effect of approved drugs, such as 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 antagonist and neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, reduced kaolin intake in rats.
[0004] GLP-1 drugs are widely used for control of hyperglycemia and body weight management. It is known that treatment of GLP-1 analogs, including injectables and oral formulations, causes gastrointestinal intolerabilities such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These symptoms develop at the start of therapy and gradual increase in treatment dosage is necessary to partially mitigate these adverse effects. Long-term patient compliance and optimal efficacies of GLP-1 treatments are compromised by the gastrointestinal adverse effects.
[0005] It is reported that Semaglutide, one of the GLP-1 analogs on the market with indications for type 2 diabetes and obesity, reduces food intake by amplifying the feeding-inhibitory effect of CCK or ingested food. It inhibited neuronal activity of AgRP when combined with CCK and reduced feeding motivation and induced malaise (Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022, 24 (6) : 1010-1020) . Nausea and vomiting are closely correlated to the plasma levels of Semaglutide, either dosed subcutaneously or orally, in T2D patients on the medication (Cell Reports Medicine. 2021, 2: 100387) . Small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonists also showed high incidence of nausea and emesis in human clinical trials.
[0006] Semaglutide is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( “US FDA” ) under the tradenames OZEMPIC, RYBELSUS, and WEGOVY. WEGOVY is indicated as an adjunct to a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in (1) adult patients with an initial body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg / m2 or greater (obesity) or 27 kg / m2 or greater (overweight) in the presence of at least one weight-related comorbid condition (e.g., hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia) ; or pediatric patients aged 12 years and older with an initial BMI at the 95th percentile or greater for age and sex (obesity) . See e.g., the Full Prescribing Information for WEGOVY, July 2023 (hereinafter, “Prescribing Information for WEGOVY” ) . In the Prescribing Information, it is also shown that nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting are the three most frequently observed adverse reactions in WEGOVY-treated adult with obesity or overweight for chronic weight management.
[0007] Gastrointestinal intolerabilities have also been observed in other treatments that target GLP-1 receptor, such as a GLP-1 receptor dual or multi-agonist treatment. For example, tirzepatide, a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Tirzepatide is also approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, under the tradename ZEPBOUND, indicated as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in adults with an initial body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg / m2 or greater (obesity) or 27 kg / m2 or greater (overweight) in the presence of at least one weight-related comorbid condition (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea or cardiovascular disease) . See e.g., the Full Prescribing Information for ZEPBOUND, November 2023 (hereinafter, “Prescribing Information for ZEPBOUND” ) . Similar to WEGOVY, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting are the three most frequently observed adverse reactions in ZEPBOUND-treated adult with obesity or overweight for chronic weight management. Additionally, clinical trials based on GLP-1 / GCGR dual agonists, GLP-1 / GIP / GCGR triple agonists, and GLP-1 / GIP antibody all showed GI tolerability issues.
[0008] Gastrointestinal adverse effects are not limited to GLP-1 receptor agonist-based treatments. Gastrointestinal adverse effects have also been observed in other contexts, such as those associated with treatments related to diabetes, obesity, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc. These gastrointestinal adverse effects would affect long-term patient compliance and optimal efficacies of treatments. New treatments with reduced gastrointestinal adverse effects are needed for weight management and other diseases or disorders for which gastrointestinal adverse effects have been observed. Also needed are treatments of gastrointestinal adverse effects or gastrointestinal intolerance in general. BRIEF SUMMARY
[0009] The present disclosure is based in part on an unexpected discovery that the use of a representative GPR40 agonist (Example 18) can enhance the weight reducing and food intake reduction effect of a representative GLP-1 receptor agonist (semaglutide) and reduce the gastrointestinal intolerability associated with the GLP-1 receptor agonist, as evidenced by the reduced kaolin intake in rats shown herein. In some embodiments, the present disclosure is also based in part on an unexpected discovery that the use of a representative GPR40 agonist (Example 18) in combination with a representative DPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin) can lead to a synergistic weight reducing effect of a representative GLP-1 receptor agonist (semaglutide) with minimal gastrointestinal intolerability, as evidenced by no increase in kaolin intake in rats as compared to vehicle. In some embodiments, the present disclosure is also based in part on an unexpected discovery that the use of a representative GPR40 agonist (Example 18) in combination with a representative DPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin) can lead to a synergistic increasing of secretion of incretins, such as GIP and PYY. GIP and PYY have been shown to alleviate GI intolerabilities caused by GLP-1RAs in rodents and humans. Without wishing to be bound by theories, the induction of GIP and PYY by Example 18, optionally in combination with sitagliptin, may provide an underlying mechanism for the decreased clay ingestion observed in the pica behavior study.
[0010] G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) is a cell-surface GPCR; the human G-protein-coupled receptor hGPR40 is primarily localized in pancreatic β cells and intestinal enteroendocrine cells. GPR40 is also reported to be expressed in the brain (hippocampus and hypothalamus) , hepatocytes, and macrophages. Medium-to long-chain fatty acids (FFAs) are endogenous ligands of GPR40. Upon binding to GPR40, FFAs trigger a signaling cascade that results in increased levels of [Ca2+] in β-cells and subsequent stimulation of insulin secretion. In the gut, FFAs also stimulate secretion of incretins, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) , cholecystokinin (CCK) , peptide YY (PYY) , and glucagon.
[0011] Although the biological pathways of GPR40 agonism and GLP-1 and GIP overlap, prior to this disclosure, there is no indication that the use of GPR40 agonists may enhance the weight reducing and food intake reduction effect of a GLP-1 receptor agonist and / or reduce the gastrointestinal intolerability associated with a GLP-1 receptor agonist.
[0012] In one broad aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing body weight, reducing food intake or suppressing appetite, or treating obesity of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist herein, optionally in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist herein and / or a DPP-4 inhibitor herein. For example, in some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject (1) a GLP-1 receptor agonist; and (2) a GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject (1) a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor; and (2) a GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject (1) a GLP-1 receptor agonist; (2) a GPR40 agonist; and (3) a DPP-4 inhibitor.
[0013] In one broad aspect, the present disclosure also provides a method of reducing gastrointestinal intolerability or treating emesis (e.g., nausea and / or vomiting) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject (1) a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor; and (2) the GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal intolerability or emesis is associated with a GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment. In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal intolerability or emesis is associated with a targeted therapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. In some embodiments, the gastrointestinal intolerability or emesis is associated with a drug selected from antibiotics, antidepressants, metformin, dopamine agonist, HIV medications, etc.
[0014] In one broad aspect, the present disclosure also provides a method of increasing incretin (e.g., GLP-1, GIP, PYY, and / or Glucagon) secretion in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject (1) a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor; and (2) the GPR40 agonist.
[0015] The GPR40 agonist, GLP-1 receptor agonist, or DPP-4 inhibitor suitable for the methods herein is not particularly limited and can include any of those known and those described herein.
[0016] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is a compound of Formula X, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof: wherein the variables are defined herein. In some embodiments, D can be D-1 (e.g., D-1-A, D-1-B, D-1-A-1, D-1-A-2, D-1-A-3, D-1-A-4, D-1-A-5, D-1-A-6, D-1-A-7, D-1-A-8, D-1-A-9, or D-1-A-10, etc. ) , as defined herein. In some embodiments, D can be D-2-A (e.g., D-2-A-1, D-2-A-2, or D-2-A-3) , as defined herein. In some embodiments, D can be D-2-B (e.g., D-2-B-1, D-2-B-2, or D-2-B-3) , as defined herein. In some embodiments, D can be D-3-A (e.g., D-3-A-1, D-3-A-2, or D-3-A-3) , as defined herein. In some embodiments, D can be D-3-B (e.g., D-3-B-1, D-3-B-2, or D-3-B-3) , as defined herein. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula X can have a subformula according to Formula X-1, X-1-A, X-1-B, X-1-C, X-1-D, X-1-E, X-1-F, X-1-G, X-1-G-1, X-1-G-2, X-1-G-3, X-1-G-4, X-1-G-5, X-1-G-6, X-1-G-7, X-1-G-8, X-1-G-9, X-1-H, X-1-I, X-1-A-1, X-1-B-1, X-1-C-1, X-1-D-1, X-1-E-1, X-1-F-1, X-1-H-1, or X-1-I-1, as defined herein. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is as defined in any of the enumerated embodiments 1-86 herein.
[0017] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is a compound selected from Table 1 herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is a compound selected from Examples 1-36 herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0018] In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is exenatide, lixisenatide, benaglutide, liraglutide, loxenatide, semaglutide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, orforglipron, lotiglipron, or danuglipron, more preferably, semaglutide.
[0019] In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is (i) a GLP-1 receptor agonist, including semaglutide, which can be in different formulations at different doses for different indications such as Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, NN9536 (semaglutide 7.2 mg) , NN9932 (oral semaglutide 25 and 50 mg obesity) , NN9924 (oral semaglutide 25 and 50 mg) , NN9904 (once weekly oral semaglutide) , NN9931 (semaglutide 2.4 mg in NASH) , NN6535 (semaglutide 14 mg in AD) ; ZT002; ZT006; (ii) small-molecule GLP-1R agonist, such as orforglipron (LY3502970) , GSBR-1290, RGT-075, TTP273, danuglipron, lotiglipron, NPM-119, HRS-7535, MDR-001, CT-996, ECC5004, HDM1002, XW014; (iii) a GLP-1 / GIP co-agonist, such as tirzepatide, NN9709, CT-388, NN9541 and NN9542 (once weekly GLP-1 / GIP co-agonist) , NN9650 (once monthly GLP-1 / GIP co-agonist) , AZD9550, HRS-9531, or GLP-1 agonist / GIP antibody Maridebart cafraglutide (AMG133) ; (iv) a GLP-1R and glucagon receptor (GCGR) dual agonist, such as cotadutide, survodutide (BI 456, 906) , pemvidutide, efinopegdutide, pegapamodutide (LY2944876) , mazdutide, SHR-1816, oxyntomodulin and derivatives thereof; (v) a GLP-1R, GIPR, and glucagon receptor (GCGR) triple agonist, such as SAR441255, HM15211, NN9423, or retatrutide; (vi) a GLP-1R and amylin or dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (cagrilintide) cagrisema, such as NN9388 and NN9838, AZD6234; or (vii) other combination therapy or co-agonist including a GLP-1 / FGF21 and GLP-1 / INSR, ZT003, HR-17031.
[0020] In some embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor is sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, gemigliptin, teneligliptin, alogliptin, trelagliptin, omarigliptin, evogliptin, gosogliptin, cetagliptin, retagliptin, betagliptin, fotagliptin, tilogliptin, anagliptin, melogliptin, yogliptin, imigliptin, denagliptin, or dutogliptin.
[0021] In the methods herein, the GPR40 agonist, GLP-1 receptor agonist, or DPP-4 inhibitor can be administered to the subject through any suitable route of administration, in any order or dosing regimen. For example, typically, the GPR40 agonist or DPP-4 inhibitor is administered orally. The GLP-1 receptor agonist can be typically administered through injection, e.g., following the same dosing regimen as in the Prescribing Information for WEGOVY or ZEPBOUND as approved by the U.S. FDA or any of those in clinical trials, which for example can be a once weekly or once a month dosing schedule. In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist can also be administered orally.
[0022] It is to be understood that both the foregoing summary and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the invention herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] FIG. 1 presents bar graphs showing the changes of body weight, food and kaolin intake in male SD rats following treatments with G1 (Vehicle 1×PBS, SC) , G2 (Semaglutide, 0.02 mpk, SC) , G3 (Vehicle, 0.5%methylcellulose, PO) , G4 (Example 18, 10 mpk) , G5 (Example 18, 30 mpk) , G6 (Sitagliptin, 30 mpk) , and G7 (Example 18 + Sitagliptin, both at 30 mpk) . Statistical analysis is performed by using ANOVA followed by comparison between treatment and vehicle groups. Asterisk denotes statistical significance, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 versus vehicle.
[0024] FIG. 2 presents bar graphs showing the changes of body weight, food and kaolin intake in SD rats following treatments with G1 (Vehicle 1×PBS SC) + Vehicle 0.5%methylcellulose PO) ; G2 (Semaglutide, 0.04 mpk, SC) + Vehicle (0.5%methylcellulose, PO) , G3 (Example 18, 30 mpk (PO) + Vehicle (PBS SC) ) , and G4 (Semaglutide, 0.04 mpk (SC) + Example 18, 30 mpk (PO) ) . Statistical analysis is performed by using ANOVA followed by comparison between treatment and vehicle groups. Asterisk denotes statistical significance, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0025] As described herein, it was unexpectedly found that GPR40 agonists can enhance the body weight and food intake reduction effects of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, reduce gastrointestinal intolerability, and can be synergistically combined with a DPP-4 inhibitor to achieve a further reduction of body weight and food intake. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treatment related to weight management and / or gastrointestinal tolerability using a GPR40 agonist.
[0026] While many of the embodiments herein relate to weight management associated with GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment, the discovery herein has broader applicability. The present disclosure also contemplates the use of GPR40 agonist in conjunction with any treatments that may cause gastrointestinal intolerability and / or for which body weight reduction (or enhanced body weight reduction) is beneficial, such treatments include treatments with GLP-1 receptor agonist and those treatments with a different medication.
[0027] For example, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder for which administering a GLP-1 receptor agonist is beneficial, the method comprises administering a GPR40 agonist (e.g., any of those described herein) to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method also comprises administering the GLP-1 receptor agonist (e.g., any of those described herein) to the subject. Typically, the subject has one or more gastrointestinal adverse effects, such as nausea and / or vomiting, associated with the administering of the GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is obesity, overweight, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, Alzheimer's Disease, or chronic kidney disease, etc. Methods of reducing body weight, treating obesity, or reducing food intake
[0028] In one broad aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing body weight, reducing food intake or suppressing appetite, or treating obesity of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist herein, optionally in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist herein and / or a DPP-4 inhibitor herein.
[0029] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing body weight and food intake rebound associated with GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist herein. In some embodiments, the subject has a gastrointestinal intolerability event (e.g., nausea, vomiting, and / or diarrhea) associated with the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment. In some embodiments, the method comprises continuing the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment, which can have a lower amount and / or reduced frequency of the GLP-1 receptor agonist, the same amount and / or same frequency of GLP-1 receptor agonist, or higher amount and / or increased frequency of the GLP-1 receptor agonist. However, in some embodiments, the method does not include administering to the subject the GLP-1 receptor agonist, in other words, the GPR40 agonist is administered in an effective amount to reduce body weight and food intake rebound without relying on the GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a DPP-4 inhibitor herein.
[0030] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of maintaining body weight or preventing body weight gain in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist herein. The term "maintaining body weight or preventing body weight gain” should be understood as such that the body weight of the subject does not vary by more than 2%compared to the body weight prior to a treatment, such as the GPR40 agonist treatment. In some embodiments, the subject has prior treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist, for example, the subject is in the maintenance phase of the GLP-1 receptor agonist body weight management. In some embodiments, the subject does not have prior treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the method comprises continuing the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment, which can have a lower amount and / or reduced frequency of the GLP-1 receptor agonist, the same amount and / or same frequency of GLP-1 receptor agonist, or higher amount and / or increased frequency of the GLP-1 receptor agonist. However, in some embodiments, the method does not include administering to the subject the GLP-1 receptor agonist, in other words, the GPR40 agonist is administered in an effective amount to reduce body weight and food intake rebound without relying on the GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a DPP-4 inhibitor herein. Combined treatment of GLP-1 receptor agonist and GPR40 agonist
[0031] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a GLP-1 receptor agonist; and (2) a GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a DPP-4 inhibitor.
[0032] The subject for the methods reducing body weight herein is not particularly limited. Typically, the subject is a human subject having an initial body mass index of 27 kg / m2 or greater. The body mass index herein can be calculated by dividing the body mass by the height of the subject squared. In some embodiments, the subject can have an initial body mass index of 30 kg / m2 or greater. In some embodiments, the subject can have an initial body mass index of between 27 kg / m2 and 30 kg / m2. In some embodiments, the subject can have an initial body mass index of between 27 kg / m2 and 30 kg / m2, in the presence of at least one weight-related comorbid condition (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, or cardiovascular disease) . In some embodiments, the subject can also have an initial body mass index of less than 27 kg / m2, such as about 20 kg / m2, about 25 kg / m2, etc. In some embodiments, the subject does not have type 2 diabetes mellitus. In some embodiments, the subject does not have a weight-related comorbid condition selected from hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, or cardiovascular disease.
[0033] Typically, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is administered to the subject in an amount effective in reducing the body weight of the subject, with or without the GPR40 agonist, which can include but not limited to any of such amount known in the art or currently in clinical trials. For example, in some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide, and the semaglutide is administered to the subject in accordance with the Prescribing Information for WEGOVY. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering semaglutide to the subject at a dose ranging from 0.25 mg to 2.4 mg, or higher than 2.4 mg, such as 7.2 mg, 14 mg, and up to 20 mg and beyond, subcutaneously, once a week. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering semaglutide to the subject at a dose of 0.25 mg subcutaneously, once a week, at an initial dosing period of weeks 1-4. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering semaglutide to the subject at a dose of 0.5 mg -1.7 mg subcutaneously, once a week, during the escalation dosing period of weeks 5-16. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering semaglutide to the subject at a maintenance dose of 1.7 mg to 2.4 mg subcutaneously, once a week, during the maintenance dosing period of 17 weeks and beyond.
[0034] Various amounts of the GPR40 agonist can be administered to the subject. For example, in some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is administered to the subject in an amount effective in enhancing the body weight reduction effect of the GLP-1 receptor. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is administered to the subject in an amount effective in reducing one or more side effects associated with the administration of the GLP-1 receptor. For example, in some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is administered to the subject in an amount effective in reducing gastrointestinal intolerability associated with the administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist. The term “gastrointestinal intolerability” as used herein generally refers to a subject’s tolerance to a treatment, such as with a GLP-1 receptor agonist, which may be determined by the frequency and / or severity of the subject’s one or more uncomfortable symptoms associated with the gastrointestinal tract, including but not limited to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain. Reducing “gastrointestinal intolerability” or improving “gastrointestinal tolerability” of a subject generally means the decrease of frequency and / or severity of the subject’s one or more uncomfortable symptoms associated with the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is administered to the subject in an amount effective in reducing nausea and / or vomiting associated with the administration of the GLP-1 receptor.
[0035] To be clear, for the methods herein, the GPR40 agonist does not need to be administered to the subject concurrently with the GLP-1 receptor agonist and does not need to be administered at the same dosing frequency. For example, in some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is administered subcutaneously once a week, and the GPR40 agonist is administered orally, for example, once a day or at any other dosing frequency.
[0036] Similarly, for chronic weight management, the GPR40 agonist does not need to be administered throughout the treatment cycle. For example, in some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is not administered during the initial dosing period of the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is administered starting from the escalation dosing period of the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is administered starting from the maintenance dosing period of the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is administered starting from when the subject starts experiencing one or more side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, etc. ) associated with the administration of the GLP-1 receptor. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist can also be administered starting from the initial dosing period of the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist can also be administered (i) starting from the initial dosing period of the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment; and / or (ii) after the stop of the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment, for the purpose of body weight maintenance and life style management.
[0037] In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a DPP-4 inhibitor to the subject. In such embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor can be administered either concurrently or sequentially in any order with the GPR40 agonist. In addition, the dosing frequency of the DPP-4 inhibitor and GPR40 agonist can be the same or different. Typically, both the DPP-4 inhibitor and GPR40 agonist are administered to the subject orally. For example, in some embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor is sitagliptin, the dosing amount and frequency of sitagliptin can range from an oral dose of 5 mg to 200 mg once a day, such as about 25 mg to about 100 mg once a day. In some embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor is administered at an amount effective to enhance the weight reducing and / or food intake reduction effect of the GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor is administered at an amount that does not diminish the effect of the GPR40 agonist in reducing the gastrointestinal intolerability associated with the GLP-1 receptor agonist.
[0038] As discussed in the Examples section herein, the use of a representative GPR40 agonist also had an unexpected effect of enhancing the weight reducing and / or food intake reduction effect while also reducing the gastrointestinal intolerability of a representative GLP-1 receptor agonist (semaglutide) . As such, the present disclosure also contemplates the combined use of GPR40 agonist with a GLP-1 receptor agonist for weight reduction with a reduced dosing amount and / or dosing frequency of the GLP-1 receptor agonist, while maintaining similar or achieving better weight reduction effect. Without wishing to be bound by theories, as the side effects observed for GLP-1 receptor agonists typically can be attributed to the higher exposure level of the GLP-1 receptor agonists, it is believed that by reducing the dosing amount and / or dosing frequency, such side effects can also be reduced. Alternatively, the present disclosure also contemplates the combined use of GPR40 agonist with a GLP-1 receptor agonist for weight reduction with a dosing regimen of the GLP-1 receptor agonist that may cause a gastrointestinal intolerance in a subject without the GPR40 agonist, for example, with the same or a higher dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist than the dose which has caused one or more gastrointestinal intolerance event in the subject without the GPR40 agonist. Without wishing to be bound by theories, it is believed that by maintaining or increasing the dosing amount and / or dosing frequency of the GLP-1 receptor agonist, some subject may achieve the weight reduction that is not otherwise achieved due to the gastrointestinal intolerability.
[0039] For example, in some embodiment, the method for reducing body weight can comprise administering the GPR40 agonist in an amount effective in reducing the dosing amount and / or dosing frequency of the GLP-1 receptor agonist while maintaining or achieving better weight reduction effect of an initial dosing amount and / or dosing frequency. In other words, the weight reduction observed for the combined treatment of the GPR40 agonist and the GLP-1 receptor agonist at a reduced dosing amount and / or dosing frequency is substantially similar to (e.g., within 80-125%of) or better than the weight reduction observed for the treatment with the GLP-1 receptor agonist at the initial dosing amount and / or dosing frequency. For example, in the case when the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide, the initial dosing amount and / or dosing frequency can be those according to the Prescribing Information for WEGOVY as approved by the US FDA. By also dosing an effective amount of a GPR40 agonist, the initial dosing amount and / or dosing frequency of semaglutide can be reduced, which is also expected to reduce any side effects associated with such initial dosing regimen. For example, in some embodiments, the method can reduce the escalation dose of semaglutide. In some embodiments, the method can reduce or even eliminate the maintenance dose of semaglutide. Without wishing to be bound by theories, with the reduced dosing amount of semaglutide, it is expected that the subject treated will experience less side effects and less body weight rebound associated with decreased or stopped dosing of the GLP-1 receptor agonist and more likely to be compliant with the chronic weight management treatment.
[0040] In some specific embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject has one or more side effects associated with the administering of a first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the method comprising: (i) administering to the subject a subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist which has a smaller amount of the GLP-1 receptor agonist than that of the first dose; and (ii) administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist in an amount effective to enhance the weight reduction effect of the subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a DPP-4 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the subject has one or more side effects associated with the administering of the first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, wherein the one or more side effects are selected from nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, or abdominal pain, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the subject has nausea and / or vomiting associated with the administering of the first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiment, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide, the first dose of semaglutide is an escalation dose of semaglutide, e.g., a dose of 0.5 mg -1.7 mg of semaglutide once a week, and the subsequent dose has less semaglutide than the first dose of 0.5 mg -1.7 mg of semaglutide once a week. In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide, the first dose of semaglutide is a maintenance dose of semaglutide, e.g., 1.7 mg to 2.4 mg of semaglutide once a week, and the subsequent dose can have less than 1.7 mg of semaglutide once a week. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist is administered in an amount effective such that the combined weight reduction effect of the GPR40 agonist and the subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist is substantially similar to (e.g., within 80-125%of) or better than the weight reduction observed for the treatment with the GLP-1 receptor agonist at the first dose. In some embodiments, the amount of GPR40 agonist administered is also effective to improve gastrointestinal tolerability in the subject. With the reduced dosing amount, it is expected that the subject treated will have less side effects associated with the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment, and less body weight rebound associated with decreased or stopped dosing of the GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment.
[0041] In some specific embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject has a gastrointestinal intolerability event (e.g., nausea, vomiting, and / or diarrhea) associated with the administering of a first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the method comprising: (i) administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist in an amount effective to improve gastrointestinal tolerability in the subject; and optionally (ii) administering to the subject a subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist which has a smaller amount of the GLP-1 receptor agonist than that of the first dose. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject the subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist having a smaller amount of the GLP-1 receptor agonist than that of the first dose. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a DPP-4 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the subject has nausea and / or vomiting associated with the administering of the first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiment, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide, the first dose of semaglutide is an escalation dose of semaglutide, e.g., a dose of 0.5 mg -1.7 mg of semaglutide once a week, and the method comprises administering the subsequent dose having less semaglutide than the first dose of 0.5 mg -1.7 mg of semaglutide once a week. In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide, the first dose of semaglutide is a maintenance dose of semaglutide, e.g., 1.7 mg to 2.4 mg of semaglutide once a week, and the method comprises administering the subsequent dose can have less than 1.7 mg of semaglutide once a week.
[0042] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist administered also allows the subject to take a higher dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist because of the reduced gastrointestinal intolerability through the administration of the GPR40 agonist. As such, in some embodiments, the method can administer a subsequent dose that is equal to or higher than that of the first dose, which may lead to even higher weight production in the subject. For example, in some specific embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject has a gastrointestinal intolerability event (e.g., nausea, vomiting, and / or diarrhea) associated with the administering of a first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the method comprising: (i) administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist in an amount effective to improve gastrointestinal tolerability in the subject; and optionally (ii) administering to the subject a subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist which has the same or larger amount of the GLP-1 receptor agonist than that of the first dose. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject the subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist having the same or larger amount of the GLP-1 receptor agonist than that of the first dose. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a DPP-4 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the subject has nausea and / or vomiting associated with the administering of the first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiment, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide, the first dose of semaglutide is an escalation dose of semaglutide, e.g., a dose of 0.5 mg -1.7 mg of semaglutide once a week, and the method comprises administering the subsequent dose having the same or larger amount of semaglutide than the first dose of 0.5 mg -1.7 mg of semaglutide once a week. In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide, the first dose of semaglutide is a maintenance dose of semaglutide, e.g., 1.7 mg to 2.4 mg of semaglutide once a week, and the method comprises administering the subsequent dose that has same or larger amount of semaglutide as the first dose, or has more than 2.4 mg (e.g., 7.2 mg, 14 mg, or 20 mg and beyond) of semaglutide once a week.
[0043] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing food intake or suppressing appetite of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a GLP-1 receptor agonist; and (2) a GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a DPP-4 inhibitor.
[0044] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating obesity of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a GLP-1 receptor agonist; and (2) a GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a DPP-4 inhibitor.
[0045] Suitable subject to be treated, GLP-1 receptor agonist, GPR40 agonist, and dosing regimen for the methods of reducing food intake or suppressing appetite or method of treating obesity include any of those described herein in connection with the method of reducing body weight using a combination of GLP-1 receptor agonist and GPR40 agonist as described herein. Combined treatment of DPP-4 inhibitor and GPR40 agonist
[0046] As discussed herein, it was unexpectedly found that the use of a DPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin) can synergistically enhance the weight reduction effect of a GPR40 agonist, without increasing side effects due to gastrointestinal intolerability.
[0047] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor; and (2) a GPR40 agonist.
[0048] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing food intake or suppressing appetite of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor; and (2) a GPR40 agonist.
[0049] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating obesity of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor; and (2) a GPR40 agonist.
[0050] In the combined treatment method of DPP-4 inhibitor and GPR40 agonist herein, the DPP-4 inhibitor can be administered either concurrently or sequentially in any order with the GPR40 agonist. In addition, the dosing frequency of the DPP-4 inhibitor and GPR40 agonist can be the same or different. Typically, both are administered to the subject orally. For example, in some embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor is sitagliptin, the dosing amount and frequency of sitagliptin can range from an oral dose of 20 mg to 100 mg once a day. In some embodiments, the DPP-4 inhibitor is administered at an amount effective to enhance the weight reducing effect of the GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the method can further comprise administering to the subject a GLP-1 receptor agonist as described herein.
[0051] The subject for the methods above is not particularly limited. Typically, the subject is a human subject having an initial body mass index of 27 kg / m2 or greater. In some embodiments, the subject can have an initial body mass index of 30 kg / m2 or greater. In some embodiments, the subject can have an initial body mass index of between 27 kg / m2 and 30 kg / m2. In some embodiments, the subject can have an initial body mass index of between 27 kg / m2 and 30 kg / m2, in the presence of at least one weight-related comorbid condition (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, or cardiovascular disease) . In some embodiments, the subject can also have an initial body mass index of less than 27 kg / m2, such as about 20 kg / m2, about 25 kg / m2, etc. In some embodiments, the subject does not have type 2 diabetes mellitus. In some embodiments, the subject does not have a weight-related comorbid condition selected from hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, or cardiovascular disease. Methods of treating emesis or improve gastrointestinal tolerability
[0052] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating emesis (e.g., nausea and / or vomiting) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor.
[0053] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of treating nausea and / or vomiting in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor.
[0054] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of reducing gastrointestinal intolerability in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a GPR40 agonist. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering to the subject a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor.
[0055] The emesis (e.g., nausea and / or vomiting) or gastrointestinal intolerability suitable to be treated with the methods herein is not particularly limited. For example, in some embodiments, the emesis (e.g., nausea and / or vomiting) or gastrointestinal intolerability is associated with a GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment. In some embodiments, the emesis (e.g., nausea and / or vomiting) or gastrointestinal intolerability is associated with a targeted therapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. In some embodiments, the emesis (e.g., nausea and / or vomiting) or gastrointestinal intolerability is associated with a drug such as antibiotics, antidepressants, metformin, dopamine agonist, HIV medications, etc. Without wishing to be bound by theories, it is believed that the effect observed herein is generally related to the agonism of GPR40, which is believed to be generally effective for treating emesis or gastrointestinal intolerability regardless of its causes.
[0056] The GPR40 agonist, GLP-1 receptor agonist, or DPP-4 inhibitor suitable for any of the methods herein is not particularly limited and can include any of those known and those described herein. GPR40 Agonists
[0057] Suitable GPR40 agonists for the methods herein are not particularly limited, which includes any of those known in the art and those described herein.
[0058] Examples of a GPR40 agonist that can be used in the methods herein include but not limited to: fasiglifam, AP8, MR-1704, SCO-267, SHR-0534, HXP-0057-SS, LY-2922470, P-11187, JTT-851, ASP-4178, AMG-837, AMG-1638, ID-11014A, IDG-16177, HD-C715, CNX-011-67, JNJ-076, TU-5113, HD-6277, MK-8666, LY-2881835, CPL-207280, ZYDG-2, and those described in the following patent publications: JP2022110247, US20220112185, US20220289772, US7,750,048, US8,030,354, US9,776,962, US11,072,602, WO-2005051890, WO-2005095338, WO-2006011615, WO-2006083612, WO-2006083781, WO-2007088857, WO-2007123225, WO-2007136572, WO-2008054674, WO-2008054675, WO-2008063768, WO-2009039942, WO-2009039943, WO-2009054390, WO-2009054423, WO-2009054468, WO-2009054479, WO-2009058237, WO-2010085522, WO-2010085525, WO-2010085528, WO-2010091176, WO-2010123016, WO-2010123017, WO-2010143733, WO-2011046851, WO-2011052756, WO-2011066183, WO-2011078371, WO-2011161030, WO-2012004269, WO-2012004270, WO-2012010413, WO-2012011125, WO-2012046869, WO-2012072691, WO-2012111849, WO-2012147518, WO-2013025424, WO-2013057743, WO-2013104257, WO-2013122028, WO-2013122029, WO-2013128378, WO-2013144097, WO-2013154163, WO-2013164292, WO-2013178575, WO-2014019186, WO-2014073904, WO-2014082918, WO-2014086712, WO-2014122067, WO-2014130608, WO-2014146604, WO-2014169817, WO-2014170842, WO2014171762, WO-2014187343, WO-2015000412, WO-2015010655, WO-2015020184, WO-2015024448, WO-2015024526, WO-2015028960, WO-2015032328, WO-2015044073, WO-2015051496, WO-2015062486, WO-2015073342, WO-2015078802, WO-2015084692, WO-2015088868, WO-2015089809, WO-2015097713, WO-2015105779, WO-2015105786, WO-2015119899, WO-2015176267, WO-201600771, WO-2016019587, WO-2016022446, WO-2016022448, WO-2016022742, WO-2016032120, WO-2016057731, WO-2017025368, WO-2017027309, WO-2017027310, WO-2017027312, WO-2017042121, WO-2017172505, WO-2017180571, WO-2018077699, WO-2018081047, WO-2018095877, WO-2018106518, WO-2018111012, WO-2018118670, WO-2018138026, WO-2018138027, WO-2018138028, WO-2018138029, WO-2018138030, WO-2018146008, WO-2018172727, WO-2018181847, WO-2018182050, WO-2018219204, WO-2019099315, WO-2019134984, WO2020242943, WO2020104578, WO2021028810, WO2020104578, WO2021204197, WO2021174046, WO2021174048, WO2021204197, WO2022028317, WO2022053012, WO2022083853, WO2022231357, WO2022211303, and WO-2022028317. Additional exemplary GPR40 agonists can be found in Ren, Q. et al. EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC PATENTS, 2023; 33 (9) : 565-577, as well as those described in the references and patents cited therein.
[0059] Preferred GPR40 agonists for use in the methods herein include those GPR40 agonists, with an EC50 value less than 50 nM, more preferably, less than 10 nM, or below 1 nM, when tested according to the methods according to Biological Example 1 herein.
[0060] In some preferred embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be SCO-267, AMG-1638, or AP8.
[0061] In some preferred embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be any of those described in WO2023 / 134712, more preferably, those having an EC50 value less than 50 nM, less than 10 nM, or below 1 nM, when tested according to Biological Example 1 described therein.
[0062] For example, in some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound according to Formula I as described in WO2023 / 134712 (e.g., Formula I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-6, I-7, I-8, I-9, I-1-A, I-4-A, I-4-B, I-4-C, I-5-A, I-5-B, I-5-C, I-1-A-1, I-1-A-2, I-1-A-3, I-1-A-4, I-1-A-5, I-1-A-6, I-1-A-7, I-1-A-8, I-1-A-9, or I-1-A-10 as described in WO2023 / 134712) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0063] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound according to Formula II as described in WO2023 / 134712 (e.g., Formula II-1, II-2, II-3, II-4, II-5, II-6, II-7, II-8, II-9, II-1-A, II-4-A, II-5-A, or II-1-A-1 as described in WO2023 / 134712) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0064] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound according to Formula II-B as described in WO2023 / 134712 (e.g., Formula II-B-1, II-B-2, or II-B-3 as described in WO2023 / 134712) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0065] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound according to Formula III as described in WO2023 / 134712 (e.g., Formula III-1, III-2, III-3, III-4, III-5, III-6, III-7, III-8, III-9, III-1-A, III-4-A, III-5-A, or III-1-A-1 as described in WO2023 / 134712) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0066] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound according to Formula III-B as described in WO2023 / 134712 (e.g., III-B-1, III-B-2, or III-B-3 as described in WO2023 / 134712) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0067] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound according to any of the compounds listed in Table 1 or any of Examples 1-221 as described in WO2023 / 134712, preferably, those having an EC50 value less than 50 nM (more preferably, less than 10 nM, or less than 1 nM) , when tested according to Biological Example 1 described therein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0068] For example, in some preferred embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein is a compound according to any of Example Nos. 1-7, 10-14, 18-24, 27, 28, 31-35, 38-46, 48-50, 52-54, 58, 60-68, 70-75, 78, 81, 84, 88-91, 93, 98, 99, 102, 103, 112-119, 121, 123, 126-133, 138, 139, 142, 145-158, 177, 179, 181, 183-190, 198, 201-210, 216, 218, and 221, as described in WO2023 / 134712, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. To be clear, as described in WO2023 / 134712, a compound according to the aforementioned Example Nos. is not limited to the specific salt form and / or counterions shown in the Examples; rather, the compound may exist in a different salt form and / or contain a different counterion (s) . Conjugate Compounds as GPR40 Agonists
[0069] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound that has no or reduced systemic exposure and therefore is expected to have reduced side effects due to such systemic exposure. As shown in the examples section herein, exemplary compounds were shown to have minimal systemic exposure. The oral bioavailability (F%) of the tested compounds (see Biological Example 2) are all below 1%, most of them below 0.5%. In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound that has an oral bioavailability (F%) of less than 5%, more preferably, less than 1%, such as less than 0.5%.
[0070] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound described herein. In a broad aspect, the compounds described herein can be viewed as having one or more GPR40 agonist (s) , covalently linked to a hydrophilic group through a linker, which may be alternatively referred to herein as a conjugate compound (s) . Typically, conjugate compounds described herein have one GPR40 agonist (s) covalently linked to a hydrophilic group through a linker: (GPR40 agonist) -Linker-Hydrophilic group. In some embodiments, the linker and hydrophilic group together may be viewed as a residue of a surfactant, such as an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, or a nonionic surfactant. For example, in some embodiments, the linker and hydrophilic group can be such that upon binding of the compound herein with GPR40, the hydrophobic linker is bound within a cell membrane whereas the hydrophilic group is not.
[0071] In some more specific embodiments, the conjugate compounds may be typically viewed as connecting the residue of GPR40 agonist of with a hydrophilic group TA through a linker LA, wherein the variables are described and preferred herein. To be clear, the dissection of the conjugate compounds as residue of GPR40 agonist, linker, and hydrophilic group is merely for convenience of discussions herein, not to limit the compounds herein in any way. For example, for the same conjugate compound, there may be different ways to attribute certain structural fragments to be part of the residue of the GPR40 agonist, LA, or TA. For the purposes herein, in such situations, if under one of the ways of attribution, all of the residue of the GPR40 agonist, LA, and TA of the compound are within a respective definition of a genus of conjugate compounds herein, then the compound can be said to be within the scope of that genus. Typically, the variables in D-1, D-2-A, D-2-B, D-3-A, or D-3-B are such that at least one of the corresponding compounds according to Formula GPR-1, GPR-2, GPR-2B, GPR-3, or GPR-3B is a GPR40 agonist, preferably, having an EC50 of less than 100 nM as measured according to Biological Example 1 herein: wherein E2 is E2A or LN-E2A, wherein E1 or E2A is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, N3, wherein E3 is E3A or LN-E3A, wherein E3A is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, N3, and LN is defined herein (such as null or a C1-6 alkylene) . In preferred embodiments, the conjugate compounds herein with the residue D-1, D-2-A, D-2-B, D-3-A, or D-3-B covalently linked to the hydrophilic group TA have a similar EC50 (e.g., within 3-fold) or lower EC50 value compared to at least one (preferably all) of the corresponding compounds of Formula GPR-1, GPR-2, GPR-2B, GPR-3, or GPR-3B. Compounds of Formula X as GPR40 Agonists
[0072] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein can be a compound of Formula X, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein: D is a residue of a GPR40 agonist; q is an integer of 1-10, preferably, 1 or 2; LA is a hydrophobic linker; and TA is a group characterized as having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) hydrophilic polar groups, preferably, TA is a group characterized as having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) charged groups, such as having one or more quaternary amine, one or more carboxylic acid, one or more phosphoric acid, and / or one or more sulfonic acid, wherein the compound is charge balanced as necessary. The term “polar group (s) ” as used herein refer to a functional group that contains at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, and S. In some embodiments, a “polar group” can be a charged group, which refers to a functional group that contains at least one charge, such as at least one positive charge, at least one negative charge, or in the case of a zwitterion, both a positive and negative charges, at pH of 7. As used herein, a “hydrophilic” organic group refers to a functional group in which (i) at least one, preferably, at least 2 or at least 3, neutral hydrophile group (e.g., O, OH, etc. ) per 5 carbons, and / or (ii) at least one, preferably, at least 2, at least 3, or at least 4, electrically charged hydrophile group (e.g., charged amine groups such as quaternary amine groups, chargeable amine groups, COOH groups, SO3H groups, etc. ) per 7 carbons. In some embodiments, a “hydrophilic” organic group is characterized as having a ratio of (total number of nitrogen and oxygen atoms) / (total number of carbon atoms) of 4: 1 -1: 4, such as 3: 1, 2: 1, 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3, or 1: 4, or any ranges or values between the recited values. As used herein, a “hydrophobic” molecule general refers to those molecules having a cLogP of at least 3.
[0073] In Formula X, the integer q is typically 1, and the compound can have a structure according to Formula X-1: TA——LA——D.Hydrophilic group TA
[0074] As shown herein and partly in PCT / CN2023 / 071833, the inventors found that several factors are important for the compound of Formula X to be a potent GPR40 agonist. For example, one factor that can determine whether the compound of Formula X (e.g., X-1) can be a potent GPR40 agonist is the hydrophilicity or polarity of TA, but the exact chemical structure of TA is not as important.
[0075] In some preferred embodiments, TA can contain a charged group, including positively charged, such as containing a quaternary nitrogen atom, negatively charged, such as CO2-, SO3-, or containing a zwitterion structure. When TA contains a charged group, it should be understood that a counterion, preferably, a pharmaceutically acceptable anion or cation, if necessary, exists to balance the charges so that the compound of Formula X is overall neutral. Pharmaceutically acceptable anions are known in the art, which are typically derived from a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, e.g., Cl-, etc. Pharmaceutically acceptable cations are also known in the art, such as alkali cations such as Na+, etc.
[0076] In some preferred embodiments, TA is a group characterized as having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) quaternary amine, one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) carboxylic acid, one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) phosphoric acid, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) sulfonic acid. For example, in some embodiments, TA includes one or more, such as 1, 2, or 3, quaternary amine groups. In some embodiments, TA includes one or more, such as 1, 2, or 3, carboxylic acid groups. And in some embodiments, TA includes one or more zwitterion.
[0077] In some preferred embodiments, TA can be characterized as having certain hydrophilicity as indicated by a cLogP value of a corresponding TA containing molecule. For example, in some embodiments, TA is a hydrophilic group having a terminal atom (s) selected from N, O, S, P, or C, which is covalently bonded with a first end atom of LA, wherein (1) when the terminal atom (s) is N of a basic primary or secondary amine group, then the corresponding compound TA- (C (O) -CH3) q has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1, wherein the -C (O) -CH3 is bonded with the terminal N atom (s) ; (2) when the terminal atom (s) is N of a basic tertiary amine group, then the corresponding compound [TA-CH3] + has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1, wherein the -CH3 is bonded with the terminal N atom (s) ; (3) when the terminal atom (s) is C of a C (O) group, then the corresponding compound TA- (OH) q has a cLogP of less than 1, wherein the -OH is bonded with the terminal C atom (s) ; (4) when the terminal atom (s) is S of a SO2 group, then the corresponding compound TA- (OH) q has a cLogP of less than 1, wherein the -OH is bonded with the terminal S atom (s) ; or (5) when (1) - (4) do not apply, then the corresponding compound TA-Hq has a cLogP of less than 1.
[0078] The term “end atom (s) ” , “terminal atom (s) ” , and the alike as used herein in connection with a structure, such as LA or TA herein for Formula X, should be understood as the attaching point (atom) of the structure with the remainder of the molecule, thus by this definition, these end / terminal atoms are non-hydrogen atoms. For example, an alkylene chain of - (CH2) 10-should be understood as having two end carbon atoms.
[0079] In some preferred embodiments, TA is a hydrophilic group having a terminal N atom, which is covalently bonded with the first end atom of LA, wherein the terminal N atom is that of a basic primary or secondary amine group, and the corresponding compound TA- (C (O) -CH3) q has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1 (e.g., less than -2, less than -3, less than -3.5, less than -4, or even lower) , wherein the -C (O) -CH3 is bonded with the terminal N atom. In some embodiments, q is 1, and the corresponding compound TA-C (O) -CH3 has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1 (e.g., less than -2, less than -3, less than -3.5, less than -4, or even lower) , wherein the -C (O) -CH3 is bonded with the terminal N atom.
[0080] In some preferred embodiments, q is 1, and TA is a hydrophilic group having a terminal N atom, which is covalently bonded with the first end atom of LA, wherein the terminal N atom is that of a basic tertiary amine group, and the corresponding compound [TA-CH3] + has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1 (e.g., less than -2, less than -3, less than -3.5, less than -4, or even lower) , wherein the -CH3 is bonded with the terminal N atom.
[0081] In some embodiments, the terminal atom (s) is C of a C (O) group, and TA is characterized in that the corresponding compound TA- (OH) q has a cLogP of less than 0 (e.g., less than -1, less than -2, less than -3, less than -3.5, less than -4, or even lower) , wherein the -OH is bonded with the terminal C atom. In some embodiments, q is 1, and the corresponding compound TA-OH has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1 (e.g., less than -2, less than -3, less than -3.5, less than -4, or even lower) , wherein the -OH is bonded with the terminal C atom.
[0082] In some embodiments, the terminal atom (s) is S in a SO2 group, and TA is characterized in that the corresponding compound TA- (OH) q has a cLogP of less than 0 (e.g., less than -1, less than -2, less than -3, less than -3.5, less than -4, or even lower) , wherein the -OH is bonded with the terminal S atom. In some embodiments, q is 1, and the corresponding compound TA-OH has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1 (e.g., less than -2, less than -3, less than -3.5, less than -4, or even lower) , wherein the -OH is bonded with the terminal S atom.
[0083] In some embodiments, the terminal atom (s) is not N of a basic amine group, C of a C (O) group, or S in a SO2 group, and TA is characterized in that the corresponding compound TA-Hq has a cLogP of less than 0 (e.g., less than -1, less than -2, less than -3, less than -3.5, less than -4, or even lower) . In some embodiments, q is 1, and the corresponding compound TA-H has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1 (e.g., less than -2, less than -3, less than -3.5, less than -4, or even lower) .
[0084] In some preferred embodiments, q is 1, and TA in Formula X-1 has a formula according to M-1 or M-2: wherein: each of LB and LC at each occurrence is independently null or represents a divalent group; wherein, in M-1: (i) One of GA and GB is hydrogen or is selected from C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-14 membered ring, each of which is optionally substituted, and the other of GA and GB is a moiety having the structure of M-2, M-3, or M-4 as defined herein; or (ii) GA and GB, together with the nitrogen atom they are both attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 4-14 membered ring; or (iii) each of GA and GB independently represents a moiety having the structure of M-2, M-3, or M-4 as defined herein; wherein, in M-2 (i) GA1, GB1, and GC1 each independently represents C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, a 3-14 membered ring, or a structure according to M-3 or M-4; wherein each of the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, and 3-14 membered ring is optionally substituted; (ii) GA1 and GB1, together with the nitrogen atom they are both attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 4-14 membered ring; and GC1 is as defined in (i) ; or (iii) GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 5-14 membered ring; wherein M-3 has a structure of and M-4 has a structure of wherein: LD is null or represents a divalent group; A represents a moiety having an anionic group or a conjugated acid thereof, preferably, the anionic group is selected from COO-, SO3-, HPO3-or PO32-; and Cat represents a moiety having a cationic group that is positively charged regardless of pH or positively chargeable at pH of 7, preferably, the cationic group is a quaternary amine. The “3-14 membered ring” , or “4-14 membered ring” , or “5-14 membered ring” herein (1) can be a monocyclic ring, typically when the number of ring atoms is 3-8, wherein the monocyclic ring (i) can be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic; and (ii) contain 0-4 heteroatoms each independently selected from N, S, O, and P; or (2) can contain a fused, spiro, and / or bridged structure having two or more constituent rings, typically when the total number of ring atoms is 5-14, wherein each constituent ring independently (i) can be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic; and (ii) contain 0-4 heteroatoms each independently selected from N, S, O, and P. It should be also understood that the ring heteroatoms N, S, and P may exist in different oxidation states, for example, S can exist as S, SO, or SO2, etc., and the nitrogen ring atom may be optionally oxidized or quaternized. Unless otherwise specified, ring structures herein having a different designation of number of ring members should be understood similarly.
[0085] In some embodiments, TA has a formula according to M-1. In some embodiments, one of GA and GB is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and the other of GA and GB has a structure according to M-2. In some embodiments, each of GA and GB is independently a structure according to M-2. In some embodiments, one of GA and GB is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and the other of GA and GB has a structure according to M-3. In some embodiments, one of GA and GB is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and the other of GA and GB has a structure according to M-4. In some embodiments, each of GA and GB is independently a structure according to M-3. In some embodiments, each of GA and GB is independently a structure according to M-4. In some embodiments, GA and GB, together with the nitrogen atom they are both attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 4-14 membered ring, such as a monocyclic 4-8 membered ring or a 5-14 membered ring structure having two or more constituent rings as defined and exemplified herein. For example, in some embodiments, the compound of Formula X can have a structure according to Formula X-1-A, X-1-B, X-1-C, X-1-D, X-1-E, or X-1-F, counterbalanced as necessary: wherein the variables are defined herein. To be clear, in Formula X-1-B, X-1-D, and X-1-F, variables with the same identifier, such as two “A” in Formula X-1-D or two “Cat” in Formula X-1-F, can be the same or different.
[0086] In some embodiments, TA has a formula according to M-2. In some embodiments, GA1 and GB1, together with the nitrogen atom they are both attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 3-14 membered ring; and GC1 is C1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 5-14 membered ring, typically a ring structure having two or more constituent rings as defined and exemplified herein, such as a fused or bridged bicyclic ring structure. In some embodiments, GA1, GB1, and GC1 each independently represents C1-4 alkyl or a structure according to M-3 or M-4. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula X can have a structure according to Formula X-1-G, X-1-G-1, X-1-G-2, X-1-G-3, X-1-G-4, X-1-G-5, X-1-G-6, or X-1-G-7, counterbalanced as necessary: wherein the variables are defined herein.
[0087] In some embodiments, TA can also have a formula according to M-3 or M-4, as defined herein, in which LD is attached to LA. For example, in some embodiments, the compound of Formula X can have a structure according to Formula X-1-H or X-1-I: wherein the variables are defined herein.
[0088] The divalent linkers LB, LC, and LD in M-1, M-2, M-3, or M-4 herein, as applicable, e.g., in any of the applicable subformulae of Formula X-1, are not particularly limited, which can be null, acyclic or cyclic divalent structure, which can optionally contain heteroatoms (e.g., 1-4 heteroatoms) .
[0089] In some embodiments, LB can have a structure according to LB1 or LB1-LB2, wherein LB1 is attached to NGAGB, and wherein LB1 is null, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted 3-14 membered ring, or optionally substituted ring / chain structure, and LB2 is null, C (O) , NH, -SO2-, or a moiety selected from: wherein R100, R101 and R102 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted cycloalkyl, and either of the attaching points may be connected to LB1. In some embodiments, LB is LB1. In some embodiments, LB is LB1-NH-. In some embodiments, LB is LB1-C (O) -. For example, in some embodiments, LB or LB1 is null. In some embodiments, LB or LB1 is an optionally substituted alkylene, such as an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene. In some embodiments, LB or LB1 is an optionally substituted heteroalkylene, for example, an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, P, and S, wherein the S and P are optionally oxidized, for example, LB or LB1 can be -CH2-CH2-O-, -CH2-CH2-NH-, -CH2-CH2-N (CH3) -, -CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-NH-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-, -CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-NH-, -CH2-CH2-SO2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH-, etc. In some embodiments, one or more CH2 of the heteroalkylene may be optionally substituted with an oxo group, for example, an optionally substituted -CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-includes the structure of -CH2-CH2-C (O) -NH-, etc. In some embodiments, LB or LB1 is an optionally substituted divalent ring structure which is attached to the remainder of the molecule through two attaching points on the divalent ring structure, e.g., through one ring atom or two ring atoms. In some embodiments, LB or LB1 is an optionally substituted divalent ring-chain structure which is attached to the remainder of the molecule through one chain atom and one ring atom. When the compound of Formula X contains two or more LB as variables, each of the LB is independently selected.
[0090] In some embodiments, LC in M-2, or any of the subformulae of Formula X having LC as a variable, can have a structure according to LC1 or LC1-LC2, wherein LC1 is attached to the quaternary nitrogen [NGA1GB1GC1] +, wherein LC1 is null, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted 3-14 membered ring, or optionally substituted ring / chain structure, and LC2 is null, C (O) , NH, -SO2-, or a moiety selected from: wherein R100, R101 and R102 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted cycloalkyl, and either of the attaching points may be connected to LC1. In some embodiments, LC is LC1. In some embodiments, LC is LC1-NH-. In some embodiments, LC is LC1-C (O) -. In some embodiments, LC or LC1 is null. In some embodiments, LC or LC1 is an optionally substituted alkylene, such as an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene. In some embodiments, LC or LC1 is an optionally substituted heteroalkylene, for example, an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, P, and S, wherein the S or P is optionally oxidized, for example, LC or LC1 can be -CH2-CH2-O-, -CH2-CH2-NH-, -CH2-CH2-N (CH3) -, -CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-NH-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-, -CH2-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-NH-, -CH2-CH2-SO2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH-, etc. In some embodiments, one or more CH2 of the heteroalkylene may be optionally substituted with an oxo group. In some embodiments, LC or LC1 is an optionally substituted divalent ring structure which is attached to the remainder of the molecule through two attaching points on the divalent ring structure, e.g., through one ring atom or two ring atoms. In some embodiments, LC or LC1 is an optionally substituted divalent ring-chain structure which is attached to the remainder of the molecule through one chain atom and one ring atom. When the compound of Formula X contains two or more LC as variables, each of the LC is independently selected.
[0091] In some embodiments, LD in M-3 or M-4, or any of the subformulae of Formula X having LD as a variable, can have a structure according to LD1 or LD1-LD2, wherein LD1 is attached to A or Cat, wherein LD1 is null, optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene, optionally substituted 3-14 membered ring, or optionally substituted ring / chain structure, and LD2 is null, C (O) , NH, -SO2-, or a moiety selected from: wherein R100, R101 and R102 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted cycloalkyl, and either of the attaching points may be connected to LD1. In some embodiments, LD is LD1. In some embodiments, LD is LD1-NH-. In some embodiments, LD is LD1-C (O) -. In some embodiments, LD or LD1 is null. In some embodiments, LD or LD1 is an optionally substituted alkylene, such as an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene. In some embodiments, LD or LD1 is an optionally substituted heteroalkylene, for example, an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, P, and S, wherein the P or S is optionally oxidized. In some embodiments, one or more CH2 of the heteroalkylene may be optionally substituted with an oxo group. In some embodiments, LD or LD1 is an optionally substituted divalent ring structure which is attached to the remainder of the molecule through two attaching points on the divalent ring structure, e.g., one ring atom or two ring atoms. In some embodiments, LD or LD1 is an optionally substituted divalent ring-chain structure which is attached to the remainder of the molecule through one chain atom and one ring atom. When the compound of Formula X contains two or more LD as variables, each of the LD is independently selected.
[0092] In some embodiments, in M-2 or any of the subformulae of Formula X having GA1, GB1, and GC1 as variables, GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, can be joined to form an optionally substituted 5-14 membered ring having 0-4 ring heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom, wherein the additional ring heteroatoms, if present, are independently selected from N, S, and O, wherein the nitrogen can be optionally oxidized or quaternized, the sulfur can be optionally oxidized. Typically, the 5-14 membered ring is a ring structure having two or more constituent rings, for example, the 5-14 membered ring can have a fused ring structure, bridged ring structure, and / or a spiro ring structure, wherein each constituent ring independently is typically a saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 4-8 ring members. For example, in some embodiments, the 5-14 membered ring can be a bridged bicyclic ring, wherein each path between two bridgehead atoms is independently 1, 2, 3, or 4 ring atoms, for example, a 1, 1, 1-bridged (e.g., ) , 2, 2, 2-bridged (e.g., ) , 3, 2, 1-bridged, 3, 3, 3-bridged ring, etc. In some embodiments, the 5-14 membered ring can be a fused bicyclic ring. For example, in some preferred embodiments, GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, are joined to form a structure of wherein QA is an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, such as methyl. In some preferred embodiments, GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, are joined to form When the compound of Formula X contains two or more sets of GA1, GB1, and GC1 as variables, each set of variables is independently selected.
[0093] In some embodiments, in M-3 or any of the subformulae of Formula X having A as a variable, A at each occurrence independently represents a group containing an anion of COO-, SO3-, HPO3-or PO32-, or a conjugated acid thereof. In some embodiments, when more than two A appear in a formula as variables, each A can be the same or different, for example, in some embodiments, when two or more A appear in a formula herein, all A are the same, for example, all A are COO-or COOH.
[0094] In some embodiments, in M-4 or any of the subformulae of Formula X having Cat as a variable, Cat at each occurrence is independently a structure containing an amine, preferably, containing a quaternary amine. For example, in some preferred embodiments, Cat at each occurrence is a quaternary amine having a structure of wherein QA is an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, such as methyl. In some embodiments, Cat can be In some embodiments, Cat can be NH2. In some embodiments, Cat can be NH- (CH2) 2-5-NH2, such as NH- (CH2) 2-NH2. In some embodiments, Cat can be [N (CH3) 3] +, or [N (CH2CH3) 3] +. In some embodiments, when more than two Cat appear in a formula as a variable, each Cat can be the same or different, preferably, all Cat are the same.
[0095] In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents wherein QA is an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, such as methyl.
[0096] In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents
[0097] In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents
[0098] In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents
[0099] In some embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents wherein Cat is defined herein, for example, in some embodiments, Cat is [N (CH3) 3] +, or [N (CH2CH3) 3] +.
[0100] In some embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents wherein Cat is defined herein, for example, in some embodiments, Cat is [N (CH3) 3] +, or [N (CH2CH3) 3] +.
[0101] In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents
[0102] In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents [N (CH3) 3] +, or [N (CH2CH3) 3] +.
[0103] In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents one of the following structures:
[0104] In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents
[0105] In some preferred embodiments, TA in Formula X-1 represents [N (CH3) 3] +, [N (CH2CH3) 3] +, Linker LA
[0106] Another factor that can determine whether the compound of Formula X can be a potent GPR40 agonist is the length of the linker (e.g., LA) but not the exact chemical structure of the linker. As shown in PCT / CN2023 / 071833, when the length of the linker is below certain threshold, the EC50 value as GPR40 agonists can increase significantly. Accordingly, the present inventors envision that the maximum length between the two end atoms of linker LA in Formula X should be at least that between the two end carbon atoms of an alkylene chain - (CH2) 10-. In other words, the longest chain length of LA should be equal to or greater than the longest chain length of the alkylene chain - (CH2) 10-. To further explain, the linker LA can be viewed as having the following structure with two end atoms: wherein Q1 represents a non-hydrogen atom of the first end of LA that is bonded with an terminal atom in TA, and Q2 represents a non-hydrogen atom of the second end of LA that is bonded with an attaching point in D, and Q1 and Q2 are connected through a chain or ring / chain structure. Thus, the maximum distance between the two end atoms of linker LA should be understood as the maximum distance between the two connecting points Q1 and Q2 in LA, which under the definition above, should be equal to or greater than the maximum length between the two end carbons of the alkylene chain - (CH2) 10-. In other words, the maximum distance between the two connecting points Q1 and Q2 in LA should be equal to or greater than that when LA is - (CH2) 10-. Unless otherwise specified or obvious contrary from context, the alkylene chain such as - (CH2) 10-and the alike herein is not in a cyclic structure. The maximum length between the two end carbons of the - (CH2) 10-can be estimated by computer modeling, measuring the distance between the two end carbons when the alkylene chain is fully stretched in one direction. Similarly, the maximum length between Q1 and Q2 in LA can be estimated by computer modeling, measuring the distance between Q1 and Q2 when the chain (s) in LA is fully stretched in one direction. Using this method, it would be apparent that a linear alkylene chain having more than 10 carbons in the chain will have a maximum length longer than that of - (CH2) 10-. Similarly, a linear saturated chain structure having more than 10 non-hydrogen atoms in the chain will also have a maximum length longer than that of - (CH2) 10-. In some embodiments, LA can be characterized in that the maximum length between the two end atoms of LA is at least that between the two end carbon atoms of - (CH2) 12-, preferably, at least that of - (CH2) 14-, more preferably, at least that of - (CH2) 16-. In some embodiments, LA can be characterized in that the maximum length between the two end atoms of LA is between (i) the maximum length between the two end carbon atoms of - (CH2) 12-and (ii) the maximum length between the two end carbon atoms of - (CH2) 50-.
[0107] Another factor that can determine whether the compound of Formula X can be a potent GPR40 agonist is the hydrophobicity of the linker (e.g., LA) but not the exact chemical structure of the linker. In general, LA should be a hydrophobic moiety. In some embodiments, both end atoms of LA are C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, in such embodiments, the hydrophobicity of LA can be typically characterized in that the corresponding compound HO-LA-OH has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc., wherein each of the -OH is bonded with the end C (O) or SO2 group. In some embodiments, only one end atom of LA is C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, in such embodiments, the hydrophobicity of LA can be typically characterized in that the corresponding compound H-LA-OH has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc., wherein the -OH is bonded with the end C (O) or SO2 group. In some embodiments, neither of the end atoms of LA is C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, in such embodiments, in such embodiments, the hydrophobicity of LA can be characterized in that the corresponding compound H-LA-H has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc.
[0108] In some embodiments, in Formula X (e.g., Formula X-1) , LA can be represented by a formula of (X) m, wherein X at each occurrence is independently CR2, C (=O) , -C (R) =C (R) -, SiR2, O, S, SO, SO2, NR, [NR2] +, or a ring structure, preferably 3-10 membered ring structure, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or optionally substituted C1-4 alkoxy, typically hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and the integer m is at least 10, such as at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 50, such as 12-50, 16-50, etc. To be clear, the formula (X) m should be understood as a linear structure having each X connected to another two X groups except the two end X groups (the two X groups that are directly connected to TA or D) , i.e., -X-X-X-…-X-, with the total number of X being m. In cases wherein X is a ring structure, preferably 3-10 membered ring structure, it should be understood that the ring structure is attached to two adjacent X units through one or two ring atoms, for example, X can have a structure such as etc. The "ring structure" or "3-10 membered ring structure" and the alike as used herein is not limited to any particular ring system and can include a carbocyclic ring, a heterocyclic ring, an aromatic ring, a heteroaryl ring, or a combination thereof, which can be substituted or unsubstituted. For example, the "3-10 membered ring structure" can be monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, which can include a fused, spiro, or bridged ring system. For clarity, two ring systems connected through a single bond should be viewed as separate ring system and can each account for one X unit herein. For example, for a structure like it may be viewed as two X units connected, with one X being a cyclohexylene and the other X being a phenylene. Typically, in LA, 0, 1, or 2 instances of X representing a ring structure, preferably 3-10 membered ring structure (such as a C3-6 cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl, a 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, such as a triazole ring) . In some embodiments, two consecutive X can be -C (O) O-or -C (O) NR-. In some embodiments, one instance of X can be a cyclopropane, cyclobutane or bicyclobutane [1.1] ring. In some embodiments, one instance of X can be a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, such as a triazole ring. In some embodiments, one instance of X can be a cyclopentane, cyclohexane or cycloheptane ring. In some embodiments, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, -C (R) =C (R) -, or a 3-10 membered ring, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; more preferably, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl. Typically, one of the end X group connects to TA through a carbon atom. The total number of non-hydrogen atoms of LA can be typically between 10-100, such as 12-30, 14-50, 16-50, 18-100, etc.
[0109] For example, in some embodiments, LA is (X) m-1-C (O) -, wherein the C (O) end is bonded with TA, wherein X at each occurrence is independently CR2, C (=O) , -C (R) =C (R) -, SiR2, O, S, SO2, NR, [NR2] + or a ring structure, preferably 3-10 membered ring structure, provided that the end X group (i.e., the X group in LA that is furthest away from the C (O) end) is not C (O) or SO2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or optionally substituted C1-4 alkoxy, typically hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and the integer m is at least 10, such as at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 50, such as 12-50, 16-50, etc., and the hydrophobicity of -(X) m-1-C (O) -is characterized in that the corresponding compound H- (X) m-1-COOH should have a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. The "m-1" should be understood as the integer m minus 1, not to be misunderstood as a different designated variable. In some embodiments, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, -C (R) =C (R) -, or a 3-10 membered ring, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; more preferably, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl.
[0110] In some embodiments, LA is (X) m, wherein X at each occurrence is independently CR2, C (=O) , -C (R) =C (R) -, SiR2, O, S, SO2, NR, [NR2] + or a ring structure, preferably 3-10 membered ring structure, provided that neither of the end X groups is C (O) or SO2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or optionally substituted C1-4 alkoxy, typically hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and the integer m is at least 10, such as at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 50, such as 12-50, 16-50, etc., then the corresponding compound H- (X) m-H should have a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. In some embodiments, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, -C (R) =C (R) -, or a 3-10 membered ring, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; more preferably, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl.
[0111] As would be apparent to those skilled in the art, the term cLogP (or CLogP) refers to calculated LogP. For the purpose of this application, the cLogP value can be obtained using PerkinElmer's ChemDraw Professional software, version 20.0.0.41 or equivalent software using the same calculation method. The following shows exemplary cLogP values of a few compounds using the ChemDraw Professional software above: Thus, a compound having a cLogP of at least 3 should be about the same or more hydrophobic than octanoic acid. A compound having a cLogP of at least 4 should be about the same or more hydrophobic than decanoic acid. A compound having a cLogP of at least 5 should be about the same or more hydrophobic than lauric acid.
[0112] In some embodiments, LA is -X12-30- (e.g., -X14-, -X16-, -X18-, -X20-, -X24-, -X14-30-, -X16-30-, -X18-30-, etc. ) , wherein X at each occurrence is independently CR2, C (=O) , -C (R) =C (R) -, SiR2, O, S, SO2, NR, [NR2] +, or a ring structure, preferably 3-10 membered ring structure, provided that neither of the end X groups is C (O) or SO2; wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or optionally substituted C1-4 alkoxy, typically hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein the hydrophobicity of LA can be characterized in that the corresponding compound H-LA-H has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. In some embodiments, the total number of non-hydrogen atoms of LA is between 12-100, such as 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 100, or any ranges between the recited values, such as 12-30, 14-50, 16-50, 18-100, etc. In some embodiments, two consecutive X can represent -C (O) O-or -C (O) NR-. In some embodiments, one or more (e.g., 1 or 2) instances of X can be a ring structure selected from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, bicyclobutane [1.1] , cyclopentane, cyclohexane or cycloheptane. In some embodiments, one or more (e.g., 1) instances of X can be a ring structure selected from phenyl or 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, such as triazole. In some embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, -C (R) =C (R) -, or a 3-10 membered ring, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; more preferably, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl.
[0113] In some embodiments, LA is -X12-30-C (O) - (e.g., -X14-C (O) -, -X16-C (O) -, -X18-C (O) -, -X20-C (O) -, -X24-C (O) -, -X14-30-C (O) -, -X16-30-C (O) -, -X18-30-C (O) -, etc. ) , wherein the C (O) is directly bonded with TA, and wherein X at each occurrence is independently CR2, C (=O) , -C (R) =C (R) -, SiR2, O, S, SO2, NR, [NR2] +, or a ring structure, preferably 3-10 membered ring structure, provided that the end X group is not C (O) or SO2; wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or optionally substituted C1-4 alkoxy, typically hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein the hydrophobicity of LA can be characterized in that the corresponding compound H-X12-30-C (O) -OH has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. In some embodiments, the total number of non-hydrogen atoms of LA is between 14-100, such as 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 100, or any ranges between the recited values, such as 14-30, 14-50, 16-50, 18-100, etc. In some embodiments, two consecutive X can be -C (O) O-or -C (O) NR-. In some embodiments, one or more instances (e.g., 1 or 2) of X can be a ring structure selected from cyclopropane, cyclobutane, bicyclobutane [1.1] , cyclopentane, cyclohexane or cycloheptane. In some embodiments, one or more instances (e.g., 1) of X can be a ring structure selected from phenyl or 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, such as triazole. In some embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, -C (R) =C (R) -, or a 3-10 membered ring, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; more preferably, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl.
[0114] In some preferred embodiments, LA is -C12-30 alkylene-or -C12-30 alkylene-C (O) -, wherein the -C12-30 alkylene-is optionally substituted, wherein the optional substituents can optionally be joined together to form a double bond, triple bond, or a ring structure (typically a 3-10 membered ring structure) , wherein the end carbon atoms of the -C12-30 alkylene-are not substituted with oxo (=O) , wherein the longest chain length of LA is at least that of - (CH2) 12-, such as at least that of - (CH2) 14-, at least that of - (CH2) 16-, at least that of - (CH2) 18-, and wherein the hydrophobicity of LA can be characterized in that the corresponding compound H-C12-30 alkylene-H or H-C12-30 alkylene-C (O) -OH has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. In some embodiments, the total number of non-hydrogen atoms of LA is between 14-100, such as 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 100, or any ranges between the recited values, such as 14-30, 14-50, 16-50, 18-100, etc. In some embodiments, LA is unsubstituted -C12-30 alkylene-, such as a linear or branched C12-30 alkylene. In some embodiments, LA is unsubstituted -C12-30 alkylene-C (O) -, wherein the C12-30 alkylene can be linear or branched. In some preferred embodiments, LA is -C12-30 alkylene-or -C12-30 alkylene-C (O) -, wherein the C12-30 alkylene is a linear and unsubstituted -C12-30 alkylene-.
[0115] In some embodiments, LA is a 12-30 membered heteroalkylene or - (12-30 membered heteroalkylene) -C (O) -, wherein the 12-30 membered heteroalkylene is optionally substituted and contains 1-6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the sulfur atom (s) , if present, is optionally oxidized, wherein the optional substituents can optionally be joined together to form a double bond, triple bond, or a ring structure (typically a 3-10 membered ring structure) , wherein the end atoms of the 12-30 membered heteroalkylene are not C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, wherein the longest chain length of LA is at least that of - (CH2) 12-, such as at least that of - (CH2) 14-, at least that of - (CH2) 16-, at least that of - (CH2) 18-, and wherein the hydrophobicity of LA can be characterized in that the corresponding compound H- (12-30 membered heteroalkylene) -H or H- (12-30 membered heteroalkylene) -C (O) -OH has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. In some embodiments, the total number of non-hydrogen atoms of LA is between 14-100, such as 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 100, or any ranges between the recited values, such as 14-30, 14-50, 16-50, 18-100, etc. In some embodiments, LA is unsubstituted 12-30 membered heteroalkylene, such as a linear or branched 12-30 membered heteroalkylene. In some embodiments, LA is unsubstituted -(12-30 membered heteroalkylene) -C (O) -, wherein the 12-30 membered heteroalkylene can be linear or branched. In some preferred embodiments, LA is 12-30 membered heteroalkylene or - (12-30 membered heteroalkylene) -C (O) -, wherein the 12-30 membered heteroalkylene is a linear and unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the 12-30 membered heteroalkylene includes 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N.
[0116] In some preferred embodiments, LA can be characterized as having a structure according to wherein the carbonyl is directly bonded with TA, wherein LA1 and LA2 are each independently a bond, an optionally substituted -C1-30 alkylene-, or an optionally substituted -C1-30 heteroalkylene-containing 1-6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the sulfur atom (s) , if present, is optionally oxidized, wherein the optional substituents can optionally be joined together to form a double bond, triple bond, or a ring structure, wherein the end atoms of the LA1 and LA2 that are bonded with TA or D, as applicable, are not C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, wherein the longest chain length of LA is at least that of - (CH2) 12-, such as at least that of - (CH2) 14-, at least that of - (CH2) 16-, at least that of - (CH2) 18-, and wherein the hydrophobicity of LA can be characterized in that the corresponding compound has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. In some embodiments, the total number of non-hydrogen atoms of LA is between 14-100, such as 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 40, 50, 100, or any ranges between the recited values, such as 14-30, 14-50, 16-50, 18-100, etc. In some embodiments, LA1 is a C1-20 alkylene, such as a linear alkylene, (CH2) 1-20. In some embodiments, LA1 is a C1-10 heteroalkylene having 1-3 oxygen atoms, such as -O- (C1-10 alkylene) -, etc. In some embodiments, LA2 is a bond. In some embodiments, LA2 is a C1-20 alkylene, such as a linear alkylene, (CH2) 1-20. In some embodiments, LA2 is a C1-10 heteroalkylene having 1-3 oxygen atoms, such as -O- (C1-10 alkylene) -, etc.
[0117] In some embodiments, LA can be characterized as having a structure according to wherein LA1 and LA2 are each independently a bond, -C1-30 alkylene-, or -C1-30 heteroalkylene-containing 1-6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the sulfur atom (s) , if present, is optionally oxidized, wherein the end atoms of the LA1 and LA2 that are bonded with TA or D, as applicable, are not C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, wherein the total number of non-hydrogen atoms of LA is between 15-50, such as 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50, or any ranges between the recited value, wherein the longest chain length of LA is at least that of - (CH2) 12-, such as at least that of - (CH2) 14-, at least that of - (CH2) 16-, at least that of - (CH2) 18-, wherein the hydrophobicity of LA can be characterized in that the corresponding compound H-LA-H has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. In some embodiments, LA1 is a bond (i.e., not present, the triazole nitrogen atom is directly bonded with D or TA) . In some embodiments, LA2 is a bond. In some embodiments, LA1 is a C1-20 alkylene, such as a linear alkylene, (CH2) 1-20. In some embodiments, LA1 is a C1-10 heteroalkylene having 1-3 oxygen atoms, such as -O- (C1-10 alkylene) -, etc. In some embodiments, LA2 is a C1-20 alkylene, such as a linear alkylene, (CH2) 1-20. In some embodiments, LA2 is a C1-10 heteroalkylene having 1-3 oxygen atoms, such as -O- (C1-10 alkylene) -, etc.
[0118] In some embodiments, LA can be characterized as having a structure according to wherein LA1 and LA2 are each independently a bond, -C1-30 alkylene-, or -C1-30 heteroalkylene-containing 1-6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the sulfur atom (s) , if present, is optionally oxidized, wherein the end atom of the LA2 that is bonded with D is not C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, wherein the total number of non-hydrogen atoms of LA is between 15-50, such as 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50, or any ranges between the recited value, wherein the longest chain length of LA is at least that of - (CH2) 12-, such as at least that of - (CH2) 14-, at least that of - (CH2) 16-, at least that of - (CH2) 18-, wherein the hydrophobicity of LA can be characterized in that the corresponding compound has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. In some embodiments, LA1 is a bond. In some embodiments, LA2 is a bond. In some embodiments, LA1 is a C1-20 alkylene, such as a linear alkylene, (CH2) 1-20. In some embodiments, LA1 is a C1-10 heteroalkylene having 1-3 oxygen atoms, such as -O- (C1-10 alkylene) -, etc. In some embodiments, LA2 is a C1-20 alkylene, such as a linear alkylene, (CH2) 1-20. In some embodiments, LA2 is a C1-10 heteroalkylene having 1-3 oxygen atoms, such as -O- (C1-10 alkylene) -, etc.
[0119] In some embodiments, LA can be characterized as having a structure according to wherein LA1 and LA2 are each independently a bond, -C1-30 alkylene-, or -C1-30 heteroalkylene-containing 1-6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the sulfur atom (s) , if present, is optionally oxidized, wherein the end atom of the LA1 that is bonded with D is not C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, wherein the total number of non-hydrogen atoms of LA is between 15-50, such as 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50, or any ranges between the recited value, wherein the longest chain length of LA is at least that of - (CH2) 12-, such as at least that of - (CH2) 14-, at least that of - (CH2) 16-, at least that of - (CH2) 18-, wherein the hydrophobicity of LA can be characterized in that the corresponding compound has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc. In some embodiments, LA1 is a bond. In some embodiments, LA2 is a bond. In some embodiments, LA1 is a C1-20 alkylene, such as a linear alkylene, (CH2) 1-20. In some embodiments, LA1 is a C1-10 heteroalkylene having 1-3 oxygen atoms, such as -O- (C1-10 alkylene) -, etc. In some embodiments, LA2 is a C1-20 alkylene, such as a linear alkylene, (CH2) 1-20. In some embodiments, LA2 is a C1-10 heteroalkylene having 1-3 oxygen atoms, such as -O- (C1-10 alkylene) -, etc.Examples of LA-TA
[0120] The covalent bond formed between LA and TA is not particularly limited. For example, in some embodiments, the covalent bond (s) between the terminal atom (s) of TA and the end carbon or nitrogen atom (s) of LA is an amide bond. In some embodiments, the covalent bond (s) between the terminal atom (s) of TA and the end atom (s) of LA is a non-amide carbon-nitrogen bond, an ester bond, a non-ester carbon-oxygen bond, a carbon-carbon bond, or a carbon-sulfur bond.
[0121] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula X-1 can have a structure according to any of the following: wherein: the integer m1 is at least 10, such as at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 50, such as 12-50, 16-50, etc., and the other variables are defined and preferred herein. The charge or charges appearing in the formulae above, if necessary, is counter balanced with a counterion, so that the compound as a whole is neutral.
[0122] In some embodiments, LB1 is an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene (e.g., ethylene, n-propylene, n-butylene, etc. ) or an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, P, and S, wherein the P or S is optionally oxidized, preferably, the atom that is bonded with the amide NH in the above formulae X-1-A-1, X-1-B-1, X-1-C-1, X-1-D-1, X-1-E-1, or X-1-F-1 is not a heteroatom.
[0123] In some embodiments, LC1 is an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene (e.g., ethylene, n-propylene, n-butylene, etc. ) or an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, P, and S, wherein the P or S is optionally oxidized, preferably, the atom that is bonded with the amide NH in the above Formula X-1-G-9 is not a heteroatom.
[0124] In some preferred embodiments, in Formula X-1-A-1, X-1-B-1, X-1-G-8 or X-1-G-9, GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, are joined to form a structure of wherein QA is an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, such as methyl. In some preferred embodiments, GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, are joined to form In some preferred embodiments, GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, represents [N (CH3) 3] +, or [N (CH2CH3) 3] +.
[0125] In some embodiments, in Formula X-1-A-1, X-1-B-1, or X-1-G-8, LC is an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene (e.g., ethylene, n-propylene, n-butylene, etc. ) . In some embodiments, in Formula X-1-G-8, LC is null.
[0126] In some embodiments, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, -C (R) =C (R) -, or a 3-10 membered ring, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; more preferably, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments, at most one X is a 3-10 membered ring. In some embodiments, no X contains a heteroatom. In some embodiments, all X is independently CR2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or methyl, provided that at most 10 R (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 R) are methyl groups.
[0127] In some embodiments, the hydrophobicity of - (X) m1-C (O) -in Formula X-1-A-1, X-1-B-1, X-1-C-1, X-1-D-1, X-1-E-1, or X-1-F-1, or X-1-G-9 is characterized in that the corresponding compound H- (X) m1-COOH should have a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4 (e.g., at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, etc. ) , such as has a cLogP of 3-10, 4-12, 4.5-9, 5-11, 5.5-10.5, 6-14, 6.5-13, etc.
[0128] In some embodiments, - (X) m1-is an optionally substituted linear C10-50 alkylene, such as an optionally substituted linear C10-30 alkylene (e.g., linear C10, C12, C14, C16, C18, C20, C22, or C24 alkylene, etc. ) . In some embodiments, 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) CH2 in the linear alkylene chain may be substituted, for example, each of the 1-10 CH2 can be independently substituted with one or two methyl groups. In some embodiments, - (X) m1-can be a group derived from replacing 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) CH2 in the foregoing linear alkylene chain each with a double bond, for example, when one CH2 in a C10 alkylene is replaced with a double bond, the resulted group is a C11 alkenylene having one double bond.
[0129] In some embodiments, D is a residue having the formula of D-1, D-2-A, D-2-B, D-3-A, or D-3-B, or a subformula thereof, as defined herein.Residue of GPR40 agonist
[0130] In Formula X, D is a residue of a GPR40 agonist.
[0131] In some embodiments, D is a residue having the formula of D-1: wherein: L10 is an alkylene (e.g., a C1-6 alkylene) , optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two substituents are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; RA at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RA are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p1 is 0, 1, or 2; RB at each occurrence is independently halogen, hydroxyl, amino, substituted amino, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RB are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; J1 is a bond, an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl ring, -C1-6alkylene-N (R100) -, 3-14 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene containing at least one ring nitrogen atom, or -C1-6alkylene- (3-14 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene containing at least one ring nitrogen atom) -, wherein R100 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted cycloalkyl; J2 is a bond or an alkylene, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two substituents are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; and J3 is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring.
[0132] The variables L10, J1, J2, J3, RA, RB, p1, and p2 in Formula D-1 are not particularly limited. However, in preferred embodiments, the variables in Formula D-1 are such that at least one corresponding compound according to Formula GPR-1, (GPR-1) , wherein E1 is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, N3, is a GPR40 agonist, preferably, having an EC50 of less than 100 nM as measured according to Biological Example 1 herein.
[0133] Typically, p1 in Formula D-1 is 0.
[0134] In some embodiments, p1 in Formula D-1 is 1, and RA is F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine.
[0135] Typically, p2 in Formula D-1 is 0.
[0136] In some embodiments, p2 in Formula D-1 is 1 or 2, and RB at each occurrence is independently F, OH, NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine.
[0137] In some preferred embodiments, L10 is an optionally substituted ethylene. When substituted, the ethylene is typically substituted with one or two substituents, each independently a C1-4 alkyl or a C3-6 cycloalkyl. For example, in some embodiments, L10 is wherein R10 is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl. In some preferred embodiments, Formula D-1 can be characterized as having a formula of wherein R10 is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl (preferably methyl) , wherein J1, J2, and J3 are defined herein.
[0138] In some embodiments, J1 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) is -C1-6alkylene-N (R100) -, such as -CH2-N (C1-4 alkyl) -. Typically, in Formula D-1, J1 is a 4-12 membered optionally substituted heterocyclic ring having one or two ring nitrogen atoms. In some embodiments, J1 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) is a 4-12 membered optionally substituted heterocyclic ring having one or two ring nitrogen atoms. For example, in some embodiments, J1 is a 4-8 (e.g., 4, 5, 6, or 7) membered monocyclic optionally substituted saturated heterocyclic ring having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from S, O, and N, provided at least one of the ring heteroatom is nitrogen. In some embodiments, J1 is selected from the following (J2 is included to show direction of connections) : each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from F, OH, NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, and C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine.
[0139] In some embodiments, J1 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) can also be a bicyclic or polycyclic 6-12 membered optionally substituted saturated heterocyclic ring having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from S, O, and N, provided at least one of the ring heteroatom is nitrogen. For example, in some embodiments, J1 is selected from the following (J2 is included to show direction of connections) :
[0140] In some embodiments, J2 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) is a straight chain or branched C1-4 alkylene, optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. For example, in some embodiments, J2 is CH2 or -CH (CH3) -.
[0141] J3 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) is typically an aryl (e.g., phenyl) or heteroaryl ring (e.g., pyridyl) , each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from 1) halogen, CN, -CF3, OH, amino, substituted amino, ester, amide, carbonate, or carbamate; and 2) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-8 membered heterocycloalkyl having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each of which is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, protected hydroxyl, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, protected amino, NH (C1-4 alkyl) or a protected derivative thereof, N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, 3-7 membered heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy.
[0142] In some embodiments, J3 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) is a phenyl ring, which is substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. For example, in some embodiments, the phenyl ring can be substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with fluorine, e.g., CF3, and C1-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with fluorine, such as methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, or O-CF3.
[0143] In some embodiments, J3 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) is a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl ring, which is substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F.
[0144] For example, in some embodiments, J3 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) is selected from: wherein: Ring represents an aromatic or non-aromatic ring structure, wherein each of the phenyl, pyridyl, or fused ring structure is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. For example, in some embodiments, the phenyl, pyridyl, or fused ring structure can be substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with fluorine, e.g., CF3, and C1-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with fluorine, such as methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, or O-CF3.
[0145] In some embodiments, J3 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) is selected from: wherein each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F.
[0146] In some embodiments, J3 in Formula D-1 (e.g., Formula D-1-A) is selected from: wherein each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with F (e.g., CF3) , cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, C1-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with F (e.g., -O-CF3) , or C3-6 cycloalkoxy. For example, in some embodiments, the phenyl, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazol, or benzothiazol ring can be substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with fluorine, e.g., CF3, C1-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with fluorine, such as methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, or O-CF3. Preferably, the one substituent is ortho to J2.
[0147] In some embodiments, D is characterized as having a Formula D-1-A-1, D-1-A-2, D-1-A-3, D-1-A-4, or D-1-A-5: wherein: R20 is C1-6 alkyl or fluorine substituted C1-6 alkyl, R21 is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl, and R22 is hydrogen, halogen, CN, C1-6 alkyl or fluorine substituted C1-6 alkyl or a C3-6 cycloalkyl, wherein LA and TA include any of those described herein in any combinations. In some embodiments, R20 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or CF3. In some embodiments, R21 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R20 is CF3 and R21 is hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R20 is CH3 and R21 is hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R22 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R22 is methyl. In some embodiments, R22 is cyclopropyl.
[0148] In some embodiments, D is characterized as having a Formula D-1-A-6, D-1-A-7, D-1-A-8, D-1-A-9, or D-1-A-10: wherein: R20 is C1-6 alkyl or fluorine substituted C1-6 alkyl, R21 is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl, and R22 is hydrogen, halogen, CN, C1-6 alkyl or fluorine substituted C1-6 alkyl or a C3-6 cycloalkyl, wherein LA and TA include any of those described herein in any combinations. In some embodiments, R20 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, or CF3. In some embodiments, R21 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, or isopropyl. In some embodiments, R20 is CF3 and R21 is hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R20 is CH3 and R21 is hydrogen or methyl. In some embodiments, R22 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R22 is methyl. In some embodiments, R22 is cyclopropyl.
[0149] In some embodiments, D in Formula X (e.g., X-1) is a residue having the formula of D-2-A or D-2-B: wherein: Y is CH, CRA, or N; Z is O, S, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ; HET ring stands for an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring (e.g., a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, such as a triazole ring) ; R11 and R12 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; LN is null, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene, or an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene having 1-3 heteroatoms; L10 is an alkylene, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two substituents are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; RA at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RA are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p1 is 0, 1, or 2; RC at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RC are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and R13 is hydrogen, an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl.
[0150] In some embodiments, D has a structure according to Formula D-2-A.
[0151] In some embodiments, D has a structure according to Formula D-2-B.
[0152] In some embodiments according to Formula D-2-A or D-2-B, LN is null, i.e., LA (in Formula X) is directly connected to the phenyl ring drawn in Formula D-2-A or the HET ring in D-2-B. To be clear, for the purposes herein, the definition of LN as null should not be interpreted such that in such embodiments, LA cannot contain a fragment that fits into one or more of the definitions of LN described herein. Rather, in some embodiments, when LN is defined as null, the variable LA can have any of the definitions herein described for LN-LA in embodiments where LN is not null.
[0153] In some embodiments according to Formula D-2-A or D-2-B, LN is a branched or straight chained C1-6 alkylene, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) . In some embodiments according to Formula D-2-A or D-2-B, LN is (LA is shown to show direction of connection) , wherein GA10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or two GA10 are joined to form a 3-6 membered ring, such as a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring. In some preferred embodiments, GA10 at each occurrence is methyl.
[0154] In some embodiments according to Formula D-2-A or D-2-B, LN is a branched or straight chained C1-6 heteroalkylene having one or two oxygen atoms, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) . In some embodiments according to Formula D-2-A or D-2-B, LN is (LA is shown to show direction of connection) , wherein GA10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or two GA10 are joined to form a 3-6 membered ring, such as a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring, wherein GB10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or two GB10 or one GA10 and one GB10 are joined to form a 3-6 membered ring, such as a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring, wherein GC10 is hydrogen, an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or an optionally substituted C1-4 heteroalkyl (e.g., C1-4 alkoxy) . In some preferred embodiments, GA10 at each occurrence is methyl. In some preferred embodiments, GB10 at each occurrence is hydrogen. In some preferred embodiments, GC10 is hydrogen or C1-4 alkoxy such as methoxy.
[0155] In some embodiments, Formula D-2-A can be characterized as having a Formula D-2-A-1: wherein the variables are defined herein.
[0156] In some embodiments, Formula D-2-B can be characterized as having a Formula D-2-B-1: wherein the variables are defined herein.
[0157] The variables L10, R11, R12, R13, RA, RC, Y, Z, HET, p1, and p2 in Formula D-2-A or D-2-B are not particularly limited. However, in preferred embodiments, the variables in Formula D-2-A or D-2-B are such that at least one corresponding compound according to Formula GPR-2, (GPR-2) , or Formula GPR-2B, (GPR-2B) , wherein E2 is E2A or LN-E2A, wherein E2A is hydrogen, N3, C1-4 alkyl, and LN is defined herein (such as null or a C1-6 alkylene) , is a GPR40 agonist, preferably, having an EC50 of less than 100 nM as measured according to Biological Example 1 herein.
[0158] Typically, p1 in Formula D-2-A or D-2-B is 0.
[0159] In some embodiments, p1 in Formula D-2-A or D-2-B is 1.
[0160] Typically, RA at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine.
[0161] Typically, p2 in Formula D-2-A or D-2-B is 0.
[0162] In some embodiments, p2 in Formula D-2-A or D-2-B is 1, and RC is F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine.
[0163] In Formula D-2-A or D-2-B, Y is typically CH.
[0164] Preferably, Z in Formula D-2-A or D-2-B is O.
[0165] In some embodiments, R11 and R12 are both hydrogen.
[0166] In some preferred embodiments, L10 is characterized as having a structure of wherein CR16R17 is bonded to the COOH group, and wherein: R14 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or 3-7 membered heterocyclyl, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, and R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; or R14 and R15 are joined to form a 3-7 membered ring with 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. In some embodiments, R16 and R17 are both hydrogen, or one of R16 and R17 is hydrogen and the other of R16 and R17 is methyl. In some embodiments, one of R14 and R15 is hydrogen, and the other of R14 and R15 is C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R14 and R15 are joined to form a C3-6 cycloalkyl.
[0167] For example, in some embodiments, L10 is wherein R10 is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, such as methyl.
[0168] R13 in Formula D-2-A or D-2-B is typically an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 ring heteroatoms. In some embodiments, R13 in Formula D-2-A or D-2-B can also be hydrogen.
[0169] In some embodiments, R13 is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R13 is a phenyl ring, which is unsubstituted. In some embodiments, R13 is a phenyl ring, which is substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , and C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F.
[0170] In some embodiments, R13 is an optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl ring. In some embodiments, R13 is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring, such as a pyridyl ring, which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , and C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F.
[0171] In some preferred embodiments, Formula D-2-A or D-2-B can be characterized as having a Formula D-2-A-2 or Formula D-2-B-2: wherein: R14 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or 3-7 membered heterocyclyl, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, and R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; or R14 and R15 are joined to form a 3-7 membered ring with 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; RD at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and wherein p3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and LN is described and preferred herein. For example, in some embodiments, LN is null. In some embodiments, LN is a branched or straight chained C1-6 alkylene, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) . In some embodiments, R16 and R17 are both hydrogen. In some embodiments, one of R16 and R17 is hydrogen and the other of R16 and R17 is methyl. In some embodiments, one of R14 and R15 is hydrogen, and the other of R14 and R15 is C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R14 and R15 are joined to form a C3-6 cycloalkyl.
[0172] In some preferred embodiments, D has a structure according to Formula D-2-A-3 or D-2-B-3: wherein LN is described and preferred herein. For example, in some embodiments, LN is null. In some embodiments, LN is a branched or straight chained C1-6 alkylene, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) .
[0173] In some embodiments, D in Formula X (e.g., X-1) can have a structure according to Formula D-3-A or D-3-B: wherein: Y is CH, CRA, or N; Z is O, S, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ; R11 and R12 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; Ring A is an optionally substituted 4-12 membered nitrogen-containing ring; Ring B is an optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl or a bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl ring, such as a benzofuran ring; LN is null, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene, or an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene having 1-3 heteroatoms; L10 is an alkylene, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two substituents are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; RA at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RA are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p1 is 0, 1, or 2; RC at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RC are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and R18 is an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl.
[0174] In some embodiments, D has a structure according to Formula D-3-A.
[0175] In some embodiments, D has a structure according to Formula D-3-B.
[0176] In some embodiments, D has a structure according to Formula D-3-A-1 or D-3-B-1:
[0177] In some embodiments according to Formula D-3-A or D-3-B, LN is null, i.e., LA (in Formula X) is directly connected to the amide nitrogen atom shown in Formula D-3-A or D-3-B. To be clear, for the purposes herein, the definition of LN as null should not be interpreted such that in such embodiments, LA cannot contain a fragment that fits into one or more of the definitions of LN described herein. Rather, in embodiments, when LN is defined as null, the variable LA can have any of the definitions herein described for LN-LA in embodiments where LN is not null.
[0178] In some embodiments according to Formula D-3-A or D-3-B, LN is a branched or straight chained C1-6 alkylene, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) . In some embodiments according to Formula D-3-A or D-3-B, LN is (LA is shown to show direction of connection) , wherein GA10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or two GA10 are joined to form a 3-6 membered ring, such as a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring. In some preferred embodiments, GA10 at each occurrence is methyl.
[0179] The variables L10, R11, R12, R18, RA, RC, ring A, ring B, Y, Z, p1, and p2 in Formula D-3-A or D-3-B are not particularly limited. However, in preferred embodiments, the variables in Formula D-3-A or D-3-B are such that at least one corresponding compound according to Formula GPR-3, (GPR-3) , or Formula GPR-3B, (GPR-3B) , wherein E3 is E3A or LN-E3A, wherein E3A is hydrogen, N3, C1-4 alkyl, and LN is defined herein (such as null or a C1-6 alkylene) , is a GPR40 agonist, preferably, having an EC50 of less than 100 nM as measured according to Biological Example 1 herein.
[0180] Typically, p1 in Formula D-3-A or D-3-B is 0.
[0181] In some embodiments, p1 in Formula D-3-A or D-3-B is 1.
[0182] Typically, RA at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine.
[0183] Typically, p2 in Formula D-3-A or D-3-B is 0.
[0184] In some embodiments, p2 in Formula D-3-A or D-3-B is 1, and RC is F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine.
[0185] In Formula D-3-A, Y is typically N.
[0186] Preferably, Z in Formula D-3-A is O.
[0187] In some embodiments, R11 and R12 are both hydrogen.
[0188] In some preferred embodiments, L10 is characterized as having a structure of wherein CR16R17 is bonded to the COOH group, and wherein: R14 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or 3-7 membered heterocyclyl, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, and R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; or R14 and R15 are joined to form a 3-7 membered ring with 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. In some embodiments, R16 and R17 are both hydrogen, or one of R16 and R17 is hydrogen and the other of R16 and R17 is methyl. In some embodiments, one of R14 and R15 is hydrogen, and the other of R14 and R15 is C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R14 and R15 are joined to form a C3-6 cycloalkyl.
[0189] For example, in some embodiments, L10 is wherein R10 is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, such as methyl.
[0190] R18 in Formula D-3-A or D-3-B is typically an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 ring heteroatoms.
[0191] In some embodiments, R18 is an optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl ring. In some embodiments, R18 is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring, such as a pyridyl ring, which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , and C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. In some embodiments, R18 is each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , and C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F.
[0192] Ring A for Formula D-3-A or D-3-B is a nitrogen containing heterocyclic structure, with at least one nitrogen that is bonded with the phenyl ring shown in Formula D-3-Aor D-3-B.
[0193] In some embodiments, Ring A for Formula D-3-A or D-3-B is a 4-8 membered optionally substituted monocyclic saturated heterocyclic ring having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from S, O, and N, provided at least one of the ring heteroatom is nitrogen. For example, in some embodiments, Ring A is selected from: each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from F, OH, NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine.
[0194] In some embodiments, Ring A for Formula D-3-A or D-3-B can also be a bicyclic or polycyclic 6-12 membered optionally substituted saturated heterocyclic ring having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from S, O, and N, provided at least one of the ring heteroatom is nitrogen.
[0195] In some preferred embodiments, D has a structure according to Formula D-3-A-2 or D-3-B-2: wherein: R14 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or 3-7 membered heterocyclyl, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, and R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; or R14 and R15 are joined to form a 3-7 membered ring with 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; RD at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and wherein p3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and LN is described and preferred herein. For example, in some embodiments, LN is null. In some embodiments, LN is a branched or straight chained C1-6 alkylene, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) . In some embodiments, R16 and R17 are both hydrogen. In some embodiments, one of R16 and R17 is hydrogen and the other of R16 and R17 is methyl. In some embodiments, one of R14 and R15 is hydrogen, and the other of R14 and R15 is C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R14 and R15 are joined to form a C3-6 cycloalkyl.
[0196] In some preferred embodiments, D has a structure according to Formula D-3-A-3 or D-3-B-3: wherein LN is described and preferred herein. For example, in some embodiments, LN is null. In some embodiments, LN is a branched or straight chained C1-6 alkylene, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) .
[0197] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein is a compound as defined in any of the nonlimiting enumerated embodiments 1-86 herein: Embodiment 1. A compound of Formula X, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof: wherein: D is a residue of a GPR40 agonist; q is an integer of 1-10, preferably, 1 or 2; LA is a hydrophobic linker; and TA is a group characterized as having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) hydrophilic polar groups, preferably, TA is a group characterized as having one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) charged groups, such as having one or more quaternary amine, one or more carboxylic acid, one or more phosphoric acid, and / or one or more sulfonic acid, wherein the compound is charge balanced as necessary. Embodiment 2. The compound of embodiment 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein q is 1. Embodiment 3. The compound of embodiment 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein TA is a hydrophilic group having a terminal atom (s) selected from N, O, S, P, or C, which is covalently bonded with a first end atom of LA, wherein (1) when the terminal atom (s) is N of a basic primary or secondary amine group, then the corresponding compound TA- (C (O) -CH3) q has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1, wherein the -C (O) -CH3 is bonded with the terminal N atom (s) ; (2) when the terminal atom (s) is N of a basic tertiary amine group, then the corresponding compound [TA-CH3] + has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1, wherein the -CH3 is bonded with the terminal N atom (s) ; (3) when the terminal atom (s) is C of a C (O) group, then the corresponding compound TA- (OH) q has a cLogP of less than 1, wherein the -OH is bonded with the terminal C atom (s) ; (4) when the terminal atom (s) is S of a SO2 group, then the corresponding compound TA- (OH) q has a cLogP of less than 1, wherein the -OH is bonded with the terminal S atom (s) ; or (5) when (1) - (4) do not apply, then the corresponding compound TA-Hq has a cLogP of less than 1. Embodiment 4. The compound of embodiment 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein TA is a hydrophilic group having a terminal N atom, which is covalently bonded with the first end atom of LA, wherein the terminal N atom is that of a basic primary or secondary amine group, and the corresponding compound TA- (C (O) -CH3) q has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1, wherein the -C (O) -CH3 is bonded with the terminal N atom. Embodiment 5. The compound of embodiment 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein TA is a hydrophilic group having a terminal N atom, which is covalently bonded with the first end atom of LA, wherein the terminal N atom is that of a basic tertiary amine group, and the corresponding compound [TA-CH3] + has a cLogP of less than 0, preferably, less than -1, wherein the -CH3 is bonded with the terminal N atom. Embodiment 6. The compound of any of embodiments 1-5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LA is a linker characterized in that the maximum length between the two end atoms of LA is at least the maximum length between the two end carbon atoms of - (CH2) 10-, wherein (1) when both end atoms of LA are C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, then the corresponding compound HO-LA-OH has a cLogP of at least 3, wherein each -OH is bonded with the end C (O) or SO2 group; (2) when only one end atom of LA is C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, then the corresponding compound H-LA-OH has a cLogP of at least 3, wherein the -OH is bonded with the C (O) or SO2 group; or (3) when neither (1) and (2) applies, then the corresponding compound H-LA-H has a cLogP of at least 3. Embodiment 7. The compound of any of embodiments 1-5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein only one end atom of LA is C of a C (O) or S of a SO2 group, and the corresponding compound H-LA-OH has a cLogP of at least 3, preferably, at least 4, wherein the -OH is bonded with the C (O) or SO2 group. Embodiment 8. The compound of any of embodiments 1-7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the covalent bond (s) between the terminal atom (s) of TA and the first end atom of LA is an amide bond. Embodiment 9. The compound of any of embodiments 1-7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein the covalent bond (s) between the terminal atom (s) of TA and the first end atom of LA is a non-amide carbon-nitrogen bond, an ester bond, a non-ester carbon-oxygen bond, a carbon-carbon bond, or a carbon-sulfur bond. Embodiment 10. The compound of any of embodiments 1-9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LA is characterized in that the maximum length between the two end atoms of LA is at least that between the two end carbon atoms of - (CH2) 12-, preferably, at least that of - (CH2) 14-, more preferably, at least that of - (CH2) 16-. Embodiment 11. The compound of any of embodiments 1-9, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LA is characterized in that the maximum length between the two end atoms of LA is between (i) the maximum length between the two end carbon atoms of - (CH2) 12-and (ii) the maximum length between the two end carbon atoms of - (CH2) 50-. Embodiment 12. The compound of any of embodiments 1-11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein TA has a formula according to M-1 or M-2: wherein: each of LB and LC at each occurrence is independently null or represents a divalent group; wherein, in M-1: (i) one of GA and GB is hydrogen or is selected from C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or a 3-14 membered ring, each of which is optionally substituted, and the other of GA and GB is a moiety having the structure of M-2, M-3, or M-4 as defined in this embodiment; or (ii) GA and GB, together with the nitrogen atom they are both attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 4-14 membered ring; or (iii) each of GA and GB independently represents a moiety having the structure of M-2, M-3, or M-4 as defined in this embodiment; wherein, in M-2 (i) GA1, GB1, and GC1 each independently represents C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, a 3-14 membered ring, or a structure according to M-3 or M-4; wherein each of the C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, and 3-14 membered ring is optionally substituted; (ii) GA1 and GB1, together with the nitrogen atom they are both attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 4-14 membered ring; and GC1 is as defined in (i) ; or (iii) GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 5-14 membered ring; wherein M-3 has a structure of and M-4 has a structure of wherein: LD is null or represents a divalent group; A represents a moiety having an anionic group or a conjugated acid thereof, preferably, the anionic group is selected from COO-, SO3-, HPO3-or PO32-; and Cat represents a moiety having a cationic group that is positively charged regardless of pH or positively chargeable at pH of 7, preferably, the cationic group is a quaternary amine. Embodiment 13. The compound of embodiment 12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein TA has a formula according to M-1, wherein one of GA and GB is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and the other of GA and GB has a structure according to M-2, M-3, or M-4 as defined above. Embodiment 14. The compound of embodiment 12 or 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LB is null. Embodiment 15. The compound of embodiment 12 or 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LB is a C1-6 alkylene or a C1-6 heteroalkylene having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, P, and S, wherein the P or S is optionally oxidized. Embodiment 16. The compound of embodiment 12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein TA has a formula according to M-2. Embodiment 17. The compound of any of embodiments 12-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein GA1 and GB1, together with the nitrogen atom they are both attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 3-14 membered ring; and GC1 is C1-4 alkyl, e.g., is Embodiment 18. The compound of any of embodiments 12-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein GA1, GB1, and GC1 together with the nitrogen atom they are all attached to, are joined to form an optionally substituted 5-14 membered ring, preferably, a fused or bridged bicyclic ring, e.g., is Embodiment 19. The compound of any of embodiments 12-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LC is null. Embodiment 20. The compound of any of embodiments 12-18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LC is a C1-6 alkylene or a C1-6 heteroalkylene having one or two heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, P, and S, wherein the P or S is optionally oxidized. Embodiment 21. The compound of any of embodiments 12-16, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein M-2 represents or M-2 represents [N (CH3) 3] +, or [N (CH2CH3) 3] +. Embodiment 22. The compound of any of embodiments 1-11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein TA represents or TA represents wherein Cat is [N (CH3) 3] +, or [N (CH2CH3) 3] +. Embodiment 23. The compound of any of embodiments 1-11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein TA represents one of the following structures: or TA represents or TA represents [N (CH3) 3] +, [N (CH2CH3) 3] +, Embodiment 24. The compound of any of embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LA is (X) m, wherein X at each occurrence is independently CR2, C (=O) , -C (R) =C (R) -, SiR2, O, S, SO2, NR, [NR2] +, or a ring structure, preferably 3-10 membered ring structure, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or optionally substituted C1-4 alkoxy, typically R is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and the integer m is at least 10, such as at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 50, such as 12-50, 16-50, etc. Embodiment 25. The compound of any of embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LA is - (X) m-1-C (O) -, wherein the C (O) end is bonded with TA, wherein X at each occurrence is independently CR2, C (=O) , -C (R) =C (R) -, SiR2, O, S, SO2, NR, [NR2] + or a ring structure, preferably 3-10 membered ring structure, provided that the end X group is not C (O) or SO2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or optionally substituted C1-4 alkoxy, typically R is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl, and the integer m is at least 10, such as at least 12, at least 14, at least 16, at least 18, at least 20, at least 50, such as 12-50, 16-50, etc., and the hydrophobicity of - (X) m-1-C (O) -is characterized in that the corresponding compound H- (X) m-1-COOH has a cLogP of at least 3, such as between 3-15, preferably, at least 4. Embodiment 26. The compound of embodiment 24 or 25, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein X at each occurrence is independently CR2, -C (R) =C (R) -, or a 3-10 membered ring, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; more preferably, X at each occurrence is independently CR2, wherein R at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl. Embodiment 27. The compound of any of embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LA is -C12-30 alkylene-or -C12-30 alkylene-C (O) -, wherein the -C12-30 alkylene-is optionally substituted, wherein the optional substituents can optionally be joined together to form a double bond, triple bond, or a ring structure. Embodiment 28. The compound of any of embodiments 1-23, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LA is a 12-30 membered heteroalkylene or - (12-30 membered heteroalkylene) -C (O) -, wherein the 12-30 membered heteroalkylene is optionally substituted and contains 1-6 heteroatoms independently selected from O, N, and S, wherein the sulfur atom (s) , if present, is optionally oxidized, wherein the optional substituents can optionally be joined together to form a double bond, triple bond, or a ring structure. Embodiment 29. The compound of any of embodiments 1-28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D is a residue having the formula of D-1: wherein: L10 is an alkylene (e.g., a C1-6 alkylene) , optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two substituents are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; RA at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RA are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p1 is 0, 1, or 2; RB at each occurrence is independently halogen, hydroxyl, amino, substituted amino, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RB are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; J1 is a bond, an optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl ring, -C1-6alkylene-N (R100) -, 3-14 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene containing at least one ring nitrogen atom, or -C1-6alkylene- (3-14 membered optionally substituted heterocyclylene containing at least one ring nitrogen atom) -, wherein R100 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted cycloalkyl; J2 is a bond or an alkylene, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two substituents are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; and J3 is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring. Embodiment 30. The compound of embodiment 29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p1 is 0. Embodiment 31. The compound of embodiment 29 or 30, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p1 is 1, and RA is F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. Embodiment 32. The compound of any of embodiments 29-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p2 is 0. Embodiment 33. The compound of any of embodiments 29-31, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p2 is 1 or 2, and RB at each occurrence is independently F, OH, NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. Embodiment 34. The compound of 29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D has a formula according to D-1-A: wherein R10 is hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl (preferably methyl) . Embodiment 35. The compound of any of embodiments 29-34, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J1 is a 4-12 membered optionally substituted heterocyclic ring having one or two ring nitrogen atoms. Embodiment 36. The compound of embodiment 35, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J1 is a 4-8 membered optionally substituted monocyclic saturated heterocyclic ring having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from S, O, and N, provided at least one of the ring heteroatom is nitrogen. Embodiment 37. The compound of embodiment 36, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J1 is selected from: each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from F, OH, NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. Embodiment 38. The compound of embodiment 35, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J1 is bicyclic or polycyclic 6-12 membered optionally substituted saturated heterocyclic ring having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from S, O, and N, provided at least one of the ring heteroatom is nitrogen. Embodiment 39. The compound of any of embodiments 29-38, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J2 is a straight chain or branched C1-4 alkylene, optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. Embodiment 40. The compound of any of embodiments 29-39, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J2 is CH2 or -CH (CH3) -. Embodiment 41. The compound of any of embodiments 29-40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J3 is an aryl or heteroaryl ring, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from 1) halogen, CN, -CF3, OH, amino, substituted amino, ester, amide, carbonate, or carbamate; and 2) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, 3-8 membered heterocycloalkyl having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each of which is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, protected hydroxyl, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, protected amino, NH (C1-4 alkyl) or a protected derivative thereof, N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, 3-7 membered heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy. Embodiment 42. The compound of any of embodiments 29-41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J3 is a phenyl ring, which is substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 43. The compound of any of embodiments 29-41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J3 is a 5-10 membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl ring, which is substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 44. The compound of any of embodiments 29-41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J3 is selected from: wherein: Ring represents an aromatic or non-aromatic ring structure, wherein each of the phenyl, pyridyl, or fused ring structure is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 45. The compound of any of embodiments 29-41, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J3 is selected from: wherein each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 46. The compound of embodiment 45, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein J3 is selected from: wherein each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with F (e.g., CF3) , cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, C1-6 alkoxy optionally substituted with F (e.g., -O-CF3) , or C3-6 cycloalkoxy. Embodiment 47. The compound of embodiment 29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D is characterized as having a structure according to Formula D-1-A-1, D-1-A-2, D-1-A-3, D-1-A-4, or D-1-A-5: wherein: R20 is C1-6 alkyl or fluorine substituted C1-6 alkyl, R21 is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl, and R22 is hydrogen, halogen, CN, C1-6 alkyl or fluorine substituted C1-6 alkyl or a C3-6 cycloalkyl. Embodiment 48. The compound of embodiment 29, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D is characterized as having a structure according to Formula D-1-A-6, D-1-A-7, D-1-A-8, D-1-A-9, or D-1-A-10: wherein: R20 is C1-6 alkyl or fluorine substituted C1-6 alkyl, R21 is hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl, and R22 is hydrogen, halogen, CN, C1-6 alkyl or fluorine substituted C1-6 alkyl or a C3-6 cycloalkyl. Embodiment 49. The compound of any of embodiments 1-28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D is a residue having the formula of D-2-A or D-2-B: wherein: Y is CH, CRA, or N; Z is O, S, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ; HET ring stands for an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring (e.g., a 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, such as a triazole ring) ; R11 and R12 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; LN is null, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene, or an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene having 1-3 heteroatoms; L10 is an alkylene, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two substituents are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; RA at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RA are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p1 is 0, 1, or 2; RC at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RC are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and R13 is hydrogen, an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl. Embodiment 50. The compound of embodiment 49, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D is a residue having the formula of D-2-A-1 or D-2-B-1: Embodiment 51. The compound of embodiment 49 or 50, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LN is (i) null; (ii) a branched or straight chained C1-6 alkylene, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) ; or (iii) a branched or straight chained C1-6 heteroalkylene having one or two oxygen atoms, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) ; Embodiment 52. The compound of embodiment 49 or 50, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LN has a structure of wherein GA10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or two GA10 are joined to form a 3-6 membered ring, such as a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring, preferably, GA10 at each occurrence is methyl; wherein GB10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or two GB10 or one GA10 and one GB10 are joined to form a 3-6 membered ring, such as a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring. Embodiment 53. The compound of any of embodiments 49-52, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p1 is 0, or p1 is 1, and RA at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. Embodiment 54. The compound of any of embodiments 49-53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p2 is 0. Embodiment 55. The compound of any of embodiments 49-53, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p2 is 1, and RC is F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. Embodiment 56. The compound of any of embodiments 49-55, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Y is CH. Embodiment 57. The compound of any of embodiments 49-56, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Z is O. Embodiment 58. The compound of any of embodiments 49-57, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R11 and R12 are both hydrogen. Embodiment 59. The compound of any of embodiments 49-58, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein L10 is wherein CR16R17 is bonded to the COOH group, and wherein: R14 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or 3-7 membered heterocyclyl, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, and R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; or R14 and R15 are joined to form a 3-7 membered ring with 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. Embodiment 60. The compound of any of embodiments 49-59, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R13 is a phenyl ring, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , and C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 61. The compound of any of embodiments 49-59, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R13 is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring, such as a pyridyl ring, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH(C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , and C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 62. The compound of any of embodiments 49-52, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D has a structure according to Formula D-2-A-2 or Formula D-2-B-2: wherein: R14 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or 3-7 membered heterocyclyl, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, and R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; or R14 and R15 are joined to form a 3-7 membered ring with 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; RD at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and wherein p3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3. Embodiment 63. The compound of embodiment 62, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R16 and R17 are both hydrogen, or one of R16 and R17 is hydrogen and the other of R16 and R17 is methyl. Embodiment 64. The compound of embodiment 62 or 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein one of R14 and R15 is hydrogen, and the other of R14 and R15 is C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl. Embodiment 65. The compound of embodiment 62 or 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R14 and R15 are joined to form a C3-6 cycloalkyl. Embodiment 66. The compound of any of embodiments 49-52, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D has a structure according to Formula D-2-A-3 or D-2-B-3: Embodiment 67. The compound of any of embodiments 1-28, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D has a structure according to Formula D-3-A or D-3-B: wherein: Y is CH, CRA, or N; Z is O, S, NH, or N (C1-4 alkyl) ; R11 and R12 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; Ring A is an optionally substituted 4-12 membered nitrogen-containing ring; Ring B is an optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl or a bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl ring, such as a benzofuran ring; LN is null, an optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene, or an optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkylene having 1-3 heteroatoms; L10 is an alkylene, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halogen, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkenyl, optionally substituted C2-6 alkynyl, optionally substituted C1-6 heteroalkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two substituents are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; RA at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RA are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p1 is 0, 1, or 2; RC at each occurrence is independently halogen, CN, optionally substituted C1-6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy, or optionally substituted C3-6 cycloalkoxy, or two RC are joined to form an optionally substituted ring structure; p2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and R18 is an optionally substituted phenyl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl. Embodiment 68. The compound of embodiment 67, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D has a structure according to Formula D-3-A-1 or D-3-B-1: Embodiment 69. The compound of embodiment 67 or 68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LN is (i) null; or (ii) a branched or straight chained C1-6 alkylene, such as (LA is shown to show direction of connection) . Embodiment 70. The compound of embodiment 67 or 68, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein LN has a structure of wherein GA10 at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl, or two GA10 are joined to form a 3-6 membered ring, such as a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring, preferably, GA10 at each occurrence is methyl. Embodiment 71. The compound of any of embodiments 67-70, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p1 is 0 or p1 is 1, and RA at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. Embodiment 72. The compound of any of embodiments 67-71, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p2 is 0. Embodiment 73. The compound of any of embodiments 67-72, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein p2 is 1, and RC is F, Cl, CN, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. Embodiment 74. The compound of any of embodiments 67-73, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Y is N. Embodiment 75. The compound of any of embodiments 67-74, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Z is O. Embodiment 76. The compound of any of embodiments 67-75, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R11 and R12 are both hydrogen. Embodiment 77. The compound of any of embodiments 67-76, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein L10 is wherein CR16R17 is bonded to the COOH group, and wherein: R14 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or 3-7 membered heterocyclyl, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, and R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; or R14 and R15 are joined to form a 3-7 membered ring with 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. Embodiment 78. The compound of any of embodiments 67-77, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R18 is a 6-membered heteroaryl ring, e.g., which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, CN, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 heteroalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, or C3-6 cycloalkoxy, wherein the alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy or cycloalkoxy is optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) substituents independently selected from F, -OH, C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with F, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , and C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with F. Embodiment 79. The compound of any of embodiments 67-78, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring A is a 4-8 membered optionally substituted monocyclic saturated heterocyclic ring having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from S, O, and N, provided at least one of the ring heteroatom is nitrogen. Embodiment 80. The compound of embodiment 79, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring A is selected from: each of which is optionally substituted with 1-2 substituents independently selected from F, OH, NH2, NH (C1-4 alkyl) , N (C1-4 alkyl) (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 fluorine. Embodiment 81. The compound of any of embodiments 67-78, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein Ring A is bicyclic or polycyclic 6-12 membered optionally substituted saturated heterocyclic ring having one or two ring heteroatoms independently selected from S, O, and N, provided at least one of the ring heteroatom is nitrogen. Embodiment 82. The compound of any of embodiments 67-79, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, which D has a structure according to Formula D-3-A-2 or D-3-B-2: wherein: R14 is hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, or 3-7 membered heterocyclyl, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy, and R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen or C1-4 alkyl; or R14 and R15 are joined to form a 3-7 membered ring with 0, 1, or 2 heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S; RD at each occurrence is independently F, Cl, C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 F, or C1-4 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1-3 F, and wherein p3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3. Embodiment 83. The compound of embodiment 82, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R16 and R17 are both hydrogen, or one of R16 and R17 is hydrogen and the other of R16 and R17 is methyl. Embodiment 84. The compound of embodiment 82 or 83, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein one of R14 and R15 is hydrogen, and the other of R14 and R15 is C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, or C3-6 cycloalkyl. Embodiment 85. The compound of embodiment 82 or 83, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein R14 and R15 are joined to form a C3-6 cycloalkyl. Embodiment 86. The compound of any of embodiments 67-70, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein D has a structure according to Formula D-3-A-3 or D-3-B-3:
[0198] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein is a compound selected from Table 1 below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, wherein represents a counterion, preferably, a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, such as Cl-, etc. It should be clear that under certain conditions, the compound shown in Table 1 may exist as an internal salt, i.e., a zwitterion structure, in which case, may not be needed for balancing the charge shown or in cases when 2 are shown in the structure, only one of the is needed. As used herein, an internal salt derivable from a compound shown in Table 1 (with or without any ) is within the definition of the compound shown in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.Table 1. List of Exemplary Compounds
[0199] In some embodiments, the compound of any one of the compounds in Table 1 can be present in a form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
[0200] In some embodiments, the compound of any one of the compounds in Table 1 can be present in a form of a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0201] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein is a compound according to any of Examples 1-36, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A compound according to any of Examples 1-36 should be understood as the same compound as drawn in Examples 1-36 without considering its salt form and / or any counterion (s) ; the compound may exist in a different salt form and / or containing a different counterion (s) .
[0202] In some embodiments, the GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein is a compound according to any of GPR-1, GPR-2, GPR-2B, GPR-3, or GPR-3B, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.
[0203] In any of the embodiments described herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the GPR40 agonist for the methods herein can be
[0204] The GPR40 agonists described herein are known in the art or can be prepared by those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure. Exemplary syntheses are shown in the Examples section, such as those shown in the schemes in the Examples section, which can be adopted by those skilled in the art to synthesize other GPR40 agonists herein. Intermediates and synthetic procedures useful for the synthesis of the GPR40 agonists herein are also exemplified in WO2023 / 134712.
[0205] As exemplified herein, certain GPR40 agonists herein can be typically prepared by a coupling reaction to link the residue of a ligand of a GPR40 agonist with a hydrophilic molecule. Suitable coupling reactions are not particularly limited, which will depend on the structural features of the compound.
[0206] In some embodiments, an amide coupling can be used to link the residue of a GPR40 agonist with a hydrophilic molecule. For example, a compound of Formula X-1-A-1 can be prepared according to the synthetic sequence shown in Scheme A-1, A-2, or A-3, when D is D-1, D-2, or D-3, which can react an acid of S-1, S-3, or S-4 with an amine of S-2 under amide coupling conditions, which can then be followed by deprotection to provide the compound of Formula X-1-A-1-D2, X-1-A-1-D3, or X-1-A-1-D1, respectively. Although not drawn, it should be understood that the amine S-2, as well as the compound of Formula X-1-A-1-D2, X-1-A-1-D3, or X-1-A-1-D1 are charge balanced as necessary so that the overall molecule is neutral. The Pg1 in S-1, S-3, or S-4 refers to a carboxylic acid protecting group, such as a tert-butyl group. The variables shown in the schemes are described and preferred herein for such variables respectively.
[0207] Other compounds of Formula X can be prepared similarly to those shown in Schemes A-1, A-2, and A-3. Exemplified procedures are also shown in the Examples section herein.
[0208] As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups are described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” , 4th ed. P.G.M. Wuts; T.W. Greene, John Wiley, 2007, and references cited therein. The reagents for the reactions described herein are generally known compounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obvious modifications thereof. For example, many of the reagents are available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA) , Sigma (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) . Others may be prepared by procedures, or obvious modifications thereof, described in standard reference texts such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-15 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991) , Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplemental (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989) , Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991) , March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (Wiley, 7th Edition) , and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (Wiley-VCH, 1999) , and any of available updates as of this filing.
[0209] The GPR40 agonist for use in the methods herein is not limited to any particular route of administration, although preferably, the GPR40 agonist is typically administered orally. The GPR40 agonist herein for various routes of administration can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions using conventional technics. For example, oral formulations can be presented in discrete units, such as capsules, pills, cachets, lozenges, or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsion. Excipients for the preparation of compositions for oral administration are known in the art. Non-limiting suitable excipients include, for example, agar, alginic acid, aluminum hydroxide, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, 1, 3-butylene glycol, carbomers, castor oil, cellulose, cellulose acetate, cocoa butter, corn starch, corn oil, cottonseed oil, cross-povidone, diglycerides, ethanol, ethyl cellulose, ethyl laureate, ethyl oleate, fatty acid esters, gelatin, germ oil, glucose, glycerol, groundnut oil, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, isopropanol, isotonic saline, lactose, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium stearate, malt, mannitol, monoglycerides, olive oil, peanut oil, potassium phosphate salts, potato starch, povidone, propylene glycol, Ringer's solution, safflower oil, sesame oil, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium phosphate salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium sorbitol, soybean oil, stearic acids, stearyl fumarate, sucrose, surfactants, talc, tragacanth, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, triglycerides, water, and mixtures thereof. See also Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, A.R. Gennaro (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2005; incorporated herein by reference) , which discloses various excipients used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof.
[0210] The pharmaceutical composition for use in the methods herein can include various amounts of the GPR40 agonists herein, depending on various factors such as the intended use and potency and selectivity of the agonists. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the GPR40 agonist herein in an amount effective to enhance the weight reducing effect of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the GPR40 agonist herein in an amount effective to reduce the gastrointestinal intolerability associated with a GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the GPR40 agonist herein in an amount effective to reduce food intake or suppress appetite. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the GPR40 agonist herein in an amount effective to enhance the food intake reduction effect of a GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the GPR40 agonist herein in an amount effective to treat emesis. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the GPR40 agonist herein in an amount effective to reduce gastrointestinal intolerability. The effective amount can depend on the recipient of the treatment, the disorder, condition or disease being treated and the severity thereof, the composition containing the GPR40 agonist, the time of administration, the route of administration, the duration of treatment, the compound potency, its rate of clearance and whether or not another drug is co-administered. GLP-1 Receptor Agonist
[0211] Suitable GLP-1 receptor agonists for the methods herein are also not particular limited, which includes any of those known in the art and those described herein. As used herein, the term “GLP-1 receptor agonist” includes compounds (e.g., peptides or small molecules) that have agonist activity on GLP-1 receptor, and optionally also agonist activity towards receptors of other gastrointestinal hormones, such as GIP and / or GCG receptors. For example, in some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist can be a GLP-1 / GIP receptor co-agonist, or GLP-1 / GCG co-agonist, or GLP-1 / GIP / GCG triple agonist. A variety of GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., mono or multi-agonists) are known and can be used for the methods herein, such as those described in Lu, W. et al. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023, VOL. 33, NO. 9, 597-612; and Liu, C. et al. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020, VOL. 30, NO. 10, 781-794, as well as those described in the references and patents cited therein.
[0212] Examples of GLP-1 receptor agonists that can be used in the methods herein include but not limited to: exenatide, lixisenatide, benaglutide, liraglutide, loxenatide, semaglutide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, orforglipron, lotiglipron, danuglipron, and those described in the following patent publications: CA3045644, CA2988721, CN104262481A, CN104277103A, CN106699870A, CN107266555A, CN107033234A, CN109248323A, CN110386974A, CN112236444A, CN114621339A, CN111410686A, CN113493504A, CN111548311A, CN113480534A, CN114591296A, CN115703792A, CN114790160A, CN114848825A, CN115536638A, CN101987868B, CN102421797B, KR2018101671, US10, 676, 465, US20220298148, WO2006097537, WO2016083499, WO2016094729, WO2017117556, WO2015000942, WO2018056453, WO2018200833, WO2019103060, WO2019201333, WO2019110981, WO2021096304, WO2021155841, WO2022048665, WO2022224164, WO2023001237, WO2022068772, WO2022111624, WO2022219495, WO2022246019, WO2023011395, WO2023083301A1, and WO2023066356.
[0213] In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist for the methods herein can be a GLP-1 / GIP co-agonist, such as tirzepatide, NN9709, CT-388, AMG133, and any of those described in the following patent publications: CN115124602A, CN113150172A, CN111825758A, CN112521501A, US20200024322, WO2015035419, WO2015086728, WO2021150673, WO2022018186, WO2021239082, WO2020207477, WO2021260530, WO2022079639, and WO2020023386.
[0214] In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist for the methods herein can be a GLP-1 R and glucagon receptor (GCGR) dual agonists, such as cotadutide, BI 456, 906, pemvidutide, efinopegdutide, pegapamodutide, mazdutide, oxyntomodulin and derivatives thereof, any of those described in the following patent publications: CN111094331A, WO2021221359, CN111349155A, CN113292646A, CN114790236A, CN108341879A, CN108341880A, US20170008944, WO2020019813, WO2019060660, WO2019016306, WO2016055610, WO2016198604, WO2016198628, WO2015086731, WO2015086732, WO2015086733, WO2015055801, WO2016166289, WO2016209707, WO2017153575, WO2017178829, and WO2022061924.
[0215] In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist for the methods herein can be a GLP-1 R, GIPR, and glucagon receptor (GCGR) triple agonists, such as SAR441255, HM15211, NN9423, retarutide, any of those described in the following patent publications: US20180155406, WO2015067716, WO2016198604, WO2017116204, WO2018100135, WO2019229225, WO2019125929, WO2019125938, WO2022271767, CN111040022A, CN113493503A, CN114437181A, WO2020263063, WO2021126695, WO2022247701, WO2022268029, WO2022080989, CN114621327A, and CN114981295A.
[0216] In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is (i) a GLP-1 receptor agonist ( “mono-agonist” ) , including semaglutide, which can be in different formulations at different doses for different indications such as Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy, NN9536 (semaglutide 7.2 mg) , NN9932 (oral semaglutide 25 and 50 mg obesity) , NN9924 (oral semaglutide 25 and 50 mg) , NN9904 (once weekly oral semaglutide) , NN9931 (semaglutide 2.4 mg in NASH) , NN6535 (semaglutide 14 mg in AD) ; ZT002; ZT006; (ii) small-molecule GLP-1R agonist, such as orforglipron (LY3502970) , GSBR-1290, RGT-075, TTP273, danuglipron, lotiglipron, NPM-119, HRS-7535, MDR-001, CT-996, ECC5004, HDM1002, XW014; (iii) a GLP-1 / GIP co-agonist, such as tirzepatide, NN9709, CT-388, NN9541 and NN9542 (once weekly GLP-1 / GIP co-agonist) , NN9650 (once monthly GLP-1 / GIP co-agonist) , AZD9550, HRS-9531, or GLP-1 agonist / GIP antibody Maridebart cafraglutide (AMG133) ; (iv) a GLP-1R and glucagon receptor (GCGR) dual agonist, such as cotadutide, survodutide (BI 456, 906) , pemvidutide, efinopegdutide, pegapamodutide (LY2944876) , mazdutide, SHR-1816, oxyntomodulin and derivatives thereof; (v) a GLP-1R, GIPR, and glucagon receptor (GCGR) triple agonist, such as SAR441255, HM15211, NN9423, or retatrutide; (vi) a GLP-1R and amylin or dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (cagrilintide) cagrisema, such as NN9388 and NN9838, AZD6234; or (vii) other combination therapy or co-agonist including a GLP-1 / FGF21 and GLP-1 / INSR, ZT003, HR-17031.
[0217] In some preferred embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist for the methods herein is exenatide, lixisenatide, liraglutide, loxenatide, semaglutide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide, retatrutide, survodutide, maridebart, or cafraglutide.
[0218] In any of the embodiments described herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, the GLP-1 receptor agonist for the methods herein can be semaglutide.
[0219] The GLP-1 receptor agonist for use in the methods herein is not limited to any particular route of administration, although typically, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is administered parenterally, such as by subcutaneous injection. In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist can also be administered orally, such as using the RYBELSUS tablet formulation. Formulations of GLP-1 receptor agonists are known in the art. For example, semaglutide formulations suitable for the methods herein include any of those known in the art, including but not limited to the US FDA approved injection formulation (e.g., as described in the Prescribing Information for WEGOVY) or the formulation of OZEMPIC or RYBELSUS. Additional formulations of GLP-1 receptor agonists can be found in following US patents: US 8129343, US 8536122, US 9764003, US 10888605, US 11318191, US 11752198, US 8734394, US 9402957, US 9474780, US 11357820, etc. The GLP-1 receptor agonist is typically included in the formulation in an amount effective for treating obesity, reducing body weight, and / or reducing food intake or suppressing appetite. DPP-4 Inhibitors
[0220] Suitable DPP-4 inhibitors for the methods herein are also not particular limited, which includes any of those known in the art and those described herein.
[0221] Non-limiting examples of DPP-4 inhibitors that can be used for the methods herein include: sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, gemigliptin, teneligliptin, alogliptin, trelagliptin, omarigliptin, evogliptin, gosogliptin, cetagliptin, retagliptin, betagliptin, fotagliptin, tilogliptin, anagliptin, melogliptin, yogliptin, imigliptin, denagliptin, and dutogliptin. Additional exemplary DPP-4 inhibitors that can be used for the mehods herein include any of those described in Hussain, H. et al, Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019, VOL. 29, NO. 7, 535-553, and Costante, R. et al. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2015, VOL. 25, NO. 2, 209-36, as well as those described in the references and patents cited therein.
[0222] The DPP-4 inhibitor for use in the methods herein is not limited to any particular route of administration, although typically, the DPP-4 inhibitor is administered orally. Formulations of DPP-4 inhibitors are generally known in the art, such as those approved by the US FDA in connection with type 2 diabetes treatment, e.g., Januvia tablets.
[0223] Dosing regimen including doses of each of the administered ingredient (such as GPR40 agonist, GLP-1 receptor agonist, and / or DPP-4 inhibitor) for the methods described herein can vary and be adjusted, which can depend on the recipient of the treatment, the disorder, condition or disease being treated and the severity thereof, the composition, the time of administration, the route of administration, the duration of treatment, compound potency, its rate of clearance and whether or not another drug is co-administered. Kits
[0224] Certain embodiments are directed to a kit, which generally refers to a packaged set of related pharmaceutical or and / or drug delivery devices used for a particular medical activity or procedure, typically including required documentation for kit components and the entire kit such as instructions for use.
[0225] In some embodiments, the kit herein comprises (i) a GLP-1 receptor agonist (e.g., any of those described herein, such as semaglutide) ; and (ii) a GPR40 agonist (e.g., any of those described herein, such as those defined in enumerated embodiments 1-86 herein) . In some embodiments, the kit further comprises (iii) a DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., any of those described herein, such as sitagliptin) . In some embodiments, the kit is for use in any of the methods described herein, such as for reducing body weight, reducing food intake or suppressing appetite, or treating obesity, etc.
[0226] In some embodiments, the kit comprises (i) a DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., any of those described herein, such as sitagliptin) ; and (ii) a GPR40 agonist (e.g., any of those described herein, such as those defined in enumerated embodiments 1-86 herein) . In some embodiments, the kit is for use in any of the methods described herein, such as for reducing body weight, reducing food intake or suppressing appetite, or treating obesity, etc. Definitions
[0227] It is meant to be understood that proper valences are maintained for all moieties and combinations thereof.
[0228] When a variable or structure herein defined as containing a charged group, such as those containing a quaternary nitrogen atom, it should be understood that the compound containing such variable or structure is overall neutral; in other words, any charge associated with the variable or structure is balanced with a counterion as necessary to maintain the compound's overall electronic neutrality, whether or not the counterion is explicitly drawn or described. Further, when the charge of a variable or structure is balanced through an internal salt (or zwitterion structure) such that the variable or structure is overall neutral, it should be understood that a counterion is not necessary to maintain electronic neutrality; in such cases, even if a counterion is explicitly drawn or described, such counterion should be understood as non-existent.
[0229] Suitable counterions are not particularly limited, however, preferably, the counterion herein is a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, which may be monovalent (e.g., including one formal negative charge) or multivalent (e.g., including more than one formal negative charge) , such as divalent or trivalent. Non-limiting exemplary suitable counterions include halide ions (e.g., F-, Cl-, Br-, I-) , NO3-, ClO4-, OH-, H2PO4-, HSO4-, sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, 10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic acid-2-sulfonate, and the like) , carboxylate ions (e.g., acetate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, tartrate, citrate, fumarate, maleate, malate, malonate, gluconate, succinate, glutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelate, sebacate, Salicylate, phthalates, aspartate, glutamate, and the like) , BF4-, PF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, B [3, 5- (CF3) 2C6H3] 4] -, BPh4-, Al (OC (CF3) 3) 4-, carborane anions (e.g., CB11H12- or (HCB11Me5Br6) -) , CO32-, HPO42-, PO43-, B4O72-, SO42-, S2O32-, etc.
[0230] It is also meant to be understood that a specific embodiment of a variable moiety herein can be the same or different as another specific embodiment having the same identifier.
[0231] Suitable groups for in compounds of Formula X or a subformula thereof, as applicable, are independently selected. The described embodiments of the present disclosure can be combined. Such combination is contemplated and within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, it is contemplated that the definition (s) of any one or more of q, TA, LA, and D of Formula X can be combined with the definition of any one or more of the other (s) of q, TA, LA, and D as applicable, and the resulted compounds from the combination are within the scope of the present disclosure. Combinations of other variables for other Formulae should be understood similarly. To be clear, it should be understood that with respect to any formula herein, unless specified or contrary from context, the definition and preferred definition of a variable appearing in a formula can be any of those respective definition and preferred definition shown herein for the variable in connection with a parent formula (or any of the sub-formulae of the parent formula) or any other formula that is indicated as applicable. For example, unless specified or contrary from context, a variable appearing in Formula X-1-A can have a definition as defined for the variable in connection with Formula X or any of its other sub-formulae (e.g., X-1, X-1-B, etc. ) . As a further example, unless specified or contrary from context, the definition and preferred definition of LA and / or TA in connection with any formula herein is generally applicable to all other formulae herein. Preferred definition of LA and / or TA in connection with any formula herein also includes those shown in the specific compounds prepared herein, such as in Examples 1-36.
[0232] The symbol, displayed perpendicular to (or otherwise crossing) a bond, indicates the point at which the displayed moiety is attached to the remainder of the molecule. It should be noted that in some chemical drawings herein, the immediately connected group or groups are shown beyond the symbol, to indicate direction of attachment, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
[0233] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Thomas Sorrell, Organic Chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March, March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. The disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by the exemplary listing of substituents described herein.
[0234] Compounds described herein can comprise one or more asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms, e.g., enantiomers and / or diastereomers. For example, the compounds described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer, diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including chiral high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New York, 1981) ; Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33: 2725 (1977) ; Eliel, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962) ; and Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E.L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN 1972) . The disclosure additionally encompasses compounds described herein as individual isomers substantially free of other isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers including racemic mixtures. When a stereochemistry is specifically drawn, unless otherwise contradictory from context, it should be understood that with respect to that particular chiral center or axial chirality, the compound can exist predominantly as the as-drawn stereoisomer, such as with less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%, by weight, by HPLC area, or both, or with a non-detectable amount of the other stereoisomer (s) . In some preferred embodiments, the compound herein can exist predominantly as the as-drawn stereoisomer, with an enantiomeric excess ( "ee" ) of at least 70%, for example, with an ee of at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%, or the other enantiomer is non-detectable. The presence and / or amounts of stereoisomers can be determined by those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure, including through the use of chiral HPLC or other methods.
[0235] When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example “C1-6” is intended to encompass, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1-6, C1-5, C1-4, C1-3, C1-2, C2-6, C2-5, C2-4, C2-3, C3-6, C3-5, C3-4, C4-6, C4-5, and C5-6.
[0236] As used herein, the term “GPR40 agonist (s) herein” include any of the GPR40 agonists described herein, including but not limited to compounds according to Formula X (e.g., Formula X-1, X-1-A, X-1-B, X-1-C, X-1-D, X-1-E, X-1-F, X-1-G, X-1-G-1, X-1-G-2, X-1-G-3, X-1-G-4, X-1-G-5, X-1-G-6, X-1-G-7, X-1-G-8, X-1-G-9, X-1-H, X-1-I, X-1-A-1, X-1-B-1, X-1-C-1, X-1-D-1, X-1-E-1, X-1-F-1, X-1-H-1, or X-1-I-1) , or any of the compounds listed in Table 1 herein, any of the compound according to Examples 1-36 herein, isotopically labeled compound (s) thereof (such as a deuterated analog wherein at least one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with a deuterium atom with an abundance above its natural abundance) , possible regioisomers, possible stereoisomers thereof (including diastereoisomers, enantiomers, and racemic mixtures) , tautomers thereof, conformational isomers thereof, pharmaceutically acceptable esters thereof, a zwitterion structure thereof, and / or possible pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (e.g., acid addition salt such as HCl salt or base addition salt such as Na salt) . Hydrates and solvates of the GPR40 agonist (s) herein are considered compositions of the present disclosure, wherein the compound (s) is in association with water or solvent, respectively. To be clear, as used herein, a compound according to Examples 1-36 herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof should be understood as encompassing any compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having the structure of any of Examples 1-36 as shown in the Examples section herein, except that the counterion and / or salt form may be different. For example, a compound according to Example 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof should be understood as encompassing a base form of Example 1, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is not limited to the HCl addition salt, or any combinations thereof. Similarly, a compound according to Example 3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof should be understood as encompassing a base form of Example 3 with a counterion for the quaternary nitrogen being Cl-or any other pharmaceutically acceptable counterion or an internal counterion, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is not limited to the salt form of HCl addition salt and a counterion of Cl-for the quaternary nitrogen, or any combinations thereof.
[0237] The generic names used for a drug herein, such as semaglutide, sitagliptin, etc., should be understood as encompassing any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the same, even though not explicitly mentioned herein. For example, the term semaglutide includes any of the semaglutide forms that are used in or for the formulation approved in connection with OZEMPIC, RYBELSUS, or WEGOVY.
[0238] Compounds described herein can exist in isotope-labeled or -enriched form containing one or more atoms having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number most abundantly found in nature. Isotopes can be radioactive or non-radioactive isotopes. Isotopes of atoms such as hydrogen, carbon, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and iodine include, but are not limited to 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 32P, 35S, 18F, 36Cl, and 125I. Compounds that contain other isotopes of these and / or other atoms are within the scope of this invention.
[0239] As used herein, the phrase “administration” of a compound, “administering” a compound, or other variants thereof means providing the compound or a prodrug of the compound to the individual in need of treatment.
[0240] As used herein, the term “alkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a straight-or branched-chain aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon. In some embodiments, the alkyl which can include one to twelve carbon atoms (i.e., C1-12 alkyl) or the number of carbon atoms designated. In one embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain C1-10 alkyl group (alternatively referred to as linear C1-10 alkyl) . In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a branched chain C3-10 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain C1-6 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a branched chain C3-6 alkyl group. In another embodiment, the alkyl group is a straight chain C1-4 alkyl group. For example, a C1-4 alkyl group includes methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl) , isopropyl, butyl (n-butyl) , sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and iso-butyl. As used herein, the term “alkylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from an alkyl group. For example, non-limiting straight chain alkylene groups include -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, and the like. In any of the embodiments herein, unless otherwise specified or contrary from context, an alkylene can be a linear alkylene, i.e., - (CH2) n-.
[0241] As used herein, the term “alkenyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a straight-or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing one or more, for example, one, two or three carbon-to-carbon double bonds. In one embodiment, the alkenyl group is a C2-6 alkenyl group. In another embodiment, the alkenyl group is a C2-4 alkenyl group. Non-limiting exemplary alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, sec-butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.
[0242] As used herein, the term “alkynyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a straight-or branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon containing one or more, for example, one to three carbon-to-carbon triple bonds. In one embodiment, the alkynyl has one carbon-carbon triple bond. In one embodiment, the alkynyl group is a C2-6 alkynyl group. In another embodiment, the alkynyl group is a C2-4 alkynyl group. Non-limiting exemplary alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 2-butynyl, pentynyl, and hexynyl groups.
[0243] As used herein, the term “alkoxy” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula ORa1, wherein Ra1 is an alkyl.
[0244] As used herein, the term “cycloalkoxy” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of the formula ORa1, wherein Ra1 is a cycloalkyl.
[0245] As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more fluorine, chlorine, bromine and / or iodine atoms. In preferred embodiments, the haloalkyl is an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three fluorine atoms. In one embodiment, the haloalkyl group is a C1-10 haloalkyl group. In one embodiment, the haloalkyl group is a C1-6 haloalkyl group. In one embodiment, the haloalkyl group is a C1-4 haloalkyl group.
[0246] As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl, ” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched-chain alkyl group, e.g., having from 2 to 14 carbons, such as 2 to 10 carbons in the chain, one or more of which has been replaced by a heteroatom selected from S, O, P and N, and wherein the nitrogen, phosphine, and sulfur atoms can optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom can optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom (s) S, O, P and N may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. For example, C1-4 heteroalkyl include but not limited to, C4 heteroalkyl such as -CH2-CH2-N (CH3) -CH3, C3 heteroalkyl such as -CH2-CH2-O-CH3, -CH2-CH2-NH-CH3, -CH2-S-CH2-CH3, -CH2-CH2-S (O) -CH3, and -CH2-CH2-S (O) 2-CH3, C2 heteroalkyl such as -O-CH2-CH3 and C1 heteroalkyl such as O-CH3, etc. To be clear, when the heteroalkyl is referred to as xx-membered, the number of carbon and heteroatoms forming the heteroalkyl should be counted together, but not the potential oxidation, for example, sulfur oxide or N-oxide is counted as one member. For example, -CH2-CH2-N (CH3) -CH3 or -CH2- [N (CH3) 3] + may be considered a five-membered heteroalkyl. Additionally, as an example, a four-membered heteroalkyl includes -CH2-CH2-O-CH3, -CH2-CH2-NH-CH3, -CH2-S-CH2-CH3, -CH2-CH2-S (O) -CH3, and -CH2-CH2-S (O) 2-CH3, a three-membered heteroalkyl includes -O-CH2-CH3, and a two-membered heteroalkyl includes O-CH3. Similarly, for the purposes herein, when counting the number of heteroatoms in a heteroalkyl group, the oxygen atom from potential oxidation is not counted, thus, -CH2-S-CH2-CH3, -CH2-CH2-S (O) -CH3, and -CH2-CH2-S (O) 2-CH3 should all be considered as a 4-membered, C3 heteroalkyl having one heteroatom, S, in which the S is optionally oxidized. Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene” by itself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, -CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-and -O-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the like) . Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. Where “heteroalkyl” is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR’ R” or the like, it will be understood that the terms heteroalkyl and -NR’ R” are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add clarity. Thus, the term “heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR’ R” or the like.
[0247] “Carbocyclyl” or “carbocyclic” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having at least 3 carbon atoms, e.g., from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-10 carbocyclyl” ) , and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system. The carbocyclyl group can be either monocyclic ( “monocyclic carbocyclyl” ) or contain a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system ( “bicyclic carbocyclyl” ) and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. “Carbocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclic ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclic ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system. Non-limiting exemplary carbocyclyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, norbornyl, decalin, adamantyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclohexenyl. As used herein, the term “carbocyclylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from the carbocyclyl group defined herein.
[0248] In some embodiments, “carbocyclyl” is fully saturated, which is also referred to as cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl can have from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms ( “C3-10 cycloalkyl” ) . In preferred embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a monocyclic ring. As used herein, the term “cycloalkylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl group, for example, etc.
[0249] “Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a 3-membered or greater, such as 3-to 14-membered, non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and at least one ring heteroatom, such as 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, and silicon. In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic ( “monocyclic heterocyclyl” ) or a fused, bridged, or spiro ring system, such as a bicyclic system ( “bicyclic heterocyclyl” ) , and can be saturated or can be partially unsaturated. Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heterocyclyl” also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclic ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclic ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclic ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclic ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclic ring system. As used herein, the term “heterocyclylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from the heterocyclyl group defined herein. For example, a piperidinylene group includes two attaching points from the piperidine ring: The heterocyclyl or heterocylylene can be optionally linked to the rest of the molecule through a carbon or nitrogen atom.
[0250] Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl. Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl and thietanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2, 5-dione. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and oxazolidin-2-one. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to a C6 aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 5, 6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring (also referred to herein as a 6, 6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without limitation, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the like.
[0251] “Aryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system ( “C6-14 aryl” ) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has six ring carbon atoms ( “C6 aryl” ; e.g., phenyl) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has ten ring carbon atoms ( “C10 aryl” ; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl) . In some embodiments, an aryl group has fourteen ring carbon atoms ( “C14 aryl” ; e.g., anthracyl) . “Aryl” also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. As used herein, the term “arylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from the aryl group defined herein. For example, a phenylene group includes two attaching points from the benzene ring, for example, 1, 3-phenylene, 1, 4-phenylene: etc.
[0252] “Aralkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more aryl groups, preferably, substituted with one aryl group. Examples of aralkyl include benzyl, phenethyl, etc. When an aralkyl is said to be optionally substituted, either the alkyl portion or the aryl portion of the aralkyl can be optionally substituted.
[0253] “Heteroaryl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or 10 pi electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and at least one, preferably, 1-4, ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur ( “5-14 membered heteroaryl” ) . In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. “Heteroaryl” includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. “Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused (aryl / heteroaryl) ring system. Bicyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl) . As used herein, the term “heteroarylene” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to a divalent radical derived from the heteroaryl group defined herein. For example, a pyridinylene group includes two attaching points from the pyridine ring, for example, 2, 4-pyridinylene, 2, 5-pyridinylene: etc.
[0254] Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively. Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl. Exemplary 5, 6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl. Exemplary 6, 6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
[0255] “Heteroaralkyl” as used by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl groups, preferably, substituted with one heteroaryl group. When a heteroaralkyl is said to be optionally substituted, either the alkyl portion or the heteroaryl portion of the heteroaralkyl can be optionally substituted.
[0256] An “optionally substituted” group, such as an optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl groups, refers to the respective group that is unsubstituted or substituted. In general, the term “substituted” , whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a “substituted” group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent can be the same or different at each position. Typically, when substituted, the optionally substituted groups herein can be substituted with 1-5 substituents. Substituents can be a carbon atom substituent, a nitrogen atom substituent, an oxygen atom substituent or a sulfur atom substituent, as applicable. Two of the optional substituents can join to form an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, heterocylyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring. Substitution can occur on any available carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen atom, and can form a spirocycle. Typically, substitution herein does not result in an O-O, O-N, S-S, S-N (except SO2-N bond) , heteroatom-halogen, or -C (O) -Sbond or three or more consecutive heteroatoms, with the exception of O-SO2-O, O-SO2-N, and N-SO2-N, except that some of such bonds or connections may be allowed if in a stable aromatic system.
[0257] In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents herein include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and non-aromatic substituents of organic compounds. The permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and / or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. Substituents can include any substituents described herein, for example, a halogen, a hydroxyl, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl) , a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate) , an alkoxy, a cycloalkoxy, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, an aryl, or a heteroaryl, each of which can be substituted, if appropriate.
[0258] Exemplary substituents include, but not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, -alkylene-aryl, -arylene-alkyl, -alkylene-heteroaryl, -alkenylene-heteroaryl, -alkynylene-heteroaryl, -OH, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, -O-alkyl, -O-haloalkyl, -alkylene-O-alkyl, -O-aryl, -O-alkylene-aryl, acyl, -C (O) -aryl, halo, -NO2, -CN, -SF5, -C (O) OH, -C (O) O-alkyl, -C (O) O-aryl, -C (O) O-alkylene-aryl, -S (O) -alkyl, -S (O) 2-alkyl, -S (O) -aryl, -S (O) 2-aryl, -S (O) -heteroaryl, -S (O) 2-heteroaryl, -S-alkyl, -S-aryl, -S-heteroaryl, -S-alkylene-aryl, -S-alkylene-heteroaryl, -S (O) 2-alkylene-aryl, -S (O) 2-alkylene-heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, -O-C (O) -alkyl, -O-C (O) -aryl, -O-C (O) -cycloalkyl, -C (═N-CN) -NH2, -C (═NH) -NH2, -C (═NH) -NH (alkyl) , -N (Y1) (Y2) , -alkylene-N (Y1) (Y2) , -C (O) N (Y1) (Y2) and -S (O) 2N (Y1) (Y2) , wherein Y1 and Y2 can be the same or different and are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, and -alkylene-aryl.
[0259] Some examples of suitable substituents include, but not limited to, (C1-C8) alkyl groups, (C2-C8) alkenyl groups, (C2-C8) alkynyl groups, (C3-C10) cycloalkyl groups, halogen (F, Cl, Br or I) , halogenated (C1-C8) alkyl groups (for example but not limited to -CF3) , -O- (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -OH, -S- (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -SH, -NH (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2 groups, -NH2, -C (O) NH2, -C (O) NH (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -C (O) N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2, -NHC (O) H, -NHC (O) (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -NHC (O) (C3-C8)cycloalkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) C (O) H, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) C (O) (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -NHC (O) NH2, -NHC (O) NH (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) C (O) NH2 groups, -NHC (O) N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2 groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) C (O) N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2 groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) C (O) NH ( (C1-C8) alkyl) , -C (O) H, -C (O) (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -CN, -NO2, -S (O) (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -S (O) 2 (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -S (O) 2N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) 2 groups, -S (O) 2NH (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -S (O) 2NH (C3-C8) cycloalkyl groups, -S (O) 2NH2 groups, -NHS (O) 2 (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C8) alkyl) S (O) 2 (C1-C8) alkyl groups, - (C1-C8) alkyl-O- (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -O- (C1-C8) alkyl-O- (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -C (O) OH, -C (O) O (C1-C8) alkyl groups, NHOH, NHO (C1-C8) alkyl groups, -O-halogenated (C1-C8) alkyl groups (for example but not limited to -OCF3) , -S (O) 2-halogenated (C1-C8) alkyl groups (for example but not limited to -S (O) 2CF3) , -S-halogenated (C1-C8) alkyl groups (for example but not limited to -SCF3) , - (C1-C6) heterocycle (for example but not limited to pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, pyran or morpholine) , - (C1-C6) heteroaryl (for example but not limited to tetrazole, imidazole, furan, pyrazine or pyrazole) , -phenyl, -NHC (O) O- (C1-C6) alkyl groups, -N ( (C1-C6) alkyl) C (O) O- (C1-C6) alkyl groups, -C (═NH) - (C1-C6) alkyl groups, -C (═NOH) - (C1-C6) alkyl groups, or -C (═N-O- (C1-C6) alkyl) - (C1-C6) alkyl groups.
[0260] Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -N3, hydroxyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aryloxy, amino, monoalkyl amino, dialkyl amino, amide, sulfonamide, thiol, acyl, carboxylic acid, ester, sulfone, sulfoxide, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, C6-10 aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, etc. For example, exemplary carbon atom substituents can include F, Cl, -CN, -SO2H, -SO3H, -OH, -OC1-6 alkyl, -NH2, -N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -SH, -SC1-6 alkyl, -C (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -CO2H, -CO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -OC (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -OCO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -C (=O) NH2, -C (=O) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -OC (=O) NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHC (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -N (C1-6 alkyl) C (=O) (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHCO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHC (=O) N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -NHC (=O) NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -NHC (=O) NH2, -NHSO2 (C1-6 alkyl) , -SO2N (C1-6 alkyl) 2, -SO2NH (C1-6 alkyl) , -SO2NH2, -SO2C1-6 alkyl, -SO2OC1-6 alkyl, -OSO2C1-6 alkyl, -SOC1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, C6-10 aryl, 3-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal substituents can be joined to form =O.
[0261] Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, acyl groups, esters, sulfone, sulfoxide, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two substituent groups attached to a nitrogen atom are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl can be further substituted as defined herein. In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to as an amino protecting group) . Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T.W. Greene and P.G. M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley &Sons, 1999, incorporated by reference herein. Exemplary nitrogen protecting groups include, but not limited to, those forming carbamates, such as Carbobenzyloxy (Cbz) group, p-Methoxybenzyl carbonyl (Moz or MeOZ) group, tert-Butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) group, Troc, 9-Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group, etc., those forming an amide, such as acetyl, benzoyl, etc., those forming a benzylic amine, such as benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3, 4-dimethoxybenzyl, etc., those forming a sulfonamide, such as tosyl, Nosyl, etc., and others such as p-methoxyphenyl.
[0262] Exemplary oxygen atom substituents include, but are not limited to, acyl groups, esters, sulfonates, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl can be further substituted as defined herein. In certain embodiments, the oxygen atom substituent present on an oxygen atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to as a hydroxyl protecting group) . Oxygen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those forming alkyl ethers or substituted alkyl ethers, such as methyl, allyl, benzyl, substituted benzyls such as 4-methoxybenzyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM) , benzyloxymethyl (BOM) , 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM) , etc., those forming silyl ethers, such as trimethylsilyl (TMS) , triethylsilyl (TES) , triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) , t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) , etc., those forming acetals or ketals, such as tetrahydropyranyl (THP) , those forming esters such as formate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, etc., those forming carbonates or sulfonates such as methanesulfonate (mesylate) , benzylsulfonate, and tosylate (Ts) , etc.
[0263] Unless expressly stated to the contrary, combinations of substituents and / or variables are allowable only if such combinations are chemically allowed and result in a stable compound. A “stable” compound is a compound that can be prepared and isolated and whose structure and properties remain or can be caused to remain essentially unchanged for a period of time sufficient to allow use of the compound for the purposes described herein (e.g., therapeutic administration to a subject) .
[0264] In some embodiments, the “optionally substituted” alkyl, alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclic, carbocyclylene, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylene, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylene herein can each be independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, -OH, protected hydroxyl, oxo (as applicable) , NH2, protected amino, NH (C1-4 alkyl) or a protected derivative thereof, N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2, or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, 3-7 membered heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl (e.g., CF3) , C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy. In some embodiments, the “optionally substituted” aryl, arylene, heteroaryl or heteroarylene group herein can each be independently unsubstituted or substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents independently selected from F, Cl, -OH, -CN, NH2, protected amino, NH (C1-4 alkyl) or a protected derivative thereof, N (C1-4 alkyl ( (C1-4 alkyl) , -S (=O) (C1-4 alkyl) , -SO2 (C1-4 alkyl) , C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-6 cycloalkoxy, phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, 3-7 membered heterocyclyl containing 1 or 2 ring heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N, wherein each of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, phenyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from F, -OH, oxo (as applicable) , C1-4 alkyl, fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy and fluoro-substituted C1-4 alkoxy.
[0265] “Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluorine (fluoro, -F) , chlorine (chloro, -Cl) , bromine (bromo, -Br) , or iodine (iodo, -I) .
[0266] The term “leaving group” is given its ordinary meaning in the art of synthetic organic chemistry and refers to an atom or a group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile. See, for example, Smith, March Advanced Organic Chemistry 6th ed. (501-502) . Examples of suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen (such as F, Cl, Br, or I (iodine) ) , alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, alkanesulfonyloxy, arenesulfonyloxy, alkyl-carbonyloxy (e.g., acetoxy) , arylcarbonyloxy, aryloxy, methoxy, N, O-dimethylhydroxylamino, pixyl, and haloformates.
[0267] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” , “pharmaceutically acceptable anion” or “pharmaceutically acceptable cation” refers to those salts, anions or cations, which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, anions, or cations are well known in the art.
[0268] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester” refers to those esters which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable esters are well known in the art, for example, a C1-4 alkyl ester, such as ethyl ester.
[0269] The term “tautomers” or “tautomeric” refers to two or more interconvertible compounds resulting from at least one formal migration of a hydrogen atom and at least one change in valency (e.g., a single bond to a double bond, a triple bond to a single bond, or vice versa) . The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Tautomerizations (i.e., the reaction providing a tautomeric pair) may catalyzed by acid or base. Exemplary tautomerizations include keto-to-enol, amide-to-imide, lactam-to-lactim, enamine-to-imine, and enamine-to- (a different enamine) tautomerizations.
[0270] The term “subject” (alternatively referred to herein as “patient” ) as used herein, refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
[0271] As used herein, the terms “treat, ” “treating, ” “treatment, ” and the like refer to eliminating, reducing, or ameliorating a disease or condition, and / or symptoms associated therewith. Although not precluded, treating a disease or condition does not require that the disease, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. As used herein, the terms “treat, ” “treating, ” “treatment, ” and the like may include “prophylactic treatment, ” which refers to reducing the probability of redeveloping a disease or condition, or of a recurrence of a previously-controlled disease or condition, in a subject who does not have, but is at risk of or is susceptible to, redeveloping a disease or condition or a recurrence of the disease or condition. The term “treat” and synonyms contemplate administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein to a subject in need of such treatment.
[0272] As used herein, the singular form “a” , “an” , and “the” , includes plural references unless it is expressly stated or is unambiguously clear from the context that such is not intended.
[0273] The term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone) ; and B (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0274] Headings and subheadings are used for convenience and / or formal compliance only, do not limit the subject technology, and are not referred to in connection with the interpretation of the description of the subject technology. Features described under one heading or one subheading of the subject disclosure may be combined, in various embodiments, with features described under other headings or subheadings. Further it is not necessarily the case that all features under a single heading or a single subheading are used together in embodiments. Examples
[0275] The various starting materials, intermediates, and compounds of the preferred embodiments can be isolated and purified where appropriate using conventional techniques such as precipitation, filtration, crystallization, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography. Characterization of these compounds can be performed using conventional methods such as by melting point, mass spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance, and various other spectroscopic analyses. Exemplary embodiments of steps for performing the synthesis of products described herein are described in greater detail infra. The examples are illustrative only and do not limit the claimed invention in any way. Further, in the structures shown in the Examples section herein, a salt form and / or a counterion may be shown (the stoichiometry may or may not be shown, and the charge of the counterion may or may not be shown) to be associated with a particular structure. However, it should be understood that the Examples and / or Intermediates herein are not limited to any of the particular salt forms and / or counterions as drawn, for example, the Examples and / or Intermediates herein may exist in the form of an internal salt and / or an external salt with a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion. The synthesis of the Examples is also described in PCT / CN2024 / 075112, filed February 1, 2024, published as WO2024 / 164915, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
[0276] The abbreviations used in the Examples section should be understood as having their ordinary meanings in the art unless specifically indicated otherwise or obviously contrary from context. The following shows a list of some of the abbreviations used in the Examples section and their ordinary meanings in the art: AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile ACN acetonitrile Bn benzyl DBU 1, 8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene DCM dichloromethane DEAD Diethyl azodicarboxylate DHP 3, 4-dihydropyran DIBAL-H Diisobutylaluminium hydride DMF dimethylformamide DMP Dess-Martin periodinane DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide DPPA Diphenylphosphoryl azide Dppf 1, 1′-Bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene EA or EtOAc ethyl acetate EDCI N- (3-Dimethylaminopropyl) -N'-ethylcarbodiimide HMDS Hexamethyldisilazane IPA isopropyl alcohol LAH Lithium Aliminium hydride LDA Lithium diisopropylamide MTBE Methyl tertiary-butyl ether NMP N-methylpyrrolidinone NBS N-Bromosuccinimide NIS N-Iodosuccinimide O / N overnight PCC pyridinium chlorochromate PE petroleum ether PPTS Pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate Rt retention time (e.g., when describing HPLC peaks) RT room temperature (describing reaction conditions) TBAF tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride TBS tert-butyldimethylsilyl (or TBDMS) TBDPS tert-butyldiphenylsilyl TEA triethyl amine TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran THP tetrahydropyran TMS Trimethylsilyl TPP triphenyl phosphine TLC thin-layer chromatography TsOH p-Toluenesulfonic acid (or PTSA) Z benzyloxycarbonyl (benzyl chloroformate (Z-Cl) ) Synthesis of Intermediates Intermediate 1
[0277] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 1 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 2
[0278] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 2 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1.
[0279] The following intermediates were prepared in the same way as Intermediate 2. Intermediate 3 Intermediate 4 Intermediate 5 Intermediate 6
[0280] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 6 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 7
[0281] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 7 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 8
[0282] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 8 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 9
[0283] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 9 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 10
[0284] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 10 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 11
[0285] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 11 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 12
[0286] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 12 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 13
[0287] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 13 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 14
[0288] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 14 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 15
[0289] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 15 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 16
[0290] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 16 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 17
[0291] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 17 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 18
[0292] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 18 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 19
[0293] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 19 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 20
[0294] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 20 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 21
[0295] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 21 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 22
[0296] Intermediate 22 was prepared in a similar way as for Intermediate 21. MS (ESI) m / z 526.4 [ (M+2H] / 2] . Intermediate 23
[0297] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 23 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 24
[0298] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 24 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 25
[0299] The detailed procedure for the preparation of Intermediate 25 is described in WO2024 / 164915A1. Intermediate 26
[0300] Intermediate 26 was prepared in a similar way as for Intermediate 25. MS: m / z 173.2 [M+] .
[0301] The syntheses of the following examples, if not specified, were all carried out by coupling of the corresponding acid and amine intermediates with HATU, in a similar way as described for Example 11. Example 1
[0302] MS (ESI) m / z 1183.0 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.36 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.12 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.81 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.29-7.26 (m, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.28 (br, 1H) , 4.12 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.41-3.37 (m, 6H) , 3.33-3.28 (m, 4H) , 3.20-3.16 (m, 2H) , 2.89-2.85 (m, 4H) , 2.62-2.60 (d, 2H) , 2.59-2.56 (m, 4H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.21 (m, 1H) , 2.10-2.06 (t, 2H) , 1.75 (br, 1H) , 1.68-1.66 (m, 2H) , 1.49-1.46 (m, 4H) , 1.30-1.12 (m, 30H) , 1.02-1.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.54-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.18-0.15 (m, 1H) . Example 2
[0303] MS (ESI) m / z 1155.0 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.39 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.93 (br, NH, 1H) , 7.82 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.26-7.24 (br, 1H) , 7.10-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.70 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.44-6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.22 (s, 1H) , 4.13-4.11 (m, 4H) , 3.68 (s, 3H) , 3.53-3.50 (s, 4H) , 3.36-3.31 (m, 6H) , 3.26-3.20 (m, 2H) , 2.90-2.88 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.22 (m, 1H) , 2.08-2.04 (t, 2H) , 1.76-1.74 (m, 1H) , 1.68-1.65 (m, 2H) , 1.46-1.40 (m, 4H) , 1.30-1.12 (m, 30H) , 1.02-0.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.18-0.15 (m, 1H) . Example 3
[0304] MS (ESI) m / z 1198.1 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.38 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.15 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.89 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.27 (br, 1H) , 7.10-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.51 (d, 1H) , 6.50 (br, 1H) , 6.22 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.12 (m, 4H) , 3.68 (s, 3H) , 3.59-3.56 (m, 4H) , 3.46-3.44 (m, 2H) , 3.33-3.24 (m, 6H) , 3.03 (s, 3H) , 2.90-2.85 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (m, 6H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.20 (m, 1H) , 2.10-2.06 (t, 2H) , 1.75 (br, 1H) , 1.68-1.65 (m, 2H) , 1.49-1.46 (m, 4H) , 1.35-1.14 (m, 30H) , 1.02-0.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.18-0.15 (m, 1H) . Example 4
[0305] MS (ESI) m / z 1026.8 [ (M+H) / 2] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.92 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.21 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.93 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.28-7.25 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.44-6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.36 (s, 4H) , 4.14-4.05 (m, 4H) , 3.75-3.70 (m, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.53-3.50 (m, 2H) , 3.38 (s, 3H) , 3.38-3.35 (m, 4H) , 2.94-2.89 (m, 4H) , 2.71-2.67 (m, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.21 (m, 1H) , 2.10-2.06 (t, 2H) , 1.75 (br, 1H) , 1.68-1.65 (m, 2H) , 1.49-1.46 (m, 4H) , 1.35-1.14 (m, 30H) , 1.02-0.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.18-0.15 (m, 1H) . Example 5
[0306] MS (ESI) m / z 1167.5 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.82 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.87 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.29-7.24 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.12 (br, 2H) , 3.81 (br, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.38-3.34 (m, 4H) , 3.06-2.98 (m, 4H) , 2.92-2.88 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H) , 2.07-1, 97 (m, 2H) , 1.77-1.66 (m, 5H) , 1.46-1.34 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 30H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 6
[0307] MS (ESI) m / z 1181.6 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.85 (t, NH, 2H) , 7.95 (t, NJ, 1H) , 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.86 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.27-7.23 (br, 1H) , 7.10-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.32-4.26 (m, 4H) , 4.16-4.12 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.65-3.61 (m, 2H) , 3.38-3.33 (m, 4H) , 3.31 (s, 3H) , 3.10-3.05 (m, 2H) , 2.92-2.88 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H) , 2.07-1, 97 (m, 2H) , 1.87-1.82 (m, 2H) , 1.79-1.66 (m, 3H) , 1.46-1.34 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 30H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.54-0.50 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 7
[0308] MS (ESI) m / z 1139.5 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.92 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.20 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.93 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.28 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.50 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (br, 1H) , 4.36 (s, 4H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.12 (br, 2H) , 3.75-3.72 (m, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.53-3.50 (m, 2H) , 3.38 (s, 3H) , 3.38-3.34 (m, 4H) , 2.94-2.89 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.22 (m, 1H) , 2.10-2.06 (t, 2H) , 1.81-1.66 (m, 3H) , 1.46-1.34 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 26H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.55-0.51 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 8
[0309] MS (ESI) m / z 1209.6 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.17 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.12 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.84 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.28 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.72 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.50 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (br, 1H) , 4.13-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.12 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.41-3.38 (m, 2H) , 3.31-3.25 (m, 4H) , 3.15-3.12 (m, 6H) , 2.92-2.88 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.20 (m, 5H) , 2.10-2.06 (t, 2H) , 1.86-1.82 (m, 4H) , 1.81-1.66 (m, 3H) , 1.46-1.34 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 30H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 9
[0310] MS (ESI) m / z 1223.6 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.19 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.15 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.06-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.90 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.28 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.94-6.93 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.53-6.50 (dd, 1H) , 6.4 (br, 1H) , 6.24 (br, 1H) , . 15-4.13 (d, 2H) , 4.10 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.48-3.45 (m, 2H) , 3.32-3.27 (m, 10H) , 3.02 (s, 3H) , 2.89-2.85 (m, 4H) , 2.70-2.67 (m, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.28-2.18 (m, 5H) , 2.10-2.06 (t, 2H) , 1.92-1.88 (m, 2H) , 1.81-1.66 (m, 3H) , 1.50-1.34 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 30H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 10
[0311] MS (ESI) m / z 1182.7 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.89 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.20 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.91 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.26 (br, 1H) , 7.10-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.49 (d, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (br, 1H) , 4.35 (s, 4H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.09 (br, 2H) , 3.75-3.71 (m, 2H) , 3.68 (s, 3H) , 3.53-3.50 (m, 2H) , 3.38 (s, 3H) , 3.38-3.34 (m, 4H) , 2.93-2.86 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.22 (m, 1H) , 2.10-2.06 (t, 2H) , 1.81-1.66 (m, 3H) , 1.46-1.34 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 32H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 11
[0312] Step 1. To a solution of Intermediate 4 (100 mg, 0.10 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added HATU (76.4 mg, 0.20 mmol) , TEA (30.5 mg, 0.30 mmol) , and Intermediate 7 (95.5 mg, 0.20 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h, was then quenched with water and extracted with EA. The organic phase was washed with water and brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give (S) -N- (2- (24- (2- (4- ( ( (4- (3- (tert-butoxy) -1-cyclopropyl-3-oxopropyl) pyridin-2-yl) oxy) methyl) piperidin-1-yl) -4-methoxy-N- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzamido) -23, 23-dimethyltetracosanamido) ethyl) -2- ( (2- ( (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino) ethyl) amino) -N- (2- ( (2- ( (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino) ethyl) amino) -2-oxoethyl) -N-methyl-2-oxoethanaminium salt, E11-1, (98 mg, crude) as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 726.7 [M / 2+H] +.
[0313] Step 2. To a solution of E11-1 (98 mg, 0.068 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA / DCM (1 mL / 1 mL) at 0 ℃ and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC to give (S) -2- ( (2-aminoethyl) amino) -N- (2- ( (2-aminoethyl) amino) -2-oxoethyl) -N- (2- (24- (2- (4- ( ( (4- (2-carboxy-1-cyclopropylethyl) pyridin-2-yl) oxy) methyl) piperidin-1-yl) -4-methoxy-N- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzamido) -23, 23-dimethyltetracosanamido) ethyl) -N-methyl-2-oxoethanaminium trifluoroacetate, Example 11, as a white gum. MS (ESI) m / z 1195.6 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.85 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.17 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.84 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.27 (br, 1H) , 7.10-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.70 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (br, 1H) , 4.34 (s, 4H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.09 (br, 2H) , 3.74-3.71 (m, 2H) , 3.68 (s, 3H) , 3.52-3.48 (m, 2H) , 3.38 (s, 3H) , 3.36-3.33 (m, 4H) , 2.93-2.88 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.22 (m, 1H) , 2.10-2.06 (t, 2H) , 1.81-1.66 (m, 3H) , 1.46-1.34 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 34H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 12
[0314] MS (ESI) m / z 577.3 [ (M+H) / 2] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.86 (t, NH, 2H) , 7.96 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.86 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.29-7.25 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.31-4.22 (q, 4H) , 4.16-4.12 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.64-3.60 (m, 2H) , 3.38-3.33 (m, 4H) , 3.31 (s, 3H) , 3.10-3.05 (m, 2H) , 2.92-2.88 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H) , 2.07-1, 97 (m, 2H) , 1.88-1.84 (m, 2H) , 1.79-1.66 (m, 3H) , 1.49-1.34 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 26H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 13
[0315] MS (ESI) m / z 1084.4 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.81 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.27-7.25 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.12 (br, 2H) , 3.95 (br, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.08-3.03 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H) , 2.07-1, 97 (m, 2H) , 1.77-1.66 (m, 5H) , 1.48-1.34 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 30H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 14
[0316] MS (ESI) m / z 1098.4 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.87 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.27-7.25 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.90 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.70 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.46 (s, 4H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.12 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.69-3.62 (m, 2H) , 3.30 (s, 3H) , 3.10-3.06 (m, 2H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.38 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.22 (m, 1H) , 2.05-2.00 (m, 2H) , 1.86-1.78 (m, 3H) , 1.68-1.64 (m, 2H) , 1.49-1.46 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 30H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.78-0.74 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 15
[0317] MS (ESI) m / z 1081.5 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.82 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 8.00 (br, NH3, 3H) , 7.97-7.94 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.24 (t, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.90 (d, 1H) , 6.84-6.82 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.51-6.49 (d, 1H) , 6.41 (br, 1H) , 6.22 (br, 1H, 4.13-4.11 (d, 2H) , 4.10 (br, 2H) , 3.93-3.87 (br, 2H) , 3.68 (s, 3H) , 3.42-3.37 (m, 2H) , 3.08-3.06 (m, 2H) , 2.95-2.90 (m, 4H) , 2.80 (s, 3H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.35 (s, 3H) , 2.25-2.23 (m, 1H) , 2.06-2.02 (t, 2H) , 1.79-1.75 (m, 3H) , 1.68-1.65 (m, 2H) , 1.48-1.45 (m, 2H) , 1.38-1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.25-1.10 (m, 30H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.36-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 16
[0318] MS (ESI) m / z 548.4 [ (M+H) / 2] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.91 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.05-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.97 (br, NH3, 3H) , 7.96-7.94 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.26 (t, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.92 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.72 (s, 1H) , 6.53-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (br, 1H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.10 (br, 2H) , 4.05 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.48-3.44 (m, 2H) , 3.40-3.36 (m, 2H) , 3.18 (s, 6H) , 3.11-3.07 (m, 2H) , 2.95-2.91 (m, 2H) , 2.69-2.68 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.25-2.23 (m, 1H) , 2.07-2.03 (t, 2H) , 1.80-1.70 (m, 3H) , 1.68-1.64 (m, 2H) , 1.52-1.49 (m, 2H) , 1.38 (m, 2H) , 1.25-1.10 (m, 30H) , 1.04-0.90 (m, 5H) , 0.74 (s, 6H) , 0.53-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.36-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.23-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 17
[0319] MS (ESI) m / z 1195.4 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.18 (t, NH, 2H) , 8.15 (t, NH, 1H) , 8.05-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.87 (br, NH3, 6H) , 7.28 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.91 (dd, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.72 (s, 1H) , 6.53-6.50 (dd, 1H) , 6.4 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (br, 1H) , 4.13-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.10 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.48-3.44 (m, 2H) , 3.32-3.27 (m, 10H) , 3.02 (s, 3H) , 2.89-2.84 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (m, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.18 (m, 5H) , 2.10-2.06 (t, 2H) , 1.91-1.87 (m, 2H) , 1.77-1.66 (m, 3H) , 1.49-1.37 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 26H) , 1.02-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.54-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.32-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.21-0.17 (m, 1H) . Example 18
[0320] Step 1. To a mixture of Intermediate 5 (60 mg, 0.066 mmol) and Intermediate 18 (29 mg, 0.165 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added HATU (30 mg, 0.079 mmol) and TEA (20 mg, 0.198 mmol) . The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 hrs at r. t. Solvent was removed and the residue was treated with EA (20 mL) , washed with water and brine, dried and concentrated to give crude (S) -1- (3- (20- (2- (4- ( ( (4- (1-cyclopropyl-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl) pyridin-2-yl) oxy) methyl) piperidin-1-yl) -4-methoxy-N- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzamido) -19,19-dimethylicosanamido) propyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium salt (90 mg, crude) as a yellow oil. MS (ESI) m / z 532.0 [ (M+H) / 2] +.
[0321] Step 2. A mixture of (S) -1- (3- (20- (2- (4- ( ( (4- (1-cyclopropyl-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl) pyridin-2-yl) oxy) methyl) piperidin-1-yl) -4-methoxy-N- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzamido) -19, 19-dimethylicosanamido) propyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium salt (90 mg, 0.078 mmol) and LiOH. H2O (14 mg, 0.333 mmol) in H2O (1 mL) , MeOH (1.5 mL) and THF (1.5 mL) was stirred for 14 hrs at r. t. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give the (S) -1- (3- (20- (2- (4- ( ( (4- (2-carboxy-1-cyclopropylethyl) pyridin-2-yl) oxy) methyl) piperidin-1-yl) -4-methoxy-N- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzamido) -19,19-dimethylicosanamido) propyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium TFA salt, Example 18, as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 1034.4 [M] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.88 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.27-7.25 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.45 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.10 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.35-3.30 (m, 8H) , 3.22-3.17 (m, 2H) , 3.15-3.06 (m, 6H) , 2.67-2.65 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H) , 2.07-2.03 (m, 2H) , 1.83-1.78 (m, 3H) , 1.69-1.63 (m, 2H) , 1.49-1.46 (m, 4H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 26H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 19
[0322] MS (ESI) m / z 524.9 [M / 2] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.95 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.29-7.25 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (dd, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (dd, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.10 (m, 4H) , 3.85-3.77 (m, 12H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.48-3.44 (m, 2H) , 3.26 (s, 3H) , 3.13-3.08 (, m, 2H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.20 (m, 1H) , 2.08-2.04 (m, 2H) , 1.85-1.77 (m, 3H) , 1.68-1.66 (m, 2H) , 1.49-1.46 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.12 (m, 26H) , 1.02-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 20
[0323] MS (ESI) m / z 1099.5 [M+] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.92 (m, 2H) , 7.99-7.90 (m, 7H) , 7.61 (s, 1H) , 7.43-7.40 (m, 2H) , 7.00-6.97 (m, 1H) , 6.66 (d, 1H) , 6.52 (s, 1H) , 4.37-4.33 (m, 2H) , 4.31 (s, 4H) , 3.83-3.80 (m, 1H) , 3.67-3.63 (m, 2H) , 3.38-3.33 (m, 6H) , 3.31 (s, 3H) , 3.13-3.09 (m, 4H) , 2.91-2.87 (m, 4H) , 2.77-2.59 (m. 5H) , 2.10-2.00 (t, 2H) , 2.00-1.78 (m, 8H) , 1.73-1.55 (m, 4H) , 1.55-1.39 (m, 2H) , 1.35-0.95 (m, 30H) , 1.08-1.04 (m, 1H) , 0.81 (d, 3H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.27-0.23 (m, 2H) , -0.07 ~ -0.12 (m, 1H) . Example 21
[0324] Step 1. To a solution of Intermediate 21 (80 mg, 0.077 mmol) in EtOH (2.5 mL) was added 1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (13 mg, 0.116 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ℃ for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by prep-TLC (DCM / MeOH = 10 / 1) to give (S) -1- (24- (2- (4- ( ( (4- (1-cyclopropyl-3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl) pyridin-2-yl) oxy) methyl) piperidin-1-yl) -4-methoxy-N- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzamido) -23, 23-dimethyltetracosyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium, E21-1, as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 517.5 [M / 2+H] +.
[0325] Step 5. To a solution of E21-1 (70 mg, 0.067 mmol) in MeOH / H2O (2 mL / 1 mL) was added LiOH. H2O (13.8 mg, 0.338 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. LCMS indicated the completion of reaction. The reaction mixture was then acidified with 1 M HCl until pH reached 3~4 and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give (S) -1- (24- (2- (4- ( ( (4- (2-carboxy-1-cyclopropylethyl) pyridin-2-yl)oxy) methyl) piperidin-1-yl) -4-methoxy-N- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzamido) -23, 23-dimethyltetracosyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium, Example 21, as a yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) : δ = 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.29-7.26 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.12 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.40-3.34 (m, 6H) , 3.24-3.14 (m, 8H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.21 (m, 1H) , 1.76 (br, 1H) , 1.68-1.60 (m, 4H) , 1.46-1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 36H) , 1.04-0.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 22
[0326] Example 22 was prepared in a similar way as described for Example 21. MS (ESI) m / z 963.5 [M+] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.29-7.26 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.13-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.12 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.37-3.34 (m, 6H) , 3.24-3.17 (m, 8H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.21 (m, 1H) , 1.76 (br, 1H) , 1.68-1.62 (m, 4H) , 1.46-1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 28H) , 1.04-0.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 23
[0327] Step 1. A mixture of ethyl (S) -3-cyclopropyl-3- (2- ( (1- (2- ( (2, 2-dimethyl-20-oxoicosyl) (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) carbamoyl) -5-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-4-yl) methoxy) pyridin-4-yl) propanoate, E23-1, (400 mg, 0.447 mmol) and ammonium acetate (103 mg, 1.342 mmol) in dry MeOH (20 ml) was stirred at 30 ℃ for 50 min. Then NaBH3CN (86 mg, 1.342 mmol) was added in portions. After addition the resulting mixture was stirred for additional 16 h at 50 ℃. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by pre-TLC (PE / EA = 1: 1) to give ethyl (S) -3- (2- ( (1- (2- ( (20-amino-2, 2-dimethylicosyl) (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) carbamoyl) -5-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-4-yl) methoxy) pyridin-4-yl) -3-cyclopropylpropanoate, E23-2, as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 896.6 [M+H] .
[0328] Step 2. To a mixture of E23-2 (270 mg, 0.301 mmol) and TEA (45 mg, 0.45 mmol) in dry DCM at 0 ℃ was added chloroacetyl chloride (41 mg, 0.36 mmol) dropwise. After addition the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at r. t. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with DCM twice. The organic phase was combined, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by pre-TLC (DCM / MeOH = 10: 1) to give ethyl (S) -3- (2- ( (1- (2- ( (20- (2-chloroacetamido) -2, 2-dimethylicosyl) (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) carbamoyl) -5-methoxyphenyl) piperidin-4-yl) methoxy) pyridin-4-yl) -3-cyclopropylpropanoate, E23-3, as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 972.6 [M+H] +.
[0329] Step 3. A mixture of E23-3 (165 mg, 0.172 mmol) and DABCO (98 mg, 0.874 mmol) in EtOH (6 mL) was heated at reflux (80 ℃) for 16 h. Solvent was removed and the residue was purified by pre-TLC (DCM / MeOH = 10: 1) to give (S) -1- (2- ( (20- (2- (4- ( ( (4- (1-cyclopropyl-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropyl) pyridin-2-yl) oxy) methyl) piperidin-1-yl) -4-methoxy-N- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzamido) -19, 19-dimethylicosyl) amino) -2-oxoethyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium, E23-4, as a yellow gum. MS (ESI) m / z 1048.8 [M+] +.
[0330] Step 4. To a solution of E23-4 (35 mg, 0.033 mmol) in MeOH / THF / H2O (1.5 mL / 1.5 mL / 0.5 mL) was added LiOH. H2O (7 mg, 0.167 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 14 hours. LCMS indicated the completion of reaction. The reaction mixture was then acidified with 1 M HCl until pH reached 2 and concentrated. The residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give (S) -1- (2- ( (20- (2- (4- ( ( (4- (2-carboxy-1-cyclopropylethyl) pyridin-2-yl) oxy) methyl) piperidin-1-yl) -4-methoxy-N- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl) benzamido) -19, 19-dimethylicosyl) amino) -2-oxoethyl) -1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octan-1-ium trifluoroacetate, Example 23, as a white solid. MS (ESI) m / z 1019.6 [M+] +. MS (ESI) m / z 1020.5 [M+] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.64-8.63 (d, 1H) , 8.05-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.29-7.26 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.92 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.72 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.45 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.13-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.12 (br, 4H) , 3.72-3.70 (m, 6H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.37-3.34 (m, 6H) , 3.13-3.08 (m, 8H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.21 (m, 1H) , 1.76 (br, 1H) , 1.69-1.66 (m, 2H) , 1.46-1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 28H) , 1.04-0.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 24
[0331] Example 24 was prepared in a similar way as described for Example 21. MS (ESI) m / z 483.4 [ (M+H] / 2] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.06-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.29-7.26 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.94-6.92 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.73 (s, 1H) , 6.53-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.24 (s, 1H) , 4.15-4.13 (d, 2H) , 4.10 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (br, 7H) , 3.63 (br, 4H) , 3.47 (br, 2H) , 3.18 (s, 3H) , 2.89 (s, 3H) , 2.70-2.68 (d, 2H) , 2.37 (s, 3H) , 2.28-2.22 (m, 1H) , 1.77-1.75 (br, 1H) , 1.74-1.67 (m, 4H) , 1.46-1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 28H) , 1.04-0.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 25
[0332] Example 25 was prepared in a similar way as described for Example 21. MS (ESI) m / z 910.5 [M+] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.26 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.92 (d, 1H) , 6.85-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.72 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.11 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.27-3.23 (m, 2H) , 3.03 (s, 9H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H) , 1.77 (br, 1H) , 1.74-1.67 (m, 4H) , 1.46-1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 28H) , 1.04-0.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 26
[0333] Example 26 was prepared in a similar way as described for Example 21. MS (ESI) m / z 476.8 [ (M+H) / 2] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.26 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.45 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.12 (d, 2H) , 4.11 (br, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.24-3.19 (q, 6H) , 3.11-3.07 (m, 2H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H) , 1.79 (br, 1H) , 1.74-1.67 (m, 4H) , 1.46-1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.27-1.10 (m, 37H) , 1.04-0.97 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 27
[0334] MS (ESI) m / z 1320.0 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 8.00 (br, 9H) , 7.94 (br, 2H) , 7.29-7.26 (br, 1H) , 7.15-7.13 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.92 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.53-6.50 (dd, 1H) , 6.46-6.45 (br, 1H) , 6.213 (s, 1H) , 4.34-4.30 (t, 2H) , 4.18 (br, 4H) , 4.13-4.11 (d, 2H) , 3.75-3.72 (m, 1H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.12-3.05 (m, 10H) , 3.02-3.00 (m, 2H) , 2.90-2.86 (m, 6H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.35 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.21 (m, 1H) , 2.06-2.03 (m, 2H) , 1.98-1.87 (m, 6H) , 1.80-1.76 (m, 3H) , 1.65-1.62 (m, 6H) , 1.46-1.36 (m, 2H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 28H) , 1.04-0.97 (m, 1H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 28
[0335] MS (ESI) m / z 525.0 [ (M+H) / 2] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.80 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.28-7.25 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.10 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.38-3.28 (m, 6H) , 3.26-3.22 (m, 2H) , 3.19-3.15 (m, 6H) , 3.09-3.04 (m, 2H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.21 (m, 1H) , 2.07-2.03 (m, 2H) , 1.83-1.78 (m, 1H) , 1.69-1.63 (m, 4H) , 1.49-1.38 (m, 6H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 26H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 29
[0336] MS (ESI) m / z 995.5 [M+] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.83 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.29-7.25 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.94-6.93 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.74 (s, 1H) , 6.53-6.50 (dd, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.24 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.10 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.30-3.27 (m, 2H) , 3.09-3.02 (m, 11H) , 2.70-2.68 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.28-2.22 (m, 1H) , 2.06-2.02 (m, 2H) , 1.78 (br, 1H) , 1.70-1.62 (m, 4H) , 1.49-1.46 (m, 2H) , 1.43-1.35 (m, 4H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 26H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 30
[0337] MS (ESI) m / z 519.3 [ (M+H) / 2] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.81 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.30-7.25 (br, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.72 (s, 1H) , 6.53-6.49 (dd, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.10 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.24-3.17 (q, C) , 3.14-3.04 (m, 4H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.22 (m, 1H) , 2.06-2.02 (m, 2H) , 1.80 (br, 1H) , 1.76-1.66 (m, 2H) , 1.56-1.53 (m, 2H) , 1.46-1.38 (m, 4H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 35H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 31
[0338] MS (ESI) m / z 972.5 [M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.30-7.20 (m, 6H) , 7.10-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.90 (dd, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.70 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (d, 1H) , 6.43 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.25-4.24 (d, 2H) , 4.22-4.00 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 2.67-2.65 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.21 (m, 1H) , 2.13-2.10 (m, 2H) , 1.73-1.62 (m, 3H) , 1.52-1.37 (m, 4H) , 1.27-1.22 (m, 26H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 32
[0339] MS (ESI) m / z 938.5 [M+] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.04-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.29-7.25 (m, 1H) , 7.11-7.08 (d, 1H) , 6.92-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.70 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (dd, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.06 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.03-2.98 (q, 2H) , 2.67-2.63 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.20 (m, 1H) , 2.03-2.00 (m, 2H) , 1.76 (br, 1H) , 1.68-1.65 (m, 2H) , . 50-1.45 (m, 4H) , 1.38-1.32 (m, 2H) , 1.30-1.20 (m, 28H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.80 (t, 3H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 33
[0340] Example 33 is the Intermediate 59 of WO2023 / 134712. Example 34
[0341] Example 34 was synthesized in the same way as for Example 18, starting from Example 33. MS (ESI) m / z 1131.5 [M+] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.93-7.90 (t, 1H) , 7.68 (s, 1H) , 7.30-7.26 (br, 1H) , 7.16-6.14 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.72 (s, 1H) , 6.54-6.51 (dd, 1H) , 6.45 (br, 1H) , 6.21 (s, 1H) , 4.35-4.30 (t, 2H) , 4.20 (br, 2H) , 4.13-4.12 (d, 2H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.45-3.41 (m, 6H) , 3.27-3.24 (m, 8H) , 3.12-3.08 (m, 2H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.58-2.55 (t, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.27-2.21 (m, 1H) , 2.07-2.04 (t, 2H) , 1.84-1.70 (m, 3H) , 1.69-1.63 (m, 4H) , 1.60-1.45 (m, 4H) , 1.38-1.25 (br, 2H) , 1.30-1.20 (m, 26H) , 1.02-0.99 (m, 1H) , 0.78 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.49 (m, 1H) , 0.36-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.17-0.13 (m, 1H) . Example 35
[0342] Example 35. MS (ESI) m / z 535.3 [ (M+2H] / 2] . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05-8.03 (d, 1H) , 7.88 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.29-7.26 (m, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.93-6.91 (d, 1H) , 6.86-6.84 (d, 1H) , 6.71 (s, 1H) , 6.52-6.50 (dd, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.46 (s, 4H) , 4.14-4.07 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.66-3.62 (q, 2H) , 3.31 (s, 3H) , 3.10-3, 05 (m, 2H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.20 (m, 1H) , 2.05-2.00 (m, 2H) , 1.88-1.75 (m, 3H) , 1.69-1.65 (m, 2H) , 1.50-1.40 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.15 (m, 26H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Example 36
[0343] Example 35. MS (ESI) m / z 545.4 [ (M+2H] / 2] . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.05-8.04 (d, 1H) , 7.87 (t, NH, 1H) , 7.30-7.27 (m, 1H) , 7.11-7.09 (d, 1H) , 6.94-6.92 (dd, 1H) , 6.86-6.85 (d, 1H) , 6.73 (s, 1H) , 6.53-6.50 (dd, 1H) , 6.44 (br, 1H) , 6.23 (s, 1H) , 4.14-4.09 (m, 4H) , 3.69 (s, 3H) , 3.42-3.39 (m, 2H) , 3.25-3.21 (m, 2H) , 3.12-3.07 (m, 2H) , 3.00 (s, 6H) , 2.69-2.67 (d, 2H) , 2.54-2.50 (m, 2H) , 2.36 (s, 3H) , 2.26-2.20 (m, 1H) , 2.08-2.04 (m, 2H) , 2.01-1.93 (m, 2H) , 1.82-1.75 (m, 3H) , 1.69-1.65 (m, 2H) , 1.50-1.39 (m, 4H) , 1.25-1.15 (m, 26H) , 1.04-0.96 (m, 5H) , 0.75 (s, 6H) , 0.52-0.48 (m, 1H) , 0.35-0.25 (m, 2H) , 0.22-0.18 (m, 1H) . Biological Example 1. Material and General Methods
[0344] IP1 accumulation assay was used to evaluate the potency of compounds. HEK293 cells stably expressing GPR40 were cultured in 5%CO2 incubator (ThermoFisher) in maintenance media (Dulbecco′smodified Eagle′smedium with 4.5 g / L of glucose, 10%fetal bovine serum, 100 μg / mL Hygromycin, and Penicillin (100 U / mL) / Streptomycin (100 μg / mL) ) till 100%confluency. Cells were harvested freshly, spun down at 300 × g for 5 min, and resuspended in pre-warmed 1 × stimulant buffer from Cisbio IP-One HTRF Detection kit (Cisbio) . Cell density was adjusted to 2.0 × 106 cells / mL. DMSO was used as blank control and AMG-1638 (CAS#: 1142214-62-7) as positive control. Compounds were prepared at 10 mM in DMSO and 5 nL of 3 × serially diluted compounds (10 concentrations) were added to each well of the 384-LDV assay plate (Corning) by using ECHO 550 (Labcyte) . Five μL of cells in suspension were transferred into each well by using Multidrop Combi Reagent Dispenser (ThermoFisher) . Assay plate was then sealed and incubated at 37℃ for 2 hours. IP-d2 reagent and anti-IP1 reagent were prepared following the manual (Cisbio) . Five μL of IP1-d2 and then 5 μL of anti-IP1 antibody was added to each well sequentially. Assay plate was incubated at room temperature for 60 min and then read at 665 nm / 615 nm on an Envision plate reader (PerkinElmer) . The ratio of values obtained at 665 nm and 615 nm was used for calculation of IP1 accumulation: %Effect = (Ratiosample -Ratioblank) / (RatioAMG-1638 -Ratioblank) × 100. Dose curve was fitted and EC50 of each compound was calculated by using XLFit.
[0345] All exemplified compounds of the present disclosure, Examples 1-36, were tested according to Biological Example 1 and the EC50 values are < 50 nM. Additional exemplary data tested according to Biological Example 1 are shown in the table below: Biological Example 1: EC50 values of exemplary compounds Biological Example 2. PharmacokineticsPK Methods of in-life
[0346] Male ICR (CD-1) mice at around 4-6 weeks with body weight of around 25 grams (n = 3) were purchased from VT-River (Zhejiang, China) . After 1-week acclimation, animals were dosed with exemplary compounds intravenously at 1 mpk or orally at 10 mpk (0.5%methylcellulose in PBS as vehicle for both routes of administration) . Blood samples (30 μL) were collected via saphenous vein puncture at 5 (IV only) , 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, and 1440 min post dose. The blood samples were saved in 0.5 M K2EDTA coated tubes and centrifuged at 4, 600 rpm at 4℃ for 5 min. Plasma samples were collected and stored in -80℃ till PK analysis.PK analysis by LC-MS / MS:
[0347] Take 10 μL of K2EDTA-treated plasma samples of CD-1 mice, add 200 μL of precipitation solution with internal standard (5 ng / mL Terfenadine in MeOH / ACN) , mix well by vortexing for 1 min at room temperature followed by centrifuge at 4℃ and 4000 rpm for 15 min. Save the supernatant as injection for LC-MS / MS quantification of exemplary compounds in plasma samples of mice.
[0348] Establish a standard curve before and after each analytical batch, accompanied by quality controls of low, medium, and high concentrations. The number of quality control samples is not less than 6 and should be equal to or more than the number of samples of each batch, and interspersed in sample measurement. Standard curve and quality control samples of each batch must meet the acceptance criteria.
[0349] Exemplary data obtained according to Biological Example 2 are shown in the table below: Biological Example 2: Pharmacokinetic Data in Mice Biological Example 3. Combination Treatments
[0350] Male SD rats were purchased from Zhejiang Vital River Laboratory at around 8 weeks of age and acclimated for around 1 week in single cage with free access to water, normal chow diet, and kaolin (Research Diets, K50001) .
[0351] In the first study, animals were dosed subcutaneously with vehicle (1× PBS, SC) or Semaglutide 0.02 mpk, or orally with vehicle (0.5%methylcellulose, PO) , Example 18 at 10 and 30 mpk, Sitagliptin at 30 mpk, or Example 18 + Sitagliptin (30 mpk for both) .
[0352] In the second study, animals were dosed with PBS (SC) + 0.5%methylcellulose (PO) , Semaglutide 0.04 mpk (SC) + 0.5%methylcellulose (PO) , PBS (SC) + Example 18 30 mpk (PO) , and Semaglutide 0.04 mpk (SC) + Example 18 30 mpk (PO) .
[0353] Body weight, food weight, and kaolin intake were weighed at 0 and 24 hour. The results are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 (second study) , Statistical analysis is performed by using ANOVA followed by comparison between treatment and vehicle groups. Asterisk denotes statistical significance, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 versus vehicle.
[0354] The results are also presented in the tables below: Results from first study: Results from second study: Biological Example 4. Acute Effect on Plasma Levels of Incretins in SD Rats
[0355] Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were purchased at 7-8 weeks of age. After one-week acclimation, animals were fasted overnight followed by oral administration of vehicle, Example 18, sitagliptin, Example 18 combined with sitagliptin, and SCO-267 in the morning (n = 8) . Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hrs post dose and plasma incretins were measured by using V-Plex kit from Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) . At 4 hrs post dose, chow diet was added back after blood collection. The results of %change in incretins over vehicle are shown in Table A. Statistical analysis is performed by using ANOVA followed by comparison between treatments and vehicle group (Student's t-Test) . Asterisk denotes statistical significance, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 versus vehicle.
[0356] Single dose of Example 18 at 10 and 30 mg per kilogram body weight (mpk) induced robust secretion of active GLP-1 and GIP, total PYY, and glucagon in a dose-dependent manner. The inductions of Example 18 on GLP-1 and GIP were superior to sitagliptin and SCO-267, and co-administration of Example 18 and sitagliptin showed synergy on GLP-1 and GIP. The Example 18-induced increases in GLP-1, GIP, and PYY lasted for 24 hrs as indicated by AUC0-24 hr (area under the curve) and the levels at 24 hrs post dose. Example 18 significantly increased plasma levels of glucagon in the fasted state, and the effect diminished in the refed state. SCO-267 showed a spike of glucagon at 2 hrs post dose, due probably to its quick absorption and activation on pancreatic α-cells. Biological example 4: Acute effect on plasma levels of incretins in SD rats
[0357] The Summary and Abstract sections may set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present invention as contemplated by the inventor (s) , and thus, are not intended to limit the present invention and the appended claims in any way.
[0358] The present invention has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed.
[0359] With respect to aspects of the invention described as a genus, all individual species are individually considered separate aspects of the invention. If aspects of the invention are described as "comprising" a feature, embodiments also are contemplated "consisting of” or "consisting essentially of” the feature.
[0360] The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and / or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance.
[0361] The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments.
[0362] All of the various aspects, embodiments, and options described herein can be combined in any and all variations.
[0363] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
Claims
1.A method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a GLP-1 receptor agonist; and (2) a GPR40 agonist.2.A method of reducing food intake or suppressing appetite in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a GLP-1 receptor agonist; and (2) a GPR40 agonist.3.A method of treating obesity of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a GLP-1 receptor agonist; and (2) a GPR40 agonist.4.A method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject has one or more side effects associated with the administering of a first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the method comprising:(i) administering to the subject a subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist which has a smaller amount of the GLP-1 receptor agonist than that of the first dose; and(ii) administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist in an amount effective to enhance the weight reduction effect of the subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist.5.A method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject has a gastrointestinal intolerability event (e.g., nausea, vomiting, and / or diarrhea) associated with the administering of a first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the method comprising:(i) administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist in an amount effective to improve gastrointestinal tolerability in the subject; and optionally(ii) administering to the subject a subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist which has a smaller amount of the GLP-1 receptor agonist than that of the first dose.6.A method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject has a gastrointestinal intolerability event (e.g., nausea, vomiting, and / or diarrhea) associated with the administering of a first dose of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, the method comprising:(i) administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist in an amount effective to improve gastrointestinal tolerability in the subject; and optionally(ii) administering to the subject a subsequent dose of the GLP-1 receptor agonist which has the same or larger amount of the GLP-1 receptor agonist than that of the first dose.7.The method of any of claims 1-6, further comprising administering to the subject a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor.8.A method of reducing body weight of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor; and (2) a GPR40 agonist.9.A method of reducing food intake or suppressing appetite in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor; and (2) a GPR40 agonist.10.A method of treating obesity in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject (1) a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor; and (2) a GPR40 agonist.11.A method of treating emesis (e.g., nausea and / or vomiting) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a GPR40 agonist.12.The method of claim 11, further comprising administering to the subject a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor.13.The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the emesis is associated with a GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment.14.The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the emesis is associated with targeted therapy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy.15.A method of reducing gastrointestinal intolerability in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a GPR40 agonist.16.The method of claim 15, further comprising administering to the subject a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor.17.The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the gastrointestinal intolerability is associated with a GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment.18.The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the gastrointestinal intolerability is associated with targeted therapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy.19.A method of reducing body weight and food intake rebound associated with GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a GPR40 agonist.20.A method of maintaining body weight or preventing body weight gain in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a GPR40 agonist herein.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the subject has prior treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist, e.g., the subject is in the maintenance phase of the GLP-1 receptor agonist body weight management.22.A method of treating a disease or disorder for which administering a GLP-1 receptor agonist is beneficial, the method comprises administering a GPR40 agonist to a subject in need thereof.23.The method of claim 22, wherein the disease or disorder is obesity, overweight, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, Alzheimer's Disease, or chronic kidney disease.24.The method of any of claims 19-23, further comprising administering to the subject a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor.25.The method of any of claims 1-7, 13, 17, and 19-24, wherein the GLP-1 receptor agonist is exenatide, liraglutide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide, orforglipron, lotiglipron, danuglipron, tirzepatide, retatrutide, survodutide, maridebart, orcafraglutide.26.The method of claim 25, wherein the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide or tirzepatide.27.The method of any of claims 1-26, wherein the GPR40 agonist is a compound as defined in any of the enumerated embodiments 1-86 herein.28.The method of any of claims 1-26, wherein the GPR40 agonist is a compound selected from any of the compounds in Table 1 herein, or a compound according to Examples 1-36 herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.29.The method of any of claims 1-28, wherein the subject does not suffer from type 2 diabetes.30.The method of any of claims 1-29, wherein the subject has an initial body mass index of 30 kg / m2 or greater.31.The method of any of claims 1-29, wherein the subject has an initial body mass index of 27-30 kg / m2, and has at least one weight-related comorbid condition (e.g., hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, or cardiovascular disease) .32.The method of any of claims 1-31, wherein the GPR40 agonist is administered orally.33.A kit comprising:(i) a GLP-1 receptor agonist (e.g., any of those described herein, such as semaglutide) ; and(ii) a GPR40 agonist (e.g., any of those described herein, such as those defined in enumerated embodiments 1-86 herein) .34.The kit of claim 33, further comprising (iii) a DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., any of those described herein, such as sitagliptin) .35.A kit comprising:(i) a DPP-4 inhibitor (e.g., any of those described herein, such as sitagliptin) ; and(ii) a GPR40 agonist (e.g., any of those described herein, such as those defined in enumerated embodiments 1-86 herein) .