Biaxially oriented polyolefin films containing recycled polyolefins and methods for their preparation
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CA3322188
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CA · CA
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-03-15
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-18
AI Technical Summary
Recycled polypropylene (rPP) cannot be used in the production of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films due to polymer degradation from thermal processing and varying viscosities, necessitating the use of high-quality virgin PP, limiting the inclusion of recycled materials.
A composition comprising recycled polypropylene, virgin polypropylene, and a non-, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin is used, with specific molecular weight and glass transition temperature ranges, allowing for the production of biaxially oriented films with improved mechanical properties.
The inclusion of a hydrogenated resin harmonizes recycled and virgin polypropylene chains, enabling the production of films with equivalent performance to those made from virgin polypropylene alone, while reducing stretching force by approximately 12-28% and incorporating up to 75% recycled content.
Abstract
Description
BIAXIALLY ORIENTED POLYOLEFIN FILMS CONTAINING RECYCLED POLYOLEFINS AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATIONBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) , which is commonly used in food packaging, is prepared by stretching polypropylene (PP) film in both machine and transverse directions, producing molecular chain orientation in two directions. Biaxial orientation desirably increases film toughness and stiffness, enhances clarity, improves oil and grease resistance, and improves water vapor and oxygen barrier properties. Impact resistance, low‐temperature impact resistance, and flexcrack resistance are also substantially modified.
[0002] BOPP films can be used as heat‐shrinkable films in shrink‐wrap applications or can be heat set to provide dimensional stability but heat sealing is difficult. Heat sealing can be made easier by either coating the BOPP film after treatment with a heat‐sealable material (such as polyvinylidene chloride) or by coextrusion with one or more copolymers before processing to produce layers of film.
[0003] Because the conditions for producing BOPP from polypropylene are sufficiently harsh to cause some degradation of the polymer chains, it is typically necessary to employ high quality PP (such as virgin PP (vPP) as a starting material with a low melt flow rate (MFR) or melt flow index (MFI) . As a result, recycled PP (rPP) , which has polymer degradation due to thermal processing and ageing and often contains PP of multiple grades and viscosities, does not meet the requirements for the orientation process and thus cannot be included in the preparation of BOPP films.
[0004] In the present invention, it was unexpectedly observed that the addition of a non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin, such as a hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin (H2HCR) component to a blend of a recycled polyolefin (such as recycled PP) and a high quality polyolefin (such as vPP) resulted in the blend being satisfactory for subjection to the conditions associated with producing biaxially oriented films with minimal or no observed degradation of the blended film.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] An aspect of the invention is a composition comprising:
[0006] a post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin;
[0007] a virgin polypropylene polyolefin; and
[0008] a non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin,
[0009] wherein the resin has a weight average molecular weight between 500 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, a glass transition temperature of 45℃ to 90℃, and a ring and ball softening point between 100℃and 143℃,
[0010] wherein the resin is present in an amount ranging from 4 wt%to 19 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition,
[0011] wherein the composition has a MFR 230℃ / 2.16 kg between 2 g / 10 min and 8 g / 10 min, and wherein a ratio of the resin / post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin ranges from 0.05 to 0.5.
[0012] Another aspect of the invention is a biaxially oriented film formed from a composition as described herein.
[0013] Another aspect of the invention is an article comprising a composition or biaxially oriented film as described herein.
[0014] Another aspect of the invention is a multilayer film comprising a biaxially oriented film as described herein.
[0015] Another aspect of the invention is a method of forming a biaxially oriented film, the method comprising:
[0016] mixing together a post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin, a virgin polypropylene polyolefin and a non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin;
[0017] extruding the mixture in a range of 200℃ to 230 ℃ to form a film;
[0018] stretching and biaxially orienting the film, sequentially or simultaneously, at suitable temperatures, such as from 105℃ to 170℃; and
[0019] optionally applying one or more coatings, such as a metallized coating, to one or both outer surfaces of the film.
[0020] In an embodiment, the non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin is one or more of a fully or partially hydrogenated resin selected from rosin ester resins, modified rosin resins, C5 resins, C5 / C9 resins, aromatically‐modified C5 resins, C9 resins, pure monomer resins, C5 / cycloaliphatic resins, C5 / cycloaliphatic / styrene / C9 resins, cycloaliphatic resins, DCPD resins, and aromatic‐modified DCPD resins.
[0021] In an embodiment, the post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin is present in an amount ranging from 25 wt%to 75 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.
[0022] In an embodiment, the post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin comprises at least 90%by weight of polypropylene homopolymer.
[0023] In an embodiment, the non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin is a fully or partially hydrogenated resin having a weight average molecular weight between 700 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, a glass transition temperature of 74℃ to 90℃, and a ring and ball softening point of 123℃ to 143℃.
[0024] In an embodiment, the non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin is a fully or partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin present in an amount ranging from 9 wt%to 13 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.
[0025] In an embodiment, the non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin is one or more of a fully or partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin selected from an aliphatic C5 hydrocarbon resin, an aromatic C9 hydrocarbon resin, a pure monomer resin and a dicyclopentadiene resin.
[0026] In an embodiment of the composition, the amount of the non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin is at least 7 wt%and less than 13 wt%by weight of the total composition wherein the resin has a weight average molecular weight between 700 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, a glass transition temperature of 74℃ to 90℃ and a ring and ball softening point from 120℃ to 143℃, and wherein the resin is one or more of a fully or partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin selected from an aliphatic C5 hydrocarbon resin, an aromatic C9 hydrocarbon resin, a pure monomer resin and a dicyclopentadiene resin.
[0027] In an embodiment, the recycled polypropylene polyolefin and / or the biaxially oriented film contains less than 5 wt%of a post‐industrial recycled polyolefin.
[0028] In an embodiment, the recycled polypropylene polyolefin and / or the biaxially oriented film contains less than 5 wt%of polyethylene.
[0029] In an embodiment, the article comprising the biaxially oriented film is selected from food and beverage packaging / labeling, medical packaging, general packaging, tapes, overwraps, pouches, electronics, and personal care product packaging.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0030] The following figures illustrate specific embodiments of the invention and are not intended to otherwise limit the scope of the invention as described.
[0031] Figure 1 illustrates a three‐layer film structure where the blended composition of the invention may be present in the core layer and / or one or more selected layers.
[0032] Figure 2 illustrates a five‐layer multifilm structure where the blended composition of the invention may be present in one or more selected layers.
[0033] Figure 3 illustrates the increased modulus of a pressed film comprising H2HCR, PCR‐PP and virgin‐PP compared to pressed films without H2HCR.
[0034] Figure 4 illustrates the apparent influence of H2HCR ring and ball softening point (RBSP) on the E‐modulus of the Inventive BOPP film compositions.
[0035] Figure 5 illustrates the reduced stretching force versus stretching ratio for the Inventive Examples comprising H2HCR, PCR‐PP and virgin‐PP compared to PP compositions without H2HCR.
[0036] Figure 6 illustrates the increased Elastic modulus (MD) of BOPP film comprised of H2HCR, PCR‐PP and virgin PP compared to BOPP film comprised of virgin PP / PCR PP.
[0037] Figure 7 illustrates the different linear elastic region behavior of the inventive compositions and comparative compositions (tensile MD stress‐strain curve) .
[0038] Figure 8 illustrates the increased MD Elastic Limit of BOPP film comprised of H2HCR, PCR‐PP and virgin PP compared to BOPP film comprised of virgin PP / PCR PP and the ratio of H2HCR resin / PCR PP.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0039] Definitions
[0040] Certain terms used throughout this disclosure are defined hereinbelow so that the present invention may be more readily understood. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the disclosure.
[0041] Unless otherwise indicated, %solids or weight % (wt%) are stated in reference to the total weight of a specific formulation, composition, compound or masterbatch.
[0042] The term “comprising” (and its grammatical variations) as used herein is used in the inclusive sense of “having” or “including” or “containing” , and not in the exclusive sense of “consisting only of. ”
[0043] The use of numerical values in the various ranges specified herein, unless expressly indicated otherwise, are considered to be approximations as though the minimum and maximum values within the stated ranges were both preceded by the word “about. ” In this context, the term “about” is meant to encompass the stated value ± a deviation of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or not more than 5%of the stated value. In this manner, slight variations above and below the stated ranges can be used to achieve substantially the same results as the values within the ranges. In addition, the disclosure of these ranges is intended as a continuous range including every value between the minimum and maximum values.
[0044] The terms “a” and “the” as used herein are understood to encompass one or more of the components, i.e., the plural as well as the singular.
[0045] As used herein, the term “polymer” unless other indicated, encompasses homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, etc. having a number averaged molecular weight of greater than 5, 000 g / mol, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene standards.
[0046] As used herein, the term “polyolefin” unless other indicated, encompasses polymers comprising propylene and / or ethylene.
[0047] As used herein, the term “recycled polyolefin” unless other indicated, includes a polyolefin‐containing material recovered from post‐consumer recycled (PCR) waste and / or from post‐industrial recycled (PIR) waste, where the recycled polyolefin typically exists as a mixture of polyolefin grades and viscosities, as opposed to the higher quality virgin polymers.
[0048] In an embodiment, the recycled polyolefin contains less than 10%by weight, such as less than 5%, such as less than 3%, such as 0%of polyethylene (PE) polymer.
[0049] As used herein, the term “post‐consumer recycled” (PCR) polyolefin refers to a polyolefin‐containing material that is recycled after having completed at least a first use cycle (or life cycle) ‐i.e., having already served its first purpose. Post‐consumer recycled polypropylene (PCR PP) polyolefin refers to a material that is recycled after having completed at least a first use and that comprises at least 90%by weight, such as at least 92%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100%, of one or more polypropylene homopolymers, copolymers and terpolymers. In an embodiment, the PCR PP polyolefin contains at least 90%by weight, such as at least 92%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100%of polypropylene homopolymer. In another embodiment, the PCR PP polyolefin contains at least 90%by weight, such as at least 92%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100%of a polypropylene copolymer. In yet another embodiment, the PCR PP polyolefin contains at least 90%by weight, such as at least 92%, such as at least 94%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100%of a polypropylene terpolymer.
[0050] In an embodiment, the PCR PP polyolefin contains at least 90 wt%PP polymer polyolefin, less than 10 wt%, such as less than 5 wt%, of polyethylene polymer, and less than 3 wt%impurities.
[0051] As used herein, the term “post‐industrial recycled” (PIR) polyolefin refers to a polyolefin‐containing material that is recycled from manufacturing scrap –i.e., materials which do not normally reach a consumer. In an embodiment, less than 5%by weight, such as less than 3%, such as less than 2%, such as less than 1%, such as 0%of PIR is present in the recycled polyolefin component of the composition.
[0052] As used herein, the term “virgin” polyolefin denotes a newly produced (high quality) polyolefin‐containing material which has not been previously used or recycled.
[0053] As used herein, the term “resin” refers to a resins such as PMR, C5, C5 / C9, C9, DCPD, and rosin resins, as described hereinbelow, having a number average molecular weight of less than 5,000 g / mol, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) , that has no covalently crosslinked sites between individual polymer macromolecules and becomes liquid, pliable, or moldable above a specific temperature, and then it returns to a solid state upon cooling. In many instances, the resins are also soluble in appropriate organic solvent media. Unmodified resins include hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, and non‐hydrogenated versions of these resins. For instance, DCPD includes aromatic‐modified DCPD, as well as hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated DCPD and / or hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated aromatic‐modified DCPD. C9 resin includes, for example hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated aliphatic‐modified C9, hydrogenated C9, and hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated aliphatic‐modified C9 resins. Likewise, PMR resins includes hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated PMR and C5 includes hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated C5 resin.
[0054] As used herein, the term “hydrogenated” is indicated using the shorthand “H2” . "H2" preceding or following a listed resin type is intended to indicate that the resin type is fully hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated, such as in “H2 PMR” and “C5 H2” for example. Thus, “H2” refers to the condition in which the identified resin is either fully hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated.
[0055] The stated “phr” means parts per hundred parts of polymer by weight, and is used in this specification to mean the conventional stated amount as used in the rubber and adhesive industries for blend recipes. The dosage of the parts by weight of the individual substances in this context is always based on 100 parts by weight of the total weight of all the virgin polyolefin polymer present in the blend, unless otherwise noted.
[0056] “Glass transition temperature (Tg) ” is a second order transition and is the temperature range at which amorphous material reversibly changes from a hard, rigid, or “glassy” solid state to a more pliable, compliant, or “rubbery” viscous state, and is measured in degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit. Tg is not the same as melting temperature. Tg can be determined using Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) .
[0057] The present invention demonstrates that the combination of a recycled polyolefin and a H2‐resin unexpectedly allows for the incorporation of a significant amount of the recycled polyolefin into a virgin polyolefin for the purpose of generating a blended BOPP film that is equivalent in appearance and performance to a biaxially oriented film prepared from a virgin polyolefin alone. In the absence of the hydrogenated resin component, incorporation of the recycled polyolefin into a biaxially oriented film is suboptimal.
[0058] In addition to the economic and ecological benefits associated with using recycled polyolefins in the preparation of a biaxially oriented film that heretofore required only virgin quality polyolefins, it was observed that incorporation of the recycled polyolefin and hydrogenated resin could lower the required stretching force of the blended compositions by approximately 12%‐28%.
[0059] Hydrogenated Resin (H2‐resin) Component
[0060] The resin component of the blended composition comprising a high quality polyolefin (such as vPP) and a lower quality polyolefin (such as rPP) is critical for making the blend uniform and for increasing the cohesive strength of the blend to ensure successful subsequent processing of the blended composition, such as during stretching of the blended composition to create a biaxial orientation. The resin component may be a hydrogenated resin (H2‐resin) , a rosin resin, a partially or fully hydrogenated rosin resin (H2‐rosin) , a hydrocarbon resin (HCR) , and / or a partially or fully hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin (H2HCR) .
[0061] In an exemplary embodiment, the resin is a non‐hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin such as, but not limited to, a C5 resin, a C5 / C9 resin or a C9 resin.
[0062] In an exemplary embodiment, the resin is a partially or fully hydrogenated rosin resin, such as, hereinafter referred to jointly as H2‐rosin.
[0063] In an exemplary embodiment, the resin is a partially or fully hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin, hereinafter referred to jointly as H2HCR.
[0064] In an exemplary embodiment, the resin is a hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin such as, but not limited to, a H2C5 resin, a H2C9 or a H2DCPD resin.
[0065] Partially and fully hydrogenated resins, such as partially and fully hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins / and or rosin resins, are generally preferred over non‐hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins and / or rosin resins, such as non‐hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins, because of the high compatibility of H2‐resins with polypropylene and other polyolefins. Additionally, hydrogenated resins typically exhibit lower color and higher thermal stability (characteristics that are desirable in the high temperature processing of the frequently clear, colorless BOPP films of the invention) compared to non‐hydrogenated resins, such as non‐hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins.
[0066] In an exemplary embodiment, the hydrogenated resins are amorphous and have a weight average molecular weight between 500 g / mol and 1600 g / mol (such as between 500 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 750 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, 700 g / mol and 900 g / mol, such as between 700 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 800 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 900 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, such as between 1000 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 1000 g / mol and 1600 g / mol) as determined by gel permeation chromatography with polystyrene standards, and a glass transition temperature as determined by DSC at 20℃ / min of about 45 to about 90℃ (such as about 45 to about 85℃, such as about 60 to about 90℃, such as about 60 to about 85℃, such as about 74 to about 85℃, such as about 74 to about 90℃) , and ring and ball softening points (RBSP, ASTM E‐28) from about 95℃ to about 143℃ (such as 115℃to about 143℃, such as 120℃ to about 143℃) .
[0067] In an exemplary embodiment, the hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins are amorphous and have a weight average molecular weight between 500 g / mol and 1600 g / mol (such as between 500 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 750 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, 700 g / mol and 900 g / mol, such as between 700 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 800 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 900 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, such as between 1000 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 1000 g / mol and 1600 g / mol) as determined by gel permeation chromatography with polystyrene standards, and a glass transition temperature as determined by DSC at 20℃ / min of about 45 to about 90℃ (such as about 45 to about 85℃, such as about 60 to about 90℃, such as about 60 to about 85℃, such as about 74 to about 85℃, such as about 74 to about 90℃) , and ring and ball softening points (RBSP, ASTM E‐28) from about 95℃ to about 143℃ (such as 115℃to about 143℃, such as 120℃ to about 143℃) .
[0068] In an exemplary embodiment, the hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins are amorphous, have a weight average molecular weight between 700 g / mol and 1600 g / mol (such as between 700 g / mol and 900 g / mol, such as between 700 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 800 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 900 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, such as between 1000 g / mol and 1600 g / mol) as determined by gel permeation chromatography with polystyrene standards, glass transition temperatures as determined by DSC at 20℃ / min of about 60 to about 90℃ (such as about 60 to 85℃, such as about 74 to 90℃, such as about 84 to 90℃) , and ring and ball softening points (RBSP, ASTM E‐28) from about 115℃ to about 143℃ (such as 120℃ to about 143℃) .
[0069] In an exemplary embodiment, the hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins are amorphous, have a weight average molecular weight between 700 g / mol and 1600 g / mol (such as between 700 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 800 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 900 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, such as between 1000 g / mol and 1500 g / mol, such as between 1000 g / mol and 1600 g / mol) as determined by gel permeation chromatography with polystyrene standards, glass transition temperatures of about 74 to about 90℃ as determined by DSC at 20℃ / min, and ring and ball softening points (RBSP, ASTM E‐28) from about 120℃ to about 143℃ (such as about 123℃ to about 143℃, such as about 124℃ to about 143℃, such as about 124℃ to about 142℃) .
[0070] The hydrogenated resin component may be present in an amount ranging from 4 wt%to 19 wt%based on the total weight of the composition, more preferably 7 wt%to 15 wt%, most preferably 9 wt%to 13 wt%.
[0071] The hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin component may be present in an amount ranging from 4 wt%to 19 wt%based on the total weight of the composition, more preferably 7 wt%to 15 wt%, most preferably 9 wt%to 13 wt%.
[0072] Hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins are known to reduce the moisture vapor transition rate (MVTR) and oxygen transmission rate (OTR) in PP and polyethylene (PE) films. It is believed that these comparatively small molecules fill the free volume in the amorphous phase of the PP or PE, reducing the open pathways available for oxygen and water vapor to move through the films.
[0073] In an exemplary embodiment, the hydrogenated resin (H2‐resin) includes, but is not limited to, fully or partially hydrogenated rosin ester resins, fully or partially hydrogenated modified rosin resins, resins of fully or partially hydrogenated rosin alcohols, fully or partially hydrogenated C5 resins, fully or partially hydrogenated C5 / C9 resins, fully or partially hydrogenated aromatically‐modified C5 resins, fully or partially hydrogenated C9 resins, fully or partially hydrogenated pure monomer resins, fully or partially hydrogenated C5 / cycloaliphatic resins, fully or partially hydrogenated C5 / cycloaliphatic / styrene / C9 resins, fully or partially hydrogenated cycloaliphatic resins, fully or partially hydrogenated DCPD resins, fully or partially hydrogenated aromatic‐modified DCPD resins, resins of fully or partially hydrogenated rosin resins, and combinations thereof. Exemplary commercial tackifiers include FORALTM, REGALITETM and REGALTACTM H from Synthomer.
[0074] More specifically, the term “C5 resin” as used herein refers to aliphatic C5 hydrocarbon resins that are produced from the polymerization of monomers comprising C5 and / or C6 olefin species having a boiling point from about 20 ℃ to about 200℃ at atmospheric pressure. These monomers are typically generated from petroleum processing, e.g., cracking. The aliphatic C5 hydrocarbon resins can be produced by any method known in the art. In one embodiment, the aliphatic C5 hydrocarbon resins are prepared by cationic polymerization of a cracked petroleum feed containing C5 and C6 paraffins, olefins, and diolefins also referred to as “C5 monomers. ” These monomer streams comprise cationically polymerizable monomers such as 1, 3‐pentadiene which is a primary reactive component along with cyclopentene, pentene, 2‐methyl‐2‐butene, 2‐methyl‐2‐pentene, cyclopentadiene, and dicyclopentadiene. The polymerizations are typically catalyzed using Friedel‐Crafts polymerization catalysts such as Lewis acids (e.g., boron trifluoride (BF3) , complexes of boron trifluoride, aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) , and alkyl aluminum chlorides) . In addition to the reactive components, nonpolymerizable components in the feed include saturated hydrocarbons that are in some embodiments co‐distilled with the unsaturated components such as pentane, cyclopentane, or 2‐methylpentane. Solid acid catalysts can also be utilized to produce aliphatic C5 hydrocarbon resins. Aliphatic C5 hydrocarbon resins include non‐hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, or fully hydrogenated resins. Aliphatic C5 resins can be obtained as PICCOTACTM C5 and REGALTACTM C5H2 resins.
[0075] More specifically, the term “C9 resin” as used herein refers to an aromatic C9 hydrocarbon resin that is a resin produced from the polymerization of monomers comprising unsaturated aromatic C8, C9, and / or C10 species with boiling points in the range from about 100 ℃ to about 300 ℃ at atmospheric pressure. These monomers are typically generated from petroleum processing, e.g., cracking. The aromatic C9 hydrocarbon resins can be produced by any method known in the art. Aromatic C9 hydrocarbon resins are in one embodiment prepared by cationic polymerization of aromatic C8, C9, and / or C10 unsaturated monomers derived from petroleum distillates resulting from naphtha cracking. These monomer streams comprise cationically polymerizable monomers such as styrene, alpha methyl styrene (AMS) , beta‐methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, indene, dicyclopentadiene, divinylbenzene, and other alkyl substituted derivatives of these components. Aliphatic olefin monomers with four to six carbon atoms are also present during polymerization in some embodiments of C9 resins. The polymerization is in some embodiments catalyzed using Friedel‐Crafts polymerization catalysts such as Lewis acids (e.g., boron trifluoride (BF3) , complexes of boron trifluoride, aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) , and alkyl aluminum chlorides) . In addition to the reactive components, nonpolymerizable components include, but are not limited to, aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylene, ethyl benzene, cumene, ethyl toluene, indane, methylindane, naphthalene, and other similar chemical species. The nonpolymerizable components of the feed stream are in some embodiments incorporated into the resins via alkylation reactions. C9 hydrocarbon resins include non‐hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, or fully hydrogenated resins. Aromatic C9 hydrocarbon resins can be obtained as PICCOTM C9 resin, and aliphatic hydrogenated and aliphatic / aromatic partially hydrogenated C9 H2 hydrocarbon resins can be obtained as the REGALITETM resin from Synthomer.
[0076] More specifically, pure monomer resins (PMRs) are produced from the polymerization of styrene‐based monomers, such as, styrene, alpha‐methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, and other alkyl substituted styrenes. Pure monomer resins are produced by any method known in the art. Pure monomer feedstocks for the production of pure monomer resins are in some cases synthetically generated or highly purified monomer species. For example, styrene can be generated from ethyl benzene or alpha methyl styrene from cumene. In one embodiment, pure monomer hydrocarbon resins are prepared by cationic polymerization of styrene‐based monomers such as styrene, alpha‐methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, and other alkyl substituted styrenes using Friedel‐Crafts polymerization catalysts such as Lewis acids (e.g., boron trifluoride (BF3) , complexes of boron trifluoride, aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) , and alkyl aluminum chlorides) . Solid acid catalysts can also be utilized to produce pure monomer resins. The pure monomer resins disclosed herein are non‐hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, or fully hydrogenated resins. Pure monomer resins are in some instances obtained as styrenic hydrocarbon resins (e.g., PICCOLASTICTM) , styrenic / alkyl styrenic hydrocarbon resins (e.g., KRISTALEXTM) , alkyl styrenic hydrocarbon resins (e.g., PICCOTEXTM) , and hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated pure monomer resins (e.g., REGALREZTM) .
[0077] More specifically, the term “DCPD resin” as used herein refers to dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) , most commonly formed through ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of dicyclopentadiene in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as maleic acid or aqueous sulphuric acid, or thermal polymerization. Dicyclopentadiene is also formed in some embodiments by a Diels Alder reaction from two cyclopentadiene molecules and exists in two stereo‐isomers: endo‐DCPD and exo‐DCPD. Typically, greater than 90%of the DCPD molecules present in commercial grades of DCPD are in the endo form. DCPD resins include aromatic‐modified DCPD resins as well as hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated, and non‐hydrogenated resins, although only H2DCPD is often described since it is the most readily commercially available form of DCPD. Aromatic‐modified DCPD is also contemplated as a DCPD resin. Aromatic modification occurs, for example, by way of C9 resin oil, styrene, or alpha methyl styrene (AMS) , and the like. Hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated DCPD and hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated aromatic‐modified DCPD resin is commercially available as OPPERATM products and as ESCOREZTM 5000‐series resin (ExxonMobil Chemical Company, TX, US) .
[0078] More specifically, the term “rosin resin” as used herein refers to rosin acid and rosin ester resins produced from a mixture comprised mainly of C20 tricyclic fused‐ring, monocarboxylic acids, such as pimaric and abietic acids, which are commonly referred to as "rosin acids" and are obtained from any of a number of sources and which can have a wide range of purities. For example, wood rosin is obtained from Pinus stumps after harvesting of the stumps. Gum rosin is obtained after scoring a pine tree, collecting the exudate sap, and then distilling away the volatile components. Tall oil rosin is a by‐product of the kraft (i.e. sulfate) pulping process for making paper. One or more of the C20 cyclic carboxylic acid‐containing isomers present in a rosin may be subjected to extensive purifying or modifying processes, including redistillation, recrystallization, disproportionation and / or dehydrogenation processes prior to its use in esterification reactions to produce rosin esters. In an embodiment, rosin acid is esterified by reaction with an alcohol or polyol. Resins of rosin esters are commercially available as, for example, PERMALYNTM products (Synthomer) . Rosin acid and rosin ester resins may be partially or fully hydrogenated (H2‐rosin) and are commercially available as, for example, FORALTM AX‐E, FORALTM 105‐E and STAYBELITETM Ester 10‐E (Synthomer) .
[0079] Without wishing to be constrained to any particular theory, it is believed that the H2‐resin component harmonizes the lower quality polyolefin polymer (such as PCR PP) with the higher quality polyolefin polymer (such as vPP) by filling these existing voids between high polymers and enabling the polymer chains to slide against each other more easily, allowing the recycled polyolefin chains (such as rPP) and the higher quality polyolefin chains (such as vPP) to intermingle. As the chains intermingle, the longer higher quality polyolefin chains entangle the recycled polyolefin chains, incorporating the recycled polyolefin chains into the overall polyolefin matrix. When suitable amounts of the H2‐resin component, the lower quality polyolefin and the higher quality polyolefin are present, sufficient entanglement of the lower quality and the higher quality chains occurs, resulting in improved mechanical properties of the blended composition.
[0080] In an exemplary embodiment, the hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins (H2HCR) are produced by fully or partially hydrogenating resins that have been polymerized from C9 resin oil (feed for H2C9) , pygas (feed for H2C5) , DCPD, and / or purified C9 monomers (feed for pure monomer resins) . The C9 resin oil and pygas are typically boiling point cuts from the petroleum refineries and contain a range of reactive monomers, including some DCPD. H2HCR produced by hydrogenating a resin polymerized from purified monomers typically result in H2C9 resins with more uniform structure. Exemplary commercial tackifiers include REGALITETM (H2C9) , REGALTACTM (H2C5, H2CC5) , REGALREZTM (H2C9, H2PMR) and ESCOREZTM (H2DCPD) hydrocarbon resins.
[0081] In an exemplary embodiment, use of H2DCPD resin gave less satisfactory results than, for example, H2C9 and H2C5 resins. Without being constrained by theory, it is believed that the more linear, rigid and rod‐like structure of the rings of the H2DCPD resin creates a backbone that reduces its similarity with the PP polymer chains and the ability of the H2DCPD resin to harmonize the rPP and vPP, thus reducing the ability of the rPP chains and vPP chains to entangle.
[0082] Recycled Polyolefin
[0083] In an embodiment, the recycled polyolefin component of the blended composition described herein comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of PCR PP and contains at least 90%by weight, such as 95%, such as 97%, such as 99%of polypropylene homopolymer . In an embodiment, the recycled polyolefin component of the blended composition is PCR PP and contains at least 90%by weight, such as 95%, such as 97%, such as 99%of polypropylene copolymer. In an embodiment, the recycled polyolefin component of the blended composition is PCR PP and contains at least 90%by weight, such as 95%, such as 97%, such as 99%of polypropylene terpolymer.
[0084] In an exemplary embodiment, the polyolefin component is a mixture of virgin polyolefin and recycled polyolefin. In an embodiment, the recycled polyolefin component of the blended composition is PCR PP and does not contain any PIR polyolefin. In an embodiment, the recycled polyolefin component of the blended composition is PCR PP and does not contain any PIR polyolefin or any polyethylene.
[0085] In an exemplary embodiment, the ratio of recycled polyolefin in the polyolefin component relative to the amount of virgin polyolefin is greater than 0.05 and less than 12, such as greater than 0.3 and less than 9, such as greater than 0.5 and less than 9, such as greater than 1 and less than 9, such as greater than 2 and less than 9, such as greater than 3 and less than 9, such as greater than 4 and less than 9, such as greater than 5 and less than 9.
[0086] In an exemplary embodiment, the ratio of recycled polyolefin in the polyolefin component relative to the amount of virgin polyolefin is greater than 0.3 and less than 12 and the amount of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin is at least 4%and less than 19%of the total composition, such as at least 4%and less than 15%, such as at least 4%and less than 10%, such as at least 7%and less than 15%, such as at least 9%and less than 13%, such as at least 7%and less than 19%.
[0087] In an exemplary embodiment, the ratio of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin / post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.5, such as from about 0.05 to 0.2, such as from about 0.05 to 0.1, such as from about 0.1 to 0.5.
[0088] In an exemplary embodiment, the ratio of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin / post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.5 (such as from about 0.05 to 0.2, such as from about 0.05 to 0.1, such as from about 0.1 to 0.5) and the amount of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin is at least 4%and less than 19%of the total composition.
[0089] In an exemplary embodiment, the ratio of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin / post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.5, the amount of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin is at least 4%and less than 19%, and the composition has a MFR of about 2 –8 g / 10 min at 230℃ / 2.16 kg.
[0090] In an exemplary embodiment, the ratio of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin / post‐
[0091] consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.5, the ratio of recycled polyolefin in the polyolefin component relative to the amount of virgin polyolefin is greater than 0.05 and less than 12, the amount of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin is at least 4 wt%and less than 19 wt%based on the weight of the total composition, and the composition has a MFR of about 2 –8 g / 10 min at 230℃ / 2.16 kg.
[0092] In an exemplary embodiment, the ratio of resin / recycled polypropylene polyolefin ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.5, the ratio of recycled polyolefin in the polyolefin component relative to the amount of virgin polyolefin is greater than 0.05 and less than 12, the amount of resin is at least 4 wt%and less than 19 wt%based on the total weight of the composition, and the composition has a MFR of about 2 to 8 g / 10 min at 230℃ / 2.16 kg.
[0093] In an exemplary embodiment, the ratio of hydrogenated resin / post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.5, the amount of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin is at least 4 wt%and less than 19 wt%of the total composition, the composition has a MFR of about 2 –8 g / 10 min at 230℃ / 2.16 kg, and the hydrogenated resin has a weight average molecular weight between 700 g / mol and 1600 g / mol as determined by gel permeation chromatography with polystyrene standards, a glass transition temperature of about 74 to about 90℃ as determined by DSC at 20℃ / min, and a ring and ball softening point (RBSP, ASTM E‐28) from about 120℃ to about 143℃.
[0094] In an exemplary embodiment, the ratio of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin / post‐
[0095] consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin ranges from about 0.05 to about 0.5, the amount of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin is at least 7%and less than 13%of the total composition, the composition has a MFR of about 2 –8 g / 10 min at 230℃ / 2.16 kg, and the hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin has a weight average molecular weight between 700 g / mol and 1600 g / mol as determined by gel permeation chromatography with polystyrene standards, a glass transition temperature of about 74 to about 90℃ as determined by DSC at 20℃ / min, and a ring and ball softening point (RBSP, ASTM E‐28) from about 120℃ to about 143℃.
[0096] In an exemplary embodiment, the virgin polyolefin is a polypropylene polymer and has a MFR of 2 to 7 g / 10 min at 230℃ / 2.16 kg.
[0097] In an exemplary embodiment, the recycled polyolefin is a polypropylene polymer and has a MFR of 2 to 7 g / 10 min at 230℃ / 2.16 kg.
[0098] In an exemplary embodiment, the recycled polyolefin contains one or more impurities, where impurities include both intentionally and unintentionally added materials. Common impurities include, but are not limited to, other polymers, additives and fillers. Typical additives and fillers include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, anti‐acids (e.g., aluminum hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium trisilicate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate) , anti‐cling additives (e.g., amines and ethoxylated amides) , plasticizers, tackifiers, UV stabilizers, anti‐blocking agents, slip agents, cross‐linking agents, release agents, anti‐static agents, anti‐microbials, biocides, foaming agents, blowing agents, clarifier agents, flame retardants, catalysts, pigments, colorants, dyes, waxes or combinations thereof.
[0099] In an exemplary embodiment, the percentage of organic impurities in the recycled polyolefin is greater than zero wt%and less than 10 wt%, such as less than 5 wt%, such as less than 3 wt%, such as less than 1wt%, such as less 0.5 wt%, based on the weight of the recycled polyolefin.
[0100] In an exemplary embodiment, the percentage of inorganic impurities in the recycled polyolefin is greater than zero wt%and less than 1 wt%, such as less than 0.80 wt%, such as less than 0.60 wt%, such as less than 0.40 wt%, such as less 0.2 wt%, based on the weight of the recycled polyolefin.
[0101] Additives
[0102] The blended compositions of the invention may further comprise (e.g., in one or more layers of a multi‐layer film) one or more of additives commonly known in the art such as, but not limited to, one or more of cling agents, antiblock agents, antioxidants, slip additives, pigments, fillers, processing aids, UV stabilizers, neutralizers, lubricants, surfactants, nucleating agents, opacifying agents, pigments, colorants, cavitating agents, slip agents, antioxidants, anti‐fog agents, anti‐block agents, anti‐static agents, fillers, processing aids, clarifiers, and other additives known to those skilled in the art. The effective amounts of the additives vary depending upon the property or properties required.
[0103] Film Structures
[0104] In an exemplary embodiment, the composition of the invention is a single layer film or, alternatively, is present as one or more layers in a multilayer film. In an exemplary embodiment, the multilayer structure is stronger than a single layer film of the same thickness. Some embodiments of the composition of the present invention comprise three layers, including a core layer, a first skin layer and a second skin layer. The layers in the multilayer film may comprise or consist of one or more layers co‐extruded or laminated on each side of the core layer. Layers present between the core layer and a skin layer, known in the art as “intermediate layers” or as “tie‐layers, ” may contain the same or different components. For purposes of this invention, co‐extruded layers can be any co‐extrudable, biaxially orientable, film‐forming polymers known in the art. Such polymers include, but are not limited to, syndiotactic polypropylene, low density polyethylene (LDPE) , linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) , medium density polyethylene (MDPE) , high density polyethylene (HDPE) , ethylene‐propylene copolymers, butylene‐propylene copolymers, ethylene‐butylene copolymers, ethylene‐propylene‐butylene terpolymers, ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene‐vinyl alcohol copolymers, nylons, polymers grafted with functional groups, appropriate blends of these, and others known to those skilled in the art.
[0105] In an exemplary embodiment, the recycled polyolefin, the virgin polyolefin and the hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin are mixed together, and the mixture is extruded at a temperature in a range of 200 to 230 ℃. The extrudate in the form of a film is stretched and the film biaxially oriented, sequentially or simultaneously, at suitable temperatures, for example from about 105℃ to about 170℃, and optionally one or more coatings are applied, such as a metallized coating, to one or both outer surfaces of the (multi) layer film. The stretching ratio in machine and in transverse directions can be the same or different, and can be in the range of four to twelve, as is known in the art.
[0106] In a particular embodiment, one layer of a multilayer PP film comprises vPP / PCR PP and a H2HCR. As a requirement, this layer only needs to have sufficient strength, cohesion and flexibility to form a film and to adhere to other layers of the film structure since the other layers can contribute strength and cohesion to survive the complete film forming and stretching (e.g., to generate biaxial orientation) processes as well as downstream processing of the film into labels or other products of interest. The other layers of the film structure may optionally provide additional desirable characteristics such as a moisture barrier, opacity, anti‐static properties, printability and other characteristics known in the art.
[0107] In an exemplary embodiment, the film containing the vPP / PCR PP / H2HCR layer has an ABA structure as shown in Figure 1, where the vPP / PCR PP and the H2HCR are present in the core layer (2) , wherein the layers (1) and (3) are thin relative to layer (2) . In other embodiments, the vPP / PCR PP and the H2HCR are present in the skin layer (1) and / or the sealing layer (3) .
[0108] In an exemplary embodiment, the film containing the vPP / PCR PP / H2HCR layer has a five‐layer structure as shown in Figure 2, where the vPP / PCR PP and the H2HCR are present in intermediate layers 2 and / or 4. In another embodiment, the vPP / PCR PP and the H2HCR are present in the cavitated OPP layer (3) . In another embodiment, layers (1) and (5) have a thickness of 1.5 microns or less.
[0109] Surface treatment, Metallization and Coatings / Primers
[0110] One or both of the outer surfaces of the monolayer or multi‐layer BOPP film of this invention may be treated to increase the surface energy of the film to make it more receptive to metallization, printing links and / or lamination. Any of the methods known in the art may be used individually or in combination including corona discharge, flame, plasma and chemical treatment. Metallization can be applied to one or both surfaces using conventional methods such as vacuum metallization of a layer of aluminum, copper, silver, chromium or mixtures thereof. Coatings / primers may be applied to the outer surfaces of the film to protect the film surfaces, to provide a print receptive surface, to improve barrier properties, or for other purposes using coatings / primers known in the art.
[0111] Utility
[0112] The compositions of the invention may be suitable for numerous applications, especially those applications where BOPP is currently desirable as single films or in multi‐layer film compositions, e.g., food and beverage packaging / labeling, medical packaging, general packaging, tapes, overwraps, pouches, electronics, and personal care product packaging.
[0113] EXAMPLES
[0114] Preparation of Exemplary Inventive Compositions
[0115] The following table lists the polyolefins that were used to prepare exemplary compositions of the invention.
[0116] Table 1. Polyolefins Used in the Examples
[0117] Melt flow rate was measured at 230℃ / 2.16 kg. Isotactic index was measured following China standard method GB / T 2412‐2008, equivalent to ISO 9113: 2019. Tensile stress (strength) at yield was measured by GB / T 1040.2‐2006, Specimen A type, equivalent to ISO 527‐2. Ash content was measured by weighing the crucible and sample to 0.0001g. The crucible containing the sample was placed in an 800℃ muffle furnace and heated for 1 hour; after removal from the muffle furnace the crucible was placed in a desiccator for 30 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the crucible and sample was weighted to calculate ash content of the sample.
[0118] The following table lists the hydrocarbon resins that were used to prepare exemplary compositions of the invention. Ring and ball softening point (RBSP) , glass transition temperature (Tg) , and molecular weight values were taken from supplier literature or determined by ASTM E‐28, DSC at 20℃ / minor by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene standards, respectively.
[0119] Table 2. Hydrocarbon Resins and Additives Used
[0120] The following table lists the pressed film test methods that were employed.
[0121] Table 3. Test Methods
[0122] Example 1 –Masterbatch Preparation
[0123] Three masterbatches were prepared on a twin‐screw extruder at a 135‐165℃ screw temperature profile and a screw speed of 150 rpm after manual dry blending of the components. Masterbatch MB‐1 was made with 40 wt%virgin PP‐1 and 60 wt%PLASTOLYNTM R1140 (H2C9 fully hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin) . Masterbatch MB‐2 was made with 40 wt%virgin PP‐1 and 60 wt%REGALTACTM H‐142W (H2C5 fully hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin) . Masterbatch MB‐3 was made with 40 wt%virgin PP‐1 and 60 wt%H2DCPD fully hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin.
[0124] Comparative Examples 2-4 and Inventive Example 5
[0125] Virgin polypropylene‐1, PCR PP, and masterbatch‐1 (MB‐1) were dry blended and then mixed at 200℃ for 7 minutes at 35 RPM in a Brabender Labstation EC + Universal docking station with Mixing unit 350E equipped with Banbury blades. The resulting compositions were pressed into films using a Fontijne LabEcon600 Press. The material was pressed at 220℃ between 3 mm thick metal plates covered with aluminum foil. For film evaluation no mold was used, and for tensile testing samples, a mold of 1 mm thickness was used. The following pressing cycle was used: 4 minutes pre‐heat at 0 KN; 3.5 minutes heating at 20 KN; 4 minutes pressing at 250 KN; cooling till 120℃, then the film material was removed from molds and allowed to cool to room temperature. Samples were conditioned for one day before testing.
[0126] The following table lists the compositions of Comparative Examples 2‐4, Inventive Example 5, and the properties of their pressed films.
[0127] Table 4. Examples 2‐5 Compositions and Properties
[0128] Comparative Examples 2‐4 show that the E‐modulus of the film prepared using compounded virgin PP and PCR PP (Comparative Example 4) is lower than that of a film prepared using only either virgin PP (Comparative Example 2) or PCR PP (Comparative Example 3) . In contrast, Inventive Example 5 showed that when masterbatch‐1 containing H2HCR was combined with virgin PP and PCR PP, while maintaining approximately the same ratio of virgin PP to PCR PP, the E‐modulus unexpectedly increased. See Figure 3.
[0129] Inventive Examples 6-19
[0130] Inventive Examples 6‐19 were compounded and pressed into films as described previously, with the exception that Inventive Example 13 was prepared by dry blending the H2HCR, virgin PP and PCR PP before directly adding to the extruder.
[0131] It was unexpectedly observed that when the amount of PCR PP was increased and the amounts of H2HCR and virgin PP were held constant (Inventive Examples 6‐11) , the E‐modulus of the pressed film appeared to show an increase to an apparent plateau before decreasing (Inventive Example 11) . This trend was clearer in the tensile property, with Inventive Example 9 having the maximum tensile strength. This information indicates, for a film about 1 mm thickness, the presence of an optimal loading of H2HCR and PCR PP for a particular combination of resin, PCR PP and the properties desired for a specific application.
[0132] The following table lists the compositions of Inventive Examples 6‐11 and the properties of their pressed films.
[0133] Table 5. Inventive Examples 6‐11 Compositions and Properties
[0134] It was observed with Inventive Examples 12‐19 that as the percent of the H2HCR component in the composition increased, the E‐modulus of the resulting pressed films increased to an apparent plateau around 12.5%H2HCR for the pressed film thicknesses prepared. At 18.5 wt%of the H2HCR component, the approximately 1 mm thick pressed film was too brittle to test the modulus.
[0135] The following table lists the compositions of Inventive Examples 12‐19 and the properties of their pressed films.
[0136] Table 6. Inventive Examples 12‐19 Compositions and Properties
[0137] Inventive Examples 20-25
[0138] Different types of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins (H2HCRs) were tested using the same overall composition of 100 parts virgin PP, 75.8 parts PCR PP and 13.6 parts of a H2HCR (where the H2HCR is selected from H2DCPD, H2C9 and H2C5 (a. k. a. H2CC5) ) . Additionally, the H2HCR was added directly to the virgin PP and PCR PP instead of using a master batch addition method. The H2HCR, virgin PP and PCR PP were dry blended together, and the blends and pressed films were then prepared as described previously in Example 2. It was observed that the similar approximately 140℃ RBSP H2C9 resin and H2C5 resin used in inventive Example 20 and 21 resulted in pressed films with similar E‐moduli. Likewise, the similar RBSP H2C5 130℃ resin and the H2C9 125℃ resin used in inventive Examples 22 and 23 resulted in pressed films with similar E‐moduli. However, inventive Example 24 with RBSP 125℃ H2DCPD resin had an E‐modulus further below the modulus of inventive Examples 22 and 23, indicating that the H2DCPD resin is not as effective as the H2C9 and H2C5 resins. Inventive Example 25 was substantially similar to Example 24 in its components and mode of preparation. Comparison of inventive Example 20 and inventive Example 6 showed that both direct addition of the H2HCR and the use of a master batch for addition of the H2HCR gave equivalent properties to the resulting virgin PP / PCR PP / H2HCR pressed film.
[0139] The following table lists the compositions of Inventive Examples 20‐24 and the properties of their pressed films.
[0140] Table 7. Inventive Examples 20‐24 Compositions and Properties
[0141] Examples 26-33 (Pilot Line Trial)
[0142] The compositions described in Table 8 were dry blended and extruded using a single screw extruder cast sheet line, Cincinnati Milacron S‐PAK 150 Extruder with L / D 24: 1 and a coat‐hanger die with width 30 cm. The temperature settings were 200℃ zone 1, 210℃ zone 2, 215℃zone 3, 225℃ zone 4, 225℃ die adapter, and 225℃ coat‐hanger die. The extruder rpm was 100, and the gear pump rpm was 35. The chill roll temperature was 100℃ and take up speed was 0.75 m / min. 1.3 mm thickness sheets were collected for each mixture formula. Extruded sheet thickness of samples tested for tensile properties had average thickness variation of 0.02 mm.
[0143] The extruded sheet for each Example was cut into 9 cm x 9 cm pieces, and then stretched and biaxially oriented using a Karo IV Laboratory stretching machine from Brückner Group, Germany. The pre‐heat temperature was 172℃; pre‐heat time was 60 sec, and the stretching speed was 200 mm / sec. The films were stretched 7X in machine direction (MD) and 7X in transverse direction (TD) , and the stretching force was recorded. The final stretched film thickness ranged from 25 to 38 microns. Film properties were measured in the center of the films.
[0144] Inventive Examples 29, 32 and 33 are the same formulations using different types of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins: H2C9, H2C5 (a. k. a. H2CC5) and H2DCPD, respectively.
[0145] Table 8. Examples 26‐33 Pilot Line Compositions
[0146] Table 9A. Comparative Examples 26‐28 Extruded Sheet Properties
[0147] Table 9B. Inventive Examples 29‐33 Extruded Sheet Properties
[0148] The higher MFR of the Inventive Example compositions containing hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin suggests that the extrusion can be conducted at a reduced temperature relative to conditions for virgin PP extrusion.
[0149] As is shown in Figure 5 of the machine direction stretching ratio versus stretching force, addition of the hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin to the blend of virgin‐PP and PCR‐PP significantly reduced the force needed to stretch the extruded sheet when the heating conditions were kept constant. This indicates that the use of the inventive compositions in producing virgin‐PP / PCR‐PP / H2‐resin BOPP films will enable a reduction of processing temperatures relative to conditions for virgin PP during stretching / orientation phases of production.
[0150] Comparison of Inventive Examples 29, 32 and 33 shows that 9%H2C9, H2C5 and H2DCPD hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins all reduce the stretching force needed compared to Comparative Example 28, which has a similar ratio of PCR‐PP / virgin‐PP, although the H2C9 resin appears to be preferred with a greater reduction in stretching force at the greater stretching ratio. Overall, Inventive Example 31, with 12.5 wt%H2HCR and 0.18 H2HCR / PCR PP ratio had the lowest stretching force.
[0151] The biaxially stretched Inventive Examples 29‐33 comprising H2HCR, PCR PP and virgin PP all exhibit a greater machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD) elastic modulus, also known as the E‐modulus or the Young’s modulus, than the Comparative Example 28 without the H2HCR, Table 10 and Figure 6.
[0152] Examination of the tensile curves for the stretched films shows clearly different behavior for the Comparative Examples 26‐28 and the Inventive Examples 29‐33. The Comparative Example compositions all exhibit plastic behavior with a smooth stress‐strain curve without a clear visual end of the linear elastic region, also known as the elastic limit. In contrast, the Inventive Example compositions exhibit ductile behavior with a faster increase in strength and a noticeable elastic limit (end of this linear elastic region) showing a clear “yield point” in the stress‐strain curve, Figure 7. Without wishing to be held to a proposed theory it, it is believed that this rapid increase in strain (strength) will enable handling on equipment and biaxial stretching. This ductile behavior can enable the inventive compositions to reach orientation more quickly before the elastic limit is reached and before the integrity of the film is compromised at the ultimate tensile strength. The estimated average stress of the Inventive Examples at the visual “yield” point, while not precise, also indicate an increase in the strength of the modified inventive compositions. Figure 8 shows an apparent relationship between the ratio of the amount of hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin and PCR PP (H2HCR / PCR PP) present in the composition of the BOPP film, with a higher ratio correlated to a higher estimated elastic limit and anticipated better performance on commercial scale film orientation equipment. The Stress at 1%Strain was tabulated for a representative film sample of Examples 26‐33 and the trends were found to be in agreement with the Elastic Limit estimated for each set of samples tested per Example composition.
[0153] Table 10A. Comparative Examples 26‐28 Biaxially Stretched Film Properties
[0154] *values are from a representative oriented film sample that was tested
[0155] Table 10B. Inventive Examples 29‐33 Biaxially Stretched Film Properties
[0156] *values are from a representative oriented film sample that was tested
[0157] Discussion
[0158] The data obtained from the above Examples confirms the following benefits / advantages achieved by the present invention:
[0159] The stress‐strain behavior of the PP is changed by the presence of the H2HCR, reducing the stretching force needed to produce the biaxially oriented film. The elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) of biaxially oriented polypropylene film (BOPP) comprising virgin PP, PCR‐PP and H2HCR is increased compared to the comparable BOPP film comprising virgin PP and PCR PP but no H2HCR. Inventive Example compositions also exhibit more ductile behavior than the comparable virgin PP / PCR PP compositions, with a faster increase in strength and a noticeable elastic limit (end of this linear elastic region) showing a clear “yield point” in the stress‐strain curve. This ductile behavior enables the inventive compositions to achieve orientation before the elastic limit is reached and before the integrity of the film is compromised at the ultimate tensile strength. The predominant types of hydrogenated resins were shown to be effective at increasing the elastic modulus of the Inventive Compositions and reducing the stretching force needed to produce biaxially oriented films comprising virgin PP and post‐consumer recycled PP by the addition of 4%to 12.5%of hydrogenated resin. Incorporation of the resin can be achieved by direct addition or by using a master batch of PP containing the resin.
[0160] Although in a 1 mm pressed film it was observed that film brittleness became too great to permit handling without cracking between 12.5 wt%resin and 18 wt%resin, the thinner film produced on the pilot scale equipment at 12.5 wt%resin did not show any indication of brittleness. This observation indicates that an additional amount of resin could be employed in the inventive compositions to further reduce the stretching force and adjust the elastic modulus and elastic limit to allow process optimization. Additionally, an inventive composition with an 8:1 ratio of PCR PP : virgin PP and 12.5%H2HCR was successfully processed without any attempts at optimization. This result indicates that broad process and formulation windows are available to incorporate recycled, including post‐consumer recycled, PP into BOPP films with the potential to significantly reduce energy usage during processing due to the lowered extruder temperatures (higher MFR) , reduced orientation energy needed, and improved sustainability as PP is increasingly able to be recycled.
[0161] The invention as described is intended to cover not only individual aspects or exemplary embodiments of the invention but also combinations of all aspects and embodiments.
Claims
1.A composition comprising:a post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin;a virgin polypropylene polyolefin; anda non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin,wherein the resin has a weight average molecular weight between 500 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, a glass transition temperature of 45℃ to 90℃, and a ring and ball softening point between 100℃ and 143℃,wherein the resin is present in an amount ranging from 4 wt%to 19 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition,wherein the composition has a MFR 230℃ / 2.16 kg between 2 g / 10 min and 8 g / 10 min, and wherein a ratio of the resin / post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin ranges from 0.05 to 0.5.2.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the resin is one or more of a fully or partially hydrogenated resin selected from rosin ester resins, modified rosin resins, C5 resins, C5 / C9 resins, aromatically‐modified C5 resins, C9 resins, pure monomer resins, C5 / cycloaliphatic resins, C5 / cycloaliphatic / styrene / C9 resins, cycloaliphatic resins, DCPD resins, and aromatic‐modified DCPD resins.3.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin is present in an amount ranging from 25 wt%to 75 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.4.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin comprises at least 90%by weight of polypropylene homopolymer.5.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the resin is a fully or partially hydrogenated resin having a weight average molecular weight between 700 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, a glass transition temperature of 74℃ to 90℃, and a ring and ball softening point of about 120℃ to about 143℃.6.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the resin is a fully or partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin present in an amount ranging from 9 wt%to 13 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.7.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the resin is one or more of a fully or partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin selected from an aliphatic C5 hydrocarbon resin, an aromatic C9 hydrocarbon resin, a pure monomer resin and a dicyclopentadiene resin.8.The composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount of resin is at least 7 wt%and less than 13 wt%by weight of the total composition, wherein the resin has a weight average molecular weight between 700 g / mol and 1600 g / mol, wherein the resin has a glass transition temperature of 74℃ to 90℃ and a ring and ball softening point from 120℃ to 143℃, and wherein the resin is one or more of a fully or partially hydrogenated hydrocarbon resin selected from an aliphatic C5 hydrocarbon resin, an aromatic C9 hydrocarbon resin, a pure monomer resin and adicyclopentadiene resin.9.A biaxially oriented film formed from the composition according to claim 1.10.The biaxially oriented film according to claim 9, wherein the film contains less than 5 wt%of a post‐industrial recycled polyolefin.11.The biaxially oriented film according to claim 9, wherein the film contain contains less than 5 wt%of polyethylene.12.An article comprising the composition according to claim 1.13.An article comprising the biaxially oriented film according to claim 9.14.A multilayer film comprising the biaxially oriented film according to claim 9.15.An article comprising the biaxially oriented film according to claim 9 wherein the article is selected from food and beverage packaging / labeling, medical packaging, general packaging, tapes, overwraps, pouches, electronics, and personal care product packaging.16.A method of forming a biaxially oriented film from the composition according to claim 1, the method comprising:mixing together the post‐consumer recycled polypropylene polyolefin, the virgin polypropylene polyolefin and the non‐, partially, or fully hydrogenated resin,extruding the mixture in a range of 200℃ to 230 ℃ to form a film,stretching and biaxially orienting the film, sequentially or simultaneously, at suitable temperatures, such as from 105℃ to 170℃, andoptionally applying one or more coatings, such as a metallized coating, to one or both outer surfaces of the film.