Method of identifying Anti-siglec antibodies possessing cis-trans converter properties, Anti-siglec antibodies and use thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CA3324101
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CA · CA
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-03-12
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-12
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-18
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, often fail to effectively target B cells, leading to incomplete responses and potential side effects, while the identification of Siglec-binding molecules with cis-trans converter properties for therapeutic intervention is challenging and laborious.
A method is developed to identify Siglec-binding molecules, like anti-CD22 antibodies, by co-expressing them with Siglec on a cell surface, incubating with a ligand, and comparing binding amounts to determine cis-trans converter properties, using a specially designed nucleotide cassette for bicistronic gene expression.
This approach facilitates the identification of antibodies with enhanced cis-trans converter capabilities, potentially providing more effective immunomodulatory effects and therapeutic outcomes for autoimmune diseases.
Abstract
Description
METHOD OF IDENTIFYING ANTI-SIGLEC ANTIBODIES POSSESSING CIS-TRANS CONVERTER PROPERTIES, ANTI-SIGLEC ANTIBODIES AND USE THEREOFTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application generally relates to the field of genetic engineering and antibody medicine. In particular, the present application relates to a method of identifying a sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) -binding molecule possessing cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec; a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an Siglec-binding molecule and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec; a host cell comprising the vector; an anti-CD22 antibody; a pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-CD22 antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier; a method of preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease; and a method of identifying a sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) -binding molecule lacking cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec.BACKGROUND
[0002] Autoimmune diseases are a result of abnormal immune responses to normal body parts. There are over 80 types of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) , multiple sclerosis (MS) , Sjogren’s syndrome, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, Graves’ disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, celiac diseases, etc. The causes leading to the conditions are generally unknown, however, it is believed to be a result of dysfunctional immune control.
[0003] Through stringent negative selection processes, T and B lymphocytes of the human immune system can differentiate between “self” and “non-self” , as lymphocytes that are activated by self-antigens are removed through clonal deletion or anergy, or in some cases, the variable binding regions are modified. The system however is not fool proof, and either due to genetic predisposition, ageing or triggered by infections and other environmental factors, auto-reactive T / B cells would accumulate, generate autoantibodies, infiltrate specific tissue niches, develop tertiary lymphoid structures, and induce immunoinflammatory damage. Chronic inflammation of these tissues ensues the development of autoimmune disease.
[0004] How the tightly regulated immune system breaks down its tolerance to autoantigens is unknown. The discovery of specialized cells of the immune system known as regulatory immune cells has opened a promising line of approach for the treatment of autoimmunity. They include subsets of T and B cells that possess regulatory properties to thwart an immune response. These are called regulatory T cells (Treg) and regulatory B cells (Breg) . Treg and Breg efficiently control autoimmunity in mouse models and are thought to be important for preventing autoimmune diseases in humans.
[0005] Currently, treatments for a variety of autoimmune diseases are directed towards pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., anti-TNFα antibodies) , or the control of the release of these cytokines (e.g., JAK inhibitors) . While attempts to curb autoimmunity targeting T cells or Treg have yet to demonstrate efficacy with acceptable safety, there are successful cases where B cells are targeted for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as RA (Rituximab against B cell specific CD20 antigen) and SLE (Belimumab targeting B cell activating factor BAFF) .
[0006] In fact, B cell is being actively targeted as a novel approach for treating a variety of autoimmune diseases such as RA [Pers et al., Immunotherapy 2016; 8 (9) 1091-1096] [Cohen Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology 2010; 24 (4) 553-563] , Sjogren’s syndrome [Bowman et al., La Presse Médicale 2012; 41 (9) e495-e509] , SLE [Sanz et al., Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6 (6) 326-337] etc., amongst which RA is the most representative of the many autoimmune diseases that B cell manipulation could lead to promising clinical outcomes. The same principle can be applied to other autoimmune diseases, including but not limited to, SLE, MS, Sjogren’s syndrome, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, Graves’ disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, celiac diseases, as well as other applications that work to reinstate or induce tolerance via the B cell pathway.
[0007] Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease arising from uncontrolled autoimmune reaction leading to prolonged inflammatory response. Such inflammatory response primarily targets joints leading to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the synovial tissue, destruction of articular structures and subchondral bone, malposition, ankylosis and, eventually to the restriction in joint function. Other pathological changes in various tissues, such as skin, blood vessels, heart, lung, muscles and several internal organs may also be possible (see e.g. [Lee et al., Lancet 2001; 358 (9285) 903-911, Goronzy et al., Immunol Rev 2005; 204 (55-73, McInnes et al., Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7 (6) 429-442] ) . RA patients suffer from pain and reduction in quality of life, and are associated with increased morbidity, considerable co-morbidity, and disability. Although the introduction of anti-IL-6R, anti-TNF-α and anti-IL1β antibody therapy or combination therapy with traditional disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs) have significantly improved RA treatments, there remains substantial number of patients that either fail to respond to the treatment options or eventually become refractory to the treatment. In 2015, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) suggested that for patients who failed to respond to anti-TNF antibody treatment or those who developed resistance, anti-RA antibodies targeting different antigens and via different mechanisms of action (MOA) should be used [Singh et al., Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2016; 68 (1) 1-25] .
[0008] B cells are present in inflamed synovial tissue in RA patients [Takemura et al., The Journal of Immunology 2001; 167 (2) 1072-1080] . These B cells, other than producing autoantibodies that activate phagocytes and complement, may also serve as antigen presenting cells to present autoantigens and provide costimulatory signals to autoreactive T cells and produce cytokines that further activate B cells, T cells and other inflammatory cells [Browning Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5 (7) 564-576] . B cell depletion with an anti-CD20 antibody was demonstrated to be effective in inhibiting the activation of autoreactive T cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid synovium severely combined immunodeficiency mouse model, thereby suppressing the development of collagen-induced arthritis [Takemura, Braun et al., The Journal of Immunology 2001; 167 (2) 1072-1080, Bouaziz et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104 (52) 20878-20883] . In fact, the anti-CD20 antibody Rituximab, originally approved for treating non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHS) , was approved in 2006 by the Food & Drug Administration of the United States (US FDA) for treating moderate and severe RA patients who failed TNF-blockage treatment and offered B-cell therapy as an alternative treatment modality for RA.
[0009] Rituximab works via antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in eliminating mature B cells. Administration of Rituximab would rapidly deplete circulating CD20+ B cells, and in RA patients, Rituximab also reduced the levels of synovial B cells, while synovial plasma cells or other CD22+ cells remained unaffected [Teng et al., Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56 (12) 3909-3918, Vos et al., Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56 (3) 772-778] . While Rituximab targeting B cells works through an alternative way for modulating RA, the rapid rate of B cell elimination, to the extent of almost complete ablation, however, might be associated with the relatively higher incidences of infections in patients treated with the antibody, including reactivation of tuberculosis and hepatitis.SUMMARY
[0010] In a first aspect, there is provided in the present application a method of identifying a sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) -binding molecule possessing cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec, wherein the method comprises:
[0011] (i) introducing a first nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec-binding molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec-binding molecule and the Siglec are co-expressed on the surface of the cell;
[0012] (ii) incubating a ligand of the Siglec with the cell;
[0013] (iii) determining a first amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec; and
[0014] (iv) comparing the first amount with a reference value, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is identified as possessing cis-trans converter properties if the first amount is higher than the reference value.
[0015] In a second aspect, there is provided in the present application a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an Siglec-binding molecule and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec.
[0016] In a third aspect, there is provided in the present application a host cell comprising the vector of the second aspect.
[0017] In a fourth aspect, there is provided in the present application an anti-CD22 antibody, wherein the antibody binds to a first epitope comprising amino acid residues 161-173 with reference to SEQ ID NO: 18 and / or a second epitope comprising amino acid residues 198-219 with reference to SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0018] In a fifth aspect, there is provided in the present application a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of the fourth aspect and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
[0019] In a sixth aspect, there is provided in the present application a method of preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the antibody of the fourth aspect, or the pharmaceutical composition of the fifth aspect.
[0020] In a seventh aspect, there is provided in the present application use of the antibody of the fourth aspect, or the pharmaceutical composition of the fifth aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease in a subject.
[0021] In an eighth aspect, there is provided in the present application the antibody of the fourth aspect, or the pharmaceutical composition of the fifth aspect for use in preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease in a subject.
[0022] In a ninth aspect, there is provided in the present application a method of identifying a sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) -binding molecule lacking cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec, wherein the method comprises:
[0023] (i) introducing a first nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec-binding molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec-binding molecule and the Siglec are co-expressed on the surface of the cell;
[0024] (ii) incubating a ligand of the Siglec with the cell;
[0025] (iii) determining a first amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec; and
[0026] (iv) comparing the first amount with a reference value, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is identified as lacking cis-trans converter properties if the first amount is lower than the reference value.
[0027] DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] Figure 1 shows a gating strategy of internalization assay of FIG. 2 from left to right.
[0029] Figure 2 shows the internalization of anti-CD22 antibody SM03, SM06 as well as IgG labelled with FITC on B cell lymphoma cell lines RAJI and RAMOS on different time points were analyzed by flow cytometry. Left panel depicts histograms signal from internalized antibody FITC signal that has been acid washed to remove external bound antibody, and right panel depicts time point internalization indicating level of internalized antibody comparing SM03, SM06 and EMAB.
[0030] Figure 3 shows the internalization of anti-CD22 antibody SM03, SM06 as well as IgG labelled with FITC on B cell lymphoma cell lines RAJI and RAMOS analyzed by immunocytochemistry and visualized using con-focal microscopy. Blue represents DAPI and green represents antibody. Green represents antibody level, PBS wash shows total antibody bound (both on cell surface CD22 and internalized) , where acid wash has been treated with citrate acid and only displays internalized SM03 and SM06 fluorescence.
[0031] Figure 4 shows “Trans” binding ability of SM03 and SM06. B cell lymphoma RAMOS cells were incubated with SM03, SM06 or IgG Isotype control on ice before allowed to internalize for 0 or 10 minutes. Cells were fixed and incubated with 6’ PAA-FITC (Green) and anti-huFC-APC (Red) overnight. Cells were further mounted with mounting medium that contains DAPI (Blue) . Cells were visualized using con-focal microscopy. Data indicates SM03 and SM06 induce “trans” binding.
[0032] Figure 5 shows a western blot analysis of SM03 or SM06 treatment on IgM stimulated RAMOS cells. Samples include no treatment (-ve) , control treatment with IgM stimulation only (ctrl) , SM03 co-treatment, SM06 co-treatment, SM03 and sialic acid ligand (SM03 + 2, 6 sia) co-treatment, SM06 and sialic acid ligand co-treatment (SM06 + 2, 6 sia) , Isotype control and sialic acid ligand co-treatment (IgG + 2, 6 sia) and also sialic acid only (2, 6 sia) . Cells were lysed with RIPA buffer and denatured with 2-mercaptoethanol and LDS buffer. Gel electrophoresis and western blot was conducted and the blot was probed with phosphorylated SHP-1 (p-SHP-1) , total SHP-1 (SHP-1) and tubulin.
[0033] Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of the SM06 VL_SM06 VH region, IRES and full length human CD22 mRNA in pEGFP N1 expression plasmid vector. The location of the HotSpot mutation sequence is also shown.
[0034] Figure 7 shows a flow cytometry analysis of CD22 positive and trans-fluorescent probe positive (CD22+2, 6sia+) cells that are gated and sorted for further selection.
[0035] Figure 8 shows a gating strategy of the flow cytometry analysis of Figure 9.
[0036] Figure 9 shows a flow cytometry analysis of the transiently transfected HEK 293 cells with SM06, and mutation variants: ASY, CSY, ISY, TSY and VSY regarding the binding level of antibodies, which was determined by the frequency of CD22+ huFC+ cells (White histograms) ; while the effect of “trans” binding was determined by computing the fold difference between Siglec+2, 6sia+ cell population and the corresponding samples (Black Histograms) .
[0037] Figure 10 shows a schematic diagram of the specially designed nucleotide cassette featuring the nucleotide features that allow bicistronic gene expression sequences of both the antibody fragments light chain and heavy chain as well as the Siglec antigen.
[0038] Figure 11 shows a schematic diagram of depicting the cis-ligand binding of CD22 (left) which induces a homomultimeric clustering of CD22s, and the trans-ligand binding of CD22 (right) which binds to autologous cells.
[0039] Figure 12 shows a schematic diagram of the nucleotide sequences of SM09 VL_SM09 VH region, IRES and full length human CD20 mRNA in pEGFP N1 expression plasmid vector.
[0040] Figure 13 shows a flow cytometry analysis of the co-expression of CD20 and a corresponding anti-CD20 antibody SM09 using the specially designed vector. This shows that the platform can allow for anti-CD20 antibody and CD20 association on the surface of the transfected cells. The negative control used depicts cells not transfected with the nuclear cassette containing plasmid (-ve control (TOP) , the transfected cells are depicted as SM09_IRES_CD20 (BOTTOM)
[0041] Figure 14 shows a coomassie blue analysis of produced full length antibodies SM06, ASY, CSY, TSY and ISY.
[0042] Figure 15 shows cis-trans binding of the SM06 mutation variants ASY, CSY, ISY, TSY and parent or parental SM06 to RAMOS cells on Immunocytochemistry staining that is visualized on confocal microscope.
[0043] Figure 16 shows an ELISA binding assay of antibodies SM06 mutation variants ASY, CSY, TSY and ISY on His-tagged CD22 recombinant protein (Sino Biological) .
[0044] Figure 17 shows a competition assay of SM06-FITC with Isotype control (+ve Ctrl) , SM06 mutation variants ASY, CSY, TSY and ISY analyzed on flow cytometry.
[0045] Figure 18 shows a western blot analysis of SM06 mutation variants TSY, VSY, ISY, ASY, SM06 and SM03 treatment on IgM stimulated RAMOS. Samples include no treatment (-ve) , control treatment with IgM stimulation only (ctrl) , SM03 co-treatment (SM03) , SM06 co-treatment (SM06) , VSY co-treatment (VSY) , TSY co-treatment (TSY) , ASY co-treatment (ASY) , ISY co-treatment (ISY) and co-treatment (IgG) . All samples were also stimulated with 2, 6 sia. Cells were lysed with RIPA buffer and denatured with 2-mercaptoethanol and LDS buffer. Gel electrophoresis and western blot was conducted and the blot was probed with phosphorylated SHP-1 (p-SHP-1) , total SHP-1 (SHP-1) and tubulin.
[0046] DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES
[0047] SEQ ID NO: 1 shows the amino acid sequence of SM03 VL.
[0048] SEQ ID NO: 2 shows the amino acid sequence of SM03 VH.
[0049] SEQ ID NO: 3 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding SM03 VL.
[0050] SEQ ID NO: 4 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding SM03 VH.
[0051] SEQ ID NO: 5 shows the amino acid sequence of SM06 VL.
[0052] SEQ ID NO: 6 shows the amino acid sequence of SM06 VH.
[0053] SEQ ID NO: 7 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding SM06 VL.
[0054] SEQ ID NO: 8 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding SM06 VH.
[0055] SEQ ID NO: 9 shows the amino acid sequence of SM06 VL CDR1.
[0056] SEQ ID NO: 10 shows the amino acid sequence of SM06 VL CDR2.
[0057] SEQ ID NO: 11 shows the amino acid sequence of SM06 VL CDR3.
[0058] SEQ ID NO: 12 shows the amino acid sequence of SM06 VH CDR1.
[0059] SEQ ID NO: 13 shows the amino acid sequence of SM06 VH CDR2.
[0060] SEQ ID NO: 14 shows the amino acid sequence of SM06 VH CDR3.
[0061] SEQ ID NO: 15 shows the amino acid sequence of full-length light chain of SM06.
[0062] SEQ ID NO: 16 shows the amino acid sequence of full-length heavy chain of SM06.
[0063] SEQ ID NO: 17 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding VH region of the SM06, IRES element and full-length human CD22.
[0064] SEQ ID NO: 18 shows the amino acid sequence of human CD22.
[0065] SEQ ID NO: 19 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding human CD22.
[0066] SEQ ID NO: 20 shows the nucleic acid sequence of IRES.
[0067] SEQ ID NO: 21 shows the nucleic acid sequence of CSY mutation forward primer.
[0068] SEQ ID NO: 22 shows the nucleic acid sequence of CSY mutation reverse primer.
[0069] SEQ ID NO: 23 shows the nucleic acid sequence of ISY mutation forward primer.
[0070] SEQ ID NO: 24 shows the nucleic acid sequence of ISY mutation reverse primer.
[0071] SEQ ID NO: 25 shows the nucleic acid sequence of VSY mutation forward primer.
[0072] SEQ ID NO: 26 shows the nucleic acid sequence of VSY mutation reverse primer.
[0073] SEQ ID NO: 27 shows the nucleic acid sequence of TSY mutation forward primer.
[0074] SEQ ID NO: 28 shows the nucleic acid sequence of TSY mutation reverse primer.
[0075] SEQ ID NO: 29 shows the nucleic acid sequence of ASY mutation forward primer.
[0076] SEQ ID NO: 30 shows the nucleic acid sequence of ASY mutation reverse primer.
[0077] SEQ ID NO: 31 shows the nucleic acid sequence of forward primer for mutation.
[0078] SEQ ID NO: 32 shows the nucleic acid sequence of reverse primer for mutation.
[0079] SEQ ID NO: 33 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding IRES_CD20.
[0080] SEQ ID NO: 34 shows the amino acid sequence of full-length light chain of SM09.
[0081] SEQ ID NO: 35 shows the amino acid sequence of full-length heavy chain of SM09.
[0082] SEQ ID NO: 36 shows the amino acid sequence of human CD20.
[0083] SEQ ID NO: 37 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding human CD20.
[0084] SEQ ID NO: 38 shows the nucleic acid sequence of expression cassette containing SM09 VK-CK-CMV-SM09 VH-CH-IRES-CD20.
[0085] SEQ ID NO: 39 shows the nucleic acid sequence of expression cassette containing SM06 VK-CK-CMV-SM06 VH-CH-IRES-CD22.
[0086] SEQ ID NO: 40 shows the nucleic acid sequence of expression cassette containing SM06 VK-CK-CMV CSY VH-CH-IRES-CD22.
[0087] SEQ ID NO: 41 shows the nucleic acid sequence of expression cassette containing SM06 VK-CK-CMV ISY VH-CH-IRES-CD22.
[0088] SEQ ID NO: 42 shows the nucleic acid sequence of expression cassette containing SM06 VK-CK-CMV VSY VH-CH-IRES-CD22.
[0089] SEQ ID NO: 43 shows the nucleic acid sequence of expression cassette containing SM06 VK-CK-CMV TSY VH-CH-IRES-CD22.
[0090] SEQ ID NO: 44 shows the nucleic acid sequence of expression cassette containing SM06 VK-CK-CMV ASY VH-CH-IRES-CD22.
[0091] SEQ ID NO: 45 shows the amino acid sequence of CSY VH.
[0092] SEQ ID NO: 46 shows the amino acid sequence of ISY VH.
[0093] SEQ ID NO: 47 shows the amino acid sequence of VSY VH.
[0094] SEQ ID NO: 48 shows the amino acid sequence of TSY VH.
[0095] SEQ ID NO: 49 shows the amino acid sequence of ASY VH.
[0096] SEQ ID NO: 50 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding CSY VH.
[0097] SEQ ID NO: 51 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding ISY VH.
[0098] SEQ ID NO: 52 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding VSY VH.
[0099] SEQ ID NO: 53 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding TSY VH.
[0100] SEQ ID NO: 54 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding ASY VH.
[0101] SEQ ID NO: 55 shows the amino acid sequence of CSY heavy chain.
[0102] SEQ ID NO: 56 shows the amino acid sequence of ISY heavy chain.
[0103] SEQ ID NO: 57 shows the amino acid sequence of VSY heavy chain.
[0104] SEQ ID NO: 58 shows the amino acid sequence of TSY heavy chain.
[0105] SEQ ID NO: 59 shows the amino acid sequence of ASY heavy chain.
[0106] SEQ ID NO: 60 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding CSY heavy chain.
[0107] SEQ ID NO: 61 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding ISY heavy chain.
[0108] SEQ ID NO: 62 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding VSY heavy chain.
[0109] SEQ ID NO: 63 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding TSY heavy chain.
[0110] SEQ ID NO: 64 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding ASY heavy chain.
[0111] SEQ ID NO: 65 shows the amino acid sequence of CSY HCDR3.
[0112] SEQ ID NO: 66 shows the amino acid sequence of ISY HCDR3.
[0113] SEQ ID NO: 67 shows the amino acid sequence of VSY HCDR3.
[0114] SEQ ID NO: 68 shows the amino acid sequence of TSY HCDR3.
[0115] SEQ ID NO: 69 shows the amino acid sequence of ASY HCDR3.
[0116] SEQ ID NO: 70 shows the amino acid sequence of IgG Fc constant region with YTE mutation.
[0117] SEQ ID NO: 71 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding IgG Fc constant region with YTE mutation.
[0118] SEQ ID NO: 72 shows the amino acid sequence of CSY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0119] SEQ ID NO: 73 shows the amino acid sequence of ISY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0120] SEQ ID NO: 74 shows the amino acid sequence of VSY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0121] SEQ ID NO: 75 shows the amino acid sequence of TSY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0122] SEQ ID NO: 76 shows the amino acid sequence of ASY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0123] SEQ ID NO: 77 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding CSY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0124] SEQ ID NO: 78 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding ISY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0125] SEQ ID NO: 79 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding VSY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0126] SEQ ID NO: 80 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding TSY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0127] SEQ ID NO: 81 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding ASY heavy chain with YTE mutation.
[0128] SEQ ID NO: 82 shows the amino acid sequence of CSY.
[0129] SEQ ID NO: 83 shows the amino acid sequence of ISY.
[0130] SEQ ID NO: 84 shows the amino acid sequence of VSY.
[0131] SEQ ID NO: 85 shows the amino acid sequence of TSY.
[0132] SEQ ID NO: 86 shows the amino acid sequence of ASY.
[0133] SEQ ID NO: 87 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding CSY.
[0134] SEQ ID NO: 88 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding ISY.
[0135] SEQ ID NO: 89 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding VSY.
[0136] SEQ ID NO: 90 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding TSY.
[0137] SEQ ID NO: 91 shows the nucleic acid sequence encoding ASY.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0138] It is conceivable that not all Siglec-binding molecules (e.g. anti-Siglec antibodies) would exhibit the desired biological activity, whether it is for inhibitory or stimulatory purposes. The current application has revealed that Siglec-binding molecules (e.g. anti-Siglec antibodies) that can interfere with the core function of the Siglec of interests, for example, unmasking of cis-binding Siglec for trans-binding interaction, would have the highest possibility of achieving a therapeutic response. Whether a Siglec-binding molecule (e.g. an anti-Siglec antibody) can disrupt ligand cis-binding, in addition to binding affinity, depending on the structure, position and the like of the binding epitope; the epitope should also be near the Siglec binding site with the proper orientation such that the Siglec-binding molecules (e.g. anti-Siglec antibodies) engagement can displace the cis-binding Siglec from its masked configuration. On the other hand, the Siglec-binding molecules (e.g. anti-Siglec antibodies) cannot sterically block the Siglec trans-binding to ligands not on the same cell. Identification of the Siglec-binding molecules (e.g. anti-Siglec antibodies) with these cis-trans converter properties would be difficult and fortuitous, requiring laborious screening and testing large number of antibodies raised against the Siglec of interest. In one embodiment, the current application provides a method used as a platform to facilitate the identification of the Siglec-binding molecules (e.g. anti-Siglec antibodies) that can disrupt cis-binding and facilitate trans-binding, or in other words, exhibit cis-trans converter capabilities. In a further embodiment of the present application, the current application provides a method used as a platform to facilitate the identification of mutation variants from the Siglec-binding molecules (e.g. anti-Siglec antibodies) with known cis-trans converter properties that have enhanced cis-trans converter capabilities, which could result in enhanced immunomodulatory effects, specifically, mutation variants containing mutations to nucleotides encoding the hotspot amino acid residues residing in the CDRs of the variable heavy chain or variable light chain of known cis-trans converter antibodies. In another embodiment of the present application, the current invention application provides a method used as a platform to screen for and identify trans-blocking Siglec-binding molecules (e.g. anti-Siglec antibodies) of Siglecs; blocking of immunomodulatory signaling from these immune checkpoint Siglecs has been observed to induce anti-tumor effects through activating immune response as shown in (but not limited to) Siglec-9 [Choi et al., Frontiers in Oncology 2021; 4621] Siglec-10 [Barkal et al., Nature 2019; 572 (7769) 392-396] and Siglec-15 [Ding et al., Journal of Immunotherapy 2023; 10.1097] .
[0139] In order that the present application may be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined.
[0140] The term “Siglecs” , as used herein, refers to a sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins such as human CD22 and Siglec-10. Siglecs that could be targeted include but not limited to Siglec-1, Siglec-2 (CD22) , Siglec-3 (CD33) , Siglec-4 (MAG) , Siglec-5, Siglec-6, Siglec-7, Siglec-8, Siglec-9, Siglec-10, Siglec-11, Siglec-14, Siglec-15, and Siglec-16. Activation of most of the Siglecs via antibody induced “cis-trans” conversion induces an immunomodulatory effect on target immune or neurological cells to modulate inflammatory activation, which has potential for a therapeutic MOA against autoimmune, allergic, and neurological diseases [Lübbers et al., Frontiers in immunology 2018; 9 (2807, Duan et al., Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 38 (365-395] . Siglecs are expressed on immune cells and nervous tissues including but not limited to lymphoid cells such as B cells, T cell, Natural killer cells and other Innate lymphoid cells; Myeloid cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and monocytes (such as dendritic cells and macrophages) ; neuroglia cells such as Microglial cells, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, NG2 Glia and Satellite glial cells. Most of these molecules mainly act as inhibitory co-receptors of cell activation receptors such as the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) in the maintenance of target cell type as a checkpoint inhibitory molecule to induce tolerance to self-ligands and prevent the pathogenesis of diseases such as autoimmune, allergic and neurodegenerative diseases including but not limited to Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) ; Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) ; Syndrome (SS) ; Alzheimer’s disease (AD) ; Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Strokes [Müller et al., Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10 (7) 422-428] .
[0141] The term “sialic acid ligands” , as used herein, refers to sialylated glycans that are naturally expressed on mammalian cells that can be potentially recognized as ligands by Siglecs. Specifically, sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Acα) with various linkages to galactose (Gal) : such as but not limited to α2-3, α2-6 and α2-8 linkage [Crocker et al., Nature Reviews Immunology 2007; 7 (4) 255-266, Lübbers, Rodríguez et al., Frontiers in immunology 2018; 9 (2807, Ghosh 2020] . Each Siglec would have its own preferential binding to different sialic acids, for example Siglec 2 (CD22) would specifically only bind to Neu5Acα2-6Gal, whereas Siglec 8 would have higher binding to Neu5Acα2-3Gal than Neu5Acα2-6Gal [Crocker, Paulson et al., Nature Reviews Immunology 2007; 7 (4) 255-266, Lübbers, Rodríguez et al., Frontiers in immunology 2018; 9 (2807, Ghosh 2020] .
[0142] The term “cis-trans converter” , as used herein, refers to an anti-Siglec antibody that is able to bind to a unique epitope of the Siglec on an immune or neurological cell, induce partial disruption to the cis interaction binding of the target Siglec towards specific sialic acid ligand glycans displayed on the surface expressing molecules on the same cell, and “unmasks” the target Siglec resulting in either additional mechanisms such as internalization and resurfacing, or by “unmasking” in itself could then facilitate the “trans” binding of the target Siglec to specific sialic acid ligand glycans displayed on autologous cells.
[0143] The term “ligand binding” , as used herein, refers to binding of Siglecs (e.g., CD22) to their specific ligands on the glycans of endogenous glycoproteins that are distributed either on the same cell (cis) , or on a different cell (trans) ; different Siglecs will bind to a different ligand structure. For example, human CD22 is specific to the structure: 2, 6Sia expressed on hematopoietic and liver cells.
[0144] The term “cis-binding” , as used herein, refers to binding of Siglecs (e.g., CD22) to their specific ligands on the glycans of endogenous glycoproteins that are distributed on the same cell (e.g., B cell) , usually forming homo-oligomers or homo-multimers. Cis-binding of Siglecs is between neighboring molecules where the glycan binding site of a Siglec molecule is ligated to the glycan molecule of another Siglec or glycoprotein on the same cell. Cis-binding of Siglecs such as CD22 is demonstrated to exert a masking effect on the molecule, preventing the Siglec forming cell-to-cell ligation (trans-binding) which is required for the elicitation of inhibitory immunological signals for the induction of tolerance.
[0145] The term “trans-binding” , as used herein, refers to binding of Siglecs (e.g. CD22) located in one cell to their specific ligands on the glycans of endogenous glycoprotein on the other cell, resulting in the physical association of the Siglec (e.g. CD22) with an activating immune receptor (e.g. BCR) to exert a maximal inhibitory response [Lanoue et al., Eur J Immunol 2002; 32 (2) 348-355, Courtney et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106 (8) 2500-2505] .
[0146] The term “disruptive binding” , as used herein, refers to the binding of an anti-Siglec antibody onto the Siglec (e.g. CD22) molecule at a domain close to the ligand binding site of the Siglec and at an epitope that will either efficiently tear apart cis-binding onto neighboring molecule, or prevent cis-binding between individual Siglec molecules due to steric hindrance; the high affinity of the anti-Siglec antibody (e.g. SM03 and / or SM06 with affinity of 1.22 nM) will favorably compete with cis-ligand binding (affinity ~ 30mM) [Lanoue, Batista et al., Eur J Immunol 2002; 32 (2) 348-355] and will help maintain the binding throughout the internalization process, maintain the steric hindrance that will prevent re-ligation of the Siglec in cis.
[0147] The term “specially designed nucleotide cassette” , as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of directing expression of a particular nucleotide sequence in an appropriate host cell, comprising a promoter operatively linked to the nucleotide sequence expressing the protein (s) of interest, typically a coding region, which is operatively linked to termination signals. It also typically comprises sequences required for proper translation of the nucleotide sequence. The coding region usually codes for a protein (s) of interest but may also code for a functional RNA of interest. In the present application, the “specially designed nucleotide cassette” bicistronic gene expression vector contains a CMV promoter, an antibody fragment, an IRES sequence and the full-length antigen of the antibody, allowing the co-expression of both the antibody fragment and the antigen on the host cell.
[0148] The term “specific mammalian recombinant expression plasmid” , as used herein, is intended to refer to a type of “vector” whereby a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid “insert” to which it has been linked. This vector refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and mammalian vectors) . Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present application, “specific mammalian recombinant expression plasmid” is a mammalian plasmid vector capable of directing the expression of the nucleotide sequence within the “specially designed nucleotide cassette” in a mammalian expression host. However, the present application is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses) , which serve equivalent functions.
[0149] The terms “bicistronic expression gene” and “bicistronic expression mRNA” , as used herein interchangeably, are intended to refer to the design of the polynucleotide sequence that is expressed within an expression vector in order to simultaneously express both an antibody portion and the Siglec antigen of interest. This is done by the use of IRES nucleotide elements. Specifically, the co-expression of a full length VH and Siglec for the biscistronic expression gene would contain the specific alignment of the gene sequence in the specific order of features depicting a) a promoter; b) the polynucleotide sequence encoding the VH and specific constant region (which could be any one of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, Ig4, IgA, IgE, IgM or IgD) , c) the IRES polynucleotide sequence and d) the polynucleotide sequence encoding the Siglec or any portion of the Siglec of interest, which would be referred to as Promoter-VH-IgG-IRES-Siglec. Furthermore, for the co-expression of a full length VK and Siglec for the biscistronic expression gene would contain the specific alignment of the gene sequence in the specific order of features depicting a) a promoter; b) the polynucleotide sequence encoding the VK and specific constant region (which could be any one of Kappa or Lambda) , c) the IRES polynucleotide sequence and d) the polynucleotide sequence encoding the Siglec or any portion of the Siglec of interest, which would be referred to as Promoter-VK-IRES-Siglec. In addition, for the co-expression of a scFv antibody and Siglec for the biscistronic expression gene would contain the specific alignment of the gene sequence in the specific order of features depicting a) a promoter, b) the polynucleotide sequence encoding the scFv antibody sequence, c) the IRES polynucleotide sequence and d) the polynucleotide sequence encoding the Siglec or any portion of the Siglec of interest, which would be referred to as Promoter-scFv antibody-IRES-Siglec.
[0150] The term “human immunoglobulin gene library” , as used herein, refers to gene library containing nucleotide sequences encoding for antibody fragments including heavy or light chain variable regions “of” (i.e., the products of) or “derived from” a particular germline sequence if the variable regions of the antibody are obtained from a system that uses human germline immunoglobulin genes. Such systems include immunizing a transgenic mouse carrying human immunoglobulin genes with the antigen of interest or screening a human immunoglobulin gene library displayed on phage with the antigen of interest. A human antibody that is “of” (i.e., the product of) or “derived from” a human germline immunoglobulin sequence can be identified as such by comparing the amino acid sequence of the human antibody to the amino acid sequences of human germline immunoglobulins and selecting the human germline immunoglobulin sequence that is closest in sequence (i.e., greatest %identity) to the sequence of the human antibody. A human antibody that is “of” (i.e., the product of) or “derived from” a particular human germline immunoglobulin sequence may contain amino acid differences as compared to the germline sequence, due to, for example, naturally-occurring somatic mutations or intentional introduction of site-directed mutation. However, a selected human antibody typically is at least 90%identical in amino acid sequence to an amino acid sequence encoded by a human germline immunoglobulin gene and contains amino acid residues that identify the human antibody as being human when compared to the germline immunoglobulin amino acid sequences of other species (e.g., murine germline sequences) . In certain cases, a human antibody may be at least 95%, or even at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical in amino acid sequence to the amino acid sequence encoded by the germline immunoglobulin gene. Typically, a human antibody derived from a particular human germline sequence will display no more than 10 amino acid differences from the amino acid sequence encoded by the human germline immunoglobulin gene. In certain cases, the human antibody may display no more than 5, or even no more than 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid difference from the amino acid sequence encoded by the germline immunoglobulin gene.
[0151] The terms “hotspot” and “hotspot motif” are used interchangeably to refer to a series of nucleotide sequence within a CDR sequence or of a framework region of a variable domain found to be site of particularly high natural variation. Mutations are not dispersed evenly through the CDRs, albeit CDRs are themselves considered to be regions of hypervariability. Hotspots have been identified as these locations which undergo concentrated mutations, within which are characterized by several structural features and sequences in the form of “hotspot motifs” . Specifically pertaining to the present application, these hotspot motifs are particular series of amino acid sequences of the CDR region that if modified could alter the cis-trans converter properties of the anti-Siglec antibody.
[0152] The term “IRES, ” as used herein, refers to internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements. IRES are cis-acting RNA regions that promote internal initiation of protein synthesis using cap-independent mechanisms. However, distinct types of IRES elements presenting in the genome of various RNA viruses perform the same function despite lacking conservation of sequence and secondary RNA structure, where it allows the co-expression of several genes under the control of the same endogenous promoter, thus inserting this element between an upstream protein encoding nucleotide sequence and a downstream protein encoding nucleotide sequence could allow the co-expression of proteins from a single promoter upon transient transfection of the plasmid containing the IRES and protein sequences into the cell.
[0153] The term “internalization” , as used herein, refers to either the constitutive clathrin-mediated endocytosis of Siglecs such as CD22 [John et al., J Immunol 2003; 170 (7) 3534-3543] ; [Tateno et al., Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27 (16) 5699-5710] or increased rate of endocytosis of Siglecs (e.g. CD22) by binding to an anti-Siglec antibody (such as SM03 and / or SM06) ; internalization of this type is a recycling process where the Siglec (with or without binding to an anti-Siglec antibody) is endocytosed into the endosomal compartments, and the low pH environment frees up Siglec binding to its specific ligands (e.g. CD22 binding in cis) , and the free Siglec returns back to the cell surface for possible cis-ligand binding or trans-ligand binding. When the Siglec is induced to internalize when bound to a disruptive anti-Siglec antibody (e.g., SM03 and / or SM06 against CD22) , the antibody is recycled to the cell surface along with the Siglec (e.g., CD22) , sterically hindering further cis-ligand binding to other surface CD22.
[0154] The term “trans-fluorescent probe” , as used herein, refers to a fluorescent conjugated polyacrylamide substituted with multiple sialic acid ligands, which corresponds to the ligand (s) of the Siglec of interest. This fluorescent probe is used to mimic the corresponding “trans-binding” of Siglec specific sialic acid glycans from autologous cells. These probes could be used in the analysis of “trans-binding” capability of the Siglec on the surface of cells by techniques such as (but not limited to) flow cytometry and ELISA. The fluorescent probe chosen should correspond to the ligands that the Siglec can bind to. For example, α-2, 6-linked sialic acid ligand conjugated with fluorochromes should be used as the ligands for Siglec 2; α-2, 8-linked sialic acid ligand conjugated with fluorochromes for Siglec 7; and α-2-6-sialic acid ligand conjugated with fluorochromes as well as α-2, 3-linked sialic acid ligand conjugated with fluorochromes for Siglec 10.
[0155] The term “Siglec+ huFc+” , as used herein, refers to population of cells that contains the expression of both corresponding Siglec antigen as well as antibody bound to the surface Siglec antigen on the cell. This can be detected because the stably or transiently expressed cells or cell clones are probed using anti-human IgG Fc secondary antibody conjugated a fluorescent for detection of antibodies with IgG constant region, while the Siglec antigen is probed using anti-Siglec antigen conjugated with another fluorescent probe. The use of flow cytometry in the isolation of expression clones allows for the rapid analysis of large numbers of clones in a high throughput format. Moreover, the use of flow cytometry significantly reduces the direct handling of cells.
[0156] The term “human CD22” , as used herein, is intended to refer to a human B cell-restricted surface antigen CD22 that exists as a type I transmembrane sialoglycoprotein with a molecular size of 135-kD. CD22 is another B cell restricted antigen which belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is a type I transmembrane sialoglycoprotein with a molecular size of 135-kD. The term “human CD22” is intended to include recombinant human CD22 (rhCD22) , either in its full molecular form containing the extracellular, intracellular and transmembrane regions, or expressed as a soluble form containing only the extracellular regions, or portions of the extracellular portions containing the binding epitopes of the anti-CD22 antibodies, which can be prepared by standard recombinant expression methods or purchased commercially (e.g., Abcam, Catalog No. Ab50033, Cambridge, MA; Creative Biomart, Catalog No. CD22-3946H, Shirely, NY; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog No. 11958H08H5, Waltham, MA)
[0157] The term “binding epitope” , as used herein, refers to the specific region, sequence, or sequences of the Siglec protein onto which the anti-Siglec antibodies bind to or interact with. The binding epitope of Siglec can be a linear sequence within a single domain, preferably, spanning multiple domains; more preferably, the binding epitope is composed of multiple discontinuous sequences; even more preferably, the binding epitope is composed of multiple discontinuous sequences in a specific conformational structure.
[0158] The term “discontinuous conformational epitope” , as used herein, refers to the portion of the naturally folded structure of an antigen that interacts specifically with the antigen binding site (ABS) of the targeting antibody, and the portion of the naturally folded structure is constituted by at least two separate, discontinuous sequences forming a specific conformation.
[0159] The term “sialylated” , as used herein, refers to the glycoproteins on cells containing glycans with sialic acid expression on the cell surface of different cells. Specific sialic acids express on glycoconjugates and act as ligands for lectins, antibodies, and enzymes, they function to mediate cell-cell cross-linking, via carbohydrate-protein interactions, regulate the lifetimes of glycoconjugates in organisms, activate immuno-response to bacterial and viral infections, or as an immune checkpoint to cell tolerance [Ghosh Sialic acids and sialoglycoconjugates in the biology of life, health and disease 2020; 1] .
[0160] The term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody (or simply “antibody portion” ) or “antibody fragment” , as used herein, refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., human CD22) . It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and SH1 domains without the hinge region; (ii) a Fab’ fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains attached with a hinge region; (iii) a F (ab’) 2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iv) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (v) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (vi) a dAb fragment [Ward et al., Nature 1989; 341 (6242) 544-546] , which consists of a VH domain; and (vii) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) .
[0161] The term “scFv” or “scFv antibody fragment” , as used herein, is intended to refer to anti-Siglec antibody in the format of single chain Fv (scFv) ; see e.g., [Bird et al., Science 1988; 242 (4877) 423-426, Huston et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85 (16) 5879-5883] . ScFv depicts two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, that are coded for by separate genes and joined using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules, in turn, the monovalent VL and VH molecule is then operationally placed in frame to the heavy chain Fc region via an antibody hinge sequence using recombinant methods. Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody. Other forms of single chain antibodies, such as diabodies are also encompassed. Diabodies are bivalent, bispecific antibodies in which VH and VL domains are expressed on a single polypeptide chain, but using a linker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains on the same chain, thereby forcing the domains to pair with complementary domains of another chain and creating two antigen binding sites [Holliger et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90 (14) 6444-6448, Poljak Structure 1994; 2 (12) 1121-1123] .
[0162] Still further, an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof may be part of a larger immuno-adhesion molecule, formed by covalent or noncovalent association of the antibody or antibody portion with one or more other proteins or peptides. Examples of such immuno-adhesion molecules include use of the streptavidin core region to make a tetrameric scFv molecule [Kipriyanov et al., Hum Antibodies Hybridomas 1995; 6 (3) 93-101] and use of a cysteine residue, a marker peptide and a C-terminal poly-histidine tag to make bivalent and biotinylated scFv molecules [Kipriyanov et al., Mol Immunol 1994; 31 (14) 1047-1058] . Antibody portions, such as Fab, Fab’ and F (ab’) 2 fragments, can be prepared from whole antibodies using conventional techniques, such as papain or pepsin digestion, respectively, of whole antibodies. Moreover, antibodies, antibody portions and immuno-adhesion molecules can be obtained using standard recombinant DNA techniques, as described herein.
[0163] The term “antibody’ , as used herein, is intended to refer to immunoglobulin molecules comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3, and there is a short flexible hinge region connecting the CH1 and CH2 domains. The heavy chain constant region can be an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, Ig4, IgA, IgE, IgM or IgD constant region, but most preferably is an IgG1 or IgG4 constant region. Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability CDRs, interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR) . Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. As used herein, the term encompasses not only intact antibodies, but also fragments thereof (such as Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, scFv and mutants thereof, fusion proteins comprising an antibody portion, humanized antibodies, and any other modified configuration of the immunoglobulin molecule that comprises an antigen recognition site of the required specificity.
[0164] The term “complementarity-determining region (CDR) ” , as used herein, refers to one of three hypervariable regions (H1, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) VH β-sheet framework, or one of three hypervariable regions (L1, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody VL β-sheet framework. Accordingly, CDRs are variable region sequences interspersed within the framework region sequences. CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by a variety of methods / systems. These systems and / or definitions have been developed and refined over years and include Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, and Contact. For example, Kabat defines the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains [Kabat et al., The Journal of biological chemistry vol. 252, 1977; Kabat, Advances in protein chemistry vol. 32, 1978] . The Chothia definition is based on the location of the structural loop regions, which defines CDR region sequences as those residues that are not part of the conserved β-sheet framework, and thus are able to adapt different conformations [Chothia et al., Journal of molecular biology 1987; 196 (4) 901-917] . Both terminologies are well recognized in the art. Additionally, the IMGT system is based on sequence variability and location within the structure of the variable regions. The AbM definition is a compromise between Kabat and Chothia. The Contact definition is based on analyses of the available antibody crystal structures. Software programs (e.g., abYsis) are available and known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs. The positions of CDRs within a canonical antibody variable domain have been determined by comparison of numerous structures [Al-Lazikani et al., Journal of molecular biology 1997; 273 (4) 927-948; Morea et al., Methods 2000; 20 (3) 267-279] . Because the number of residues within a hypervariable region varies in different antibodies, additional residues relative to the canonical positions are conventionally numbered with a, b, c and so forth next to the residue number in the canonical variable domain numbering scheme. Such nomenclature is similarly well known to those skilled in the art.
[0165] The term “chimeric antibody” , as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having variable and constant regions derived from murine or other non-human origin immunoglobulin sequences, whereas the constant CL and CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3 regions for both the light and heavy chains are derived from human immunoglobulin. The term “framework-patched (humanized) antibody” , as used herein, is intended to include antibodies having the CDRs that are grafted onto segments of human frameworks, whereas these segments of frameworks (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3 and FR4 of HCVH and LCVL) can be derived from the same human immunoglobulin sequence, or freely assorted from different human immunoglobulin sequences (framework-patching) . CDRs embedded into these human frameworks are genetically fused to the constant CL and CH1-hing-CH2-CH3 regions of human immunoglobulin.
[0166] The term “recombinant human antibody” , as used herein, is intended to include all chimeric and framework-patched (humanized) antibodies that are prepared, expressed, or created or isolated by recombinant means, such as antibodies expressed using a recombinant expression vector transfected into a host cell, antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic for human immunoglobulin [Taylor et al., Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20 (23) 6287-6295] or antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.
[0167] The terms “EMAB” and “Epratuzumab” , as used interchangeably herein, refer to the humanized anti-CD22 antibody Epratuzumab. The antibody was constructed based on sequence provided in patent (US patent No. US9139649B2) and literature [Leung et al., Molecular immunology 1995; 32 (17-18) 1413-1427] . Epratuzumab antibody fragment with human Fc tag was generated using the host cell system (e.g., Expi-CHO cell) and purified using the ProSep Ultra Plus. To remove the contaminants and maintain the physiological pH value, purified γc protein was buffered exchange into PBS solution using the Amicon ultra-15 10k centrifugal filter. The resulting protein was diluted to 1 mg / ml in PBS for storage.
[0168] The term “phage display library” or “phage panning” , as used herin refers to an advanced technology to the traditional hybridoma technology for generation and screening of antigen specific monoclonal antibodies. The fragment of protein of interest is “displayed” on the surface of filamentous phages (e.g., M13 bacteriophage) after inserting a foreign polynucleotide (e.g., anti-Siglec ScFv sequence) into the vector encoding the filamentous phage coat protein gene (e.g., pCANTAB5) . The resulting engineered phages could be utilized for selecting the anti-Siglec binding protein fragments with high affinity to the Siglec protein. In some embodiments, an anti-Siglec antibody or antigen-binding fragment used in methods disclosed herein is a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment. Human antibodies can be prepared using various techniques known in the art. In some embodiments, human antibodies are generated from immortalized human B lymphocytes immunized in vitro. In some embodiments, human antibodies are generated from lymphocytes isolated from an immunized individual. In any case, cells that produce an antibody directed against a target antigen can be generated and isolated. In some embodiments, a human antibody is selected from a phage library, where that phage library expresses human antibodies. Alternatively, phage display technology can be used to produce human antibodies and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable region gene repertoires from unimmunized donors. Techniques for the generation and use of antibody phage libraries are well-known in the art. Once antibodies are identified, affinity maturation strategies known in the art, including but not limited to, chain shuffling and site-directed mutagenesis, can be employed to generate higher affinity human antibodies. In some embodiments, human antibodies are produced in transgenic mice that contain human immunoglobulin loci. Upon immunization, these mice can produce the full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production. Phage display methods for isolating human antibodies are established in the art. See for example: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,409; 5,403,484; and 5,571,698 to Ladner et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,427,908 and 5,580,717 to Dower et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,108 and 6,172,197 to McCafferty et al.; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,885,793; 6,521,404; 6,544,731; 6,555,313; 6,582,915 and 6,593,081 to Griffiths et al.. In addition to phage display, candidate monoclonal antibodies for screening can also be prepared using hybridoma methods, which are well known to one of skill in the art. For example, using a hybridoma method, a mouse, rat, rabbit, hamster, or other appropriate host animal, is immunized as described above. In some embodiments, lymphocytes are immunized in vitro. In some embodiments, the immunizing antigen is a human protein or a fragment thereof. Following immunization, lymphocytes are isolated and fused with a suitable myeloma cell line using, for example, polyethylene glycol. The hybridoma cells are selected using specialized media as known in the art, and unfused lymphocytes and myeloma cells do not survive during the selection process. Hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibodies directed to a chosen antigen can be identified by a variety of methods including, but not limited to, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and in vitro binding assays (e.g., flow cytometry, FACS, ELISA, BLI, SPR (e.g., Biacore) , and radioimmunoassay) . Once hybridoma cells that produce antibodies of the desired specificity, affinity, and / or activity are identified, the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution or other techniques. The hybridomas can be propagated either in in vitro culture using standard methods or in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal. The monoclonal antibodies can be purified from the culture medium or ascites fluid according to standard methods in the art including, but not limited to, affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and dialysis.
[0169] The term “signal peptide” , as used herein, refers to a segment of 12 to 30 amino acids situated at the N-terminal end of a protein serving to direct the latter to a particular cell compartment (organelle) or allowing it to be directed to the extracellular medium. It functions by prompting the transport mechanism within the cell to bring it to its specific destination within the cell, i.e. the endoplasmic reticulum (for proper folding and post-translational modifications) into the secretory pathway [Owji et al., European journal of cell biology 2018; 97 (6) 422-441] .
[0170] The term “surface plasmon resonance” , as used herein, refers to an optical phenomenon that allows for the analysis of real-time biospecific interactions by detection of alterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, for example using the BIAcore system (Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, NJ) . For further descriptions, see Johnsson, U., et al., (1993) Ann. Biol. Clin. 51: 19-26; Johnsson, B., et al., (1995) J. Mol. Recognit. 8: 125-131; and Johnnson, B., et al., (1991) Anal. Biochem. 198: 268-277.
[0171] The term “Kd” , as used herein, is intended to refer to the equilibrium dissociation constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. It can be defined as the ratio of the products of concentrations of free antibody and free antigen over the concentrations of antibody-antigen complex, i.e. [Antigen] × [Antibody] / [antigen-antibody] .
[0172] The term “kd” , as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation rate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction, used to describe the stability of the antibody-antigen complex, i.e., the fraction of complexes that dissociates per second.
[0173] The term “Ka, ” as used herein, is intended to refer to the equilibrium association constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. It is the reciprocal of the equilibrium dissociation constant, i.e., = 1 / Kd.
[0174] The term “ka” , as used herein, is intended to refer to the association rate constant, which describes the rate of antibody-antigen complex formation, i.e., the number of complexes formed per second in a one molar solution of antibody and antigen.
[0175] The term “EC50” , as used herein, is intended to refer to the concentration of an antibody that gives half-maximal response.
[0176] The term “IC50” , as used herein, is intended to refer to the concentration of an antibody where the response or binding is reduced by half.
[0177] The term “nucleic acid molecule” , as used herein, is intended to include DNA molecules and RNA molecules. A nucleic acid molecule may be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably is double-stranded DNA.
[0178] The term “isolated nucleic acid molecule” , as used herein in reference to nuclei acids encoding antibodies or antibody portions (e.g., VH, VL, CDR3) that bind human CD22, is intended to refer to nucleic acid molecule in which the nucleotide sequences encoding the antibody or antibody portion are free of other nucleotide sequences encoding antibodies or antibody portions that bind antigens other than human CD22, which other sequences may naturally flank the nuclei acid in human genomic DNA. Thus, for example, an isolated nucleic acid of the present application encoding a VH region of an anti-CD22 antibody contains no other sequences encoding other VH regions that bind antigens other than human CD22.
[0179] The term “operatively linked” and “operationally placed” , as used herein, is intended to mean that the two DNA fragments are joined into a single nucleotide sequence such that the amino acid sequences encoded by the two DNA fragments remain in-frame.
[0180] The term “mutation variants” , as used herein, is intended to mean the variant of a parent polypeptide comprising an Fc domain and a binding region of an immunoglobulin. Specifically, the term “mutation variants” refers to modifications to the parent SM06 VH nucleotide sequences encoding for amino acids within the VH CDR3 hotspot motif, whereby arbitrary mutations were introduced in the SM06 heavy chain CDR3 at positions 100 (Ser) (Kabat’s numbering) .
[0181] The term “vector, ” as used herein, is intended to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid” , which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments may be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors) . Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors can direct the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors’ (or simply, “expression vectors” ) . In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present application, “plasmid” and “vector” may be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most used form of vector. However, the present application is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses) , which serve equivalent functions.
[0182] The term “regulatory sequence” , as used herein, is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals) that control the transcription or translation of the antibody chain genes. Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel [Gene Expression Technology. Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) ] . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector, including the selection of regulatory sequences, may depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc. Preferred regulatory sequences for mammalian host cell expression include viral elements that direct high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells, such as promoters and / or enhancers derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV) , Simian Virus 40 (SV40) , adenovirus, (e.g., the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP) and polyoma. Alternatively, non-viral regulatory sequences may be used, such as the ubiquitin promoter or β-globin promoter. Still further, regulatory elements composed of sequences from different sources, such as the SRα promoter system, which contains sequences from the SV40 early promoter and the long terminal repeat of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 [Takebe, Y. et al., (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 466-472] .
[0183] The term “recombinant host cell line” (or simply “host cell line” ) , as used herein, is intended to refer to a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. Such term is intended to refer not only to the subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein.
[0184] The present application further pertains to a method to identify antibodies that employ the function of disrupting these cis-binding sialic acid glycan ending ligands on Siglecs, and in turn restoring immune or neurological regulatory function by freeing up the Siglec binding site for binding to the glycans on other cells in trans from the targeted cell. Siglecs that could be targeted include but not limited to Siglec-1, Siglec-2 (CD22) , Siglec-3 (CD33) , Siglec-4 (MAG) , Siglec-5, Siglec-6, Siglec-7, Siglec-8, Siglec-9, Siglec-10 and Siglec-11. These antibodies could be used for the treating of autoimmune, allergic, or neurodegenerative disorders, in which the administration of an anti-Siglec antibody is beneficial to autoimmune, allergic or neurodegenerative disorders. In a preferred embodiment, the antibody screened and identified by the present application comprises an isolated chimeric or framework-patched (humanized) , or CDR-grafted, or human antibodies, or antigen-binding portions thereof, that bind to one or multiple human Siglecs with high affinity, and against specific domains and epitopes, in manners that disrupt formation of homomultimeric structure via cis-binding, making available disengaged ligand binding sites to interact with terminal sequence N-acetylneuraminic acid galactose present on other myeloid, lymphoid, neuroglial or neuronal cells or self-tissues in trans, such that the disorder is treated. Activation of most Siglecs via trans binding of external autologous juxtaposing sialic acid ligands induces an immunomodulatory effect on target immune or neurological cells to modulate inflammatory activation. This mechanism has potential for a therapeutic MOA against autoimmune, allergic or neurodegenerative diseases [Lübbers, Rodríguez et al., Frontiers in immunology 2018; 9 (2807, Duan and Paulson Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 38 (365-395] . However, most Siglecs are expressed on the cell surface which contains low-affinity sialic acid ligands that are expressed abundantly, this commonly results in the masking of the sialic-acid-binding site of Siglecs. Antibodies will bind to specific domains at specific epitopes of the Siglecs with sufficiently high affinity to disrupt binding of the Siglec molecules to neighboring Siglecs or neighboring glycoprotein bearing the ligands in cis. The purpose of the disruptive binding is to free up Siglec-ligand binding site (e.g. CD22 binding to N-acetylneuraminic acid α- (2-6) galactose (NeuAc-α (2-6) Gal) ) so that the Siglec ligand binding sites are made available for binding to their specific ligands on other immune cells in trans. Trans-binding of these regulatory Siglecs results in increased association with the respective receptors (for example: BCR, TCR TLRs etc. ) and exertion of inhibitory functions on the immune system.
[0185] The terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid” , as used interchangeably herein, refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. These terms include a single-, double-stranded DNA, genomic DNA, cDNA, RNA, DNA-RNA hybrid, or a polymer comprising purine and pyrimidine bases, or other natural, chemically, biochemically modified, non-natural or derivatized nucleotide bases. For purposes of the invention present application, unless otherwise indicated, sequences presented herein denote double stranded sequences. It is understood that the double stranded polynucleotide sequences described herein also include the modifications described herein. The backbone of the polynucleotide can comprise sugars and phosphate groups (as may typically be found in RNA or DNA) , or modified or substituted sugar or phosphate groups. Alternatively, the backbone of the polynucleotide can comprise a polymer of synthetic subunits such as phosphoramidates and thus can be a oligodeoxynucleoside phosphoramidate (P-NH2) or a mixed phosphoramidate-phosphodiester oligomer. A phosphorothioate linkage can be used in place of a phosphodiester linkage. In addition, a double-stranded polynucleotide can be obtained from the single stranded polynucleotide product of chemical synthesis either by synthesizing the complementary strand and annealing the strands under appropriate conditions, or by synthesizing the complementary strand de novo using a DNA polymerase with an appropriate primer.
[0186] The following are non-limiting examples of polynucleotides: a gene or gene fragment, exons, introns, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acid probes, and primers. Preferably, the polynucleotide is DNA. As used herein, “DNA” includes not only bases A, T, C, and G, but also includes any of their analogs or modified forms of these bases, such as methylated nucleotides, inter-nucleotide modifications such as uncharged linkages and thiolates, use of sugar analogs, and modified and / or alternative backbone structures, such as polyamides.
[0187] The present application indicates that the development of autoimmune diseases might be the result of deficiency in the immune checkpoint inhibitory effect of Siglecs (e.g. CD22) which are inefficient in converting Siglecs binding to their ligands (e.g. α-2, 6-linked sialic acid) from cis-to trans-configuration. Siglecs exert immune checkpoint effects when the “masked” Siglecs in cis-configuration are allowed to bind to their carbohydrate ligands on the surface of autologous cell in trans-configuration. Alternatively, the Siglec immune checkpoint effects can be intentionally impaired if the carbohydrate ligand binding sites of Siglecs are “blocked” by a Siglec-binding molecule specific for these Siglecs that could prevent trans-ligand binding. The action of either facilitating the binding of ligands to Siglecs or blocking the binding of ligands to Siglecs in immunological or neurological cells could have therapeutic values in the treatment of autoimmune, neurological and oncological diseases (Duan and Paulson 2020) . Activation of most of the Siglec via a Siglec-binding molecule with cis-trans converter capabilities could exert an immunomodulatory effect on target immune and possibly neurological cells, which has potential for a therapeutic MOA against autoimmune diseases and neurological diseases [Lübbers, Rodríguez et al., 2018; Duan and Paulson 2020; Siddiqui, Matar et al., 2019] .
[0188] CD22 is another B cell restricted antigen; it belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is a type I transmembrane sialo-glycoprotein, also known as sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) , with a molecular size of 135-kD. CD22’s expression during the ontogeny of B cells is limited in pro-B and pre-B cells. During B cell development, expression of the antigen increases with localization shifts to the cell surface. Expression of CD22 is strong on follicular, mantle and marginal-zone B cells, but weak in germinal B cells. Functionally, CD22 is an adhesion molecule that can modulate B cell activities in their interactions with T cells, probably as an inhibitory co-receptor that downmodulates B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling by setting a signaling threshold that prevents over-stimulation of B cells [Nitschke Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17 (3) 290-297] . Since ~ 30-40%of B cells that emerge from the bone marrow are known to recognize self-antigens [Wardemann et al., Science 2003; 301 (5638) 1374-1377] , it is of utmost importance for an organism to maintain tight regulation of B-cell tolerance. CD22 (Siglec-2) is an inhibitory co-receptor of the BCR on B cells, and it recognizes endogenous sialic acids expressed on glycoproteins of various cellular surfaces. CD22 binds to α-2, 6-linked sialic acids (2, 6Sia) , in cis on the same cell or in trans on other cells (Figure 11) , with their N-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain [Duong et al., J Exp Med 2010; 207 (1) 173-187] .
[0189] In resting B cells, CD22 is a prominent cis ligand for itself, forming CD22 homo-oligomers [Han et al., Nat Chem Biol 2005; 1 (2) 93-97] . The moderately low affinity of CD22 to its 2, 6Sia ligand (estimated to have a kd of ~0.1-0.3 mM) [Blixt et al., J Biol Chem 2003; 278 (33) 31007-31019] , but high sialyation on cell surface proteins, causes a limited availability of the Siglecs for binding in trans to their specific ligands (amasking effect by cis-binding to these ligands) [Collins et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101 (16) 6104-6109] . Trans-ligand-binding of CD22 and Siglec-10 induces B-cell signal inhibition when B cells engaged with the antigen (via BCR) expressed on the target cells which also co-express 2, 6Sia [Duong, Tian et al., J Exp Med 2010; 207 (1) 173-187] . Of note, different post-translational modifications on glycans present on healthy tissue, inflamed and malignant tissue or pathogens provide signals for immune cells to recognize “self” or “non-self” . In terms of sialic acid glycan signatures, sialic acids are a family of sugars with nine carbons derived from neuraminic acid that are negatively charged [Crocker, Paulson et al., 2007; Lübbers, Rodríguez et al., 2018; Ghosh 2020] . Humans can synthetize Neu5Ac sialic acids linked to galactose at different orientations, including but not limited to 2-3, 2-6 and 2-8 linkage. Since most pathogens are unable to synthesize these sialic acid glycans, Siglec on different immune cells would not recognize these as “self” thus do not modulate immune cell activation.
[0190] The trans-ligand binding is a mechanistical recognition of the sialyated structure on target cells, leading to the ligation of CD22 and Siglec-10 to the BCR and ultimate suppression of a response to this antigen. Attempts to exploit the potential immunomodulatory characteristics of CD22 for treating diseases related to the immune system were few, and limited to SLE, and primary Syndrome (pSS) [Steinfeld et al., Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8 (4) R129] . No clinical attempts on the use of anti-CD22 antibody for treating RA were reported. When the Phase III trial of Epratuzumab (EMAB) on SLE failed to meet its end points [Clowse et al., Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69 (2) 362-375] , the medical communities seemed to have lost interests in exploring further with the clinical potential of anti-CD22 antibody against immune-related diseases. Nevertheless, it does not preclude the possibilities of using antibodies with improved affinities and targeting different epitopes that may lead to a different clinical outcome.
[0191] SM03 is a chimeric antibody against human CD22 [Leung et al., Chinese Pat. No. ZL03123054.7, incorporated in its entirety herein by reference] . SM03 was further reengineered to reduce its potential immunogenicity using a method known as framework-patching. The “framework-patched” or “humanized” version of SM03 is known as SM06 and was demonstrated to exhibit affinity and specificity against human CD22 comparable to that of SM03. The construction of the framework-patched SM06 and its uses are described in Chinese Patent No. ZL 011 44894.6, US Pat. No. 7,321,026 B2 & 7,338,659 B2, incorporated in their entireties herein by reference. The murine antibody has been used mostly in the form of a single-chain immunotoxin fusion protein for the treatment of different forms of B-cell lymphoma or leukemia, such as hairy cell leukemia and childhood acute lymphoblastic lymphoma [Kreitman et al., J Clin Oncol 2012; 30 (15) 1822-1828; Wayne et al., Blood 2017; 130 (14) 1620-1627] . The chimeric antibody SM03 is the first anti-CD22 antibody entering human clinical trials for the treatment of RA. SM03 had successfully achieved the clinical end point in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical trial for the treatment of moderate and severe RA in China, indicating SM03 is effective in modulating the immune responses via binding to the human CD22 antigen. Furthermore, SM03 is currently in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. Although there had been hypotheses on the mechanism (s) of action for anti-CD22 antibody for achieving potential clinical responses, it is unclear if the observation was merely a phenomenon rather than the cause of its biological function. Nevertheless, observations such as trogocytosis [Rossi et al., Blood 2013; 122 (17) 3020-3029] have not yet provided a logical link between the underlying function of CD22 and the interacting antibody (e.g. EMAB) that leads to the expected clinical responses.
[0192] By employing techniques of full discontinuous epitope mapping, the specific epitope against which SM03 (or SM06) binds was revealed. It was hypothesized and later demonstrated that, due to the unique epitope orientation and proximity to the cis-ligand binding region, coupled with the antibody’s high affinity, binding of SM03 (or SM06) to human CD22 could be disruptive for human CD22 binding to its ligand in a cis-binding configuration. This would release the sialic acid binding site of human CD22 for trans-ligand formation, restoring the immune regulatory function of human CD22 in the attenuation of immune response or inhibition of autoimmunity against autoantigens. This has offered a novel approach for the re-introduction of tolerance or immune attenuation against a variety of autoimmune diseases via disruptive binding to human CD22 or other Siglec antigens, whose regulatory or biological functions are masked by preferential cis-binding to specific ligands on the cell surface.
[0193] The potential mechanism of action (MOA) of SM03 and SM06 is described in Wong, Li et al., 2022. It was demonstrated that SM03 could disturb the CD22 homomultimeric configuration [Gasparrini et al., Embo j 2016; 35 (3) 258-280] through disrupting cis-binding to 2, 6Sia, induce rapid internalization of CD22, and facilitate trans-binding between CD22 to human autologous juxtaposing cells. This in turn increased the activity of the downstream immunomodulatory molecule Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) and decreased BCR-induced NF-κB activation in human B cells and B cell proliferation [Courtney et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009; 106 (8) 2500-2505; Wong et al., The Journal of Immunology 2022; 208 (12) 2726-2737] . This MOA gives rationale to support the significant amelioration of disease and good safety profile in clinical trials as mentioned above, as by enabling the “self” recognition mechanism of CD22 via trans-binding to 2, 6Sia ligands on autologous juxtaposing cells, SM03 specifically restores immune tolerance of B cells to host tissues without affecting the normal B cell immune response to pathogens (that lack 2, 6Sia) . SM03 exhibits cis to trans conversion capability upon binding to CD22 and is known as a cis-trans converter antibody.
[0194] The MOA of SM03 revealed a novel approach in which the biological functions of Siglecs that work through the interconversion between cis-and trans-binding to sialic acid ligands could be manipulated by anti-Siglec cis-trans converter antibodies. Since Siglec’s function by interconversion between cis-binding and trans-binding structures, by identifying anti-Siglec antibodies that could disrupt cis-binding, breaking the Siglec’s homomultimeric structure that masks their supposed biological functions (can be inhibitory or stimulatory, depending on the Siglecs targeted) , and facilitating subsequent Siglec’s trans-ligand formation (cis-trans converter) , or vice versa. A therapeutically active anti-Siglec antibody addressing different diseases indications can be developed. It is conceivable that antibodies that target Siglecs but do not have this cis-trans converter properties would be less potent in achieving the desired therapeutic responses (e.g. EMAB vs SM03) . The discovery of the cis-trans converter anti-CD22 antibody SM03 and SM06 and the association of the cis-trans converting capability to their therapeutic responses to autoimmune diseases [Li, Li et al., 2020; Wong, Li et al., 2022] had demonstrated the therapeutic potential of manipulating the cis-trans converting process of Siglecs having similar regulatory mechanisms to that of CD22.
[0195] In a first aspect, there is provided in the present application a method of identifying a sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) -binding molecule possessing cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec, wherein the method comprises:
[0196] (i) introducing a first nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec-binding molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec-binding molecule and the Siglec are co-expressed on the surface of the cell;
[0197] (ii) incubating a ligand of the Siglec with the cell;
[0198] (iii) determining a first amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec; and
[0199] (iv) comparing the first amount with a reference value, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is identified as possessing cis-trans converter properties if the first amount is higher than the reference value.
[0200] In some embodiments of the first aspect, step (ii) comprises incubating a probe carrying the ligand of the Siglec and a detectable label with the cell.
[0201] In some embodiments of the first aspect, in step (iii) , the first amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec is represented by a signal intensity of the detectable label.
[0202] In some embodiments of the first aspect, step (iv) comprises comparing the signal intensity with the reference value which is a reference signal intensity, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is identified as demonstrating cis-trans converter properties if the signal intensity is greater than the reference signal intensity.
[0203] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule is a peptide, a polypeptide, or a protein. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule is an anti-Siglec antibody or an antigen-binding proportion thereof. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule is an intact antibody, a Fab fragment, a F (ab’) 2 fragment, or a single chain Fv (scFv) .
[0204] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the VH and VK sequences of the antibody fragment can be obtained from newly raised antibodies against the Siglec of interest, or from known anti-Siglec antibodies or their mutation variants with cis-trans converter capabilities. Specifically, the sequences are derived from pools of antibodies raised against a Siglec of interest or from known anti-Siglec cis-trans converter antibodies or their mutation variants that might be able to induce disruptive binding towards cis-ligand binding induced masking on Siglecs, which in turn allows trans-binding of the target Siglec towards juxtaposition autologous ligands, which in turn promotes the activity of the Siglecs and modulates the target cell types. Some examples of these antibodies could be:
[0205] (a) from synthetic antibody sequence libraries or from antibody libraries derived from mice immunized with the Siglec of interest. The libraries could then be inserted into the vector encoding the filamentous phage coat protein and “displayed” on the surface of filamentous phages to generate phage display library. Finally, phage panning could be conducted to identify VH and VL pairs which have high binding to the Siglec of interest;
[0206] (b) mutation variants of anti-Siglec antibodies with known cis-trans converter capabilities that contain mutations for improving the strengths of cis to trans conversion. The mutation could be on the nucleotide sequences encoding for amino acid residues within any of the heavy and light chain variable CDR regions;
[0207] (c) SM03;
[0208] (d) SM06;
[0209] (e) SM06 mutation variants containing mutations for improving the strengths of cis to trans conversion, the mutation could be on the nucleotide sequences encoding for amino acid residues on any of the heavy and light chain CDRs, preferably on the CDR3 of the variable heavy chain region. Specifically, the modifications to the parent SM06 VH nucleotide sequences encoding for amino acids within the VH CDR3 hotspot motif, whereby arbitrary mutations were introduced in the SM06 heavy chain CDR3 at position 100 (Kabat’s numbering) . In one embodiment of the present application, a mutation to in the SM06 heavy chain CDR3 at positions 100 from Serine (Ser) to Cysteine (Cys) would result in mutation variant CSY. In one embodiment of the present application, a mutation to the amino acid residue in the SM06 heavy chain CDR3 at positions 100 from Serine (Ser) to Isoleucine (Ile) would result in mutation variant ISY. In one embodiment of the present application, a mutation to the amino acid residue in the SM06 heavy chain CDR3 at positions 100 from Serine (Ser) to Valine (Val) would result in mutation variant VSY. In one embodiment of the present application, a mutation to the amino acid residue in the SM06 heavy chain CDR3 at positions 100 from Serine (Ser) to Threonine (Thr) would result in mutation variant TSY. In one embodiment of the present application, a mutation to the amino acid residue in the SM06 heavy chain CDR3 at positions 100 from Serine (Ser) to Alanine (Ala) would result in mutation variant ASY.
[0210] In one embodiment of the first aspect, the variable regions for light chain (VL) and heavy chain (VH) antibody fragments are derived from the splenocyte mRNA of mice immunized with the Siglec of interest. The pooled VL and VH sequences are designed with convenient cloning sites that can be cloned into the “specially designed nucleotide cassette” and operationally linked with the light and heavy chain sequences, or as scFv linked with the antibody fragment sequences in the “specific mammalian recombinant expression plasmid” , or a variation thereof.
[0211] In another embodiment of the first aspect, the variable regions for light chain (VL) and heavy chain (VH) antibody fragments are derived from a Phage Display library prepared which can be recombinantly synthesized, or prepared after panning with the Siglec of interests, or prepared from mice immunized with the Siglec of interest, before or after panning with the Siglec of interest. The pooled VL and VH sequences are designed with convenient cloning sites that can be cloned into the “specially designed nucleotide cassette” and operationally linked with the light and heavy chain sequences, or as scFv linked with the antibody fragment sequences in the “specific mammalian recombinant expression plasmid” , or a variation thereof.
[0212] In yet another embodiment of the first aspect, the variable regions for light chain (VL) and heavy chain (VH) antibody fragments contain introduced mutations, either by design or at random, from a known anti-Siglec cis-trans converter antibody. The pooled VL and VH sequences containing different mutations are designed with convenient cloning sites that can be cloned into the “specially designed nucleotide cassette” and operationally linked with the light and heavy chain sequences, or as scFv linked with the antibody fragment sequences in the “specific mammalian recombinant expression plasmid” , or a variation thereof.
[0213] In another embodiment of the first aspect, the levels of trans-fluorescent probes that are bound to transfected cells co-expressing anti-Siglec antibodies and the corresponding surface Siglec are evaluated using flow cytometry methods by measuring the percentage population of cells positive to Siglec+trans-fluorescent probe+.
[0214] In one embodiment of the first aspect, flow cytometry equipment used for the analysis could be FACSAriaTM III Sorter with an Automatic Cell Deposition Unit (BD Bioscience) , and FlowJo software is used for data representation. In another embodiment, the flow cytometry equipment used for isolating and sorting single cell clones.
[0215] In one embodiment of the first aspect, the anti-Siglecs antibodies with known cis-trans converter capabilities are anti-CD22 antibodies that target epitopes residing in preferably the domain 2 of human CD22 with high affinity, and their binding on to human CD22 will result in the disruption of the homomultimeric structure of human CD22 while sterically hinder the re-engagement of human CD22 ligand binding in cis; the availability of ligand-binding sites on human CD22 for trans-binding is further improved when human CD22 is induced to internalize upon binding to the anti-CD22 antibodies. Internalization will bring the cis-binding CD22 into the endosome / lysosome where the low pH environment will free up more ligand engagement; resurfaced CD22 (via recycling) will be bound by the anti-CD22 antibody (for those already bound by the anti-CD22 antibody during the process or internalization, the recycled CD22 will remain bound by the anti-CD22 antibody upon resurfacing) , preventing further cis-ligand binding and making more CD22 available for trans-ligand binding. Trans-binding of CD22 to the ligands on other hematopoietic cells is important for the induction and maintenance of tolerance for autoantigens.
[0216] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule can be a ligand, a soluble receptor protein, a growth factor, a fusion protein, an antibody. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule can be a bispecific antibody, an antibody fragment such as Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, scFv. When the Siglec-binding molecule is an antibody, the antibody can be selected from the group consisting of IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD or IgE, as well as various subtypes or variants of these.
[0217] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the same approach of the present application can be applied to identify cis-trans converter antibodies raised against different Siglecs. For example, RT-PCR can be used to retrieve VH and VK sequences from the spleen mRNA of mice immunized with the Siglec protein of interest. The pooled VH and VK cDNA sequences containing the appropriate cloning sites can be inserted to the VH and VK cloning sites of the mammalian expression vector of the present application. The pooled expression vector containing multiple antibody sequences can be used to transfect mammalian host cells that do not express the Siglec of interests. For example, HEK293, SP2 / 0, CHO, Per. C6, NS0, and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Transfected cells (pooled) that survived selection would be subject to rounds of flow cytometry analyses and sorted either as pooled cells, or ultimately as single clones using probes containing multiple copies of the sialic acid ligand of the Siglec of interest. The VH and VL sequences of cis-trans converters from clones thus identified can be retrieved, elucidated, and used to construct and express full antibody proteins for subsequent characterization and clinical use by standard molecular biology techniques. The successful identification of SM06 mutation variants that exhibit comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties employing the platform of the present application indicates the validity of the present application in identifying anti-Siglec antibodies with cis-trans converter properties from different sources, including human immunoglobulin gene library, hybridomas, splenocytes from immunized animals, phage display libraries or phage panning methodology.
[0218] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule can be an anti-Siglec antibody. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the antibody can be an anti-Siglec-1, anti-CD22 (anti-Siglec-2) , anti-CD33 (anti-Sigelc-3) , anti-MAG (Siglec-4) , anti-Siglec-5, anti-Siglec-6, anti-Siglec-7, anti-Siglec-8, anti-Siglec-9, anti-Siglec-10, anti-Siglec-11, anti-Siglec-14 or anti-Siglec-16 antibody.
[0219] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec that could be targeted employing the current application includes but not limited to Siglec-1, CD22 (Siglec-2) , CD33 (Sigelc-3) , MAG (Siglec-4) , Siglec-5, Siglec-6, Siglec-7, Siglec-8, Siglec-9, Siglec-10, Siglec-11, Siglec-14 or Siglec-16. In some specific embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec is CD22.
[0220] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the ligand is α-2, 6-linked sialic acid, α-2, 8-linked sialic acid, α-2-, 6-sialyllactose or α-2, 3-linked sialic acid.
[0221] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec is CD22 and the ligand is α-2, 6-linked sialic acid; the Siglec is Siglec 7 and the ligand is α-2, 8-linked sialic acid; or the Siglec is Siglec 10 and the ligand is α-2-, 6-sialyllactose or α-2, 3-linked sialic acid.
[0222] In some embodiments of the first aspect, only Siglec-bound antibodies capable of disrupting and preventing the formation of the Siglec homomultimeric nanocluster shall allow the disrupted Siglec to engage with the sialic acid ligands in trans (when the trans-fluorescence probe is added) , enabling the employment of subsequent flow cytometry analysis to screen for single cells expressing strong anti-Siglec cis-trans converter antibodies. The efficiency of transfection was determined 18 h after transfection by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) . In some embodiments of the first aspect, transfectants were further analyzed each 24 h. Screening of cells expressing strong Siglec-specific cis-trans converter antibodies by flow cytometry analysis is done as follows. The cells co-expressing anti-Siglec antibodies and the target Siglec are probed with a trans-fluorescent probe with the sialic acid ligand corresponding to the ligand (s) of the Siglec of interest, mimicking the corresponding “trans-ligands” as if from autologous cells. For example, α-2, 6-linked sialic acid ligand conjugated with fluorochromes should be used as the ligands for Siglec 2; α-2, 8-linked sialic acid ligand conjugated with fluorochromes for Siglec 7; and α-2, 6-sialyllactose conjugated with fluorochromes as well as α-2, 3-linked sialic acid ligand conjugated with fluorochromes for Siglec 10.
[0223] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the cell expresses a glycosylation modifying enzyme such as Sialyltransferase for cis-configuration formation, specifically a Sialic acid-O-acetyltransferases [Park Vaccines 2019; 7 (4) 171] .
[0224] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the cell does not express the Siglec before the introducing step.
[0225] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the cell is a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the cell used can be a human cell that has natural expression of sialic acid producing enzymes, as natural sialyation phenotype of the Siglec is preferred to be present in order to determine if the Siglec-binding molecule involved is able to “break” or “disrupt” the cis-binding. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the mammalian cell is a HEK293 cell, a SP2 / 0 cell, a CHO cell, a Per. C6 cell, a NS0 cell or a baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell. In some specific embodiments of the first aspect, the mammalian cell is a HEK293 cell.
[0226] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the detectable label is a fluorescent label or a biotin label. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the fluorescent label is FITC, TRITC, Cy3, Cy3.3, Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7, Cy7.5, Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 555, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 647, Alexa Fluor 660, Alexa Fluor 680, Fluorescein, Oregon Green 488, Pacific Blue dye, Pacific Orange dye, or Texas Red dye. In some specific embodiments of the first aspect, the fluorescent label is FITC.
[0227] Cells co-expressing anti-Siglec antibodies and the target Siglec when probed with the appropriate trans-fluorescent probe can be identified by flow cytometry analysis, and those exhibiting high fluorescence intensity shall be gated for subsequent isolation as single cell using a cell sorter. Antibody variable region sequences from these single cell clones can be retrieved using standard molecular biology techniques known to those of skill in the art.
[0228] The fluorescence intensity conferred by the anti-Siglec cis-trans converter antibodies depends on the follows:
[0229] (i) the transfection efficiency of the specifically designed expression vector encoding both the anti-Siglec antibody and the target Siglec;
[0230] (ii) the cis-trans converter properties of the anti-Siglec antibodies; and
[0231] (iii) the affinity and avidity of the anti-Siglec antibodies.
[0232] The relative “cis-trans converter” properties of different anti-Siglec antibodies identified in transfected cells showing fluorescence intensity above the pre-set threshold (such as the reference value) can be further normalized by employing:
[0233] (i) anti-Siglec-fluorochrome-conjugate targeting a different epitope to that of the tested anti-Siglec antibodies as the probe to measure transfection efficiency; and
[0234] (ii) anti-antibody-fluorochrome-conjugate as the probe to measure the relative strength between cis-trans converter properties and binding affinity.
[0235] In the present application, the specificity of antibody driven “trans” binding is required, therefore after probing for “trans” ligand binding, further staining of anti-antibody-fluorochromes-conjugate as well as anti-Siglec-fluorochromes conjugate is required to analyze the following aspects of the present application, including:
[0236] (i) the transfection efficiency of the vector shown by the level of fluorochromes of the anti-Siglec-fluorochromes conjugate; and
[0237] (ii) the ligand binding activity of the anti-Siglec antibody within the specially designed vector shown by the ratio between the level of fluorochromes of the antibody-fluorochromes-conjugate against the anti-Siglec-fluorochromes conjugate.
[0238] In one embodiment of the first aspect, the antibody-fluorochromes-conjugate would use antibody conjugates that target the constant region of the generated antibody, such as anti-IgG1, anti-IgG2, anti-IgG3, anti-IgG4, anti-IgA, anti-IgE, anti-IgM or anti-IgD. In another embodiment of the first aspect, the anti-Siglec-fluorochromes conjugate would use an antibody that targets the Siglec in a different epitope to that of the testing antibody. In a further embodiment of the first aspect, all three fluorochromes conjugates used including the trans-fluorescent probe, the antibody-fluorochromes-conjugate, and the anti-Siglec-fluorochromes conjugate should use fluorochromes that are not the same and preferably do not cross-leak signals so to not have false positive results. This can be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
[0239] In one embodiment of the first aspect, the analysis of levels of trans-fluorescent probes that are bound to the cells, the binding affinity of the antibody, as well as the transfection efficiency of the vector on the cells are measured using flow cytometry methods. The tran-binding characteristic is measured by analyzing the percentage population of cells positive to Siglec+trans-fluorescent probe+ population against control. In one embodiment of the first aspect, flow cytometry equipment used for the analysis could be BD FACSLyricTM, BD FACSymphonyTM, BD LSRFortessaTM X-20. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the BD FACS lyric is used, and FlowJo software can be used for data representation. In another embodiment of the first aspect, flow cytometry equipment used for the analysis could be FACSAriaTM III Sorter with an Automatic Cell Deposition Unit (BD Bioscience) , and FlowJo software is used for data representation.
[0240] In one embodiment of the first aspect, the level of binding affinity of the antibody towards the Siglecs as well as the trans-binding ability of the antibody that is measured by flow cytometry normalized to control where only the full-length Siglec is transfected without including any polynucleotide sequences to encode for antibody fragments. The identification of anti-Siglec antibody candidates with strong and weak binding to the Siglec antigen, as well as trans-binding characteristics are compared with a positive control of a known anti-Siglec antibody with cis-trans converter properties. The extent of trans-binding enhancement by the anti-Siglec antibodies are evaluated by comparing the fluorescence intensity of the trans-fluorescent probe upon binding by the anti-Siglec antibodies to the co-expressed Siglec in flow cytometry analyses by gating the Siglec+ trans-fluorescent probe + population.
[0241] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the reference value is determined by a process comprising: introducing the second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec is expressed on the surface of the cell; incubating the ligand of the Siglec with the cell; and detecting a second amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec.
[0242] In some embodiments of the first aspect, stable or transient co-expression of the antibody and the Siglec of interest will ensure that most if not all Siglec molecules expressed on the cell surface are associated with the corresponding antibodies. If these antibodies bind to the proper Siglec epitopes that allow cis-binding disruption, the ligand binding sites for these Siglecs will be exposed and available for trans-binding. Therefore, when a trans-fluorescent probe containing multiple trans-ligands is added, only cells co-expressed with the Siglec and disruptive binding antibodies can bind to these trans-fluorescent probes. Only Siglecs associated with these cis-binding disrupting antibodies are available for trans-binding to these trans-fluorescent probes. The extent of trans-binding is therefore reflected by the trans-fluorescent probe fluorescent intensity of transfected cells when analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells with high trans-fluorescent probe signals can be gated and isolated using a cell sorter (FACSAriaTM III Sorter with an Automatic Cell Deposition Unit (BD Bioscience) ) for subsequent isolation of antibody constructs with significant, differentially high, or enhanced cis-trans converter properties. Antibody variable region sequences from isolated cells demonstrating high trans-fluorescent probe signals (binding) can be retrieved using standard procedures such as RT-PCR or other methods in molecular biology known to those of skill in the art. The present application provides an approach of using molecular engineering to construct a specially designed mammalian expression vector for the co-expression of an anti-Siglec antibody and the targeted Siglec antigen on a cell line that does not naturally express the target ligand. A synthetic ligand FITC conjugated polyacrylamide substituted with the target Siglec specific sialic acid ligand (e.g. 2, 6Sia) would be used as trans-fluorescent probe to reveal the “trans” binding effect of the antibody bound Siglec on the transfected cells by flow cytometry. Cells transfected only with the Siglec without the antibody are used as control.
[0243] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the present application pertains to a method to allow the screening of cis-trans converter capabilities of antibodies derived from a human immunoglobulin gene library. The human immunoglobulin gene library can be isolated or identified in the form of proteins or DNA sequences from hybridoma, splenocytes from immunized animals, phage display libraries or phage panning methodology described above. Nucleotide sequences encoding for antibody variable regions forming the antibody fragments derived from human immunoglobulin gene library, hybridomas, splenocytes from immunized animals, phage display libraries or phage panning methodology as described above, are cloned in pools or singly into specially designed nucleotide cassette that allows for bicistronic gene expression and subsequently further inserted into the mamallian expression vector using standard molecular cloning techniques that can be appreciated by those skilled in the art. This allows the co-expression of the pool of antibody fragments and the Siglec antigen in stably transfected cells, whereby the antibody or antibody fragment would bind to the now Siglec expressing cells and disrupt the cis-binding while allowing trans-binding to the Siglecs’ ligands. Cells with high trans-fluorescent probe signals would indicate the transfected cells containing the antibody fragment nucleotide sequence that encodes for antibody fragment that has high cis-trans converter capabilities, these cells can be gated and isolated using a single cell sorter (FACSAriaTM III Sorter with an Automatic Cell Deposition Unit (BD Bioscience) ) to isolate transfected cells that contain antibody constructs with high (or enhanced) cis-trans converter properties using methods and protocols as detailed in Example 4. The isolated clones can be expanded before being probed with the trans-fluorescent probe and further analyzed by flow cytometry to confirm enhanced trans-binding signals after normalization. In one embodiment of the first aspect, gated cells could be pooled and several rounds of screening could be performed with more stringent gating strategy for the enrichment of transfected cells with enhanced cis-trans converter properties based on the fluorescence intensity of the gated cells. In a further embodiment of the first aspect, antibody fragment sequences from isolated cells can be retrieved using standard procedures such as RT-PCR.
[0244] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the reference value is determined by a process comprising: introducing a third nucleic acid molecule encoding a reference Siglec-binding molecule known to demonstrate the cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec and the second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec and the reference Siglec-binding molecule are co-expressed on the surface of the cell; incubating the ligand of the Siglec with the cell; and detecting a third amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec.
[0245] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the reference value is determined by a process comprising: introducing a third nucleic acid molecule encoding a reference Siglec-binding molecule known to demonstrate the cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec and the second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec and the reference Siglec-binding molecule are co-expressed on the surface of the cell; incubating the ligand of the Siglec with the cell; and detecting a third amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec; wherein the method is for identifying a Siglec-binding molecule demonstrating better cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec than the reference Siglec-binding molecule.
[0246] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the method allows the optimization of Siglec-binding antibodies with known cis-trans converter properties for enhanced trans-binding capabilities via mutations of hotspot motif in the CDR region. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the method can be employed to identify important residues in the CDRs of a cis-trans converter antibody for function enhancement.
[0247] In some embodiments of the first aspect, mutations either by design or at random could be introduced to the CDR regions randomly or at hotspot motifs of the anti-Siglec antibody fragment with known cis-trans converter properties as mutation vairants. In one embodiment of the first aspect, the binding affinity of the mutation variants could be pre-screened by phage panning methodology described above. In a further embodiment of of the first aspect, the immunoglobulin gene library containing nucleotide sequences encoding for the pool of antibody fragments of the mutation variants are cloned into the specially designed nucleotide cassette that allows for bicistronic gene expression and subsequently further inserted into the mammalian expression vector using standard molecular cloning techniques that can be appreciated by those skilled in the art. This allows the co-expression of the pool of antibody fragments mutationt variants and the Siglec antigen in stably transfected cells. Cells with high trans-fluorescent probe signals can be gated and isolated using a cell sorter (FACSAriaTM III Sorter with an Automatic Cell Deposition Unit (BD Bioscience) ) to isolate antibody constructs with high (or enhanced) cis-trans converter properties into single wells of a 96 well plate following procedures described by Higdon et al. [Higdon, Cain et al., 2019] . The isolated clones can be probed with the trans-fluorescent probe and further analyzed by flow cytometry to confirm enhanced trans-binding signals after normalization. In one embodiment of the first aspect, gated cells could be pooled and several rounds of screening could be performed with more stringent gating strategy for the enrichment of transfected clones with enhanced cis-trans converter properties based on the fluorescence intensity of the gated cells. In a further embodiment of the first aspect, antibody fragment sequences from isolated cells can be retrieved using standard procedures such as RT-PCR.
[0248] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the antibody fragment could be of the antibodies derived or obtained from systems that use the immunoglobulin genes of other species, for example, mouse, rabbit, camel, etc. Using mouse as an example, the system could include immunizing a mouse with the antigen of interest, preparing hybridomas from the immunized mouse, and screening for hybridomas that produce antibodies targeting the antigen of interests, by following protocols known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, cDNA heavy and light chain variable region sequences can be retrieved from the splenocytes of mice immunized with the Siglec of interests by standard RT-PCR techniques and used to replace the corresponding antibody fragments. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the cDNA heavy and light chain variable region sequences can be retrieved from the splenocytes of mice immunized with the antigen of interests by standard RT-PCR techniques and used to replace VH and VK sequence in the phage display vector or the mammalian expression vector of the present application for subsequent screening following procedures as described herein of the present application for subsequent identification of cis-trans converters.
[0249] Once DNA fragments encoding the antibody fragments are obtained, these DNA fragments can be further manipulated by standard recombinant DNA techniques, for example to convert the variable region genes to full-length antibody chain genes, to Fab fragment genes or to scFv genes. In these manipulations, a VL-or VH-encoding DNA fragment is operatively linked to another DNA fragment encoding another protein, such as an antibody constant region or a flexible linker.
[0250] The isolated DNA encoding the VH region can be converted to a full-length heavy chain gene by operatively linking the VH-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding heavy chain constant regions (CH1, CH2 and CH3) . The sequences of human heavy chain constant region genes are known in the art [see e.g., Kabat, E. A., et al., (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242] and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. The heavy chain constant region can be an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM or IgD constant region, but most preferably is an IgG1 constant region. For a Fab fragment heavy chain gene, the VH-encoding DNA can be operatively linked to another DNA molecule encoding only the heavy chain CH1 constant region.
[0251] The isolated DNA encoding the VL region can be converted to a full-length light chain gene (as well as a Fab light chain gene) by operatively linking the VL-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding the light chain constant region. The sequences of human light chain kappa (Cκ) and lambda (Cλ) constant region genes are known in the art (see e.g., [Kabat 1991; 91) ] ) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification or de-novo gene synthesis. The light chain constant region can be a kappa or lambda constant region, but most preferably is a kappa constant region.
[0252] The isolated and reconstructed antibody fragments can then be cloned into an appropriate mammalian expression plasmid using standard molecular biology techniques known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment of the first aspect, the mammalian expression plasmid shall carry one or two regulatory sequences that control the expression of the antibody chain genes in a host cell. In a preferred embodiment of the present application, the vector could contain two CMV promoters in sequence. The full-length light chain could be inserted via the appropriate cloning sites introduced within the vector. Specifically, restriction endonuclease sites of NheI for the 5’ region and XhoI for the 3’ region. The nucleotide sequence that encodes the full-length heavy chain including the VH and the constant region could be inserted downstream of the full-length light chain and the second promoter, and could be inserted via the appropriate cloning sites introduced within the vector. Specifically, restriction endonuclease sites of XbaI for the 5’ region and NotI for the 3’ region. This can be inserted into the specially designed nucleotide cassette, of which could be further inserted into a mammalian expression vector via NheI and NotI cute sites, this can be appreciated by those skilled in the art. In a further embodiment of the first aspect, the Fab or scFv nucleotide sequence could be inserted via endonuclease sites of NheI for the 5’ region and NotI for the 3’ region.
[0253] In another embodiment of the first aspect, the antibody fragment nucleotide sequence could be derived from existing anti-Siglec antibody nucleotide sequence. In this aspect of the present application, modifications to the nucleotide sequences that encode the variable regions of the antibody fragments could be conducted in order to encode different amino sequences within the CDR regions of the antibody. This could be done either through mutation PCR or de-novo gene synthesis. One skilled in the art would recognize that modifications can be made to a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of the present application (i.e., anti-Siglec antibody and Siglec antigen) without diminishing its biological activity. Some modifications may be made to facilitate the cloning, expression, or incorporation of the targeting molecule into a fusion protein.
[0254] Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, termination codons, a methionine added at the amino terminus to provide an initiation site, additional amino acids placed on either terminus to create conveniently located restriction sites, or additional amino acids (such as poly His) to aid in purification steps. In addition to recombinant methods, the specially designed mammalian expression vector and specially designed nucleotide cassette of the present application can also be constructed in whole or in part using standard peptide synthesis. Solid phase synthesis of the polypeptides of the present application of less than about 50 amino acids in length may be accomplished by attaching the C-terminal amino acid of the sequence to an insoluble support followed by sequential addition of the remaining amino acids in the sequence. Techniques for solid phase synthesis are described by Barany & Merrifield, THE PEPTIDES: ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS, BIOLOGY. VOL. 2: SPECIAL METHODS IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS, PART A. pp. 3-284; Merrifield, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85: 2149-2156 (1963) , and Stewart, et al., SOLID PHASE PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS, 2ND ED., Pierce Chem. Co., Rockford, 111. (1984) . Proteins of greater length may be synthesized by condensation of the amino and carboxyl termini of shorter fragments. Methods of forming peptide bonds by activation of a carboxyl terminal end (e.g., by the use of the coupling reagent N, N’ -dicycylohexylcarbodiimide) are known to those of skill in the art. In one embodiment of the first aspect, the nucleotide sequence that are modified or mutated could be hotspot motifs within the CDRs of either the heavy chain or the light chain variable regions, or both. In another embodiment of the first aspect, the nucleotide sequence that are modified or mutated could be random sites within the CDRs of either the heavy chain or the light chain variable regions, or both. In yet another embodiment of the first aspect, the nucleotide sequence that are modified or mutated could be hotspot motifs within the CDR1 of either the heavy chain or the light chain variable regions, or both. In one embodiment of the first aspect, the nucleotide sequence that are modified or mutated could be random sites within the CDR1 of either the heavy chain or the light chain variable regions, or both. In one embodiment of the first aspect, the nucleotide sequence that are modified or mutated could be hotspot motifs with the CDR2 of either the heavy chain or the light chain variable regions, or both. In one embodiment of the first aspect, the nucleotide sequence that are modified or mutated could be random sites with the CDR2 of either the heavy chain or the light chain variable regions, or both. In a further embodiment of the first aspect, the nucleotide sequences that are modified or mutated could be hotspot motifs within the CDR3 of either the heavy chain or the light chain variable regions, or both. In another embodiment of the first aspect, the nucleotide sequences that are modified or mutated could be random sites within the CDR3 of either the heavy chain or the light chain variable regions, or both. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the nucleotide sequences that are modified or mutated could be hotspot motifs or random sites within the CDR3 heavy chain variable region. These modified or mutated sequences could alter not just the binding characteristics of the antibody against Siglec antigens but also the strength of cis-trans converter properties. Generation of multiple mutants with specific modifications of amino acids within the hotspot motifs could allow the identification of antibody candidates that have enhanced “cis-trans converter” characteristics upon application to the present application.
[0255] In one embodiment of the first aspect, the level of binding affinity of the antibody towards the Siglec as well as the “trans-binding” ability of the antibody that is measured by flow cytometry is normalized to control (expressing only Siglec without a corresponding antibody) . The identification of strong and weak binder and “trans” binder is compared with the positive control (expressing a known anti-Siglec antibody and the corresponding Siglec) .
[0256] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the first nucleic acid molecule and the second nucleic acid molecule are present in a single expression vector. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the expression vector is introduced into the appropriate host cell lines using standard techniques known to those of skill in the art, for example, by electroporation methods using the Gene Pulser Xcell System (BioRad) , or by lipofection (lipofectamine 3000 reagents) following standard techniques or by viral transduction following standard techniques.
[0257] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the transfected cells co-expressing the Siglec-binding molecule and the Siglec of interest are probed with trans-fluorescent probe. Only cells co-expressing the Siglec of interest that is associated with a cis-trans converter Siglec-binding molecule, when expressed on the cell surface, would be available for binding to trans ligands. These trans ligands could be presented from neighboring cells or as synthetic ligands mimicking that of neighboring cells in the form of a synthetic trans-flourescent probe. In the latter case, binding to the trans-fluorescent probe on the cell surface could be revealed as cells with enhanced fluorescent intensity by flow cytometry. Cells identified with “trans-binding” positive Siglec-binding molecule are gated and later isolated using cell sorting techniques by flow cytometry that is known to those of skill in the art. Similar probes containing multiple Siglec ligands can be synthesized or purchased if these Siglec ligand probes are commercially available.
[0258] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the transfected cells probed with the trans-fluorescent probes are analyzed by flow cytometry using gating strategy similar to that as described in Figure 8.
[0259] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the binding level of antibodies bound to the corresponding Siglec is determined by the frequency of Siglec+ huFC+ cells using, for example, anti-human IgG Fc secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 405 for detection of antibodies with IgG constant region, and the effect of “trans-binding” is determined by the identification of Siglec+ trans-fluorescent probe+ cell population.
[0260] In some specific embodiments of the first aspect, a total of 5 μg of the specially designed expression vector of the present application was transfected to 5 × 105 cells of HEK293 in a 6 well plate. In some specific embodiments of the first aspect, the mammalian expression vector could be pEGFPN1, pcDNA3.1, pCMV 3Tag 1A or pSG5L Flag HA. The light chain and heavy chain antibody fragments pertain to the light chain and heavy chain mRNA sequences of anti-Siglec antibodies.
[0261] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the expression vector further comprises a bi-cistron. In some embodiments of the first aspect, the bi-cistron is an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) , a P2A self-cleavage peptide, a T2A self-cleavage peptide, an E2A self-cleavage peptide, or an F2A self-cleavage peptide. In some specific embodiments of the first aspect, the bi-cistron is IRES.
[0262] In some embodiments of the first aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule is an antibody comprising a light chain and a heavy chain, and the expression vector is constructed in one of the following ways:
[0263] (1) first promoter -light chain -second promoter -heavy chain -IRES -Siglec;
[0264] (2) first promoter-light chain -second promoter -Siglec -IRES -heavy chain;
[0265] (3) first promoter-light chain -IRES -Siglec -second promoter -heavy chain;
[0266] (4) first promoter -Siglec -IRES -light chain -second promoter -heavy chain;
[0267] (5) promoter -anti-Siglec antibody -IRES -Siglec; and
[0268] (6) promoter -Siglec -IRES -anti-Siglec antibody.
[0269] In a second aspect, there is provided in the present application a vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an Siglec-binding molecule and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec.
[0270] In some embodiments of the second aspect, the Siglec is Siglec-1, CD22 (Siglec-2) , CD33 (Sigelc-3) , Siglec-4, Siglec-5, Siglec-6, Siglec-7, Siglec-8, Siglec-9, Siglec-10, Siglec-11, Siglec-14 or Siglec-16. In some specific embodiments of the second aspect, the Siglec is CD22.
[0271] In some embodiments of the second aspect, the vector further comprises a bi-cistron. The bi-cistron is an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) , a P2A self-cleavage peptide, a T2A self-cleavage peptide, an E2A self-cleavage peptide, or an F2A self-cleavage peptide. In some specific embodiments of the first aspect, the bi-cistron is IRES.
[0272] In some embodiments of the second aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule is a peptide, a polypeptide, or a protein. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule is an anti-Siglec antibody or an antigen-binding proportion thereof. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule is an intact antibody, a Fab fragment, a F (ab’) 2 fragment, or a single chain Fv (scFv) .
[0273] In some embodiments of the second aspect, a specially designed nucleotide cassette that allows for bicistronic gene expression that encodes a specific full length light chain of the antibody driven by one promoter (e.g. CMV promoter) , and the full-length heavy chain of the antibody, the antibody fragment sequences are linked up to the gene encoding the Siglec antigen via the IRES sequence is constructed. The specially designed nucleotide cassette is inserted into the mammalian expression vector so that it is read in frame and expressed as one single mRNA encoding two polypeptides (antibody heavy chain and the Siglec antigen) driven by a separate promoter in the form of promoter-signal peptide-VK-promoter-signal peptide-VH-CH1-Hinge-CH2-CH3-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec sequence. A schematic of the features of the nucleotide sequence depicted in the cDNA expression specially designed nucleotide cassette is shown in Figure 10, and a schematic of the features of the sequence depicted in the whole mammalian vector is shown in Figures 6 and 12.
[0274] In one embodiment of the second aspect, the bicistronic gene expression of the specially designed nucleotide cassette encoding a specific scFv antibody fragment driven by a promoter, linked up to the gene encoding the Siglec antigen via the IRES sequence in the form of a bicistronic sequence, is inserted into the mammalian expression vector so that it is read in frame and expressed as one single mRNA encoding two polypeptides driven by a single promoter in the form of promoter-signal peptide-scFv-hinge-CH2-CH3-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec sequence.
[0275] In another embodiment of the second aspect, the bicistronic gene expression of the specially designed nucleotide cassette encoding a specific full-length light chain driven by a promoter, linked up to the gene encoding the Siglec antigen via the IRES sequence in the form of a bicistronic sequence, is inserted into the mammalian expression vector so that it is read in frame and expressed as one single mRNA encoding two polypeptides driven by a single promoter in the form of promoter-signal peptide-VK-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec sequence.
[0276] In another embodiment of the second aspect, the bicistronic gene expression of the specially designed nucleotide cassette encoding a specific Fab which depicts a VH followed by a CH1 region that is driven by one promoter, linked up to the gene encoding the Siglec antigen via the IRES sequence in the form of a bicistronic sequence, is inserted into the mammalian expression vector so that it is read in frame and expressed as one single mRNA encoding two polypeptides driven by a single promoter in the form of promoter-signal peptide-VH-CH1-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec sequence.
[0277] In a specific embodiment of the second aspect, an IRES sequence (SEQ ID NO: 20) followed by the full length Siglec antigen of interest encoding nucleotide sequence could be inserted after the stop codon of the antibody fragment within the specially designed nucleotide cassette. This could be done via the introduction of appropriate cloning sites known to those of skill in the art. As an illustrative example, restriction endonuclease sites of BsrGI for the 5’ region within the CH nucleotide sequence of IgG1 and Not1 for the 3’ end were used as the cloning sites for the insertion of the IRES sequence. This ensures that the expression of the Siglec antigen of interest is achieved by re-initiation of translation through the presence of the IRES sequence, of which then could ensure the full-length antibody and, separately, the full-length target Siglec antigen protein could be simultaneously co-expressed from a cell transfected with this specially designed mammalian expression vector.
[0278] In one embodiment of the second aspect, the recombinant expression vector described above would have these features within the specially designed nucleotide cassette in this specific order: 1: a CMV promoter; 2: a full-length light chain nucleotide sequence containing a signal peptide; 3: a second CMV promoter; 4: a full-length heavy chain nucleotide sequence containing a signal peptide; 5: an IRES sequence; and 6: a Siglec antigen encoding nucleotide sequence containing a signal peptide. This is shown in schematic format in Figure 10.
[0279] In another embodiment of the second aspect, the recombinant expression vector described above would have these features within the specially designed nucleotide cassette in this specific order: 1: a CMV promoter; 2: a scFv antibody fragment containing a signal peptide; 3: an IRES sequence; and 4: a Siglec antigen encoding nucleotide sequence containing a signal peptide.
[0280] In some embodiments of the second aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule is an antibody comprising a light chain and a heavy chain, and the expression vector is constructed in one of the following ways:
[0281] (1) first promoter -light chain -second promoter -heavy chain -IRES -Siglec;
[0282] (2) first promoter-light chain -second promoter -Siglec -IRES -heavy chain;
[0283] (3) first promoter-light chain -IRES -Siglec -second promoter -heavy chain;
[0284] (4) first promoter -Siglec -IRES -light chain -second promoter -heavy chain;
[0285] (5) promoter -anti-Siglec antibody -IRES -Siglec; and
[0286] (6) promoter –Siglec -IRES -anti-Siglec antibody.
[0287] In some embodiments of the second aspect, IRES is inserted between the antibody and the Siglec and is used for the expression of both antibody and Siglec, thus the expression level of the Siglecs can be indirectly related to the mRNA level for the antibody. In some embodiments of the second aspect, the antibody is pre-bound to the co-expressed Siglec antigen on the transfected cells. In some embodiments of the second aspect, a mammalian expression vector expressing the bicistronic polynucleotide sequence encoding the antibody fragment connected via an IRES sequence to a Siglec protein is constructed using standard methods known to those skilled in the art.
[0288] In some embodiments of the second aspect, the vector is a mammalian cell expression vector. In some embodiments of the second aspect, a mammalian expression vectors expressing the bicistronic polynucleotide sequence encoding the signal-peptide associated light chain and heavy chain of the antibody fragment connected via an IRES sequence to a signal-peptide associated Siglec protein using standard methods known to those skilled in the art. The signal peptide is included to ensure that the co-expressed proteins such as the antibody heavy and light chain and the Siglec of interest are co-directed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for folding and post-translational modification (such as glycosylation) before they are secreted or expressed on the cell surface.
[0289] In some embodiments of the second aspect, the Siglec-binding molecule is an antibody comprising a light chain and a heavy chain, and the expression vector is constructed in one of the following ways:
[0290] (1) first promoter-signal peptide-VL-CK + second promoter-signal peptide-VH-CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec protein, wherein
[0291] (i) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes and expresses the light chain sequence containing the light chain variable region ( “VL” ) of the anti-Siglec antibody is preceded by a first promoter which is a eukaryotic promoter such as hCMV (human cytomegalovirus) promoter;
[0292] (ii) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes and expresses the heavy chain sequence containing the heavy chain variable region ( “VH” ) of the anti-Siglec antibody is preceded by a second promoter which is a eukaryotic promoter such as hCMV promoter;
[0293] (iii) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes for an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is operationally placed after the sequence encoding the heavy chain sequence of the anti-Siglec antibody; and
[0294] (iv) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes and expresses the full length Siglec of interest is operationally placed immediately after the IRES sequence;
[0295] (2) first promoter-signal peptide-VL-CK + second promoter-signal peptide-Siglec protein-IRES-signal peptide-VH-CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3, wherein
[0296] (i) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes and expresses the light chain sequence containing the light chain variable region ( “VL” ) of the anti-Siglec antibody is preceded by a first promoter which is a eukaryotic promoter such as hCMV promoter;
[0297] (ii) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes and expresses the full length Siglec of interest is preceded by a second promoter which is a eukaryotic promoter such as hCMV promoter;
[0298] (iii) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes for an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is operationally placed after the sequence encoding the full length Siglec of interest; and
[0299] (iv) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes and expresses the heavy chain sequence containing the heavy chain variable region ( “VH” ) of the anti-Siglec antibody is operationally placed immediately after the IRES sequence;
[0300] (3) first promoter-signal peptide-VL-CK-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec protein + second promoter-signal peptide-VH-CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3;
[0301] (4) first promoter-signal peptide-Siglec protein-IRES-signal peptide-VL-CK + second promoter-signal peptide-VH-CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3;
[0302] (5) promoter-signal peptide-scFv-hinge-CH1-CH2-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec protein, wherein
[0303] (i) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes and expresses the antigen binding portion of the anti-Siglec antibody in the form of scFv operationally linked to the heavy chain Fc region via an antibody hinge sequence (scFv antibody fragment) is preceded by a eukaryotic promoter such as hCMV promoter;
[0304] (ii) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes for an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is operationally placed after the sequence encoding the Fc portion of the anti-Siglec scFv antibody fragment; and
[0305] (iii) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes and expresses the full length Siglec of interest is operationally placed immediately after the IRES sequence; and
[0306] (6) promoter-signal peptide-Siglec protein-IRES-signal peptide-scFv-hinge-CH1-CH2, wherein
[0307] (i) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes and expresses the full length Siglec of interest is preceded by a eukaryotic promoter such as hCMV promoter;
[0308] (ii) the polynucleotide sequence that encodes for an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is operationally placed after the sequence encoding the full length Siglec of interest; and
[0309] (iii) the polynuclotide sequence that encodes and expresses the antigen binding portion of the anti-Siglec antibody in the form of scFv operationally linked to the heavy chain Fc region via an antibody hinge sequence (scFv antibody fragment) is operationally placed immediately after the IRES sequence.
[0310] In some embodiments of the second aspect, in the event that the antibody fragment sequence is in the form of scFv or scFv-fragment, the bicistronic gene comprises signal peptide-scFv-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec or signal peptide-scFv-hinge-CH1-CH2-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec sequence.
[0311] In some embodiments of the second aspect, in the event that the antibody fragment sequence is either in the form of Fab or IgG, the bicistronic gene can comprise signal peptide-VK-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec (for both Fab and IgG) or signal peptide-VH-CH1-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec (for Fab) , signal peptide-VH-CH1-hinge-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec (for Fab’ or F (ab’) 2) , or signal peptide-VH-CH1-hinge-CH2-CH3-IRES-signal peptide-Siglec (IgG) .
[0312] In a preferred embodiment of the second aspect, the plasmid pEGFPN1 would be used as the backbone for the specially designed mammalian expression vector. The plasmid pEGFPN1 of the specially designed plasmid contains neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt) gene, which is driven by the SV40 late promoter (Figures 6 and 12) . This confers resistance to G418 upon successful transfection, and can allow selection of positive clones upon transfection. Clones surviving G418 selection were tested for surface expression and the pool of selected transfectant cells were further cultured under G418 selection pressure until the number selected cell pool began to increase, indicating the establishment of selected stable cell clones in the pool.
[0313] In a third aspect, there is provided in the present application a host cell comprising the vector of the second aspect.
[0314] Nucleic acids encoding and co-expressing the antibody fragments (either as scFv-antibody fragment or full antibody or fragment thereof comprising heavy and light chains) and Siglec antigen of the present application are introduced to the appropriate host cell for co-expression of the antibody and the corresponding Siglec antigen. Host cells such as bacteria, plant, yeast, insect, and mammalian cells can be used. These cells can be engineered with the desired properties to allow for co-expression of the antibody and the corresponding Siglec antigen in conditions permissible for cis-tans converter antibody identification as described in the present application. Such permissible conditions include proper protein (antibody and Siglec antigen) folding, proper glycan sialylation for Siglec binding, and proper direction of the antibody-Siglec complex to the cell surface (e.g. signal-peptide guided entry into the Golgi apparatus for both antibody and Siglec antigen leading to glycosylation and surface expression. It is expected that those of skill in the art are knowledgeable in the numerous expression systems available for expression of proteins including E. coli, other bacterial hosts, yeast, and various higher eukaryotic cells such as the COS, CHO, HeLa and myeloma cell lines. In brief, the expression of natural or synthetic nucleic acids encoding the isolated proteins of the present application will typically be achieved by operably linking the DNA or cDNA encoding the antibody and the Siglec antigen with the inclusion of appropriate signal peptide sequences to a promoter (which is either constitutive or inducible) , followed by incorporation into the specially designed nucleotide cassette. The cassettes can be suitable for replication and integration in either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Typical expression cassettes contain transcription and translation terminators, initiation sequences, and promoters useful for regulation of the expression of the DNA encoding the protein. To obtain high level expression of a cloned gene, it is desirable to construct expression cassettes which contain, at the minimum, a strong promoter to direct transcription, a ribosome binding site for translational initiation, and a transcription / translation terminator. For E. coli, this includes a promoter such as the T7, tφ, lac, or lambda promoters, a ribosome binding site and preferably a transcription termination signal. For eukaryotic cells, the control sequences can include a promoter and preferably an enhancer derived from immunoglobulin genes, SV40, cytomegalovirus, and a polyadenylation sequence, and may include splice donor and acceptor sequences.
[0315] In one embodiment of the third aspect, the specially designed mammalian expression vector containing the specially designed nucleotide cassette encoding the anti-Siglec antibody fragment as well as the target Siglec antigen could be transfected into the chosen host cell by well-known methods such as calcium chloride transformation or electroporation for E. coli and calcium phosphate treatment, electroporation or lipofection for mammalian cells. In a further embodiment, cells transformed by the specially designed mammalian expression vector can be selected by resistance to antibiotics conferred by genes contained in the cassettes, such as the amp, gpt, neo and hyg genes determined by plasmid backbones.
[0316] In some embodiments of the third aspect, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell.
[0317] In some embodiments of the third aspect, the host cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments of the third aspect, the mammalian cell is a HEK293 cell, a SP2 / 0 cell, a CHO cell, a Per. C6 cell, a NS0 cell or a baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell.
[0318] While different cell lines possessing or engineered with the permissible conditions can be used for co-expression of the antibody and the Siglec protein in the present application, HEK293 cell is used as the host cell for illustrative purpose. For expression of the specially designed vector in HEK293 cells, the expression vector is transfected into the host cell by standard techniques. The various forms of the term “transfection” are intended to encompass a wide variety of techniques commonly used for the introduction of exogenous DNA into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, e.g., electroporation, calcium-phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran transfection, cationic liposome mediated transfection and the like. Although it is theoretically possible to express the antibodies and the corresponding Siglecs of the present application in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, expression of antibodies in eukaryotic cells, and most preferably mammalian host cells, is the most preferred because such eukaryotic cells, and in particular mammalian cells, are more likely than prokaryotic cells to assemble and secrete a properly folded and immunologically active antibody and confer the proper sialylation to the glycan for interaction with the corresponding Siglec. Although it is possible to engineer prokaryotic and yeast cells with these properties, use of these hosts is limiting as prokaryotic expression of antibody genes has been reported to be ineffective for production of high yields of active antibody [Boss, M.A. and Wood, C.R. (1985) Immunology Today 6: 12-13] and the glycosylation pattern of yeast cells is drastically different from that of eukaryotic cells. In the present application, the cell line used for the co-expression of the antibody and the Siglec encoded by the specially designed plasmid should preferably not naturally express the target Siglec. Cells suitable for use with the present application include, but are not limited to, primary cells and established cell lines, embryonic cells, immune cells, stem cells, and differentiated cells such as fibroblasts, hematopoietic, and epithelial cells. In further specificity, the cell line should also express the proper glycosylation modifying enzymes for cis-ligand formation (for example, sailytransferase ST6gal1 for 2, 6Sia ligand formation for binding by Siglec2 (CD22) ) . This is because it is essential that the expressed Siglecs shall bear the proper sialic acid ligand to form homomultimeric nanocluster (cis-binding) , even in the presence of the co-expressed Siglec-specific antibodies that are not cis-trans converters.
[0319] For an illustrative purpose for the present application, an antibody that binds to human CD22, and more preferably, to domain 2 of human CD22, and most preferably to a conformational discontinuous epitope located in domain 2 of human CD22 is used as an example. The antibody is preferably a recombinant chimeric or framework-patched (humanized) antibody that specifically binds to human CD22 with high affinity at a specific epitope residing in the domain 2 of human CD22 and inhibiting B cell activities through CD22-induced immunomodulation of BCR downstream signaling pathways.
[0320] In a fourth aspect, there is provided in the present application an anti-CD22 antibody, wherein the antibody binds to a first epitope comprising amino acid residues 161-173 with reference to SEQ ID NO: 18 and / or a second epitope comprising amino acid residues 198-219 with reference to SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0321] In one embodiment of the fourth aspect, the antibody is an anti-CD22 antibody that binds to human CD22 at specific discontinued conformational epitope resided in domain 2 containing the sequence 161CLLNFSCYGYPIQ173 and 198VFTRSELKFSPQWSHHGKIVTC219 and with a kd of 0.137 RU s-1 or less, induces human CD22 internalization, and is sufficient to exert the above effects to restore the immune regulatory and / or inhibitory function of the Siglecs such that the disorder is treated.
[0322] SM06 is a reengineered version of SM03. SM03 is a chimeric antibody against human CD22 [Leung et al., Chinese Pat. No. ZL03123054.7, incorporated in its entirety herein by reference] . SM03 was further reengineered to reduce its potential immunogenicity using a method known as framework-patching. The “framework-patched” or “humanized” version of SM03 is known as SM06, and was demonstrated to exhibit affinity and specificity against human CD22 comparable to that of SM03. The construction of the framework-patched SM06 and its uses are described in Chinese Patent No. ZL 011 44894.6, US Pat. Nos. 7,321,026 B2 & 7,338,659 B2, incorporated in its their entirety entireties herein by reference. The most preferred recombinant anti-CD22 antibody is referred to herein as SM06 (the amino acid sequence of the SM06 VL region is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5; the amino acid sequence of the SM06 VH region is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6) . The properties of SM06 in Chinese Pat. No. ZL 031 23054.7, which are incorporated by reference herein; and the properties of SM06 have been described in (Leung et al., 2006) , (U.S. Pat. No. 7,321,026 B2 and 7,338,659 B2, which are incorporated by reference herein) . In the examples for illustrative purposes, SM06 is utilized as the parent antibody from which mutation variants were developed. The most preferred recombinant antibody utilized in the example is SM06, which is a humanized anti-CD22 antibody that has a light chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 and a heavy chain CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. Preferably, the SM06 antibody has a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. These antibodies are described in Chinese Pat. No. ZL 031 23054.7 & ZL 011 44894.6 and US Pat. No. 7,321,026 B2 & 7,338,659 B2, incorporated in their entireties herein by reference.
[0323] It is also well known in the art that antibody heavy and light chain CDR3 domains play an important role in the binding specificity / affinity of an antibody for an antigen, especially when the antibody has to compete with Siglec (e.g. CD22) homo-oligomeric binding in cis, and continuously exert steric hindrance in preventing the re-engagement of the freed Siglec (e.g. CD22) 2, 6Sia ligand in cis. Thus accordingly, anti-CD22 antibodies that have the appropriate association / dissociation kinetics with human CD22 and that have light and heavy chain CDR3 domains that structurally are identical to or related to those of SM06 (e.g. SM03) , with a consensus motif for the SM6 VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence: Q-Q-G-N-T-L-P-W-T (SEQ ID NO: 11) can be modified by substituting one or more of the amino acid (s) to adjust the antibody affinity without changing its binding specificity, or alternatively be replaced by the VL CDR3 of an irrelevant human antibody that exhibits sufficient similarities to the SM06 VL CDR3 using criteria as described in Chinese Pat. No. ZL200880024788.2, which is incorporated herewith by reference. Similarly, a consensus motif for the SM06 (or SM03) VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence: H-S-G-Y-G-S-S-Y-G-V-L-F-A-Y (SEQ ID NO: 14) can be modified by substituting one or more of the amino acid (s) to adjust the antibody affinity without changing its binding specificity, or alternatively be replaced by the VH CDR3 of an irrelevant human antibody that exhibits sufficient similarities to the SM06 VH CDR3 using criteria as described in Chinese Pat. No. ZL200880024788.2, which is incorporated herewith by reference. The amino acid sequence of SM06 heavy chain CDR3 is herein modified and used as an illustrative example to demonstrate the applicability of using the platform as described in the present application to screen for such modified clones with mutations at sites that are important for maintaining or enhancing the cis-trans converter properties of the parent or parental antibody. The variable region sequences of SM06 mutants that consist of the amino acid sequences of ASY, ISY, TSY, CSY and VSY in the VH CDR3 at position 100 were cloned into the mammalian expression vector as described above in the present application. Briefly, the vector construct would consist of a CMV promoter, the full-length SM06 light chain nucleotide sequence, another CMV promoter, the full-length SM06 heavy chain sequence including original and mutant forms, IRES and the full-length CD22 nucleotide sequence (all with the appropriate signal peptides included) . The vector would display the nucleotides encoding the aforementioned characteristics in that particular order (SEQ ID NOs: 39-44) . In a specific embodiment, the light chain and heavy chain antibody fragments pertain to the light chain and heavy chain mRNA sequence of SM06 and mutation variants of SM06 (SEQ ID NOs: 39-44) . In this embodiment, the Siglec expressing transcript is the full-length expression transcript of human CD22 (SEQ ID NO: 19) which would encode the full-length CD22 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 18) . The design would allow for the co-expression of the anti-Siglec antibody and the Siglec of interest, and in this case, SM06 and human CD22, within the same cell, such that the anti-Siglec antibody-Siglec (SM06-CD22) complex would remain associated, even when they were expressed on the cell surface. If the anti-Siglec antibody associated to the Siglec of interest is a cis-trans converter, without considering the exact epitope it engages to, the attached antibody would prevent re-association of the Siglec in cis, and free up the sialic acid ligand binding site for trans engagement. Only cells expressing the cis-trans converter antibody would keep the surface Siglec open for binding to the sialic acid ligand on the synthetic probe, which can be detected and the strength of the cis-trans converter properties revealed by the level of fluorescence intensity of individual cells.
[0324] The specially designed plasmids encoding all combinations of mutation variants were pooled and transfected to previously seeded HEK293 cells by lipofectamine 3000 and incubated for 48 hours (the pooled DNA can be introduced to different mammalian host cells using different transfection approach such as electroporation using methods known to those skilled in the art) . HEK 293 cells were then detached, washed, and probed with the trans-fluorescent probe 6’ PAA-FITC for the identification of cis-trans converter capabilities by flow cytometry with gating strategy set like that as described in Figure 8. Gated cells could be pooled and several rounds of screening could be performed with more stringent gating strategy for the enrichment of transfected clones with enhanced cis-trans converter properties based on the fluorescence intensity of the gated cells. Single clones of the gated cells with optimal fluorescent intensity were sorted by a cell sorter (FACSAriaTMIII Sorter with an Automatic Cell Deposition Unit (BD Bioscience) ) following procedures described by Higdon et al [Higdon et al., Journal of immunological methods 2019; 466 (17-23] , in brief BD FACSAria III instrument equipped with BD FACSDiva V8.0 software. The instrument was equipped with Blue (488nm) , Red (633nm) , and Violet (405nm) lasers, and a BD Automated Cell Deposition Unit (ACDU) for plate sorting. The instrument was maintained using laser calibration with Cytometer, Setup & Tracking (CS&T) beads and drop calibration with AccuDrop beads (BD Biosciences) . CS&T was run for 70 μm nozzles and the frequency was set to 88.0. Amplitude was adjusted as needed to set up the droplet stream and optimize droplet break off. AccuDrop was run immediately prior to each sort to calculate the drop delay. A recirculating chiller device (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was set to 5 ℃ to maintain temperature of plates for maximal cell viability during sorting. The BD FACSAria System Family Aerosol Management Option was used to prevent formation of aerosols. Flow rate was set to 1.0. The threshold rate was set under 200 events / second. The isolated clones were probed with the trans-fluorescent probe 6’ PAA-FITC and further analyzed by flow cytometry to confirm enhanced cis-trans converter signals after normalization.
[0325] The level of cis-trans converter capability of the antibody towards the Siglec of interest (human CD22 in the case of SM06 and its mutation variants) is measured by flow cytometry normalized to control. The control contains HEK293 cells with only the full-length target Siglec transfected without including any VH and VL region. The extent of trans-binding showing comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties by the anti-Siglec mutation variant antibodies is evaluated by comparing the fluorescence intensity of the trans-fluorescent probe signal upon binding by the anti-Siglec mutation variant antibodies and the parent cis-trans converter antibody to the co-expressed Siglec in flow cytometry analyses. This is done by gating the Siglec+ sialic acid ligand-FITC+ population, of which these parameters are normalized by control.
[0326] The VH CDR3 sequences of clones confirmed to exhibit comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter signals were retrieved by RT-PCR following standard protocols known to those skilled in the art. It appeared that SM06 mutation variants of CSY, ASY, TSY, VSY and ISY sequences would have comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties when compared to that of the parent or parental SM06 (see Example 5 and Figure 9) .
[0327] Full antibody of SM06 mutation variants containing the CSY, ASY, TSY and ISY sequences at the VH CDR3 region at position 100 were constructed and produced as IgG proteins following standard molecular biology techniques. Purified IgG proteins of SM06 mutation variants were tested for cis-trans converter properties and compared to that of the parent or parental SM06. ICC analysis indicated the SM06 mutation variants CSY, ASY, TSY and ISY exhibited significant increase in cis-trans conversion of CD22 binding to 2-6 sialic acid probes compared to SM03. The strength of enhanced cis-trans converter properties as evaluated by the ICC intensity was in the order CSY>ISY>TSY>ASY, amongst which CSY exhibited the highest and most significant cis-trans converter property enhancement. Functionally, TSY and ISY mutation variant induced enhanced SHP-1 activation (SHP-1 phosphorylation) on RAMOS cells co-stimulated with anti-IgM and 2-6 sialic acid probe when compared with that of SM03 (see Example 7 and Figure 18) , verifying the validity of the whole screening method and process of the present application for the identification of enhanced cis-trans converter mutation variants from known cis-trans converter antibody.
[0328] In one embodiment of the fourth aspect, SM06 mutation variants CSY, ASY, TSY and ISY showing comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties as opposed to SM06 (or SM03) can be used for improving the therapeutic strength of the immunomodulatory antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune and neurological diseases.
[0329] In another embodiment of the fourth aspect, the method of the first aspect has pin-pointed the importance of amino acid at position 100 within the heavy chain (VH) CDR3 for cis-trans converter properties for SM06, or anti-CD22 antibodies having a CDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. Replacement of the original amino acid Ser with Cys, Ala, Val, Thr or Ile could either maintain or enhance the cis-trans converter properties of the mutation variants, strengthening the immunomodulatory functions of these mutation variants for the treatment of autoimmune and neurological diseases.
[0330] Specifically, the anti-CD22 antibody bind to the domain 2 of human CD22 with high affinity, and the anti-CD22 antibody can be a chimeric, framework-patched, CDR-grafted and / or fully human antibody. Preferably, the chimeric, framework-patched, CDR-grafted, and / or fully human antibody is able to immunomodulate the BCR downstream signaling pathway and effects and demonstrates therapeutic effects for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Recently, CD22 overexpression is found to be associated with a number of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) . Plasma soluble CD22 (sCD22) levels were elevated in patients with preclinical and dementia AD. Plasma sCD22 levels were negatively correlated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) . Aβ42 levels and Aβ42 / Aβ40 were positively correlated with CSF phosphorylated tau levels and brain Aβ burden, but negatively correlated with cognitive function [Bu et al., 2022. Associations of plasma soluble CD22 levels with brain amyloid burden and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Adv 8 (13) : eabm5667. Doi: 10.1126 / sciadv. abm5667. Epub 2022] . Anti-CD22 antibody was also found to improve cognitive functions in aged mice [Pluvinage et al., 2019. CD22 blockade restores homeostatic microglial phagocytosis in ageing brains. Nature 568: 187] . Recently, it was found that CD22 is highly expressed in microglia cells and naturally binds to Aβoligomer. Anti-CD22 such as SM03 or SM06 could induce the internalization of Aβ-bound CD22, leading to the rapid clearance of Aβ plagues. Also, via the cis-trans converter properties, SM03 and SM06 could be used to reduce neuroinflammation and serve as a novel approach in treating neurological diseases such as Alzheimer [Leung et al., PCT application: WO 2023 / 284710 A1, which is incorporated herewith by reference] . Therefore, in addition to the treatment of other autoimmune diseases, the chimeric, framework-patched, CDR-grafted, and / or fully human antibody is able to enhance Aβ removal via the induction of CD22 internalization and reduce neuroinflammatory responses via immunomodulation of the CD22 downstream signaling pathway, leading to clinical benefits in patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s diseases.
[0331] Siglecs such as human CD22 functions as a negative regulator which mediates inhibition of B-cell antigen receptor-induced signaling. These Siglecs, specifically CD22, recognize endogenous sialic acids expressed on glycoproteins of various cellular surfaces. They bind to 2, 6Sia via cis-binding on the same cell (mostly with neighboring CD22) or via trans-binding onto other cells (with 2, 6Sia on glycan moiety of glycoprotein, glycolipids, etc) , through their N-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain [Crocker et al., Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7 (4) 255-266] . Only cells, mostly hematopoietic cells such as T cells, B cells, antigen presenting cells (APC) and liver cells, that constitutively express the ST6Gal I (Gal1b1-4GlcNAc-specific a2-6-sailytransferase) enzyme, can produce 2, 6Sia ligands on the cell surface [Collins et al., Glycobiology 2002; 12 (9) 563-571] . CD22, a co-receptor of BCR, functions to regulate detrimental auto-antigen signaling through the ability to differentiate between antigens on pathogens “non-self” or autologous juxtaposing “self” cells that express 2, 6Sia ligands, where CD22 would bind to the latter and modulate unwanted BCR signaling [Nitschke et al., Current Biology 1997; 7 (2) 133-143, Cornall et al., Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibition Motifs 1999; 57-68, Kawasaki et al., Journal of innate immunity 2011; 3 (4) 411-419] . CD22 was previously demonstrated to exist in preformed homomultimeric nanoclusters, where the formation is dependent on cis-binding of 2, 6Sia ligand on neighboring CD22 molecules [Gasparrini et al., The EMBO Journal 2016; 35 (3) 258-280] . A masking effect within the nanocluster of CD22 would restrict modulation of BCR, of which upon auto-antigens on autologous juxtaposing cells (self) were engaged with the BCR, preferential trans-binding of CD22 to 2, 6Sia ligand of the autologous juxtaposing cell would impart an increased immunomodulation of B cell activation, which could lead to immune tolerance against the auto-antigen [Courtney, Puffer et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009; 106 (8) 2500-2505, Pfrengle et al., The Journal of Immunology 2013; 191 (4) 1724-1731, Kishimoto et al., Frontiers in Immunology 2018; 9 (230, Lübbers et al., Frontiers in Immunology 2018; 9] . A skewed balance between cis-binding and trans-binding of CD22 on B cells will affect the immunomodulatory function of CD22 leading to autoimmunity. Indeed, deregulation of CD22-α2, 6-linked sialic acid ligand binding by impairing sialic acid O-acetyl esterase (SIAE) , which functions to enable CD22-sialic acid binding, was found to be associated with autoimmune disorders [Surolia et al., Nature 2010; 466 (7303) 243-247] . Moreover, transgenic mice with SIAE deletions are prone to develop SLE-like autoimmune diseases, highlighting the important role played by CD22 and 2, 6Sia ligand binding in B cell immunomodulatory functions [Surolia, Pirnie et al., Nature 2010; 466 (7303) 243-247, Macauley et al., The Journal of Immunology 2014; 193 (9) 4312-4321, Kishimoto and Maldonado Frontiers in Immunology 2018; 9 (230] . Disruption of cis-ligand binding for CD22 homo-oligomers is achieved by the antibodies described in the present application, freeing up unoccupied CD22 ligand binding sites for ligand binding in trans, which induces B-cell signal inhibition when target cells co-express antigen and sialic acids [Wong, Li et al., The Journal of Immunology 2022; 208 (12) 2726-2737] . It is believed that via similar mechanism and through the induction of cis-trans converter functions, in addition to B cell suppression, the neuroinflammatory responses in CD22 positive neurological cells such as microglia cells would be efficiently suppressed.
[0332] An anti-Siglec antibody that could disrupt the Siglec cis-binding to its ligands, could simultaneously free up the ligand binding site of the disrupted Siglec for ligation to ligands on other immune cells in trans, allowing the Siglec to exert its inhibitory function upon physical association with the activating signaling receptor (e.g., BCRs on B cells) . This in turn could recruit and activate immunomodulatory signaling molecules such as SHP-1 or SHP-2. This could lead to a restoration of immune tolerance against the target cells as demonstrated in Example 1: the increased ability of an anti-Siglec (CD22) -antibody (SM03 / SM06) to induce CD22 “cis-trans” conversion leads to better modulation of immune activation.
[0333] Although the platform as described in the present application can be used to screen for cis-trans converter antibodies against a Siglec of interest from pooled immunoglobulin sequences derived from a variety of sources, such as immunized mice, hybridoma, or phage-display library, etc., for illustrative purposes, the platform is used herein to screen for mutations introduced into the heavy chain CDR3 of a known cis-trans converter antibody, SM06, as an example demonstrating the selective features of the platform in identifying mutation variants with comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties. Single point or multiple arbitrary mutations with specific amino acid residues were introduced within the hotspot CDR3 region of the heavy chain variable region of SM06, generating a total of nine SM06 mutation variants. These mutation variants were expressed as pooled cells and the platform of the present application was applied to screen for SM06 mutation variants with comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties.
[0334] It is known that Siglec-specific antibodies, such as those that bind to CD22, can sometime elicit internalization through the Clathrin-coated pit in a recycling manner; that is, antibody bound to CD22 remains bound during the process, while the glycan ligand is released at the low pH of endosomes [O'Reilly, Tian et al., 2011] . A cis-trans converter antibody such as SM03 or SM06 would remain bound to the resurfaced CD22 freed of cis-binding, meanwhile preventing the antibody-bound CD22 to re-associate with neighboring CD22 in cis, probably because of steric hindrance, and allowing the antibody-bound CD22 to bind to its ligand presented in trans. The antibody induced or facilitated trans-binding would make B cell activation via BCR engagement with self-antigen more likely to be attenuated or modulated. Therefore, antibodies against Siglecs that can induce internalization are desirable (though not a necessary condition) for the present application. Antibodies binding to a different domain at different epitopes of a Siglec with certain affinity that do not effectively disrupt cis-binding might have some but insufficient clinical effects and are therefore less desirable, as the extent of trans-binding may not be sufficient to elicit the intended immunomodulatory activity to result in a satisfactory clinical outcome.
[0335] For illustrative purposes, the human CD22 and SM06 pair were used, with mutations introduced to the CDR3 of the SM06 heavy chain. Pooled vectors encoding the different mutation variants in the bicistronic cassette were used to transfect host cells (e.g. HEK293 cells) . The procedures as described in the present application were followed for cis-trans converter identification, and cell clones showing significant and probably enhanced binding to trans-fluorescent probe were isolated. The sequences encoding the VH and VL region of the SM06 mutation variants from cell clones showing comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties were retrieved and elucidated using standard molecular biology technique known to those of skill in the art. These retrieved sequences of the VH and VL from SM06 mutation variants showing comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties as identified employing the platform of the present application were used to construct and express the full length SM06 mutation variant antibodies to corroborate their enhanced cis-trans converter capabilities
[0336] Accordingly a consensus motif for the SM06 VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence: Q-Q-G-N-T-L-P-W-T (SEQ ID NO: 11) can be modified by substituting one or more of the amino acid (s) to adjust the antibody affinity without changing its binding specificity, or alternatively be replaced by the VL CDR3 of an irrelevant human antibody that exhibits sufficient similarities to the SM06 VL CDR3 using criteria as described in Chinese Pat. No. ZL200880024788.2, which is incorporated herewith by reference. Similarly, a consensus motif for the SM06 VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence: H-S-G-Y-G-S-S-Y-G-V-L-F-A-Y (SEQ ID NO: 14) can be modified by substituting one or more of the amino acid (s) to adjust the antibody affinity without changing its binding specificity, or alternatively be replaced by the VH CDR3 of an irrelevant human antibody that exhibits sufficient similarities to the SM06 VH CDR3 using criteria as described in Chinese Pat. No. ZL200880024788.2, which is incorporated herewith by reference.
[0337] The skilled artisan will appreciate that, substitution of other amino acids within the CDR3 domains may be possible while still retaining the epitope specificity of the antibody, in particular substitutions with conservative amino acids. Similarly, it is possible to replace the CDR3 with the CDR3 from a human or primate antibody that (1) is identical in the number of residues and exhibits 50%or higher sequence homology to the SM06 CDR3; (2) contains at least one, preferably more, aromatic residue (s) that is (are) identical or conservatively similar to the residue (s) at corresponding position (s) in the SM06 CDR3; (3) contains at least one, preferably more, charged residue (s) that is (are) identical or conservatively similar to the residue (s) at corresponding position (s) in the SM06 CDR3; or (4) contains at least one, preferably more, amino acid residue (s) that is / are identical or conservatively similar to the residue (s) at corresponding position (s) in the SM06 CDR3 at positions that are known to be important for maintaining the binding site structure / contacts of the anti-CD22 antibody as determined by crystal structure and / or computer database analysis (see Chinese Pat. No. ZL200880024788.2, which is incorporated herewith by reference) . A “conservative amino acid substitution” as used herein, is one in which one amino acid residue is replaced with another amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Amino acid or residue that is “conservatively similar” as used herein refers to non-identical amino acid residue having similar side chains. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art, including basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . Preferably, no more than one to five conservative amino acid substitutions are made with the SM06 VL and / or VH CDR3 domains, or VL and / or VH CDR3 from irrelevant primate or human antibodies containing no more than one to five conservatively similar residues are used to replace the VL and / or VH CDR3 of SM06. More preferably, no more than one to three conservative amino acid substitutions are made within the SM06 VL and / or VH CDR3 domains, or VL and / or VH CDR3 from irrelevant primate or human antibodies containing no more than one to three conservatively similar residues are used to replace the VL and / or VH CDR3 of SM06.
[0338] The in-house studies had identified different hot-spots within the CDR3 of the heavy chain that can be mutated that either do not significantly affect the affinity and / or specificity of the resultant antibodies against CD22, or can improve the binding affinity without affecting the specificity of the resultant antibodies against CD22. Arbitrary mutations were introduced in the SM06 heavy chain CDR3 at position 100 (Ser) (Kabat’s numbering) . Vectors of the present application containing these mutation variants were constructed according to the methodology above and named CSY, ISY, VSY, TSY and ASY. The amino acid sequences for the VH regions of CSY, ISY, VSY, TSY and ASY would be SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 47, 48 and 49, respectively. The target mutation sequences are also indicated on the whole vector map (Figure 6) as well as each mutation was described in Example 3. Mutation PCR was performed to modify specific nucleotide sequences that encode for the amino acid replacements and would be known by those skilled in the art. The mutated PCR products were cloned into the specially designed expression vector before further standard molecular cloning techniques are applied to generate purified expression plasmids according to the methodology described above.
[0339] The specially designed bicistronic gene expression plasmids that co-express the SM06 mutation variants and CD22 were pooled and transfected to HEK293 cells. The transfected cells were then subjected to G418 treatment to select for pooled cell clones expressing the bicistronic gene encoding the SM06 mutation variants and CD22. The pool of HEK293 cells expressing the bicistronic genes were then probed with trans-fluorescent probe containing the α-2, 6 sialic acid ligand (2, 6Sia+) before flow cytometry and cell sorting was used to identify clones containing anti-CD22 antibodies that displayed cis-trans converter capabilities, as illustrated in Example 4 and Figure 7. Clones that displayed cis-trans converter capabilities were sorted by single cell selection using single cell sorter according to manufacturer instructions and as described by Higdon et al. (Higdon, Cain et al., 2019) .
[0340] The clones were outgrown with continuous selection of G418 before being lysed and RT-PCR was conducted to generate VH and VK encoding cDNA of the clones. Sequencing was conducted on the cDNA to identify the VH and VK sequences of the antibody fragments. A total of five mutation variants were identified to exhibit significantly higher cis-trans converter properties (as reflected by the intensity of the cell clones binding to the trans-fluorescent probe) and further analysis was conducted, as demonstrated in Example 5 and Table 1. Analysis of CSY, ISY, VSY, TSY and ASY mutation variants with trans-fluorescent probe binding by flow cytometry demonstrated differential cis-trans converter capabilities (Figure 9) . CSY showed significantly upregulated cis-trans converter capabilities as shown in Figure 9.
[0341] The full-length antibodies of the SM06 mutation variants CSY, ASY, TSY and ISY for confirmatory analysis were constructed using standard molecular cloning and antibody purification / isolation techniques described in Example 6. Utilizing immunocytochemistry as described in detail in Example 1, it was confirmed that CSY, ISY, TSY and ASY exhibited comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties, with CSY showing the highest enhancement, when compared to that of the parent SM06 (Figure 15) . This in-turn offers confirmation on the viability of the platform in screening for potential anti-Siglec antibody modification for enhanced cis-trans converter capabilities.
[0342] Using the SM06 mutation variants, it was further demonstrated that the increased cis-trans converter capabilities of CSY, and slightly less so with ISY, and further slightly less so with TSY also induced enhanced efficacy in modulating of B cell activation in RAMOS cells through CD22 trans-binding and activation. Trans-ligation increased SHP-1 activation in RAMOS cells stimulated with α-IgM and sialic acid ligand with these mutation variants (Figure 18) . These mutation variants with enhanced or similar cis-trans converter properties when compared to that of the parent or parental SM06 antibody can be used for the treatment of autoimmune or neurological diseases with improved or comparable clinical efficacy.
[0343] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof preferably contains a light chain variable region (LCVR) having a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, or modified from SEQ ID NO: 11, and with a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) having a CDR3 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, or modified from SEQ ID NO: 14. Preferably, the LCVR further has a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 and the HCVR further has a CDR2 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. Even more preferably, the LCVR further has CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 and the HCVR has a CDR1 domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0344] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the framework regions for VL preferably are from the Vk10 murine germline family, and most preferably from the SM03 framework sequences shown in Figure 4A of Chinese Pat. No. ZL03123054.7. The framework regions for VH preferably are from the VH5 murine germline family, and most preferably from the SM03 VH framework sequences shown in Figure 4B in Chinese Pat. No ZL03123054.7. Yet more preferably, the framework one (FR1) regions for VL preferably are from the VkID human germline family, the framework two (FR2) regions for VL preferably are from the Vk1 human germline family, the framework three (FR3) regions for VL preferably are from the Vk1 human germline family, and the framework four (FR4) regions for VL preferably are from the VkJ1 human germline family, and most preferably from the SM06 framework sequences shown in Figure. 3B of US Pat. No. 7,321,026 B2. The framework one (FR1) regions for VH preferably are from the VH3 human germline family, the framework two (FR2) regions for VH preferably are from the VH3 human germline family, the framework three (FR3) regions for VH preferably are from the VH3 human germline family, and the framework four (FR4) regions for VH preferably are from the VHJ5 human germline family, and most preferably from the SM06 framework sequences shown in Figure 3A of US Pat. No. 7,321,026 B2
[0345] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the anti-CD22 antibody is an isolated chimeric and / or framework-patched (humanized) antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof. The antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof preferably contains a light chain variable region (LCVR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 (i.e., the SM06 VL) and a heavy chain variable region (HVCR) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (i.e., the SM06 VH) . In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chain constant region, such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM or IgD constant region or any of the above constant region with the glycosylation site and / or the glycoforms at the glycosylation site modified. Preferably, the antibody comprises a kappa light chain constant region. Alternatively, the antibody portion can be, for example, a Fab fragment or a single chain Fv fragment.
[0346] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, all antibodies are derived from SM06 and the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3 and a light chain variable region comprising LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3. In a further embodiment of the fourth aspect, the mutation variants would comprise HCDR1, HCDR2, LCDR1, LCDR2, LCDR3 of the same amino acid residue sequence as those of SM06, and the modification is towards HCDR3, wherein:
[0347] the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;
[0348] the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;
[0349] the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;
[0350] the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;
[0351] the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 69, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11; or
[0352] the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;
[0353] wherein the amino acid sequences of HCDRs and LCDRs are defined according to Kabat.
[0354] The antibody mentioned above containing the HCDR3 are interchangeable to represent antibodies for future binding and functional efficacies.
[0355] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 6.
[0356] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0357] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;
[0358] the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;
[0359] the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;
[0360] the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;
[0361] the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5; or
[0362] the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0363] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 90%identity to the amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 6, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 90%identity to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0364] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or more homology to the amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 6.
[0365] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more homology to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0366] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody differs from the amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 6 by about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions.
[0367] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody differs from the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 by about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions.
[0368] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the C-terminal or N-terminal region of the amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 6 can also be truncated by about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25 or more amino acids while still retaining the function similar to that of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody.
[0369] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25 or more amino acids can also be added to the C-terminal or N-terminal region of the amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 6, and the resulting amino acid sequences still retain the function similar to that of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody.
[0370] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25 or more amino acids can also be added or deleted at a region other than the C-terminus or the N-terminus of the amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 6, provided that the altered amino acid sequences substantially retain the function similar to that of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody.
[0371] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the C-terminal or N-terminal region of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 can also be truncated by about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25 or more amino acids while still retaining the function similar to that of the light chain variable region of the antibody.
[0372] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25 or more amino acids can also be added to the C-terminal or N-terminal region of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, and the resulting amino acid sequences still retain the function similar to that of the light chain variable region of the antibody.
[0373] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25 or more amino acids can also be added or deleted at a region other than the C-terminus or the N-terminus of the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, provided that the altered amino acid sequences substantially retain the function similar to that of the light chain variable region of the antibody.
[0374] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the antibody is an intact antibody, a Fab fragment, a F (ab’) 2 fragment, or a single chain Fv (scFv) . In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the antibody further comprises a heavy chain constant region selected from an IgG1 subtype, an IgG2 subtype, or an IgG4 subtype.
[0375] In some specific embodiments of the fourth aspect, the heavy chain constant region is an IgG1 subtype. In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the heavy chain constant region comprises point mutations M252Y, S254T and T256E; wherein the amino acid positions of the heavy chain constant region are determined according to EU numbering. In some specific embodiments of the fourth aspect, the antibody comprising the heavy chain constant region with point mutations M252Y, S254T and T256E can extend the half-life of the antibody. In some specific embodiments of the fourth aspect, the antibody comprising the heavy chain constant region with point mutations M252Y, S254T and T256E can extend the half-life of the antibody 2 fold than the antibody comprising the heavy chain constant region without these point mutations. The engineering of the heavy chain constant region can be found in US Patent NO. 7, 658, 921B2, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0376] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, the antibody further comprises a light chain constant region selected from a kappa subtype or a lambda subtype. In some specific embodiments of the fourth aspect, the light chain constant region selected from a kappa subtype.
[0377] In some embodiments of the fourth aspect, CD22 and an anti-CD22 antibody are used in the examples to showcase the method of the present application disclosed and is meant to be illustrative. Those skilled in the art should be able to expand its application to other Siglecs and other anti-Siglec antibodies. Specifically, similar approaches can be used for the evaluation of other antibodies of other Siglecs. Those skilled in the art could appreciate this methodology and apply this protocol to other aspects, such as other sialic acid ligands that are specific to other Siglec domains.
[0378] In a fifth aspect, there is provided in the present application a pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of the fourth aspect and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
[0379] In some embodiments of the fifth aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is used for preventing or treating preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease. In some embodiments of the fifth aspect, the autoimmune disease is selected from one or more of: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary syndrome, type 1 diabetes, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1, immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome, and potentially contribute to asthma, allergy and inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative Colitis and Celiac’s Disease) , multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, autoimmune thyroiditis and glomerulonephritis. In some embodiments of the fifth aspect, the neurological disease is selected from one or more of: Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Frontotemporal Dementia.
[0380] In some embodiments of the fifth aspect, the pharmaceutical composition can further comprise one or more of a lubricant, such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; a wetting agent; an emulsifier; a suspending agent; a preservative such as benzoic acid, sorbic acid and calcium propionate; a sweetening agent and / or a flavoring agent.
[0381] In some embodiments of the fifth aspect, the pharmaceutical composition herein can be formulated as a tablet, a pill, a powder, a lozenge, an elixir, a suspension, an emulsion, a solution, a syrup, a suppository, or a capsule.
[0382] In some embodiments of the fifth aspect, the pharmaceutical composition of the present application can be delivered using any physiologically acceptable administration route including, but not limited to, oral administration, parenteral administration, nasal administration, rectal administration, intraperitoneal administration, intravascular injection, subcutaneous administration, transdermal administration, or inhalation administration.
[0383] In some embodiments of the fifth aspect, a pharmaceutical composition for therapeutic use can be formulated for storage in the form of a lyophilized formulation or an aqueous solution by mixing an agent with desired purity with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient where appropriate.
[0384] In a sixth aspect, there is provided in the present application a method of preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the antibody of the fourth aspect, or the pharmaceutical composition of the fifth aspect.
[0385] In a seventh aspect, there is provided in the present application use of the antibody of the fourth aspect, or the pharmaceutical composition of the fifth aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease in a subject.
[0386] In an eighth aspect, there is provided in the present application the antibody of the fourth aspect, or the pharmaceutical composition of the fifth aspect, for use in preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease in a subject. In some embodiments of the sixth aspect, the seventh aspect or the eighth aspect, the autoimmune disease is selected from one or more of: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary syndrome, type 1 diabetes, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1, immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome, and potentially contribute to asthma, allergy and inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative Colitis and Celiac’s Disease) , multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, autoimmune thyroiditis and glomerulonephritis. In some embodiments of the sixth aspect, the neurological disease is selected from one or more of: Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Frontotemporal Dementia.
[0387] In a ninth aspect, there is provided in the present application a method of identifying a sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) -binding molecule lacking cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec, wherein the method comprises:
[0388] (i) introducing a first nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec-binding molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec-binding molecule and the Siglec are co-expressed on the surface of the cell;
[0389] (ii) incubating a ligand of the Siglec with the cell;
[0390] (iii) determining a first amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec; and
[0391] (iv) comparing the first amount with a reference value, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is identified as lacking cis-trans converter properties if the first amount is lower than the reference value.
[0392] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the present application described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
[0393] All patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0394] While the present application has been described in details and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the foregoing description is exemplary and explanatory in nature and is intended to illustrate the present application and its preferred embodiments. Through routine experimentation, one skilled in the art will readily recognize that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application. Thus, the present application is defined not by the above description, but by the following claims and their equivalents.
[0395] Examples
[0396] Example 1: anti-CD22 antibody SM03 / SM06 binds and facilitates trans-binding of 2, 6Sia ligands to Burkitt lymphoma cells and modulates BCR related response.
[0397] The binding affinity of SM03 and SM06 has been described in literature [Leung et al., MAbs 2015; 7 (1) 66-76; Wong, Li et al., The Journal of Immunology 2022; 208 (12) 2726-2737] and previous patents WO2020078453A1. SM03 and SM06 antibodies internalized at time points 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 min were measured by flow cytometry. SM03, SM06, EMAB, and control IgG (HG1K IgG1 Sino Biological) were labeled with EZLabelTM Protein FITC Labeling Kit (BioVision) per manufacturer’s instructions. Next, 2×105 cells were treated on ice with 10 μg / mL of FITC-labeled antibodies in wash buffer -2%fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) in PBS for 1 hour. Excess antibody was washed with wash buffer, and cells were incubated in 37 ℃ water-bath for time points 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 min, and immediately placed back on ice. Cells were divided into PBS wash and acid wash groups. For PBS wash group, cells were washed with wash buffer before flow cytometry. For acid wash group, cells were incubated in 0.133M citric acid (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.06M NaHCO3 (Sigma-Aldrich) for 4 min at RT. Cells were subsequently neutralized by addition of 19 volumes of wash buffer, then washed once more prior to flow cytometry analysis. Flow cytometry was carried out on BD FACSLyricTM Flow Cytometry System (BD) with gating strategy demonstrated in Figure 1, and analysis was performed with FlowJo (FlowJo LLC) , as shown in Figure 2. SM03 and SM06 was demonstrated to bind and internalize into B cell lymphoma cell lines RAMOS and RAJI as early as 5 minutes at ~15%and ~30%faster than EMAB, respectively.
[0398] SM03 and SM06 binding to cells were also confirmed with immunocytochemistry: 1×105 cells were treated on ice with 10 μg / mL of antibody conjugated with FITC as described above in 2%FBS in PBS for 1 hour. Excess antibody was washed off and cells were incubated in 37 ℃ and coated onto 12 mm round glass cover slips (Warner Instruments) on ice at 1×106 cells / mL. Cells were incubated on ice for 1 hour. The cells were then fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde in PBS (PFA) (Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 min at RT onto SuperfrostTM Plus Microscope Slides (Thermo Fischer) according to Tsang et al. [Tsang et al., Biotechniques 2017; 63 (5) 230-233] . PFA was washed off with PBS (pH 7.4) , and cover slips were blocked with 1%BSA in PBS for 1 hour at RT. Cover slips were mounted onto Superfrost microscope slides (Thermo Scientific) with Duolink in Situ Mounting Medium with DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) . Cells were visualized using LSM 880 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss) using 60 × oil immersion objective lens. Images were adjusted and normalized using ImageJ software (ImageJ) , as shown in Figure 3. This representation further confirms that the binding and internalization activity of SM03 and SM06 is very similar.
[0399] Next, the effect of CD22 internalization induced by no treatment (negative) , SM03 and Isotype control (HG1K IgG1 Sino Biological) on CD22 trans-binding to 2, 6Sia was visualized by immunocytochemistry. 1×105 cells were treated on ice with 10 μg / mL of antibody in 2%FBS in PBS for 1 hour. Excess antibody was washed off and cells were incubated in 37 ℃ water bath. After incubation in water bath, cells were washed with PBS (pH 7.4) , and coated onto 12 mm round glass cover slips (Warner Instruments) on ice at 1×106 cells / mL. Cells were incubated on ice for 1 hour. The cells were then fixed with PFA (Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 min at RT onto SuperfrostTM Plus Microscope Slides (Thermo Fischer) according to Tsang et al. (31) . PFA was washed off with PBS (pH 7.4) , and cover slips were blocked with 1%BSA in PBS for 1 hour at RT. Cells were stained with Neu5Acα2-6Galβ1-4Glcβ-sp2-PAA-fluo (FITC-conjugated 2, 6Sia GlycoNZ) at 5 μg / mL at 4 ℃overnight. The next day, antibodies were detected by anti-human IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647 (Jackson ImmunoResearch) at 1: 500 in 1%BSA in PBS. Cover slips were mounted onto Superfrost microscope slides (Thermo Scientific) with Duolink in Situ Mounting Medium with DAPI (Sigma-Aldrich) . Cells were visualized using LSM 880 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss) using 60× oil immersion objective lens. Images were adjusted and normalized using ImageJ software (ImageJ) . It was observed that SM03 and SM06 facilitated more trans-binding to 2, 6Sia than EMAB and IgG isotype control where little to no trans-binding is observed with the latter 2 regardless of internalization (Figure 4) .
[0400] If the trans-binding induced downstream activity, specifically any activation of the cytoplasmic domain that recruits and phosphorylates the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 (Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1) upon CD22 activation, modulating BCR signaling was tested. Briefly, RAMOS (ATCC) cultured in RPMI-1640 (Gibco) 10%FBS (Gibco) were seeded at 1×106 to 24 well plates, cells were co-treated with anti-IgM antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch) at 4 μg / mL and Neu5Acα2-6Galβ1-4Glcβ-sp2-PAA (GlycoNZ) at 0.25 μg / mL in the presence of SM03, SM03- (Fab’) 2 and Isotype control (as mentioned above) at 10 μg / mL for 1 hour. Cells were lysed with RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.4 (sigma) , 150 mM NaCl (Sigma) , 5 mM EDTA (Sigma) , 1%Triton X-100 (sigma) , 1%sodium deoxycholate (sigma) , 0.1%SDS (sigma) ) with 1× HaltTM Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (Thermo Scientific) . Samples were boiled in LDS sample buffer (Invitrogen) with 5%β-mercaptoethanol (Bio-Rad) before run on SDS page and western blot (Bio-Rad) . SHP-1, phosphor-SHP-1, (Cell Signaling Technology) at 1: 1000 was used to probe and HRP-conjugated anti-Rabbit secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch) at 1: 5000 was used for secondary probe. PierceTM ECL Western Blotting Substrate (Thermo Scientific) was used to show chemiluminescent signal which was detected using Gel Documentation System -Bio-Rad ChemiDoc MP (Bio-Rad) . Analysis was conducted using ImageLab software (Bio-Rad) . As shown in Figure 5, when the BCRs on RAMOS cells were activated by anti-IgM, both SM03 and SM06 induced an upregulation of SHP1 phosphorylation and activity upon co-stimulation with the trans-binding 6’ PAA-B, demonstrating that SM03 and SM06 induced CD22 “trans” binding in turn leads to enhanced BCR signaling modulation (suppression) in B cells.
[0401] Example 2: Construction of expression vector co-expressing anti-CD20 antibody and CD20
[0402] The present application relies on the assumption that co-expressing a surface antigen and an antibody specific for the same surface antigen would allow the antibody to remain bound to the co-expressed antigen on the cell surface. The CD20 and anti-CD20 pair was employed to corroborate this assumption. Since CD20 is a non-internalizing (or with a very slow rate of internalization) , any co-expressed anti-CD20 would remain bound to the surface CD20 if the assumption is correct. The surface bound anti-CD20 could then be measured with FITC-conjugated Fc-specific antibody by flow cytometry. CD22 and SM03 / SM06 pair was not used for this validation as CD22 is an internalizing antigen that could make measurement of surface bound SM03 / SM06 by flow cytometry less certain.
[0403] A mammalian expression vector of the present application containing the cDNA co-expressing an anti-CD20 antibody and the CD20 antigen was constructed and transfected into Sp20 cells for flow cytometry analysis. The cassette designed is as described in the detailed description above (Figure 10) . The anti-CD20 antibody used is SM09 and the full length VL and VH nucleotide sequence is SM09 and are described in CN 100455598C previously.
[0404] The full-length VL encoding nucleotide sequence is ligated into the expression cassette with NheI and XhoI sites, and the full-length VH encoding nucleotide sequence via AgeI and BsrGI sites. The IRES_CD20 full sequence (SEQ ID NO: 33) is ligated into the cassette via BsrGI and NotI sites. The constructed anti-CD20 antibody -IRES -CD20 antigen cassette is then inserted into pEGFP N1 plasmid via NheI and NotI sites. This ensures that the full-length VL sequence is driven by one CMV promoter, while the full-length VH nucleotide sequence, IRES, and CD20 antigen is driven by another CMV promoter sequence (Figures 10 and 12) . Briefly, the specially designed plasmid was cloned into a pET bacterial expression vector [Ward, Güssow et al., 1989] . The expression vectors were used to transform bacterial host cell One ShotTM TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli (Thermofisher) using standard techniques in molecular biology and spread on LB-agar plate (Sigma) with 1× Kanamycin at 50 μg / mL (Sigma) overnight. After incubating at 37℃overnight, clones were picked and inoculated in LB media with 1× Kanamycin in orbital shaking at 250 rpm for 8 hours before inoculated further overnight in 100× volume before bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation at 6,000 rpm for 15 minutes. Maxi-Prep kit (Qiagen) was used to isolate plasmids. The aforementioned method can be appreciated by those skilled in the arts. Plasmids were purified before transfection was conducted.
[0405] The specially designed mammalian vector is then transfected to Sp2 / 0-Ag14 via electroporation by standard methods known to those skilled in the art. Sp2 / 0-Ag14 is a non-Ig-secreting or synthesizing line derived from a cell line created by fusing a BALB / c mouse spleen cell and the mouse myeloma P3X63Ag8. As the backbone plasmid pEGFPN1 of the specially designed plasmid contains the expression of neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt) gene, which is driven by the SV40 late promoter (Figure 12) . This confers resistance to G418 upon successful transfection, and can allow selection of positive clones upon transfection. Clones surviving G418 selection were tested for surface expression of human SM09 associated CD20 by flow cytometry analysis: FITC conjugated goat anti-human Fc-specific antibody as the detecting (secondary) antibody. Briefly, 5×105 of the transfected cells are incubated with 1 mg of SM09 in a final volume of 100 mL wash buffer mentioned in Example 1. A 20× diluted FITC-labeled, goat anti-human IgG1, Fc fragment-specific antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) were added into the samples and incubated for 30 minutes at 4 ℃ in order to detect SM09 associated to CD20 on the SP2 / 0 cell surface. The mixture was washed three times with PBS and fluorescence intensities were measured by FACSCAN analysis (Becton Dickinson) . The results indicated that the SP2 / 0 sample transfected with the specially designed plasmid encoding for both SM09 and CD20 antigen had higher IgG1 positive populations than SP2 / 0 -ve control, which was transfected with the empty vector (Figure 13) . This shows that the specially designed nucleotide cassette within the specially designed mammalian expression vector could co-express both the antibody and the antigen on the target cell line, and the antibody would remain bound to the surface CD20 on the cell surface (which is critical for the feasibility of the cassette to be used for the present application) , moreover, these parameters could be analyzed by flow cytometry analysis.
[0406] Example 3: Construction of expression vector co-expressing anti-Siglec antibody and the corresponding Siglec
[0407] Example 2 demonstrates that co-expressing a surface antigen and an antibody specific for the same antigen would allow the antibody to remain bound to the antigen even when expressed on the cell surface. This has constituted the key feasibility based on which the present application was established. In the case of Siglecs, the present application ensures that the anti-Siglec antibody and the Siglec of interest are bound together on the cell surface. In the event that the anti-Siglec antibody is a cis-trans converter, the anti-Siglec antibody should bind to an epitope of the Siglec of interest that encourages the Siglec to dissociate from its cis-binding configuration, while exposing the sialic acid binding site of the Siglec for trans-ligation. Only anti-Siglec cis-trans converter antibody could allow the antibody bound Siglec to engage with exogenous trans-ligands (for example, trans-fluorescent probe) .
[0408] In Example 1, it is demonstrated that SM06 binds to CD22 to a domain and epitope close to the ligand binding site that sterically disrupt cis-binding without interfering its trans-ligand binding property. The enhanced trans-binding would then induce downstream immunomodulatory signaling the target B cell, leading to modulation of immune (B) cell activation [Wong, Li et al., 2022] .
[0409] In order to validate that the method of the present application could be used to screen for anti-Siglec antibodies with cis-trans converter characteristics, the SM06 and CD22 pair was employed as the example for illustrative purpose. Mutations were introduced to the anti-CD22 antibody SM06 (as parent antibody) to create mutation variants, and the platform of the present application was then applied to validate if the present application could differentiate non cis-trans converters or poor cis-trans converters from mutation variants with comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties compared to that of the parent SM06.
[0410] The specially designed mammalian expression vector was constructed to contain the nucleotide cassette expressing the combined mRNA sequences of the VL region of SM06 (SEQ ID NO: 7) , VH region of the SM06 (SEQ ID NO: 8) , IRES element sequence and full-length human CD22. The specially designed nucleotide cassette features sequence (SEQ ID NO: 39) was constructed in accordance with the design described in the detailed description (Figure 10) . In brief, the full-length SM06 VL nucleotide was constructed by de-novo gene synthesis with NheI cut-site at the 5’ end and XhoI cut site at the 3’ end; the full-length VH nucleotide was constructed by de-novo gene synthesis with AgeI cut-site at the 5’ end and BsrGI cut site at the 3’ end; and the IRES _CD22 antigen nucleotides sequence was constructed by de-novo gene synthesis with BsrGI cut-site at the 5’ end and NotI cut site at the 3’ end. Each fragment was ligated on the specially designed nucleotide cassette using those sites. The cassette containing the specially designed SM06 VL, SM06 VH, IRES, CD22 cDNA was synthesized by Genscript Biotech before cloned into pEGFP N1 via endonuclease restriction sites NheI and NotI (Figure 6 depicts the complete map of SM06 VL, SM06 VH, IRES and CD22 in pEGFP N1) . Briefly, the DNA sequence encoding different domain regions of human CD22 were cloned into a pET bacterial expression vector preceded with a pelB sequence [Ward, Güssow et al. 1989] . The specially designed mammalian expression vectors were used to transform bacterial host cell One ShotTM TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli (Thermofisher) using standard techniques in molecular biology and spread on LB-agar plate (Sigma) with 1×Kanamycin at 50 μg / mL (Sigma) overnight. After incubating at 37 ℃ overnight, clones were picked and inoculated in LB media with 1× Kanamycin in orbital shaking at 250 rpm for 8 hours before inoculated further overnight in 100× volume before bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation at 6,000 rpm for 15 minutes. Maxi-Prep kit (Qiagen) was used to isolate plasmids. Plasmids were purified before transfection was conducted. The full map of the whole map of the expression vector containing the nucleotide cassette is shown as a schematic (Figure 6) . The method would be appreciated to those skilled in the art.
[0411] It is known that Siglec-specific antibodies, such as those that bind to CD22, can sometime elicit internalization through the clathrin-coated pit in a recycling manner; that is, an antibody bound to CD22 remains bound during the process, while the glycan ligand is released at the low pH of endosomes [O'Reilly, Tian et al., 2011] . The resurfaced CD22 freed of cis-binding of CD22 to its ligand 2, 6Sia can bind to the glycan ligand on other cells in trans-binding, making B cell activation via BCR engagement with self-antigen more likely to be attenuated or modulated by the trans-ligated CD22. Therefore, antibodies against Siglec that can induce internalization are desirable for the present application. Antibodies binding to a different domain at different epitopes with certain affinity that do not effectively disrupt cis-binding might have some but insufficient clinical effects and are therefore less desirable, as the extent of trans-binding may not be sufficient to elicit the intended immunomodulatory activity to result in a satisfactory clinical outcome
[0412] It is also well known in the art that antibody heavy and light chain CDR3 domains play an important role in the binding specificity / affinity of an antibody for an antigen, especially when the antibody has to compete with Siglec (e.g. CD22) homo-oligomeric binding in cis, and continuously exert steric hindrance in preventing the re-engagement of the freed Siglec (e.g. CD22) in cis. Accordingly, in another aspect, the present application pertains to methods of treating disorders in which the administration of an anti-CD22 antibody is beneficial by intravenous administration of anti-CD22 antibodies that have the appropriate association / dissociation kinetics with human CD22 and that have light and heavy chain CDR3 domains that structurally are identical to or related to those of SM06.
[0413] Accordingly a consensus motif for the SM6 VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence: Q-Q-G-N-T-L-P-W-T (SEQ ID NO: 11) can be modified by substituting one or more of the amino acid (s) to adjust the antibody affinity without changing its binding specificity, or alternatively be replaced by the VL CDR3 of an irrelevant human antibody that exhibits sufficient similarities to the SM06 VL CDR3 using criteria as described in Chinese Pat. No. ZL200880024788.2, which is incorporated herewith by reference. Similarly, a consensus motif for the SM06 VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence: H-S-G-Y-G-S-S-Y-G-V-L-F-A-Y (SEQ ID NO: 14) can be modified by substituting one or more of the amino acid (s) to adjust the antibody affinity without changing its binding specificity, or alternatively be replaced by the VH CDR3 of an irrelevant human antibody that exhibits sufficient similarities to the SM06 VH CDR3 using criteria as described in Chinese Pat. No. ZL200880024788.2, which is incorporated herewith by reference.
[0414] It is well known in the art that antibody targeting the same antigen but at a different epitope and with different affinity would have different biological responses (e.g. type I anti-CD20 antibodies such as Rituximab and Ofatumumab could induce ADCC, strong CMC and weak non-apoptotic programmed cell death, while type II anti-CD20 antibodies such as Obinutuzumab and Tositumomab could induce ADCC, weak CMC and strong non-apoptotic programmed cell death) [Beers, Chan et al., 2010] .
[0415] Accordingly, in this example, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof preferably contains one or more of the following characteristics:
[0416] (a) binding to the domain 2 of human CD22 (SEQ ID NO: 18) , specifically, interacts with at least one of the two domain 2 sequences 161CLLNFSCYGYPIQ173 and 198VFTRSELKFSPQWSHHGKIVTC219, or preferably both discontinuous sequences 161CLLNFSCYGYPIQ173 and 198VFTRSELKFSPQWSHHGKIVTC219 in a conformational manner;
[0417] (b) dissociating from human CD22 with a kd of 0.0137 RU s-1 or less, determined by surface plasmon resonance;
[0418] (c) inducing internalization upon binding to surface human CD22;
[0419] (d) competing with radiolabeled I125-SM03 binding to native CD22 on Ramos cell, a human Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line, with IC50 in the range of 1.02 to 0.007 mg / mL;
[0420] (e) binding to an anti-idiotype antibody specific for the anti-CD22 antibody (see US Patent No. US 9,371,396 B2) with an EC50 in the range of 79.9 to 2.76 ng / mL;
[0421] (f) inducing CMC activities against a surrogate target cell expressing surface binding moieties of the anti-idiotype antibody specific for the anti-CD22 antibody with an EC50 in the range of 0.1509 to 20.7 mg / mL (see US Patent No. US 9,371,396 B2, incorporated herewith by reference) ;
[0422] (g) having a light variable region with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5; and
[0423] (h) having a heavy variable region with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6,
[0424] More preferably, the antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, dissociates from human CD22 with a kd of 0.0685 RU s-1 or less. Even more preferably, the antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, dissociates from human CD22 with a kd of 0.0137 RU s-1 or less.
[0425] The “cis-trans converter” properties of these mutation variants of SM06 as well as SM06 were measured using the method of the present application. To generate the mutation variants, the technique of overlapping mutation to the original mRNA sequence of the wild-type SM06 VH CDR3 region was used. Variants named CSY, ISY, VSY, TSY and ASY mutations respectively were introduced to the original CDR3 hotspot site of Ser100 (Kabat numbering) of SEQ ID NO: 14. In other words, mutations were introduced to the hotspot motif of the CDR3 region comprising one, two or three amino acid substitutions, as listed below:
[0426] CSY: Ser100Cys
[0427] ISY: Ser100Ile
[0428] VSY: Ser100Val
[0429] TSY: Ser100Thr
[0430] ASY: Ser100Ala
[0431] The target mutation sequences are also indicated on the whole vector map (Figure 6) . Primers used for the mutation reactions are forward primer of SEQ ID NO: 31 and reverse primer of SEQ ID NO: 32. For the overlapping primers for CSY, ISY, VSY, TSY and ASY, the primer sequences are SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 22 for CSY, SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24 for ISY, SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 26 for VSY, SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 28 for TSY, and SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30 for ASY. This is done via overlapping mutation PCR and can be appreciated by those skilled in the art. The mutated PCR products are cloned into the cassette via AgeI and BsrGI cut sites and further ligated into the expression vector before further standard molecular cloning techniques are applied to generate purified expression plasmids.
[0432] Example 4: Identification of cell lines showing enhanced cis-trans conversion after transfection with the vector.
[0433] To validate whether the method of the present application can identify anti-Siglec antibodies with strong or weak cis-trans conversion. HEK293 cells were transfected at 10×106 cells with 100 μg of a mixture of the constructed vectors from Example 3 consisting of the parent or parental SM06 (WT) _IRES_CD22, as well as the other mutations including TSY, ASY, CSY, ISY and VSY mutation variants. In brief, the plasmids were linearized by cleavage of the NotI site by NotI restriction endonuclease. The plasmids were diluted and then aliquoted so that equal amounts of each plasmid were added to a single Eppendorf tube to a total of 100 μg of DNA. Transfection was carried out using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (thermofisher) following manufacturer instructions. The cells transfected with the vector could be selected and the level of gene expression in the vector amplified by increasing the levels of G418 in the culture for 1 week. Standard molecular biology techniques were used to prepare the recombinant expression vector, transfect the HEK293 host cells, select for transfectants that survived selection. HEK293 cells transfected with full-length CD22 were used to act as a negative control.
[0434] For the analysis of ability of the transfected cell that express both antigen and antibody variants to bind to trans-ligands. HEK293 cells transfected with the specially designed plasmids encoding the mutation variants or the negative control were incubated in 37 ℃ with 2, 6Sia conjugated with FITC (trans-fluorescent probe+) (GlycoNZ) for 1 hour to allow for the antibody bound CD22 to be able to bind to “trans-ligands” . The cells were washed with FACS wash containing 2%FBS (Gibco) in PBS in order to remove excess non-bound 6’ PAA-FITC, before probed with anti-human IgG Fc secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 405 (huFC+) (thermofisher) , as well as anti-CD22 antibody conjugated with APC (CD22+) (Biolegend) on ice for 1 hour, the anti-CD22 antibody-APC probe must bind to a different epitope to that of the testing antibody to not be out-competed by the testing antibody. The cells were further washed with FACS wash before being loaded onto a flow cytometer. The flow cytometry used was a FACSAriaTM III Sorter with an Automatic Cell Deposition Unit (BD Bioscience) , machine setup as well as single cell sorting to 96 well plate setup was done according to manufacturer instructions and Higdon et al. [Higdon et al., J Immunol Methods 2019; 466 (17-23) ] . In brief, BD FACSAria III instrument equipped with BD FACSDiva V8.0 software was used whereby the instrument was equipped with Blue (488nm) , Red (633nm) , and Violet (405nm) lasers, and a BD Automated Cell Deposition Unit (ACDU) for plate sorting. The instrument was maintained using laser calibration with Cytometer, Setup & Tracking (CS&T) beads and drop calibration with AccuDrop beads (BD Biosciences) . CS&T was run for 70 μm nozzles and the frequency was set to 88.0. Amplitude was adjusted as needed to set up the droplet stream and optimize droplet break off. AccuDrop was run immediately prior to each sort to calculate the drop delay. A recirculating chiller device (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was set to 5 ℃ to maintain temperature of plates for maximal cell viability during sorting. The BD FACSAria System Family Aerosol Management Option was used to prevent formation of aerosols. Flow rate was set to 1.0. The threshold rate was set under 200 events / second. Flow cytometry gating strategy as described in (Figure 8) was used, the binding level of antibodies was determined by the frequency of CD22+ huFC+ cells, and the effect of trans-binding was determined by frequency of CD22+ trans-fluorescent probe+ cell population in comparison to negative control samples (Figure 7) . The CD22+trans-fluorescent probe+ population was sorted into a 96 well plate with a single cell per well. Cells were incubated and grown in G418 containing media to sustain selection.
[0435] Example 5: Retrieving the antibody sequence for the improved cis-trans converter by RT-PCR.
[0436] In order to identify SM06 mutation variants with either comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter capabilities, compared to that of the parent SM06, the sorted cells were outgrown and were lysed with RNAzol RT (Sigma) to isolate total RNA before RT-PCR was conducted using PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit (Takara) to generate cDNA. Sanger sequencing was conducted by outsourcing to Beijing Genome Institute (BGI) in order to confirm which mutation variant with trans-binding characteristics were sorted by the flow cytometry analysis. Table 1 below lists the unique mutation variants that were found to have comparable or enhanced cis-trans converter properties.
[0437] Table 1. Positively sorted CD22+2, 6Sia+ SM06 mutation variants and detailed analysis results +: Increased parameter; -: Decreased parameter; NA: No change.
[0438] For illustrative purpose, 5 clones found to have trans-binding characteristics were used in comparison with parent SM06 for further analysis in a second round of flow cytometry analysis using the method described in Example 4. The SM06 mutation variants included CSY, ASY, TSY, VSY and ISY. The results indicated mutations variants from the sorted population displayed similar binding affinity (huFC+CD22+) , but different cis-trans converter (CD22+Trans fluorescent probe+) phenotypes, with CSY showing significantly upregulated cis-trans conversion effect than other mutation variants as well as the parent SM06 (or SM06 wild-type) (Figure 9) .
[0439] This indicates this platform has been successfully employed for the identification of stronger SM06 cis-trans converters, and could be used as a platform for the identification of cis-trans converters for other anti-Siglec antibodies.
[0440] Example 6: Construction of the selected SM06 mutants and confirmation of the cis-trans conversion capabilities
[0441] Before the different SM06 mutation variants identified to have improved cis-trans converter capabilities employing the platform of the present application were subject to confirmatory characterization, full antibody proteins of these SM06 mutation variants were constructed as follows. For illustrative purposes three of the mutation variants demonstrated to have the highest cis-trans converter properties were chosen to be expressed in the form of IgG1 for subsequent corroboration of the applicability of the platform. The SM06 expression plasmid (see Chinese Pat. No. ZL200880024788.2 and US7338659B2 for the full sequence) was used as the backbone for constructing mutation variants CSY, ISY, VSY, TSY, and ASY. Primers used for the mutation reactions were forward primer SEQ ID NO: 31 and reverse primer SEQ ID NO: 32. For the overlapping primers for CSY, ISY, VSY, TSY, and ASY, the primer sequences were SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 22 for CSY, SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24 for ISY, SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 26 for VSY, SEQ ID NOs: 27 and 28 for TSY, and SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 30 for ASY. This was done via standard mutation PCR techniques and can be appreciated by those skilled in the art. The sequences were then excised by endonuclease and then ligated into expression plasmid pEGFP-N1 using standard molecular cloning techniques. The plasmid was further cloned into competent cells, expanded, and isolated with standard molecular cloning techniques as described in Example 2.
[0442] The expression plasmids were linearized and co-transfected into antibody fragment with human Fc tag was generated using the host cell system (e.g., Expi-CHO cell) and purified using the ProSep Ultra Plus. To remove the contaminants and maintain the physiological pH value, purified γc protein was buffered exchange into PBS solution using the Amicon ultra-15 10k centrifugal filter. The resulting protein was diluted to 1 mg / mL in PBS for storage. The purified antibody was analyzed in SDS-PAGE gel under reducing conditions and stained with Coomassie blue in order to confirm successful production of antibody fragments, whereby the molecular weight of the full-length heavy chain sequence ~50kDa and the full-length light chain amino acid sequence ~25kDa can be visualized (Figure 14)
[0443] The effect of SM06 and the mutation variants CSY, ISY, TSY and ASY to CD22 trans-binding to trans-fluorescent probe on B cells was analyzed (RAMOS) , this was visualized by immunocytochemistry and described in details in Example 1. Results indicated that although all samples displayed cis-trans conversion compared with Isotype control (HG1K IgG1 Sino Biological) . CSY, TSY and ISY, and less so with ASY, showed enhanced cis-trans converter properties to that of SM06, corroborating the applicability of the platform of the present application for the screening and identification of cis-trans converter antibodies against different Siglecs (Figure 17) .
[0444] Example 7: Characterization of the SM06 mutation variants and its function on B cells
[0445] Detailed characterization of IgG1 derived from CSY, TSY, ASY and ISY selected and identified employing the platform of the present application to have enhanced cis-trans converter properties were reported in this example for illustrative purposes, although other cell clones demonstrated to have significant cis-trans converter properties were also identified using the platform. A summary table indicating mutation variants with different levels of cis-trans converter properties is shown (Table 1) . ELISA analysis demonstrated binding affinity all mutation variants to CD22 were similar to that of SM06 with no significant difference between them (Figure 16) . In order to delineate if the mutation variants were specific towards CD22 on cells, a competition assay between parent SM06 (SM06 WT) and the mutation variants was conducted. The SM06 WT with FITC conjugate was constructed using the EZLabelTM Protein FITC Labeling Kit (BioVision) mentioned in Example 1. A competition assay with each mutation variants was conducted to observe the specificity of the antibodies. In brief, using RAMOS cells, 0.05 μg / mL of SM06 WT-FITC was co-probed with different titrations of either CSY, TSY, ASY or ISY from 0.001 to 10 μg / mL on ice for 1 hour on 2 × 105 cells per sample. Cells were washed with FACS wash before being analyzed on flow cytometry (Figure 17) . The results demonstrated that the mutation variants still displayed high specificity towards CD22 and not with other antigens.
[0446] Finally, the downstream effects of the antibody binding induced effects observed upon B cell activation, specifically, any activation of the cytoplasmic domain that recruits and phosphorylates the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 (Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1) upon CD22 activation, modulating BCR signaling were analyzed. The assay was conducted as described in Example 1. The western blot analysis indicated SM03 upregulated SHP-1 phosphorylation or activation more than either α-IgM stimulation or Isotype control, and in accordance with the higher cis-trans converter properties, the mutation variants, in particular TSY and ISY also demonstrated higher SHP-1 phosphorylation or activation (Figure 18) . This demonstrates that the platform selected higher cis-trans converter antibodies have increased immunomodulatory effects and the viability of the platform in identifying anti-Siglec antibodies with better immunomodulatory properties.
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Claims
1.An anti-CD22 antibody, wherein the antibody binds to a first epitope comprising amino acid residues 161-173 with reference to SEQ ID NO: 18 and / or a second epitope comprising amino acid residues 198-219 with reference to SEQ ID NO: 18.2.The antibody according to claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3; and a light chain variable region comprising LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3, whereinthe amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 68, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;the amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 69, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11; orthe amino acid sequence of HCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the amino acid sequence of HCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, the amino acid sequence of HCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14, the amino acid sequence of LCDR1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, the amino acid sequence of LCDR2 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of LCDR3 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11;wherein the amino acid sequences of HCDRs and LCDRs are defined according to Kabat.3.The antibody according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 6.4.The antibody according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.5.The antibody according to any one of claims 2-4, whereinthe amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 45, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 46, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 47, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 48, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 49, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5; orthe amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.6.The antibody according to any one of claims 2-5, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the antibody has at least 90%identity to the amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 6, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the antibody has at least 90%identity to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5.7.The antibody according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the antibody is an intact antibody, a Fab fragment, a F (ab’) 2 fragment, or a single chain Fv (scFv) .8.The antibody according to any one of claims 2-7, wherein the antibody further comprises a heavy chain constant region selected from an IgG1 subtype, an IgG2 subtype, or an IgG4 subtype.9.The antibody according to claim 41, wherein the heavy chain constant region comprises point mutations M252Y, S254T and T256E; wherein the amino acid positions of the heavy chain constant region are determined according to EU numbering.10.The antibody according to any one of claims 2-9, wherein the antibody further comprises a light chain constant region selected from a kappa subtype or a lambda subtype.11.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody according to any one of claims 1-10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.12.The antibody according to any one of claims 1-10, or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11, for use in preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease in a subject.13.A method of preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof the antibody according to any one of claims 1-10, or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11.14.Use of the antibody according to any one of claims 1-10, or the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 11 in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating an autoimmune disease or a neurological disease in a subject.15.The method according to claim 13 or the use according to claim 14, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from one or more of: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary syndrome, type 1 diabetes, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1, immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome, and potentially contribute to asthma, allergy and inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, autoimmune thyroiditis and glomerulonephritis.16.The method according to according to claim 13 or the use according to claim 14, wherein the neurological disease is selected from one or more of: Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Frontotemporal Dementia.17.A method of identifying a sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) -binding molecule possessing cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec, wherein the method comprises:(i) introducing a first nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec-binding molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec-binding molecule and the Siglec are co-expressed on the surface of the cell;(ii) incubating a ligand of the Siglec with the cell;(iii) determining a first amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec; and(iv) comparing the first amount with a reference value, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is identified as possessing cis-trans converter properties if the first amount is higher than the reference value.18.The method according to claim 17, wherein step (ii) comprises incubating a probe carrying the ligand of the Siglec and a detectable label with the cell.19.The method according to claim 18, wherein in step (iii) , the first amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec is represented by a signal intensity of the detectable label.20.The method according to claim 19, wherein step (iv) comprises comparing the signal intensity with the reference value which is a reference signal intensity, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is identified as demonstrating cis-trans converter properties if the signal intensity is greater than the reference signal intensity.21.The method according to any one of claims 17-20, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is a peptide, a polypeptide, or a protein.22.The method according to claim 21, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is an anti-Siglec antibody or an antigen-binding proportion thereof.23.The method according to claim 22, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is an intact antibody, a Fab fragment, a F (ab’) 2 fragment, or a single chain Fv (scFv) .24.The method according to any one of claims 1-23, wherein the Siglec is Siglec-1, CD22 (Siglec-2) , CD33 (Sigelc-3) , MAG (Siglec-4) , Siglec-5, Siglec-6, Siglec-7, Siglec-8, Siglec-9, Siglec-10, Siglec-11, Siglec-14 or Siglec-16.25.The method according to any one of claims 1-24, wherein the ligand is α-2, 6-linked sialic acid, α-2, 8-linked sialic acid, α-2-, 6-sialyllactose or α-2, 3-linked sialic acid.26.The method according to any one of claims 1-25, whereinthe Siglec is CD22 and the ligand is α-2, 6-linked sialic acid;the Siglec is Siglec 7 and the ligand is α-2, 8-linked sialic acid; orthe Siglec is Siglec 10 and the ligand is α-2-, 6-sialyllactose or α-2, 3-linked sialic acid.27.The method according to any one of claims 1-26, the cell expresses a glycosylation modifying enzyme for cis-configuration formation.28.The method according to any one of claims 1-27, the cell does not express the Siglec before the introducing step.29.The method according to any one of claims 1-28, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell or a prokaryotic cell.30.The method according to claim 29, wherein the eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell.31.The method according to claim 30, wherein the mammalian cell is a HEK293 cell, a SP2 / 0 cell, a CHO cell, a Per. C6 cell, a NS0 cell or a baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell.32.The method according to any one of claims 18-31, wherein the detectable label is a fluorescent label or a biotin label.33.The method according to claim 32, wherein the fluorescent label is FITC, TRITC, Cy3, Cy3.3, Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7, Cy7.5, Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 555, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 647, Alexa Fluor 660, Alexa Fluor 680, Fluorescein, Oregon Green 488, Pacific Blue dye, Pacific Orange dye, or Texas Red dye.34.The method according to any one of claims 1-33, wherein the reference value is determined by a process comprising:introducing the second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec is expressed on the surface of the cell;incubating the ligand of the Siglec with the cell; anddetecting a second amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec.35.The method according to any one of claims 1-33, wherein the reference value is determined by a process comprising:introducing a third nucleic acid molecule encoding a reference Siglec-binding molecule known to demonstrate the cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec and the second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec and the reference Siglec-binding molecule are co-expressed on the surface of the cell;incubating the ligand of the Siglec with the cell; anddetecting a third amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec;wherein the method is for identifying a Siglec-binding molecule demonstrating better cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec than the reference Siglec-binding molecule.36.The method according to any one of claims 1-35, wherein the first nucleic acid molecule and the second nucleic acid molecule are present in a single expression vector.37.The method according to claim 36, wherein the expression vector further comprises a bi-cistron.38.The method according to claim 37, wherein the bi-cistron is an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) , a P2A self-cleavage peptide, a T2A self-cleavage peptide, an E2A self-cleavage peptide, or an F2A self-cleavage peptide.39.The method according to any one of claims 36-38, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is an antibody comprising a light chain and a heavy chain, and the expression vector is constructed in one of the following ways:(1) first promoter -light chain -second promoter -heavy chain -IRES -Siglec;(2) first promoter-light chain -second promoter -Siglec -IRES -heavy chain;(3) first promoter-light chain -IRES -Siglec -second promoter -heavy chain;(4) first promoter -Siglec -IRES -light chain -second promoter -heavy chain;(5) promoter -anti-Siglec antibody -IRES -Siglec; and(6) promoter -Siglec -IRES -anti-Siglec antibody.40.A vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding an Siglec-binding molecule and a nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec.41.The vector according to claim 40, wherein the vector is a mammalian cell expression vector.42.The vector according to claim 40 or 41, wherein the Siglec is Siglec-1, CD22 (Siglec-2) , CD33 (Sigelc-3) , Siglec-4, Siglec-5, Siglec-6, Siglec-7, Siglec-8, Siglec-9, Siglec-10, Siglec-11, Siglec-14 or Siglec-16.43.The vector according to any one of claims 40-42, further comprising a bi-cistron.44.The vector according to claim 43, wherein the bi-cistron is an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) , a P2A self-cleavage peptide, a T2A self-cleavage peptide, an E2A self-cleavage peptide, or an F2A self-cleavage peptide.45.The vector according to any one of claims 40-44, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is a peptide, a polypeptide, or a protein.46.The vector according to claim 45, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is an anti-Siglec antibody or an antigen-binding proportion thereof.47.The vector according to claim 46, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is an intact antibody, a Fab fragment, a F (ab’) 2 fragment, or a single chain Fv (scFv) .48.The vector according to any one of claims 40-47, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is an antibody comprising a light chain and a heavy chain, and the vector is constructed in one of the following ways:(1) first promoter -light chain -second promoter -heavy chain -IRES -Siglec;(2) first promoter-light chain -second promoter –Siglec –IRES -heavy chain;(3) first promoter-light chain –IRES –Siglec -second promoter -heavy chain;(4) first promoter -Siglec -IRES -light chain -second promoter -heavy chain;(5) promoter -anti-Siglec antibody -IRES -Siglec; and(6) promoter –Siglec –IRES -anti-Siglec antibody.49.A host cell comprising the vector according to any one of claims 40-48.50.A method of identifying a sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) -binding molecule lacking cis-trans converter properties upon binding to the Siglec, wherein the method comprises:(i) introducing a first nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec-binding molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule encoding the Siglec into a cell, such that the Siglec-binding molecule and the Siglec are co-expressed on the surface of the cell;(ii) incubating a ligand of the Siglec with the cell;(iii) determining a first amount of the ligand bound to the Siglec; and(iv) comparing the first amount with a reference value, wherein the Siglec-binding molecule is identified as lacking cis-trans converter properties if the first amount is lower than the reference value.