Methods and systems for storing odorized fluids

Abstract

Methods and systems for processing compositions, such as methods for storing odorized fluids, methods for transporting odorized fluids, and methods for removing odorants from fluids are described herein. The methods can include providing an odorized fluid in a reservoir, removing the odorized fluid from the reservoir, and optionally removing an odorant from the odorized fluid prior to use of the fluid.

Description

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR STORING ODORIZED FLUIDSREFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application is being filed on April 8, 2025, as a PCT International Patent Application and claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 631,5 1, filed on April 9, 2024, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates to methods and systems for storing odorized fluids, including odorized fuel fluids.BACKGROUND

[0003] Odorants have been added to fluids for decades. Odorants can allow for the detection of a leak without external equipment. Odorants can also allow for leak detection in locations where it can be difficult or impossible to place detectors, such as outdoor locations. Since odorants that are easily detectable by the human olfactory system can be used, small fluid leaks can be easily detected.

[0004] In at least some applications, it can be necessary or desirable to remove an odorant from a fluid to avoid or minimize release of the odorant in the environment, and / or avoid undesirably impacting a device in which the fluid is used. This is particularly a concern for hydrogen powered fuel cells. Hydrogen fuel cells can use precious metal catalysts to electrochemically oxidize hydrogen at the anode of the cell. If the active sites of the metal catalyst are occupied by a molecule other than hydrogen, such as an odorant, the activity of the catalyst (and, therefore, the efficiency and performance of the fuel cell) can decrease, sometimes dramatically. This can be referred to as poisoning or deactivation of the catalyst. This problem can be particularly prevalent for sulfur-based odorants, such as tetrahydrothiophene (THT) and tert-butylmercaptan (TBM) (International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41, 2016, 12231-12241 and Journal of Power Sources, 152, 2005, 226-232). Furthermore, for applications in which fluids are not combusted, an unfiltered exhaust can include the odorant. If the odorant is released into the environment, the result could be a false leak warning. Therefore, applications requiringultra-pure fluids can require the removal of the odorant from the fluid.

[0005] There remains a need for improved methods and systems of removing odorants from fluids, such as fuel gases, exhaust gases, etc. There also remains a need for improved methods and systems for storing (e.g., temporarily storing) and / or recycling odorants removed from a fluid, such as a fuel gas, exhaust gas, etc. There also remains a need for methods and systems that avoid, reduce, or minimize the release of odorants or components thereof.SUMMARY

[0006] This summary is provided to introduce various concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify required or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is the summary intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0007] In one aspect, methods of processing compositions, such as odorized fluids, are provided. In some embodiments, the methods include providing an odorized fluid, wherein the odorized fluid is disposed in a storage tank, and wherein the odorized fluid includes an odorant dispersed in a fluid; and removing at least a portion of the odorized fluid from the storage tank to form a stream including the odorized fluid. In some embodiments, the methods also include removing at least a portion of the odorant from the stream including the odorized fluid to form a stream including the fluid and a stream comprising the odorant and forwarding the stream including the fluid to an apparatus that consumes the fluid. In some embodiments, the methods also include forwarding the stream including the odorized fluid to an apparatus that consumes the fluid, thereby producing an exhaust gas that can include the odorant, and optionally removing at least a portion of the odorant from the exhaust gas to form a stream including an odorant-free exhaust gas and a stream including the odorant. The streams including the odorant can be recycled in one or more of the ways described herein. The odorant-free exhaust gas can have an odorant concentration that is less than an odor detection threshold of the odorant, such as an odor detection threshold for humans or a sensor, as described herein. Alternatively, after exiting the exhaust, the odorant can be further diluted below the odor detection threshold of the odorant in the nearby atmosphere to prevent both excess accumulation and detection of the odorant in the environment.

[0008] In some embodiments, the methods include providing a stream including anodorized fluid, wherein the odorized fluid includes a fluid dispersed in an odorant, and removing at least a portion of the odorant from the stream including the odorized fluid to form a first stream including the fluid and a second stream including the odorant. The odorant can be present in the first stream including the fluid at a concentration of less than 1 mg / m3.

[0009] In another aspect, systems for storing compositions are provided. In some embodiments, the systems include a reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid, a reservoir configured for storing an odorant, an odorant removing unit, and an apparatus that consumes a fluid. The reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid, the reservoir configured for storing an odorant, the odorant removing unit, and the apparatus that consumes the fluid can be in fluid communication with each other.

[0010] Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the aspects described herein. The advantages described herein may be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive.BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] FIG. 1 depicts a flow chart of an embodiment of a method described herein.

[0012] FIG. 2 depicts a flow chart of an embodiment of a method described herein.

[0013] FIG. 3 depicts a schematic / flow chart of an embodiment of a method or system described herein.

[0014] FIG. 4 depicts a schematic / flow chart of an embodiment of a method or system described herein.DEFINITIONS

[0015] To define more clearly the terms used herein, the following definitions are provided. Unless otherwise indicated, the following definitions are applicable to this disclosure. If a term is used in this disclosure but is not specifically defined herein, the definition from the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2ndEd (1997) can be applied, as long as that definition does not conflict with any other disclosure or definition applied herein, or renderindefinite or non-enabled any claim to which that definition is applied. To the extent that any definition or usage provided by any document incorporated herein by reference conflicts with the definition or usage provided herein, the definition or usage provided herein controls.

[0016] As the various features of the subject matter of this disclosure are described, within particular aspect, a combination or combinations of the different features may be envisioned. For every aspect of every feature disclosed herein, all combinations that do not detrimentally affect the designs, compositions, systems, processes, or methods described herein are contemplated with or without the express description of that particular combination. Therefore, unless explicitly stated to the contrary, any aspect of feature disclosed here may be combined to describe and disclose the inventive designs, compositions, systems, processes, or methods consistent with the entire disclosure.

[0017] While compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of’ or “consist of’ the various components or steps, unless stated otherwise.

[0018] The terms “including,” “with,” and “having,” as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language), unless specified otherwise.

[0019] The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include plural alternatives, e.g., at least one. For instance, the disclosure of “a fluid,” “a sensor,” and the like, is meant to encompass one, or mixtures or combinations of more than one, fluid, sensor, and the like, unless otherwise specified.

[0020] Various numerical ranges are disclosed herein. When Applicants disclose or claim a range of any type, Applicants’ intent is to disclose or claim individually each possible number that such a range could reasonably encompass, including end points of the range as well as any sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges encompassed therein, unless otherwise specified. For example, by disclosing a concentration range of about 5 mg / m3n to about 20 mg / m3n, Applicant’s intent is to recite individually 5 mg / m3n, 6 mg / m3n, 7 mg / m3n, 8 mg / m3n, 9 mg / m3n, 10 mg / m3n, 11 mg / m3n, 12 mg / m3n, 13 mg / m3n, 14 mg / m3n, 15 mg / m3n, 16 mg / m3n, 17 mg / m3n, 18 mg / m3n, 19 mg / m3n, and 20 mg / m3n, including any sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges encompassed therein, and these methods of describing such ranges are interchangeable. Moreover, all numerical end points of ranges disclosed herein are approximate, unless excluded by proviso. As a representative example, if Applicants state that one or moresteps in the processes disclosed herein can be conducted at a temperature in a range from 10 °C to 75 °C, this range should be interpreted as encompassing temperatures in a range from “about” 10 °C to “about” 75 °C unless otherwise stated.

[0021] Values or ranges may be expressed herein as “about,” from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. When such values or ranges are expressed, other embodiments disclosed include the specific value recited, from the one particular value, and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that there are a number of values disclosed therein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. In another aspect, each use of the term “about” can, independently, mean ±20% of the stated value, ±15% of the stated value, ±10% of the stated value, ±5% of the stated value, or ±3% of the stated value.

[0022] Applicants reserve the right to proviso out or exclude any individual members of any such group of values or ranges, including any sub-ranges or combinations of sub-ranges within the group, that can be claimed according to a range or in any similar manner, if for any reason Applicants choose to claim less than the full measure of the disclosure, for example, to account for a reference that Applicants can be unaware of at the time of the fding of the application. Further, Applicants reserve the right to proviso out or exclude any individual substituents, analogs, compounds, ligands, structures, or groups thereof, or any members of a claimed group, if for any reason Applicants choose to claim less than the full measure of the disclosure, for example, to account for a reference or prior disclosure that Applicants can be unaware of at the time of the filing of the application.

[0023] For any particular compound or group disclosed herein, any name or structure (general or specific) presented is intended to encompass all conformational isomers, regioisomers, stereoisomers, and mixtures thereof that can arise from a particular set of substituents, unless otherwise specified. The name or structure also encompasses all enantiomers, diastereomers, and other optical isomers (if there are any) whether in enantiomeric or racemic forms, as well as mixtures of stereoisomers, as would be recognized by a skilled artisan, unless otherwise specified. For example, a general reference to a “Ce alkane,” “hexane” or “hexanes” includes n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3 -methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and2,3-dimethylbutane; and a general reference to a “C4 alkyl” or “butyl group” includes an / / -butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an / . w-butyl group, and a / -butyl group.

[0024] The term “substituted” when used to describe a group, for example, when referring to a substituted analog of a particular group, is intended to describe the compound or group wherein any non-hydrogen moiety formally replaces hydrogen in that group or compound and is intended to be non-limiting. A compound or group can also be referred to herein as “unsubstituted” or by equivalent terms such as “non-substituted,” which refers to the original group or compound. “Substituted” is intended to be non-limiting and include inorganic substituents or organic substituents as specified and as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0025] The terms “contact product,” “contacting,” and the like, are used herein to describe compositions and methods wherein the components are contacted together in any order, in any manner, and for any length of time, unless specified otherwise. For example, the components can be contacted by blending or mixing. Further, unless otherwise specified, the contacting of any component can occur in the presence or absence of any other component of the compositions and methods described herein. Combining additional materials or components can be done by any suitable method. Further, the term “contact product” includes mixtures, blends, solutions, slurries, reaction products, and the like, or combinations thereof. Although “contact product” can, and often does, include reaction products, it is not required for the respective components to react with one another. Similarly, “contacting” two or more components can result in a reaction product or a reaction mixture. Consequently, depending upon the circumstances, a “contact product” can be a mixture, a reaction mixture, or a reaction product.

[0026] The term “alkyl group” is used herein in accordance with the definition specified by IUPAC: a univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane. The alkyl group may be linear or branched unless otherwise specified.

[0027] A “cycloalkane” is used herein to refer to a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon, with or without side chains, for example, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentane, and methyl cyclohexane. Other identifiers may be utilized to indicate the presence of particular groups, if any, in the cycloalkane (for example, halogenated cycloalkane indicates the presence of one or more halogen atoms replacing an equivalent number of hydrogen atoms in the cycloalkane).

[0028] The term “hydrocarbyl group” is used herein in accordance with the definition specified by IUPAC: a univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon (that is, a group containing only carbon and hydrogen). Thus, a hydrocarbyl group includes alkyl groups (linear or branched), cycloalkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and the like. Non-limiting examples of hydrocarbyl groups include methyl, ethyl, butyl, hexyl, phenyl, tolyl, propenyl, and the like.

[0029] When used herein with regard to the selection of a substituent, the term “independently” indicates that two differently labeled substituents, e.g., R1and R2, selected from the same pool of substituents may be the same or different.

[0030] The Abstract of this application is not intended to be used to construe the scope of the claims or to limit the scope of the subject matter that is disclosed herein, but rather to satisfy the requirements of 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), to enable the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. Moreover, any headings that are employed herein are also not intended to be used to construe the scope of the claims or to limit the scope of the subject matter that is disclosed herein.

[0031] All publications and patents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the constructs and methodologies that are described in the publications, which might be used in connection with the presently described invention. The publications discussed throughout the text are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.

[0032] Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages according to this disclosure. Accordingly, all such modifications and equivalents are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the following claims. Therefore, it is to be understood that resort can be had to various other aspects, embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure or the scope of the appended claims.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] Provided herein are methods and systems for processing a composition, such as an odorized fluid. The processing of a composition can include storing, transporting, consuming, removing one or more components from a composition, or a combination thereof.

[0034] Methods

[0035] Methods of storing a composition are provided. In some embodiments, the methods include providing an odorized fluid, wherein the odorized fluid is disposed in a reservoir, such as a storage tank, and wherein the odorized fluid includes an odorant dispersed in a fluid; and removing at least a portion of the odorized fluid from the reservoir to form a stream including the odorized fluid.

[0036] In some embodiments, the providing of an odorized fluid includes contacting a fluid and an odorant, a stream including the odorant, or a combination thereof. The contacting of the fluid and the odorant and / or the stream including the odorant can occur before the odorant, the stream including the odorant, or the fluid is disposed in the reservoir. In some embodiments, the fluid is disposed in a reservoir prior to the contacting of the fluid and the odorant and / or the stream including the odorant. The contacting of the fluid and the odorant and / or the stream including the odorant can include disposing the odorant and / or the stream including the odorant in the reservoir. The fluid and / or the odorized fluid can be present in a component of a system, such as any of those described herein, such as a fuel distribution system or fuel supply infrastructure (fuel storage, fuel distribution, fuel delivery, etc ).

[0037] An odorant can or may not be removed from an odorized fluid before the fluid is used in any manner.

[0038] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein also include removing at least a portion of an odorant from a stream including the odorized fluid to form a stream including the fluid and a stream including the odorant. In some embodiments, the methods include providing a stream including an odorized fluid, wherein the odorized fluid includes a fluid dispersed in an odorant, and (ii) removing at least a portion of the odorant from the stream including the odorized fluid to form a stream including the fluid and a stream including the odorant.

[0039] An odorant is removed from an odorized fluid or other stream (such as an exhaust gas) when the odorant, after the removal process, is present in a stream including a fluid at aconcentration of less than 1 mg / m3, less than 0.8 mg / m3, less than 0.6 mg / m3, less than 0.4 mg / m3, less than 0.1 mg / m3, or less than 0.01 mg / m3. Alternatively, an odorant is removed when less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.01%, or less than 0.001% of the odorant remains in the fluid or stream after the fluid or stream is subjected to the removal process.

[0040] When an odorant is removed from an odorized fluid to produce a stream including a fluid, the methods herein can also include forwarding the stream including the fluid to an apparatus, such as an apparatus that processes, consumes, and / or stores (burns, reacts, oxidizes, reduces, flows, expands, compresses, decompresses, solidifies, vaporizes, etc.) the fluid. The apparatus can produce an odorant-free exhaust gas. An exhaust gas, other fluid, or stream is “odorant-free” when an odorant is present at a concentration of less than 1 mg / m3, less than 0.8 mg / m3, less than 0.6 mg / m3, less than 0.4 mg / m3, less than 0.1 mg / m3, or less than 0.01 mg / m3. “Odorant-free” can also be understood as a concentration low enough that the remaining odorant in the fluid after the fluid exits the exhaust can be further diluted below the odor detection threshold of the odorant in the nearby atmosphere to prevent both excess accumulation and detection of the odorant in the environment. Alternatively, a fluid can be essentially odorant free if it contains less than 5%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.01%, or less than 0.001% of the amount of odorant present in the fluid prior to the odorant removal process.

[0041] As explained herein, in some embodiments, an odorant is not removed from an odorized fluid before the odorized fluid is forwarded to an apparatus that processes, consumes, and / or stores (burns, reacts, oxidizes, reduces, flows, expands, compresses, decompresses, solidifies, vaporizes, etc.) the odorized fluid. In some embodiments, the methods also include forwarding the stream including the odorized fluid to an apparatus that consumes the fluid, thereby producing an exhaust gas including the odorant. The methods also can include removing at least a portion of the odorant from the exhaust gas, which can form a first stream including an odorant-free exhaust gas and a second stream including the odorant.

[0042] Generally, any stream that includes an odorant can be stored or recycled. In some embodiments, the methods also include disposing a stream including an odorant in a reservoir, such as an odorant storage tank. The methods also can include removing at least a portion of the stream including the odorant from the odorant storage tank when a concentration of the odorant in the odorant storage tank reaches or exceeds a critical concentration. The odorant storage tankcan be exchangeable with an empty odorant storage tank. In some embodiment, the methods also include disposing a first portion of a stream including the odorant in a first odorant storage tank, and disposing a second portion of the stream including the odorant in a second odorant storage tank when a concentration of odorant in the first odorant storage tank reaches or exceeds a critical level. In some embodiments, the methods include replacing an odorant storage tank with an empty odorant storage tank after a concentration or amount of odorant in the odorant storage tank reaches or exceeds a predetermined level.

[0043] In some embodiments, the methods also include recycling a stream including the odorant. The recycling of the stream including the odorant can include contacting the stream including the odorant and a fluid, an additional amount of a fluid, or a combination thereof, which can result in an odorized fluid. In some embodiments, the recycling of the stream including the odorant includes disposing the stream including the odorant in a reservoir in which an odorized fluid is disposed.

[0044] In some embodiments, the methods also include eliminating a stream that includes an odorant. A stream that includes an odorant can be eliminated before or after the stream that includes the odorant is disposed in a reservoir, such as an odorant storage tank.

[0045] A flow chart of an embodiment of the methods described herein is depicted in FIG. 1. The method 100 of FIG. 1 includes providing / storing 110 an odorized fluid. The odorized fluid can be disposed in a reservoir, such as a storage tank, and an include an odorant dispersed in a fluid. The method 100 of FIG. 1 also includes removing 120 at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid, which can produce a first stream that includes a deodorized fluid and a second stream that includes the odorant. The method 100 of FIG. 1 includes disposing 130 the stream including the odorant in a different reservoir, such as a storage tank. The odorant in the different reservoir then can be contacted (e.g., mixed) 140 with the fluid and / or an additional amount of the fluid to produce the odorized fluid, or an additional amount of the odorized fluid. The odorant can be kept in the different reservoir, such as the storage tank, until the concentration of odorant in the different reservoir reaches or exceeds a critical level (e.g., a level detectable by humans or a sensor). The method 100 of FIG. 1 also includes using 150 the stream including the de-odorized fluid in an apparatus or device that processes, consumes, and / or stores (burns, reacts, oxidizes, reduces, flows, expands, compresses,decompresses, solidifies, vaporizes, etc.) the de-odorized fluid, and optionally releases 160 an exhaust gas produced from the de-odorized fluid.

[0046] A flow chart of another embodiment of the methods described herein is depicted in FIG. 2. The method 200 of FIG. 2 includes providing / storing 210 an odorized fluid. The odorized fluid can be disposed in a reservoir, such as a storage tank, and can include an odorant dispersed in a fluid. The method 200 of FIG. 2 includes using 250 the odorized fluid in an apparatus or device that processes, consumes, and / or stores (bums, reacts, oxidizes, reduces, flows, expands, compresses, decompresses, solidifies, vaporizes, etc.) the odorized fluid, and optionally releases an exhaust gas that includes the odorant. The method 200 of FIG. 2 includes removing 220 the odorant from the exhaust gas to produce 260 an odorant free exhaust gas. A stream that includes the odorant separated from the exhaust gas can be transferred 230 to a storage tank. When a concentration of odorant in the storage reaches a critical level, as described herein, the odorant can be injected 240 into a fluid, such as a fuel gas, to produce an odorized fluid that is provided / stored 210.

[0047] Systems

[0048] Systems for processing a composition, such as an odorized fluid, also are provided herein. The systems can store, transport, consume, and / or remove a component from a fluid, such as an odorized fluid.

[0049] In some embodiments, the systems include one or more reservoirs, an odorant removing unit, and an apparatus that consumes the fluid(s). In some embodiments, the systems include a reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid, the odorized fluid including a fluid and an odorant dispersed in the fluid; a reservoir configured for storing an odorant; an odorant removing unit; and an apparatus that consumes the fluid.

[0050] Any one or more components of the systems provided herein can be connected to each other in any manner. The one or more components, for example, can be reversibly (e.g., connected to each other via threaded piping) or permanently (e.g., welded directly or indirectly to each other via piping or otherwise) connected to each other. The one or more components, as a further example, can be connected in a manner that places the one or more components in fluid communication with each other. One or more components are in fluid communication with each other when a fluid can be transported to and / or from one component to another. In some embodiments, the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid, the reservoir configured forstoring an odorant, the odorant removing unit, and the apparatus that consumes the fluid are in fluid communication with each other. In some embodiments, the reservoir configured for storing an odorant is permanently or reversibly connected to one or more other components of the system, such as the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid.

[0051] One or more of the components of the systems provided herein can be arranged in a closed loop configuration. A system has a “closed loop configuration” when the system is configured to prevent or minimize (permanently or temporarily) the introduction of outside fluids or materials into the system. A closed loop configuration can eliminate, minimize, or reduce loss of an odorant, a fluid, an odorized fluid, or a combination thereof from the system.

[0052] Generally, the components of the systems provided herein can be arranged in any manner or order. In some embodiments, the odorant removing unit is arranged between the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid and the apparatus that consumes the fluid. When a system includes three components (e.g., A, B, and C), and component B is arranged between component A and component C, then the three components are arranged in a manner that permits a fluid to be transported from A to B, and then B to C. Therefore, the phrase “arranged between” relates to the order of components through which a fluid can pass as the fluid traverses the system, and not necessarily the physical location of the components relative to each other. In some embodiments, the apparatus that consumes the fluid is arranged between the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid and the odorant removing unit. In some embodiments, the odorant storage tank is arranged between the odorant removing unit and the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid.

[0053] The systems provided herein can include an odorant disposal unit. The odorant disposal unit can be in fluid communication with the reservoir configured for storing an odorant, the apparatus that consumes the fluid, or both the reservoir configured for storing an odorant and the apparatus that consumes the fluid.

[0054] The components of the systems provided herein can be constructed of any suitable material(s) that have one or more desirable physical properties, and / or do not undesirably impact the performance of the systems. In some embodiments, the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid is a flexible reservoir, or a rigid reservoir.

[0055] The components of the systems provided herein can be disposable and / or reversibly connected to a system in a manner that permits a component to be replaced, such aswhen a component is filled with a certain amount of fluid. In some embodiments, the reservoir configured for storing an odorant includes a cartridge, a tank, a canister, a cylinder, a drum, or a combination thereof. As explained herein, the reservoir configured for storing an odorant, which can be referred to as an odorant storage tank, can be removed and replaced when a concentration or amount of odorant reaches or exceeds a predetermined level.

[0056] The systems provided herein can include any one or more components known in the art, such as components that can assists with the filling, draining, injecting, transporting, etc. of fluid within a system. In some embodiments, the systems also include one or more of the following elements: a refueling nozzle, a fluid refueling inlet port (such as a fuel gas refueling inlet port), a fluid inlet line (such as a fuel inlet line), an odorant injection unit, or a fluid odorant inlet port (such as a fuel gas odorant inlet port). When a system includes an odorant injection unit, the odorant injection unit can be arranged in or adjacent a reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid.

[0057] FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of an embodiment of a system or method for removing an odorant prior to the use of a fluid, such as a fuel gas that includes hydrogen. FIG. 3 depicts refueling nozzle 300, which can connect a refueling device or unit, such as a fuel gas refueling device or unit, with an apparatus that consumes the fluid. The fluid, which can be a fuel gas, in refueling nozzle 300 can be odorized or non-odorized. Depicted in FIG. 3 is refueling line 30, which connects refueling nozzle 300 and refueling inlet port 301. Refueling line 30 can transport either odorant free fluids, such as odorant free fuel gases, or odorized fluids, such as odorized fuel gases, or, alternatively, a mixture of both, depending on the sources available at refueling. Refueling inlet port 301 can allow the fluid, such as a fuel gas, to transfer from nozzle 300 to fluid storage tank 302 via inlet line 31. Inlet line 31 connects refueling inlet port 301 and fluid storage tank 302. Inlet line 31 can transport either odorant free fluids, such as odorant free fuel gases, or odorized fluids, such as odorized fuel gases, or, alternatively, a mixture of both depending on the sources at refueling. The system of FIG. 3 also includes storage tank 302 of fluid, such as a fuel gas. Odorized fluid line 32 connects storage tank 302 to odorant removal unit 303. Odorized fluid line 32 can transport odorant and fluids, such as fuel gases, that have been mixed together. Within odorant removal unit 303, any of the methods described herein can be used to remove the odorant, including methods that scrub or eliminate the odorant from the fluid. Upon its removal, the odorant can be transferred via recovered odorant line 33 to odorantstorage tank 304. Recovered odorant line 33 can carry odorant and no fluids. Also depicted in FIG. 3 is deodorized fluid line 36, which connects odorant removal unit 303 to apparatus 306 that consumes the fluid, such as a fuel gas. Deodorized fluid line 36 can transport odorant free fluids, such as odorant free fuel gases.

[0058] Apparatus 306 can be, for example, a fuel cell, a chemical processing unit (e.g., hydrogenation and reduction reactions, metal hydride synthesis); a petrochemical processing unit (e.g. hydrocracking, reforming, desulfurization); a steel production unit (for example, using direct reduced iron (DRI)); a glass production unit; a semiconductor and electronic processing unit (including cleaning, annealing, epitaxy, doping, ion implantation, passivation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), plasma etching, atomic layer etching (ALE), diborane and digermane stabilization, and generating EUV light sources); a cement production or processing unit; a pharmaceutical processing unit; a food and beverage processing unit; a heat generation (e.g., combustion or catalytic) unit; or a mechanical power generation (e.g., combustion) unit; or other emerging technologies.

[0059] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, the fluid entering apparatus 306 is essentially odorant free. Exhaust line 38 carries exhaust from apparatus 306, and the exhaust does not contain an amount of residual odorant that is detectable above an odor detection threshold. Exhaust line 38 can be connected to one or more additional processing units 310 that process the exhaust before its release into the environment. Optionally, the system of FIG. 3 can include odorant injection line 35, which connects odorant storage tank 304 to optional odorant injection unit 305. Odorant injection line 35 can only transport odorant and no fluids. The system optionally can include odorant injection unit 305, which can be part of fluid tank 302 or a separate unit linked to fluid tank 302 directly or via an additional fluid line. Odorant injection unit 305 can be connected to fluid refueling inlet port 301 or fluid tank 302 as a source of to-be- odorized fluid, such as a fuel gas. The system of FIG. 3 can include odorant transfer line 34, which can connect odorant storage tank 304 to odorant disposal unit 308. At the exit of odorant disposal unit 308, the concentration of odoriferous compounds can be below an odor detection limit. Odorant transfer line 34 can only transport odorant and no fluids. The system of FIG. 3 can include odorant disposal unit 308, which can apply any of the methods described herein or known in the art to remove, consume, dispose, or scrub the odorant. A concentration of odorantshould be below an odor detection threshold before the disposal products are transferred to exhaust line 39. Exhaust line 39 can be connected to one or more additional units 310 for processing (e.g., catalytic treatment, combustion, etc.) before release of the odorant and / or exhaust gases in the environment. The system of FIG. 3 can include odorant refueling line 3A, which connects refueling nozzle 300 and odorant inlet port 307, and allows an odorant to be transferred from nozzle 300 to odorant storage tank 304 via inlet line 37. Inlet line 37 connects odorant inlet port 307 to odorant storage tank 304.

[0060] FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of an embodiment of a method and a system for removing an odorant from a fluid, such as a fuel gas (e.g., H2) before the use of the fluid. Fluid refueling nozzle 400 connects to fluid refueling inlet port 401. The fluid in nozzle 400 can be odorized or non-odorized. Fluid (e.g., H2) line 40 connects nozzle 400 and fluid refueling inlet port 401. Fluid line 40 can carry either odorant free fluids or odorized fluids, or, alternatively, a mixture of both, depending on the sources available at refueling. Fluid inlet port 401 transfers the fluid from nozzle 400 to fluid storage tank 402 via inlet line 41. Fluid line 41 connects inlet port 401 and fluid storage tank 402. This line can carry either odorant free fluids or odorized fluids, or, alternatively, a mixture of both depending on the sources at refueling. The system of FIG. 4 includes a storage tank of fluid 402. Gas line 42 connects storage tank 402 to fluid apparatus 403, and gas line 42 can carry odorant and fluids mixed together.

[0061] Fluid apparatus 403 can be any apparatus that consumes the fluid, for example, a fuel cell, a chemical processing unit (e.g., hydrogenation and reduction reactions, metal hydride synthesis); a petrochemical processing unit (e.g. hydrocracking, reforming, desulfurization); a steel production unit (for example, using direct reduced iron (DRI)); a glass production unit; a semiconductor and electronic processing unit (including cleaning, annealing, epitaxy, doping, ion implantation, passivation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), plasma etching, atomic layer etching (ALE), diborane and digermane stabilization, and generating EUV light sources); a cement production or processing unit; a pharmaceutical processing unit; a food and beverage processing unit; a heat generation (e.g., combustion or catalytic) unit; or a mechanical power generation (e.g., combustion) unit; or other emerging technologies.

[0062] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4, the fluid entering fluid apparatus 403 is odorized. Gas exhaust line 43 connects fluid apparatus 403 to odorant removing unit 404. Gasexhaust line 43 can carry residual odorant and exhaust gases with or without residual fluids post consumption of the fluid. Odorant removing unit 404 can apply any of the methods described herein to scrub or eliminate the odorant from the exhaust gases. The odorant can be preserved and transferred to odorant storage tank 406. Fluid line 44 connects the odorant removing unit 404 and odorant storage tank 406. Line 44 can transport odorant and no fluids. Odorant storage tank 406 can receive and / or store the odorant recovered from odorant removal unit 404. Exhaust gas line 48 removes exhaust from the odorant removing unit 404, which cannot contain detectable residual odorant above an odor detection threshold. Exhaust line 48 can be connected to one or more additional processing units 410 that process the exhaust gas before its release in the environment. The system of FIG. 4 also can include fluid line 45 which connects odorant storage tank 406 to an odorant injection tank 405. Line 45 can transport odorant and no fluids. Odorant injection unit 405 can introduce odorant to the fluid stored in fluid tank 402. Odorant injection unit 405 can be part of the fluid tank 402 or a separate unit linked to the fluid tank 402 directly or via an additional fluid line. Odorant injection unit 405 can be connected to fluid inlet port 401 or tank 402 as a source of to-be-odorized fluid. The system also can include fluid line 46 which connects odorant storage tank 406 and the odorant disposal unit 408. Line 46 should only carry odorant and no fluids. The system can include odorant disposal unit 408, which can apply any of the methods described herein to eliminate, dispose, or scrub the odorant. At the outlet of odorant disposal unit 408, the concentration of odoriferous compounds can be below the odor detection limit. The odorant can be below an odor detection threshold before the disposal products are transferred to exhaust gas line 49, which extends from odorant disposal unit 408. Exhaust line 49 can be connected to one or more additional processing units 410, which can process the odorant and / or exhaust gases before their release into the environment. The system can include odorant transfer line 4A by which nozzle 400 connects to odorant inlet port 407. Line 4A can transport odorant and no fuel-gases. Nozzle 400 can be the same or different as the nozzle used to transfer the fluid. The system can include odorant inlet port 407 by which the odorant can be transferred from nozzle 400 to odorant storage tank 406 via inlet line 47, which connects inlet port 407 and odorant storage tank 406. Line 47 can transport either odorant free fluids or odorized fluids, or, alternatively, a mixture of both, depending on the sources at refueling, but more typically, line 47 is an odorant only line.

[0063] If the system of FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 experiences a loss of odorant, the odorant storage tank (304, 406) can be depleted of odorant. To avoid or address this situation, one or more of several options can be pursued, such as refueling the odorant via inlet port (307, 407) and / or various fluid lines (3A,37; 4A, 47). The tank (304, 406) can be exchanged with a refdled tank containing a sufficient level of odorant. This tank can be a single use or multi-use container.

[0064] If the system of FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 is configured to use an odorized fluid that includes a minimum or minimal amount of odorant, the odorant storage tank (304, 406) can be overfilled with odorant. To avoid or reduce the likelihood of facing this situation, however, an odorant disposal unit (308, 408) can be used to decompose the excess odorant and purge the decomposition products via an exhaust line (39, 49). The tank (304, 406) also can be exchanged with an empty tank. This tank can be a single use or multi-use container. The systems and methods of FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 can permit the mixed use of odorized or odorant free fluids, such as odorized or odorant free fuel gases. The odorant storage tank (304, 406) can be depleted or overfilled of odorant at some point in time depending on various circumstances. The same technical solutions described herein for the loss of odorant or the continuous use of odorized fluids, such as odorized fuel gas, can be deployed.

[0065] Removal of Odorant

[0066] Generally, the removal of an odorant from a stream can be achieved using any known technique. These techniques can include, but are not limited to, catalytic decomposition on metal, metal oxide, zeolite, or other substrates (see US7780933B2, US8658321B2, JP2018153634A, JP06317909B2, JP05766744B2, JP6306377A, JP04745557B2, US8444945B2, JP04822692B2, US7837964B2, US20080090115A1, US10889597 B2), absorption or adsorption on activated carbon, zeolites, silica, or other substrates (see JP07271867B2, JP05949333B2, JP2012143747A, JP2011201975 A, JP05295689B2, JP2001019984A, JP2001157709A, US6875410B2, JP05051864B2, US805777B2, EP2337621B1), condensation, concentration, evaporation, filtration, membrane separation, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the removal of an odorant can include contacting an odorized fluid or an exhaust gas and an adsorption and / or absorption media, or membrane separation media.

[0067] More specifically, an odorant can be removed from a fluid by an adsorption or absorption media using one or more materials, such as a porous carrier. Non-limiting examples of such materials include silica-alumina; silica; alumina; zeolite, preferably a zeolite containingAg, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Ce, La, Zr, and Ti metallic element(s), titania, zirconia, magnesia, silica- magnesia, or zinc oxide; a porous inorganic oxide, such as one selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Al, Si, Ce, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a rare earth metal; terra alba; clay; diatomaceous earth; activated carbon; activated carbon oxide; activated carbon formed by activated carbon processing with nitric acid; an organometallic framework compound (MOF); and a polymer type-absorbent in granular form, powder form, and fibrous form.

[0068] An odorant can be removed from a fluid by catalytic conversion to one or more compounds having a lower odor detection threshold using one or more materials, such as porous inorganic oxide selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Al, Si, B, P; an alkali metal; an alkaline earth metal (for example, oxides of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium); a rare earth metal (for example, oxides of scandium, yttrium, cerium, ytterbium and lanthanum); and a transition metal (for example, oxides of nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, silver, zinc, iron, titanium and zirconium).Alternatively, the porous inorganic oxide can be selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, silica-alumina, and cerium oxide; a transition metal oxide; a transition metal compound; an alkaline earth metal oxide; and a rare earth metal oxide. Preferably the transition metal is nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, silver, zinc, iron, titanium, and / or zirconium. Preferably the alkaline earth metal is magnesium, calcium, barium, and / or strontium. Preferably the rare earth metal of the rare earth oxide is selected from scandium, yttrium, cerium, ytterbium, and / or lanthanum. Alternatively, a porous inorganic oxide can be selected from a group 13-14 oxide where the group 13-14 element is selected from boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, and / or tin. Alternatively, a compound can be removed from a treated fluid using a precious metal catalyst such as Pt / Pd / Rh catalyst, Pt / Pd catalyst, Pt / Rh catalyst, Pd / Rh catalyst, Pt catalyst, Pd catalyst, Au catalyst, PVAI2O3 catalyst; an oxide catalyst such a zeolite, silica-alumina, silica, alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, magnesia, silica- magnesia, zinc oxide; a Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst; an organometallic framework compound (MOF) catalyst; and a perovskite type-catalyst in a granular form, a powder form, or fibrous form.

[0069] Alternatively, a compound can be removed from a treated fluid by scrubbing in a water trap or solvent trap containing alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal Ci to C4 alkyl acid,inorganic peroxide, organic peroxide, perchlorate, ionic or nonionic emulsifier, or a combination thereof.

[0070] The removal of at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas can include subjecting the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas to condensation. The condensation can include cooling, pressurizing, or a combination thereof the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas to recover the at least a portion of the odorant as a liquid.

[0071] The removal of at least a portion of an odorant from an odorized fluid or an exhaust gas can include contacting the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas and a membrane or filter, wherein the membrane or the filter is configured to retain the odorant or the non-odorant components of the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas. The membrane can include a polymer such as polyethylene, polypropylene, a polyamide, a polyimide, a cellulose acetate, a polysulphone, a polydimethylsiloxane, a fluoropolymer (such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), perfluoro sulfonic acid polymer (such as NAFION™ (DuPont, USA) resin and AQUIVION® polymer (Solvay, USA)), a nanoporous material, a silica mesoporous material, a zeolite, a metal-organic framework (MOF), a perovskite, a metal, or a combination thereof.

[0072] In some embodiments, the methods also include separating an odorant from (i) the adsorption and / or absorption media or (ii) the scrubber by subjecting the adsorption and / or absorption media or the scrubber to heat, reduced pressure, or a combination thereof.

[0073] The removal of at least a portion of an odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas can be performed at any time before, during, and / or after the methods provided herein. For example, the removal of at least a portion of an odorant can occur, at least in part, during the operation of the apparatus that consumes the fluid, and / or the removal of at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas can be performed, at least in part, while the apparatus that consumes the fluid is not operating.

[0074] Disposal of Odorant

[0075] The disposal or elimination of a stream that includes an odorant can be performed at any point during the methods provided herein. The disposal or elimination of a stream that includes an odorant can be achieved using any known technique.

[0076] In some embodiments, the disposal of a stream including an odorant is performed by an odorant disposal unit. The disposal of the stream including the odorant can be performedwhen or after a concentration of odorant in a reservoir, such as an odorant storage tank, reaches or exceeds a critical level.

[0077] In some embodiments, the disposal of the stream including the odorant includes subjecting the stream including the odorant to thermal incineration, thermocatalytic reduction, photocatalytic reduction, plasma catalytic reduction, thermocatalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, plasma catalytic oxidation, combustion, ignition or burning, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the elimination includes contacting the stream including the odorant with one or more of a porous inorganic oxide selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Al, Si, B, P; an alkali metal; an alkaline earth metal (for example, oxides of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium); a rare earth metal (for example, oxides of scandium, yttrium, cerium, ytterbium and lanthanum); and a transition metal (for example, oxides of nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, silver, zinc, iron, titanium and zirconium). Alternatively, the porous inorganic oxide can be selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, silica-alumina, and cerium oxide; a transition metal oxide; a transition metal compound; an alkaline earth metal oxide; and a rare earth metal oxide. Preferably the transition metal is nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, silver, zinc, iron, titanium and zirconium.Preferably the alkaline earth metal is magnesium, calcium, barium, or strontium. Preferably the rare earth metal of the rare earth oxide is selected from scandium, yttrium, cerium, ytterbium and lanthanum. Alternatively, a porous inorganic oxide can be selected from a group 13-14 oxide where the group 13-14 element is selected from boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, and tin. Alternatively, a compound can be removed from a treated fluid using a precious metal catalyst such as Pt / Pd / Rh catalyst, Pt / Pd catalyst, Pt / Rh catalyst, Pd / Rh catalyst, Pt catalyst, Pd catalyst, Au catalyst, PVAI2O3 catalyst; an oxide catalyst such a zeolite, silica-alumina, silica, alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, magnesia, silica-magnesia, zinc oxide; a Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst; an organometallic framework compound (MOF) catalyst; and a perovskite type-catalyst in a granular form, a powder form, or fibrous form.

[0078] In some embodiments, the elimination of the stream including the odorant includes subjecting the stream including the odorant to combustion, ignition, burning, or a combination thereof, which can include the use of air as oxidation medium and hydrogen as reduction medium.

[0079] Apparatuses

[0080] As used herein, the term “apparatus” refers to any device or system that processes, consumes, and / or stores (burns, reacts, oxidizes, reduces, flows, expands, compresses, decompresses, solidifies, vaporizes, etc.) a fluid. The apparatus, for example, can include a fuel cell, a chemical processing unit (e.g., hydrogenation and reduction reactions, metal hydride synthesis); petrochemical processing unit (e.g. hydrocracking, reforming, desulfurization); a steel production unit (for example, using direct reduced iron (DRI)); a glass production unit; a semiconductor and electronic processing unit (including cleaning, annealing, epitaxy, doping, ion implantation, passivation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), plasma etching, atomic layer etching (ALE), diborane and digermane stabilization, and generating EUV light sources); a cement production or processing unit; a pharmaceutical processing unit; a food and beverage processing unit, a heat generation (e.g., combustion or catalytic) unit, a mechanical power generation (e g., combustion) unit, or other emerging technologies.

[0081] When the apparatus is a fuel cell, the methods provided herein can include contacting an anode of the fuel cell and a stream that includes a fluid or odorized fluid. The apparatus, such as a fuel cell, can include an ejector, a circulation pump, or a combination thereof, such as the ejector or circulation pump disclosed in US2023 / 0282849.

[0082] Odorants

[0083] Odorants are provided herein, such as odorants for a fluid. The odorants can be non-toxic (e.g., to humans or mammals), or have a detectable odor below a toxicity level. The odorants can be environmentally benign, such as by not posing health or toxicity concerns to human or biological species. Combustion products of the odorants also can be environmentally benign. The odorants can be benign to the components of a device system, such as a combustion system, fuel cell, or any other appliance.

[0084] The odorant cannot undesirably impact the components of a system or apparatus, such as a combustion system, fuel cell, or any other apparatus (for example, the odorant does not impact, or impacts by less than 1%, or less than 0.1 %, the performance (e.g., energy output) of the apparatus).

[0085] The odorant can include a sulfur compound, i.e., a compound that comprises a sulfur atom, or a sulfur-free compound, i.e., a compound that does not include a sulfur atom.One example of a sulfur-free compound is ethyl or methyl acrylate, such as GASODOR® S-Free odorant (Th. Geyer, Germany).

[0086] Non-limiting examples of sulfur compounds include a mercaptan (R-S-H), an organic sulfide (R-S-R), a disulfide (R-S-S-R), a cyclic sulfur compound, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), methyl mercaptan (MM), ethyl mercaptan (EM), t-butyl mercaptan (TBM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), diethyl sulfide (DES), methyl ethyl sulfide (MES), dimethyldisulfide (DMDS), n-propyl mercaptan (NPM), isopropyl mercaptan (IPM), sec-butyl mercaptan, tetrahydrothiophene (THT), or a combination thereof.

[0087] Non-limiting examples of sulfur-free compounds include an acrylate, an aldehyde, a ketone, an alkene, an alkyne, or a combination thereof, wherein, optionally, the alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1-pentyne (pent-l-yne), 2-pentyne (pent- 2-yne), 1 -hexyne (hex-l-yne), 2-hexyne (hex-2-yne), 2-heptyne (hept-2-yne), 3 -heptyne (hept-3- yne), 2-octyne (oct-2-yne), 3 -octyne (oct-3 -yne), 4-octyne (oct -4-yne) or a combination thereof. Additional non-limiting examples of odorants include 1 -butyne, 2-butyne, methylpropargyl ether, vinylacetylene (butenyne), 1 -butene, diisobutylene, 1 -pentene, cyclohexene, isobutene, cyclopentene, 2-methyl-2-butene, 3 -methyl- 1 -butene, 2-methyl-l -butene, cis-2-butene, 4-methyl- 1 -cyclohexene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, (4R)-l-methyl-4-(l-methylethenyl)cyclohexene ((R)-(+)- limonene), (4S)-l-nethyl-4-(l-methylethenyl)cyclohexene ((S)-(-)-Limonene), trans-2-butene, cis-2-pentene, trans-2-pentene, cumene, 1,3 -butadiene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cis-1,5- cyclooctadiene), dipentene (limonene), 1,6-heptadiene, 1,3-cycloheptadiene, 1,3 -pentadiene, 2,3- dimethyl- 1,3 -butadiene, (E,Z)-l,5-cyclooctadiene, cyclopentadiene, 1,2-butadiene (methylallene), 1,2-butadiene, 1,4-pentadiene, 1,5 -hexadiene, 1,3 -cycloh exadiene, 1,4- cyclohexadiene, 2-methyl-l, 3-butadiene (isoprene), isoamyl butyrate, isobutylacrylate, isobutylacetate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, tert-butylacrylate, isoamylisobutyrate, propyl methacrylate, tert-butylmethacrylate, isopropylacrylate, methyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, 2-methylpropyl methacrylate (isobutyl methacrylate), butyl methacrylate, allyl acrylate, benzaldehyde, pentanal (valeraldehyde), pentane-1, 5-dial, 1 -cyclohexene- 1-carbaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, propanal (propionaldehyde), butanal (butylaldehyde), (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienal (trans-2-trans-4-hexadienal), 2-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzaldehyde (o-vanillin), 2-heptenal, cyclohexanal, trans-4-hexenal, 2- cyclohexylpropanal (a-methylcyclohexaneacetaldehyde), 2-butenal, formaldehyde,malondialdehyde, 3 -methylbutanal (isopental, isovaleral, isovaleraldehyde), cyclopent-1 - enecarbaldehyde, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, hexanal (caproaldehyde), cis-3-hexenal, 3-butenal, ethanone (acetaldehyde), penta-2,4-dienal, linalool, 2-methylpropanal (isobutylaldehyde), 2-oxo- propanal, cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde (cyclopentaldehyde), 2-methylbutanal, or a combination thereof.

[0088] The odorant generally can be any compound(s) that impart a sufficient odor to a fluid. Non-limiting examples of odorants includes those disclosed in the following references: US8206854B2, US8394553B2, JP04997836B2, JP06945096B1, JP07014530B2, JP2008260838A, JP03836357B2, Journal of Power Sources, 152, 2005), 226-232, J. Japan Association on Odor Environment, 40, 2009, 248-255, ISO13734:2013, and JP07014530B2.

[0089] In some embodiments, the sulfur-free compound includes a C1-C20 sulfur-free compound, a C1-C15 sulfur-free compound, a C1-C10 sulfur-free compound, a Ci-Cs sulfur-free compound, a C1-C7 sulfur-free compound, or a C1-C5 sulfur-free compound. The sulfur-free compound can be a cyclic compound. The sulfur-free compound can include a cyclic hydrocarbon moiety, such as a cycloalkane moiety or a cycloalkene moiety. The sulfur-free compound can include an acrylate moiety (C=C-C(O)-O). The sulfur-free compound cany be an alkyl acrylate, such as a C1-C5 alkyl acrylate, wherein the alkyl is straight or branched. The sulfur-free compound can include an alcohol moiety (C-O-H), and, therefore, can be a C1-C10 alcohol, a C3-C6 alcohol, or a C4 alcohol. The sulfur-free compound can be an alkanol, an alkenol, an alkynol, or a combination thereof, wherein the alkanol, the alkenol, and the alkynol is linear, branched, or cyclic. The sulfur-free compound can include an alkynyl moiety (C=C).The sulfur-free compound can be an alkyne, such as a 2-alkyne. The alkyne can be a Cs-Cs alkyne, a C6-C7 alkyne, a C7 alkyne, or a Ce alkyne, which can be linear or branched. The sulfur- free compound can include a cyclohexene moiety.

[0090] In some embodiments, the compound or odorant is an alkene, such as a terminal alkene. The phrase “terminal alkene” generally refers to organic compounds, including substituted derivatives of organic compounds and / or heteroatom-containing organic compounds, that include a terminal double bond, as depicted in the following moiety:

[0091] The term “substituted derivatives of organic compounds” can include compounds with organic or inorganic substituents. In some embodiments, the substituted derivatives of organic compounds include an oxygen substituent.

[0092] A terminal alkene can include a heteroatom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, etc. When a terminal alkene includes oxygen as a heteroatom, the oxygen can be present as part of an ether moiety.

[0093] In some embodiments, the terminal alkene includes a terminal C3-C20 alkene, a terminal C3-C19 alkene, a terminal C3-C18 alkene, a terminal C3-C17 alkene, a terminal C3-C16 alkene, a terminal C3-C15 alkene, a terminal C3-C14 alkene, a terminal C3-C13 alkene, a terminal C3-C12 alkene, a terminal C3-C11 alkene, a terminal C3-C10 alkene, a terminal C3-C9 alkene, a terminal C3-C8 alkene, or a terminal C3-C7 alkene. In some embodiments, the terminal alkene is hep-l-ene, hex-l-ene or oct-l-ene.

[0094] In some embodiments, the compound can include a hexene, a heptene, an octene, or a combination thereof. The term “heptene” refers to a compound that includes at least one double bond and a linear chain of seven carbon atoms, wherein at least two of the seven carbon atoms are bonded to each other via a double bond, and includes substituted derivatives thereof. The term “octene” refers to a compound that includes at least one double bond and a linear chain of eight carbon atoms, wherein at least two of the eight carbon atoms are bonded to each other via a double bond, and includes substituted derivatives thereof. The substituted derivatives of heptene and octene can include, but are not limited to, a C1-C2 substituted heptene or a C1-C2 substituted octene. The substituted derivatives of the heptene and octene can include, but are not limited to, a C1-C2 substituted heptene or a C1-C2 substituted octene. As an example, the following table shows a generic schematic of a linear chain of seven carbon atoms, an embodiment of a heptene, and an embodiment of a Ci substituted heptene.

[0095] A terminal alkene can include one or more double bonds. When a terminal alkene includes two double bonds, the compound can be referred to as a “diene.” In some embodiments the diene includes a hexadiene or an octadiene. The term “hexadiene” refers to a compound that includes at least two double bonds and a linear chain of six carbon atoms, wherein at least four of the six carbon atoms are bonded to each other via a double bond, and includes substituted derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the hexadiene includes hexa- 1,5 -diene, where 1 ,5 refers to the first and second and fifth and sixth carbons, respectively, of the linear chain of six carbon atoms that are bonded to each other via a double bond. In some embodiments, the octadiene includes octa-1, 7-diene, where 1,7 refers to the first and second and seventh and eighth carbons, respectively, of the linear chain of eight carbon atoms that are bonded to each other via a double bond. Substituted derivatives of hexadiene or octadiene can include, but are not limited to, a C1-C2 substituted hexadiene or a C1-C2 substituted octadiene.

[0096] In some embodiments, the terminal alkene includes b uta-1, 3 -diene (1,3- butadiene). In some embodiments, the terminal alkene includes hexa-l,5-diene (1,5-hexadiene). In some embodiments, the terminal alkene includes hepta- 1,6-diene (1,6-heptadiene). In some embodiments, the terminal alkene includes octa-1, 7-diene (1,7-octadiene).

[0097] In some embodiments, the terminal alkene includes a compound of formula (A): CH2=CH(CH2)mCH=CH2formula (A); wherein m is an integer selected from 0 to 4.

[0098] In some embodiments, the heptadiene and / or the octadiene includes a compound of formula (B):CH3CH=CH(CH2)mCH=CH2formula (B); wherein m is an integer selected from 0 to 4, such as 2 or 3 (e.g., m is 2 for a heptadiene and 3 for an octadiene).

[0099] In some embodiments, the heptadiene and / or the octadiene includes a compound of formula (C):CH3(CH2)mCH=CH(CH2)nCH=CH3 formula (C); wherein m and n, independently, are an integer from 0 to 4; wherein, in some embodiments, m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; wherein, for example, m + n = 2 for heptadienes, and m + n = 3 for octadienes.

[0100] In some embodiments, a terminal alkene includes a compound of formula (D): R1-(CH2)n-C=CH2; formula (D); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein R1is selected from hydrogen, a Ci-Ce alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc. Alternatively, R1can be selected from a C3-C12 cycloalkyl, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or a C3-C7 cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, etc.

[0101] In some embodiments, the odorant includes a terminal alkyne. The phrase “terminal alkyne” generally refers to organic compounds, including substituted derivatives of organic compounds and / or heteroatom-containing organic compounds, that include a terminal triple bond, or in other words, the following moiety:

[0102] The term “substituted derivatives” of organic compounds, including terminal alkynes, can include compounds with organic or inorganic substituents. In some embodiments, the substituted derivatives of organic compounds include an oxygen substituent.

[0103] In some embodiments, the terminal alkyne includes a terminal C3-C20 alkyne, a terminal C3-C19 alkyne, a terminal C3-C18 alkyne, a terminal C3-C17 alkyne, a terminal C3-C16 alkyne, a terminal C3-C15 alkyne, a terminal C3-C14 alkyne, a terminal C3-C13 alkyne, a terminal C.3-C12 alkyne, a terminal C3-C11 alkyne, a terminal C3-C10 alkyne, a terminal C3-C9 alkyne, a terminal C3-C8 alkyne, or a terminal C3-C7 alkyne.

[0104] A terminal alkyne can be referred to as a “1 -alkyne”. For example, a “heptyne” can include a 1-heptyne (e.g., hept-l-yne), a 2-heptyne (e.g., hept-2-yne), a 3-heptyne (e.g., hept- 3-yne), or combinations thereof. A terminal alkyne can be a linear terminal alkyne (e.g., but-1- yne), or a branched (e.g., bulky) terminal alkyne, which contains a branched terminal alkyne (e.g., 4-methylpent-l-yne) or a cycloalkane terminal alkyne (e g., cyclopropylacetylene).

[0105] A terminal alkyne can include two or more triple bonds, one or more double bonds, or a combination thereof. When a terminal alkyne includes at least one triple bond and at least one double bond, the compound can be referred to as an “enyne.” A number of enynes are provided herein, such as but-l-en-3-yne. A double bond of an enyne can be a terminal double bond or a non-terminal double bond. When a terminal alkyne includes two triple bonds, the compound can be referred to as a “diyne.” A diyne can include two terminal triple bonds, or one terminal triple bond and one non-terminal triple bond.

[0106] A terminal alkyne can include a heteroatom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, etc. When a terminal alkyne includes oxygen as a heteroatom, the oxygen can be present as part of an ether moiety.

[0107] In some embodiments, the odorants include a hexyne, a heptyne, an octyne, or a combination thereof. The term “heptyne” refers to a compound that includes at least one triple bond and a linear chain of seven carbon atoms, wherein at least two of the seven carbon atoms are bonded to each other via a triple bond, and includes substituted derivatives thereof. The term “octyne” refers to a compound that includes at least one triple bond and a linear chain of eight carbon atoms, wherein at least two of the eight carbon atoms are bonded to each other via a triple bond, and includes substituted derivatives thereof. The substituted derivatives of the heptyne and octyne can include, but are not limited to, a C1-C2 substituted heptyne or a C1-C2 substituted octyne. As an example, the following table shows a generic schematic of a linear chain of a linear chain of seven carbon atoms, an embodiment of a heptyne, and an embodiment of a Ci substituted heptyne:

[0108] In some embodiments, the heptyne includes a 2-heptyne, a 3 -heptyne, or a combination thereof. The terms “2-heptyne” and “3 -heptyne”, as used herein, refer to heptynes in which the (i) second and third carbons, or (ii) the third and fourth carbons, respectively, of the linear chain of seven carbon atoms are bonded to each other via a triple bond. In some embodiments, the octyne includes a 3 -octyne, a 4-octyne, or a combination thereof. The terms “3-octyne” and “4-octyne”, as used herein, refer to octynes in which (i) the third and fourth carbons, or (ii) the fourth and fifth carbons, respectively, of the linear chain of eight carbon atoms are bonded to each other via a triple bond.

[0109] In some embodiments, a terminal alkyne includes a compound of formula (I): R1-(CH2)n-C=C-H; formula (I); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein R1is selected from hydrogen, a Ci-C6alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc. Alternatively, R1can be selected from a C3-C12 cycloalkyl, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or a C3-C7 cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, etc.

[0110] In some embodiments, the terminal alkyne includes a compound of formula (II): R2-(CH2)n-O-(CH2)m-C=C-H; formula (II); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; wherein m is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein R2is selected from hydrogen or a Ci-Ce alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc.[0U1] In some embodiments, the terminal alkyne includes a compound of formula (III): H-CAC-(CH2)11-C =C-H, formula (III); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4.

[0112] In some embodiments, the terminal alkyne includes a compound of formula (IV): H-C=C-(CH2)n-O-(CH2)m-C=C-H; formula (IV); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein m is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4.

[0113] In some embodiments, the terminal alkyne includes a compound of formula (V): H-CH=CH-(CH2)n-C=C-H; formula (V);wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, 0 to 4, or 1 to 4.

[0114] In some embodiments, the terminal alkyne includes a compound of formula (VI):formula (VI); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein R3is hydrogen or a Ci-Ce alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc.

[0115] In some embodiments, the terminal alkyne includes a compound of formula (VII): R4-CH=CH-(CH2)n-C=C-H; formula (VII); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein R4is hydrogen or a Ci-Ce alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc.

[0116] In some embodiments, an alkyne, such as an odorant or a terminal alkyne whenR5or R6is hydrogen, includes a compound of formula (VIII):R5-OC-R6; formula (VIII); wherein R5and R6, independently, are hydrogen, a Ci-Ce alkyl, or a Ci-Ce cycloalkyl. The Ci-Ce alkyl can include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc.

[0117] In some embodiments, the heptyne and / or the octyne includes a compound of formula (I):CH3-(CH2)m-C=C-(CH2)n-CH3formula (IX); wherein m is 2 or 3; n is 0 or 1; and m + n = 3 or 4 (e.g., m + n = 3 for heptynes, and m + n = 4 for octynes).

[0118] In some embodiments, the heptyne and / or the octyne includes a compound of formula (II):(CH3)2CH-(CH2)m-C=C-(CH2)n-CH3formula (X); wherein m is 1 or 2; n is 0 or 1; and m + n = 2 or 3 (e g., m + n = 2 for heptynes, and m + n = 3 for octynes).

[0119] In some embodiments, the heptyne and / or the octyne includes a compound of formula (III):(CH3)3C-(CH2)m-C=C-(CH2)n-CH3formula (XI); wherein m is 1 or 2; n is 0 or 1; and m + n = 2 or 3 (e g., m + n = 2 for heptynes, and m + n = 3 for octynes).

[0120] In some embodiments, the terminal alkyne, terminal alkene, or non-terminal alkyne (such as an odorant of formula (VIII) when R5or R6is hydrogen) includes any one or more of the following compounds:

[0121] The odorants of the present disclosure can include one or more sulfides, one or more mercaptans, or a combination thereof. For example, the odorants can include (i) one sulfide, (ii) two different sulfides, (iii) one sulfide and one mercaptan, (iv) one sulfide and two different mercaptans, (v) two different sulfides and one mercaptan, (vi) one mercaptan, (vii) two different mercaptans, etc. The one or more sulfides and the one or more mercaptans can include any of those known in the art and / or any of those provided herein.

[0122] The odorants can include any total amount of sulfur. Sulfur, for example, can be present at a total concentration of about 20 % to about 60 %, about 30 % to about 50 %, or about 35 % to about 45 %, by weight, based on the total weight of the odorant, such as the total weight of the one or more sulfides and the one or more mercaptans.

[0123] In some embodiments, the one or more sulfides of the odorants include one or more compounds of formula (a), formula (b), and formula (d) and the one or more mercaptans include one or more compounds of formula (c): formula (a); formula (b); formula (c);formula (d); wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, independently, are selected from an unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio hydrocarbyl, wherein the unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio hydrocarbyl independently selected for R3is divalent; or wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, independently, are selected from an unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio alkyl, wherein the unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio alkyl independently selected for R3is divalent.

[0124] In some embodiments, at least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, independently, is a Ci-Cs alkyl, a Ci-Ce alkyl, a C1-C5 alkyl, a C1-C4 alkyl, a C1-C3 alkyl, or a C2 alkyl. At least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, R?, and R6, independently, can be a linear unsubstituted or substituted Ci- C10 alkyl, or a branched unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10 alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, independently, is substituted with a hydroxyl group.

[0125] Each of the compounds of formula (a), formula (b), formula (c), and / or formula (d), independently, can be present in an odorant at any effective amount. In some embodiments, each of the compounds of formula (a), formula (b), formula (c), and / or formula (d) is present in the odorant at an amount of at least 0.1 %, at least 1 %, at least 5 %, at least 10 %, at least 20 %, at least 30 %, at least 40 %, at least 50 %, at least 60 %, at least 70 %, at least 80 %, or at least 90 %, by weight, based on the weight of the odorant.

[0126] The one or more sulfides can include any one or more of the following sulfides:

[0127] The one or more mercaptans can include any one or more of the following mercaptans:

[0128] In some embodiments, the odorant includes diethyl sulfide (DES), beta- mercaptoethanol (BME), or a combination thereof The DES and the BME can be present at any weight ratio in the odorant, such as a weight ratio (DES:BME) of about 10:90 to about 90: 10, about 20:80 to about 80:20, about 30:70 to about 70:30, about 40:60 to about 60:40, about 45:55 to about 55:45, or about 50:50.

[0129] In some embodiments, the odorant includes dimethyl sulfide (DMS), / -butyl mercaptan (TBM), or a combination thereof. The DMS and the TBM can be present at any weight ratio in the odorant, such as a weight ratio (DMS:TBM) of about 10:90 to about 90: 10, about 20:80 to about 80:20, about 25:75 to about 75:25, about 30:70 to about 70:30, about 40:60 to about 60:40, about 45:55 to about 55:45, or about 50:50.

[0130] Odorant Compositions

[0131] Also provided herein are odorant compositions. An odorant that is present in any of the fluids and / or streams provided herein can be present in the fluid and / or stream as part of odorant composition. In some embodiments, the odorant compositions include any one or more odorants provided herein, and an additive. The additive can be dispersed in the odorant, or vice versa, depending, for example, on whether the additive or the odorant, respectively, is the majority component.

[0132] The additive of an odorant composition can include an odoriferous additive, a non-odoriferous additive, or both an odoriferous additive and a non-odoriferous additive.

[0133] The additive of a composition can be an inhibitor of hydrogen embrittlement. An odorant composition can include a compound, such as a terminal alkyne or a terminal alkene, that is an inhibitor of hydrogen embrittlement and an additive that is also an inhibitor of hydrogen embrittlement.

[0134] The additive, in some embodiments, does not include methacrylic acid, an acrylic acid Ci-Ce alkyl ester, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the additive includes methacrylic acid, an acrylic acid Ci-Ce alkyl ester, or a combination thereof.

[0135] In addition to the compounds disclosed and described herein, in some embodiments, the additive can comprise one or more of the following compounds: 2- methylpropyl methacrylate (isobutyl methacrylate), allyl acrylate, allyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, isobutylacrylate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, propargyl alcohol, 1 -cyclohexene- 1- carbaldehyde, 2-methylpropanal (isobutylaldehyde), 3-butenal, 3 -methylbutanal (isopental, isovaleral, isovaleraldehyde), 5-methyl-2-pyrrole aldehyde, butanal (butylaldehyde), cyclohexanal, cyclopent- 1-enecarb aldehyde, cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde (cyclopentaldehyde), ethanone (acetaldehyde), pentanal (valeraldehyde), 2-methyl-2-butene, cis-2-butene, cis-2- pentene, diisobutylene, isobutene, trans-2 -butene, trans-2-pentene, vinylacetylene (butenyne), 2- methylpropionic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, lactic acid, pentanoic acid (valeric acid), propionic acid, pent-2-yne, 1 -butyne, 1 -octyne, 2-butyne, hex-2-yne, oct-2-yne, 2-heptyne, 3- heptyne, 3-octyne, 4-methyl-l -pentyne, 4-methyl-2-pentyne, acetylene, vinylacetylene (butenyne), allylmethyl ether, diallylether, cyclohexene, ethylidene, cyclohexane, 1,2-butadiene (methylallene), 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-pentadiene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cis / trans-1,5- cyclooctadiene), 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cis- 1,5-cyclooctadiene), 1,5-cyclooctadiene (trans-1,5- cyclooctadiene), 2,3-dimethyl-l,3-butadiene, 2 -methyl -1,3 -butadiene (isoprene), 3-methyl-l,5- cyclooctadiene, methylallele sulfide, 2,3-butandione (diacetyl), 2,4-pentandione (acetylacetone), hexane-2, 5-dione, pentane-2, 3-dione, ethylacetate, methyl acetate, 3-methylindole (skatole), 3- hydroxybutan-2-one (acetoin), 5-hydroxyoctan-4-one (butyroin), cyclohexyl mercaptan, ethylmercaptan (EM), isopropylmercaptan (IPM), methylmercaptan (MM), n-propylmercaptan, sec-butyl mercaptan, tert-butylmercaptan (TBM), 5-ethenylbicyclo[2,2,l]hept-2-ene (5-vinyl-2- norbornene), 5-ethylidenebicyclo[2,2,l]hept-2-ene, (5-ethylidene-2-norbornene), bicyclo[2,2,l] hept-2-ene (norbornene), acetic acid, formic acid, di ethyl selenide, diethylselenide, dimethylselenide, tert-butylselenol, carbonyl sulfide, diethyl disulfide, diethylsulfide (DES), diisopropylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide (DMDS), dimethylsulfide (DMS), methylethyl sulfide (MES), tetrahydrothiophene (THT), tertio-butyl mercaptan (TBM), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), Scentinel® T Gas Odorant, Scentinel® S-50 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® P Gas Odorant, Scentinel® 0-10 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® N Gas Odorant, Scentinel® H-85 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® F-50 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® F-40 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® F-35 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® F-25 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® F-20 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® E Gas Odorant, Scentinel® A Gas Odorant, Scentinel® TB Gas Odorant, Scentinel® S-20 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® T-50 Gas Odorant, Scentinel® N-4 Gas Odorant.

[0136] In some embodiments, the additive is a stabilizer. As used herein, the term “stabilizer” refers to a compound or material that prevents or delays the chemical degradation of a fluid and / or compound, such as a terminal alkyne.

[0137] The additive can include an antioxidant, a radical inhibitor, or a combination thereof. The additive can include vitamin C or a derivative thereof (e.g., ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl acetate, etc.), a tocopherol or a derivative thereof (e.g., vitamin E, vitamin E acetate, etc.), vitamin A or a derivative thereof (e.g., vitamin A palmitate, etc.), a phenolic benzylamine, formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (tert-butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT)), butylated hydroxyanisole (BOA or BHA), 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC), tert-butyl hydroxyanisole, 4-methoxyphenol (hydroquinone monomethyl ether (MeHQ)), 2- methoxyphenol (guaiacol), 2,6-di-tert-butyl phenol (2,6-DTBP), 2,5-di-tert-butyl-phenol (Ionol), benzene- 1,2-diol (pyrocatechol), benzene- 1,4-diol (hydroquinone, HQ), benzene-l,3-diol (resorcinol), 2-ethyl phenol, 4-ethyl phenol, mono-tertiary-butylhydroquinone (MTBHQ), 2,5-di- tertiary-butylhydroquinone (DTBHQ), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), tolyhydroquinone (THQ), (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-l-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) and derivatives, N,N- dibenzylhydroxylamine (DBHA), hexamethylenetetramine (Methenamine or HMTA or HMT), para-benzoquinone (p-Bq), ortho-benzoquinone (O-Bq), N-N, dimethylisopropanolamine (DMPA), phenothiazine (PTZ), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 2,4-dinitro-6-sec-butyl-phenol (DNBP), 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, 1,4-phenylenediamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, melatonin, uric acid, glutathione, or a combination thereof.

[0138] The additive can be a diluent, such as a diluent for the odorant. The additive can include a C5-C8 saturated hydrocarbon (e g., a pentane, a cyclopentane, a hexane, a cyclohexane,a heptane, a cycloheptane, an octane, and / or a fluorinated hydrocarbon, such as, for example, PFC- 116, PFC-c216, PFC218, or PFC-318).

[0139] An odorant generally can be present in an odorant composition at any desirable amount. In some embodiments, the odorant is present in an odorant composition at a total amount of at least 1 wt%, at least 5 wt%, at least 10 wt%, at least 20 wt%, at least 30 wt%, at least 40 wt%, at least 50 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 70 wt%, at least 80 wt%, or at least 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the odorant composition. If an odorant includes two or more compounds, such as a heptyne and an octyne, then the heptyne and the octyne can be present in the odorant composition at a total amount of at least 1 wt%, at least 5 wt%, at least 10 wt%, at least 20 wt%, at least 30 wt%, at least 40 wt%, at least 50 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 70 wt%, at least 80 wt%, or at least 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the odorant composition. For example, if 20 g of a heptyne and 30 g of an octyne are present in an odorant composition having a total weight of 100 g, then the heptyne and octyne are present in the odorant composition at a “total amount” of 50 wt%.

[0140] An odorant composition generally can be in any phase, e.g., a liquid or gas. An odorant composition can be stored and / or used in any desirable phase.

[0141] Fluids

[0142] Generally, any fluid that can be odorized can be used in the methods and / or systems provided herein. The fluid can be a gas (at atmospheric pressure and room temperature). The fluid can be a fluid, such as a fuel gas, that is configured or used to (i) generate heat, steam, mechanical movement, electrical power, and / or physical movement via combustion, ignition, burning, and / or oxidation; (ii) facilitate chemical processes, such by serving as a heat source upon combustion, ignition, burning, incineration, chemically reacting; or a combination thereof.

[0143] Non-limiting examples of fluids include hydrogen gas (H2), a hydrogen gas blend, natural gas, methane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), natural or synthetic combustion gas, natural gas, LNG (liquid natural gas), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), municipal gas, heating gas, methane, ethane, ethene, acetylene, propane, propene, butane, isobutane, butene, pentane, water gas, synthesis gas, reform gas, generator gas, coke gas, dimethyl ether (DME), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fluid is a non-combustible gas, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, an industrial gas (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, etc ), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fluid is atleast partially consumable by an apparatus, such as a fuel cell, thereby optionally improving the performance of the apparatus, such as fuel cell, increasing the energy produced by the apparatus, such as a fuel cell, or a combination thereof relative to an apparatus operated with the fluid of the odorized fluid in the absence of the odorant or the odorant composition. In a particular embodiment, the fluid comprises hydrogen gas (H2) and at least 10 mol%, and more often, at least 20 mol%, at least 30 mol%, at least 50 mol%, at least 75 mol%, at least 85 mol%, at least 90 mol%, at least 95 mol%, at least 97 mol%, at least 98 mol%, or at least 99 mol% of the fluid is the hydrogen gas. In another embodiment, the fluid comprises hydrogen gas (H2) and from 10 mol% to 40 mol%, from 10 mol% to 30 mol%, from 10 mol% to 25 mol%, from 15 mol% to 30 mol%, or from 15 mol% to 25 mol% of the fluid is the hydrogen gas.

[0144] Odorized Fluids

[0145] Also provided herein are odorized fluids (or compositions). In some embodiments, the odorized fluids generally include (i) a fluid, such as a gas, and (ii) any of the odorants or the odorant compositions disclosed herein. An odorant or an odorant composition can be dispersed, evenly or unevenly, in the fluid.

[0146] An odorant can be present in an odorized fluid at any desired amount. When an odorant composition is present in an odorized fluid, the odorant composition can be present at an amount that is effective to achieve in the odorized fluid a desirable concentration of the odorant. In some embodiments, an odorant is present in an odorized fluid at a concentration of 1,000 mg / m3n or less, 900 mg / m3n or less, 800 mg / m3n or less, 700 mg / m3n or less, 600 mg / m3n or less, 500 mg / m3n or less, 400 mg / m3n or less, 300 mg / m3n or less, 200 mg / m3n or less, 100 mg / m3n or less, 90 mg / m3n or less, 80 mg / m3n or less, 70 mg / m3n or less, 60 mg / m3n or less, 50 mg / m3n or less, 40 mg / m3n or less, 30 mg / m3n or less, 20 mg / m3n or less, or 10 mg / m3n or less. In some embodiments, an odorant is present in an odorized fluid at a concentration of at least 0.5 mg / m3n, at least 1 mg / m3n, at least 2 mg / m3n, at least 3 mg / m3n, at least 4 mg / m3n, at least 5 mg / m3n, at least 6 mg / m3n, at least 7 mg / m3n, at least 8 mg / m3n, at least 9 mg / m3n, or at least 10 mg / m3n. In some embodiments, an odorant is present in an odorized fluid at a concentration of about 1 mg / m3n to about 1,000 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 900 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 800 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 700 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 600 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 500 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 400 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 300 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 200 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about100 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 90 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 80 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 70 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 60 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 50 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 40 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 30 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 20 mg / m3n, or about 1 mg / m3n to about 10 mg / m3n. In some embodiments, an odorant is present in an odorized fluid at a concentration of about 3 mg / m3n to about 5,000 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 2,500 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 1,000 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 900 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 800 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 700 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 600 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 500 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 400 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 300 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 200 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 100 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 90 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 80 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 70 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 60 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 50 mg / m3n, or about 3 mg / m3n to about 40 mg / m3n, and more often, about 3 mg / m3n to about 30 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 20 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 15 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 10 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 15 mg / m3n, or about 5 mg / m3n to about 12 mg / m3n . As used herein, the units “mg / m3n” indicate a concentration (“mg / m3”) at normal (“n”) atmospheric pressure at a location, which, at sea level, is typically 1 bar or 14.7 psi.

[0147] An odorized fluid can be an odorized fluid that is suitable for a particular use, depending on the character of a fluid that is present in an odorized fluid. For example, an odorized fluid can be a fuel for a fuel cell, as described herein.

[0148] Sensors

[0149] The methods, systems, and odorants provided herein can be used in combination with a sensor, such as a sensor designed to indicate the presence of an odorant and / or other compounds. Therefore, systems are provided herein that include a sensor and an odorant composition.

[0150] A sensor can be coupled to any device or apparatus, such as a fuel supply, a fuel cell, or some other component of the fuel cell system, or any appliance using hydrogen as fuel, or any component of an appliance using hydrogen as fuel. The sensor can be located in proximity to a self-contained fuel supply, a fuel consumption unit, or both, which can permit the sensor to detect any leaks quickly and / or effectively. A sensor also can include circuitry programmed to shut down a fuel cell, other appliance or system, or any other components in the event of adetected leak. The addition of the sensor can facilitate use of organic odorants at very low concentrations that are not detectable by humans for special applications or circumstances. Furthermore, the odorant can be selected so that extremely high sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor can be realized to avoid false alarms.ASPECTS

[0151] The following is a listing of non-limiting aspects of the disclosure:

[0152] Aspect 1. A method of storing a composition, the method comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of providing an odorized fluid, wherein the odorized fluid is disposed in a reservoir, such as a storage tank, and wherein the odorized fluid comprises an odorant dispersed in a fluid; and removing at least a portion of the odorized fluid from the reservoir to form a stream comprising the odorized fluid.

[0153] Aspect 2. A method of storing a composition, as depicted in FIG. 1.

[0154] Aspect 3. A method of storing a composition, as depicted in FIG. 2.

[0155] Aspect 4. A system for storing a composition, the system comprising a reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid, the odorized fluid comprising a fluid and an odorant dispersed in the fluid; a reservoir configured for storing an odorant; an odorant removing unit; and an apparatus that consumes the fluid.

[0156] Aspect 5. The system of Aspect 4, wherein the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid, the reservoir configured for storing an odorant, the odorant removing unit, and the apparatus that consumes the fluid are in fluid communication with each other.

[0157] Aspect 6. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant removing unit is arranged between the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid and the apparatus that consumes the fluid.

[0158] Aspect 7. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the apparatus that consumes the fluid is arranged between the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid and the odorant removing unit.

[0159] Aspect 8. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant storage tank is arranged between the odorant removing unit and the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid.

[0160] Aspect 9. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant storage tank is arranged between the odorant removing unit and the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid.

[0161] Aspect 10. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising an odorant disposal unit, wherein the odorant disposal unit is in fluid communication with the reservoir configured for storing an odorant, the apparatus that consumes the fluid, or both the reservoir configured for storing an odorant and the apparatus that consumes the fluid.

[0162] Aspect 11. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid is a flexible reservoir.

[0163] Aspect 12. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid is a rigid reservoir.

[0164] Aspect 13. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the reservoir configured for storing an odorant is permanently or reversibly connected to one or more other components of the system.

[0165] Aspect 14. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the reservoir configured for storing an odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a cartridge, a tank, a canister, a cylinder, a drum, or a combination thereof.

[0166] Aspect 15. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the system further comprises one or more of the following elements: a refueling nozzle, a fluid refueling inlet port (such as a fuel gas refueling inlet port), a fluid inlet line (such as a fuel inlet line), an odorant injection unit, and a fluid odorant inlet port (such as a fuel gas odorant inlet port).

[0167] Aspect 16. The method or system of Aspect 15, wherein the odorant injection unit is arranged in the reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid.

[0168] Aspect 17. A method or system of storing a composition, as depicted, in whole or in part, at FIG. 3.

[0169] Aspect 18. The method or system of Aspect 17, wherein the method or the system of FIG. 3 comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of elements 301, 31, 302, 32, 303, 33, 36, 304, 306, and 38

[0170] Aspect 19. The method or system of Aspect 18, wherein the method or the system of FIG. 3 further comprises any one or more of the other labeled elements: refuelingnozzle 300, odorant injection unit 305, odorant transfer line 34, odorant disposal unit 308, exhaust line 39, odorant inlet line 37, fuel gas inlet port 307, odorant refueling line 3A, fuel gas refueling line 30, or any combination thereof.

[0171] Aspect 20. A method or system of storing a composition, as depicted, in whole or in part, in FIG. 4.

[0172] Aspect 21. The method or system of Aspect 20, wherein the method or the system of FIG. 4 comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of elements 401, 41, 402, 42, 403, 43, 404, 44, 48, and 406

[0173] Aspect 22. The method or system of Aspect 21, wherein the method or the system of FIG. 4 further comprises any one or more of the other labeled elements: refueling nozzle 400, refueling line 40, odorant injection unit 405, odorant disposal unit 408, exhaust line 49, odorant inlet line 47, fuel gas odorant inlet port 407, odorant injection line 45, odorant refueling line 4A, or any combination thereof.

[0174] Aspect 23. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the method or system comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a closed loop configuration, wherein the closed loop configuration facilitates transfer of the odorant, the fluid, the odorized fluid, or a combination thereof between and among any two or more elements of the system.

[0175] Aspect 24. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the closed loop configuration eliminates or reduces loss of the odorant, the fluid, the odorized fluid, or a combination thereof from the system.

[0176] Aspect 25. (A) A method or system for processing a stream, the method comprising (i) providing a stream comprising an odorized fluid, wherein the odorized fluid comprises a fluid and an odorant, and (ii) removing at least a portion of the odorant from the stream comprising the odorized fluid to form a first stream comprising the fluid and a second stream comprising the odorant, wherein after removal the odorant is present in the first stream comprising the fluid at a concentration of less than 1 mg / m3, less than 0.8 mg / m3, less than 0.6 mg / m3, less than 0.4 mg / m3, less than 0.1 mg / m3, or less than 0.01 mg / m3.

[0177] Aspect 26. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising forwarding the first stream comprising the fluid to an apparatus that processes the fluid (e.g., stores or consumes the fluid), wherein, optionally, the apparatus produces an odorant- free exhaust gas.

[0178] Aspect 27. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising forwarding the stream comprising the odorized fluid to an apparatus that consumes the fluid, thereby producing an exhaust gas comprising the odorant.

[0179] Aspect 28. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising removing at least a portion of the odorant from the exhaust gas to form a first stream comprising an odorant-free exhaust gas and a second stream comprising the odorant, wherein, optionally, the odorant is present in the odorant-free exhaust gas at a concentration of less than 1 mg / m3, less than 0.8 mg / m3, less than 0.6 mg / m3, less than 0.4 mg / m3, less than 0.1 mg / m3, or less than 0.01 mg / m3.

[0180] Aspect 29. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising disposing the second stream comprising the odorant in the reservoir and / or a different reservoir, such as an odorant storage tank.

[0181] Aspect 30. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising removing at least a portion of the stream comprising the odorant from the different reservoir when a concentration of the odorant in the different reservoir reaches or exceeds a critical concentration.

[0182] Aspect 31. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising disposing a first portion of the second stream comprising the odorant in a different reservoir, such as a first odorant storage tank, and (A) disposing a second portion of the second stream comprising the odorant in a second odorant storage tank when a concentration of odorant in the first odorant storage tank reaches or exceeds a critical level; or (B) replacing the first odorant storage tank with an empty odorant storage tank after a concentration or amount of odorant in the first odorant storage tank reaches or exceeds a predetermined level.

[0183] Aspect 32. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising recycling the second stream comprising the odorant, wherein, optionally, the recycling of the second stream comprising the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of contacting the stream comprising the odorant and the fluid, an additional amount of the fluid, or a combination thereof.

[0184] Aspect 33. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the recycling of the second stream comprising the odorant comprises disposing the second stream comprising the odorant in the reservoir in which the odorized fluid is disposed.

[0185] Aspect 34. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the removal of the at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas is achieved by catalytic decomposition or conversion (including, but not limited to, reversible catalytic conversion), absorption, adsorption, condensation, concentration, evaporation, filtration, membrane separation, or a combination thereof.

[0186] Aspect 35. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of contacting the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas and adsorption and / or absorption media or membrane separation media.

[0187] Aspect 36. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the adsorption and / or absorption media comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of activated carbon, carbon molecular sieves, zeolites, a ceramic, a polymer, or a combination thereof, and wherein the membrane separation media comprises a polymer, a fluoropolymer, a nanoporous material, a silica mesoporous material, a zeolite, a metal-organic framework (MOF), a perovskite, a metal, or a combination thereof.

[0188] Aspect 37. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the adsorption and / or absorption media is in the form of one or more particles (e.g., granules, powder, etc.), one or more fibers, one or more membranes, or a combination thereof.

[0189] Aspect 38. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the absorption and / or adsorption media comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of activated carbon, a zeolite, silica, or other substrates.

[0190] Aspect 39. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the absorption and / or adsorption media comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a porous carrier selected from silica-alumina; silica; alumina; zeolite, preferably a zeolite containing Ag, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe, Ce, La, Zr, and Ti metallic element(s), titania, zirconia, magnesia, silica- magnesia, or zinc oxide; a porous inorganic oxide, such as one selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Al, Si, Ce, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or a rare earth metal; terra alba; clay; diatomaceous earth; activated carbon; activated carbon oxide; activated carbon formed by activated carbon processing with nitric acid; an organometallic framework compound (MOF); and a polymer type-absorbent in granular form, powder form, and fibrous form.

[0191] Aspect 40. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, where in the odorant is removed by catalytic conversion of the odorant to one or more compounds having a lower odor detection threshold using one or more materials such as porous inorganic oxide selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Al, Si, B, P; an alkali metal; an alkaline earth metal (for example, oxides of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium); a rare earth metal (for example, oxides of scandium, yttrium, cerium, ytterbium and lanthanum); and a transition metal (for example, oxides of nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, silver, zinc, iron, titanium and zirconium). Alternatively, the porous inorganic oxide can be selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, silica- alumina, and cerium oxide; a transition metal oxide; a transition metal compound; an alkaline earth metal oxide; and a rare earth metal oxide. Preferably the transition metal is nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, silver, zinc, iron, titanium, and / or zirconium. Preferably the alkaline earth metal is magnesium, calcium, barium, and / or strontium. Preferably the rare earth metal of the rare earth oxide is selected from scandium, yttrium, cerium, ytterbium, and / or lanthanum. Alternatively, a porous inorganic oxide can be selected from a group 13-14 oxide where the group 13-14 element is selected from boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, and / or tin. Alternatively, a compound can be removed from a treated fluid using a precious metal catalyst such as Pt / Pd / Rh catalyst, Pt / Pd catalyst, Pt / Rh catalyst, Pd / Rh catalyst, Pt catalyst, Pd catalyst, Au catalyst, P AI2O3 catalyst; an oxide catalyst such a zeolite, silica-alumina, silica, alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, magnesia, silica- magnesia, zinc oxide; a Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst; an organometallic framework compound (MOF) catalyst; and a perovskite type-catalyst in a granular form, a powder form, or fibrous form.

[0192] Aspect 41. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of (i) contacting the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas and a scrubber, and / or (ii) disposing the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas in a scrubber.

[0193] Aspect 42. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the scrubber comprises a water trap or a solvent trap.

[0194] Aspect 43. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the water trap or the solvent trap houses an alkali metal hydroxide, an alkali metal Ci to C4 alkylacid, an inorganic peroxide, an organic peroxide, a perchlorate, an ionic or nonionic emulsifier, or a combination thereof.

[0195] Aspect 44. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of subjecting the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas to condensation.

[0196] Aspect 45. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the condensation comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of cooling, pressurizing, or a combination thereof the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas to recover the at least a portion of the odorant as a liquid.

[0197] Aspect 46. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas comprises, consists essentially of, or consist of contacting the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas and a membrane or filter, wherein the membrane or the filter is configured to retain the odorant or the non-odorant components of the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas, and wherein the membrane comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a polymer such as polyethylene, polypropylene, a polyamide, a polyimide, a cellulose acetate, a polysulphone, a polydimethylsiloxane, a fluoropolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), and perfluoro sulfonic acid polymer, a nanoporous material, a silica mesoporous material, a zeolite, a metal-organic framework (MOF), a perovskite, a metal, or a combination thereof.

[0198] Aspect 47. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising separating the odorant from (i) the adsorption and / or absorption media or (ii) the scrubber by subjecting the adsorption and / or absorption media or the scrubber to heat, reduced pressure, or a combination thereof.

[0199] Aspect 48. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas is performed, at least in part, during the operation of the apparatus that consumes the fluid.

[0200] Aspect 49. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas is performed, at least in part, while the apparatus that consumes the fluid is not operating.

[0201] Aspect 50. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas comprises, consists essentially or, or consists of subjecting the odorized fluid or the exhaust gas to catalytic decomposition on metal, metal oxide, zeolite, or other substrate.

[0202] Aspect 51. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising eliminating the stream comprising the odorant, such as before or after the stream comprising the odorant is disposed in the reservoir or the different reservoir, such as the odorant storage tank.

[0203] Aspect 52. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the eliminating of the stream comprising the odorant is performed by the odorant disposal unit.

[0204] Aspect 53. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the eliminating of the stream comprising the odorant is performed when or after a concentration of odorant in the different reservoir, such as an odorant storage tank, reaches or exceeds a critical level.

[0205] Aspect 54. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the eliminating of the stream comprising the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of subjecting the stream comprising the odorant to thermal incineration, thermocatalytic reduction, photocatalytic reduction, plasma catalytic reduction, thermocatalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, plasma catalytic oxidation, combustion, ignition or burning, or a combination thereof.

[0206] Aspect 55. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the eliminating of the stream comprising the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of contacting the stream comprising the odorant and one or more of a porous inorganic oxide selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Al, Si, B, P; an alkali metal; an alkaline earth metal (for example, oxides of magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium); a rare earth metal (for example, oxides of scandium, yttrium, cerium, ytterbium and lanthanum); and a transition metal (for example, oxides of nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, silver, zinc, iron, titanium and zirconium); a porous inorganic oxide selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, silica-alumina, and cerium oxide; a transition metal oxide; a transition metal compound; an alkaline earth metal oxide; and a rare earth metal oxide, where the transition metal is nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, silver, zinc, iron, titanium and zirconium, the alkaline earthmetal is magnesium, calcium, barium, or strontium, and the rare earth metal of the rare earth oxide is selected from scandium, yttrium, cerium, ytterbium and lanthanum; a porous inorganic oxide selected from a group 13-14 oxide where the group 13-14 element is selected from boron, aluminum, gallium, silicon, germanium, and tin; a precious metal catalyst such as Pt / Pd / Rh catalyst, Pt / Pd catalyst, Pt / Rh catalyst, Pd / Rh catalyst, Pt catalyst, Pd catalyst, Au catalyst, Pt / AhCh catalyst; an oxide catalyst such a zeolite, silica-alumina, silica, alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia, magnesia, silica-magnesia, zinc oxide; a Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst; an organometallic framework compound (MOF) catalyst; and a perovskite type-catalyst in a granular form, a powder form, or fibrous form.

[0207] Aspect 56. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the eliminating of the stream comprising the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of subjecting the stream comprising the odorant to combustion, ignition, burning, or a combination thereof, which can include the use of air as oxidation medium and hydrogen as reduction medium.

[0208] Aspect 57. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the providing of the odorized fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of contacting (i) the fluid and (ii)(a) the odorant, (b) the stream comprising the odorant, or (c) a combination thereof.

[0209] Aspect 58. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the contacting of (i) the fluid and (ii) the odorant and / or the stream comprising the odorant occurs before the odorant, the stream comprising the odorant, or the fluid is disposed in the reservoir.

[0210] Aspect 59. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid is disposed in the reservoir prior to the contacting of (i) the fluid and (ii) the odorant and / or the stream comprising the odorant, and the contacting of (i) the fluid and (ii) the odorant and / or the stream comprising the odorant comprises disposing the odorant and / or the stream comprising the odorant in the reservoir.

[0211] Aspect 60. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant-free exhaust gas comprises odorant at a concentration that is less than an odor detection threshold of the odorant, such as an odor detection threshold for humans or a sensor, as described herein .

[0212] Aspect 61. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant-free exhaust gas comprises odorant at a concentration low enough that any remainingodorant in the fluid can be further diluted below the odor detection threshold of the odorant in the nearby atmosphere after exiting the exhaust without creating excess accumulation causing the detection of the odorant in the environment.

[0213] Aspect 62. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the apparatus chemically reacts the fluid, burns the fluid, or a combination thereof.

[0214] Aspect 63. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the apparatus comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a fuel cell, a chemical processing unit (e.g., hydrogenation and reduction reactions, metal hydride synthesis); a petrochemical processing unit (e.g. hydrocracking, reforming, desulfurization); a steel production unit (for example, using direct reduced iron (DRI)); a glass production unit; a semiconductor and electronic processing unit (including cleaning, annealing, epitaxy, doping, ion implantation, passivation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), plasma etching, atomic layer etching (ALE), diborane and digermane stabilization, and generating EUV light sources); a cement production or processing unit; a pharmaceutical processing unit; a food and beverage processing unit; a heat generation (e.g., combustion or catalytic) unit; or a mechanical power generation (e.g., combustion) unit; or other emerging technologies.

[0215] Aspect 64. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fuel cell comprises an anode; and the forwarding of the stream comprising the fluid or the stream comprising the odorized fluid comprises contacting (i) the anode and (ii) the stream comprising the fluid or the stream comprising the odorized fluid.

[0216] Aspect 65. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the apparatus, such as a fuel cell, comprises an ejector, a circulation pump, or a combination thereof, such as the ejector or circulation pump disclosed at US 2023 / 0282849.

[0217] Aspect 66. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is non-toxic (e.g., to humans and / or other animals).

[0218] Aspect 67. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant has a detectable odor below a toxicity level (e.g., for humans and / or other animals).

[0219] Aspect 68. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is environmentally benign, such as by not posing health, toxicity, or ecological concern to humans or other animals.

[0220] Aspect 69. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant, upon combustion, is environmentally benign as a combustion product, such as by not posing health, toxicity, or ecological concern to humans or other animals.

[0221] Aspect 70. The odorant of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant does not undesirably impact the components of a system or apparatus, such as a combustion system, fuel cell, or any other apparatus (the odorant does not impact, or impacts by less than 1%, or less than 0.1 %, the performance (e.g., energy output) of the apparatus).

[0222] Aspect 71. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is a sulfur compound, such as tetrahydrothiophene, tert-butylmercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, ethyl mercaptan, or any of those described herein.

[0223] Aspect 72. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is a sulfur-free compound.

[0224] Aspect 73. The method or system of Aspect 70, wherein the sulfur-free compound is an ethyl or methyl acrylate, such as GASODOR® S-Free odorant (TH. GEYER, Germany).

[0225] Aspect 74. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a mercaptan (R-S-H), an organic sulfide (R-S-R), a disulfide (R-S-S-R), a cyclic sulfur compound, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), methyl mercaptan (MM), ethyl mercaptan (EM), t-butyl mercaptan (TBM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), diethyl sulfide (DES), methyl ethyl sulfide (MES), dimethyldisulfide (DMDS), n-propyl mercaptan (NPM), isopropyl mercaptan (IPM), sec-butyl mercaptan, tetrahydrothiophene (THT), or a combination thereof.

[0226] Aspect 75. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of t-butyl mercaptan (TBM), tetrahydrothiophene (THT), or a combination thereof, and, optionally, at least one additional sulfur compound, such as any one or more of those disclosed herein.

[0227] Aspect 76. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an acrylate, an aldehyde, a ketone, an alkene, an alkyne, or a combination thereof, wherein, optionally, the alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1-pentyne (pent-l-yne), 1-hexyne (hex-l-yne), 2-hexyne (hex-2-yne), 2-heptyne (hept-2-yne), 3-heptyne (hept-3-yne), 3-octyne (oct-3-yne), 4-octyne (oct-4- yne), or a combination thereof.

[0228] Aspect 77. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of 1 -butyne (but- 1 -yne), 2-butyne (but-2- yne), methylpropargyl ether, vinylacetylene (butenyne), 1 -hexyne (hex- 1 -yne), 2-hexyne (hex -2- yne), 1-pentyne (pent-l-yne), 1-butene, diisobutylene, 1-pentene, cyclohexene, isobutene, cyclopentene, 2-methyl-2-butene, 3 -methyl- 1-butene, 2-methyl- 1-butene, cis-2-butene, 4-methyl- 1 -cyclohexene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, (4R)-l-Methyl-4-(l-methylethenyl)cyclohexene ( (R)-(+)- limonene ), (4S)-l-Methyl-4-(l-methylethenyl)cyclohexene ( (S)-(-)-Limonene ), trans-2-butene, cis-2-pentene, trans-2-pentene, cumene, 1,3 -butadiene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cis-1,5- cyclooctadiene), dipentene (limonene), 1,6-heptadiene, 1,3-cycloheptadiene, 1,3 -pentadiene, 2,3- dimethyl-l,3-butadiene, (E,Z)-l,5-cyclooctadiene, cyclopentadiene, 1,2-butadiene (methylallene), 1,2-butadiene, 1,4-pentadiene, 1,5 -hexadiene, 1,3 -cycloh exadiene, 1,4- cyclohexadiene, 2-methyl- 1,3-butadiene (isoprene), 1,7-octadiene, isoamyl butyrate, isobutyl acrylate, isobutylacetate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, tert-butylacrylate, isoamylisobutyrate, propyl methacrylate, tert-butylmethacrylate, isopropylacrylate, methyl methacrylate, propylacrylate, allyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, 2- methylpropyl methacrylate (isobutyl methacrylate), butyl methacrylate, allyl acrylate, benzaldehyde, pentanal (valeraldehyde), pentane- 1,5-dial, 1 -cyclohexene- 1-carbaldehy de, cuminaldehyde, propanal (propionaldehyde), butanal (butylaldehyde), (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienal (trans-2-trans-4-hexadienal), 2 -hydroxy-3 -methoxybenzaldehyde (o-vanillin), 2-heptenal, cyclohexanal, trans-4-hexenal, 2-cyclohexylpropanal (a-Methylcyclohexaneacetaldehyde), 2- butenal, formaldehyde, malondialdehyde, 3 -methylbutanal (isopental, isovaleral, isovaleraldehyde), cyclopent-1 -enecarbaldehyde, 2-methyl-2-pentenal, hexanal (caproaldehyde), cis-3-hexenal, 3-Butenal, ethanone (acetaldehyde), penta-2,4-dienal, linalool, 2-methylpropanal (isobutylaldehyde), 2-oxo-propanal, cyclopentanecarboxaldehyde (cyclopentaldehyde), 2- methylbutanal, or a combination thereof.

[0229] Aspect 78. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a methyl acrylate, an ethyl acrylate, cyclohexene, 1-pentyne, 1 -hexyne, 2-hexyne, or a combination thereof.

[0230] Aspect 79. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a heptyne or a substituted derivative thereof, an octyne or a substituted derivative thereof, or a combination thereof.

[0231] Aspect 80. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the heptyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a 2-heptyne (hept-2-yne).

[0232] Aspect 81. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the heptyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a 3-heptyne (hept-3-yne).

[0233] Aspect 82. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the heptyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a 3-octyne (oct-3-yne).

[0234] Aspect 83. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the heptyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a 4-octyne (oct-4-yne).

[0235] Aspect 84. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the pentyne, hexyne, heptyne and / or the octyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (IX) -CH3-(CH2)m-C=C-(CH2)n-CH3formula (IX); wherein m is 0, 1, 2 or 3; n is 0 or 1; and m + n = 1, 2, 3 or 4 (e.g., m + n = 1 for pentynes, m + n = 2 for hexynes, m + n = 3 for heptynes, and m + n = 4 for octynes).

[0236] Aspect 85. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the pentyne, the hexyne, the heptyne, and / or the octyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (X) -(CH3)2CH-(CH2)m-C=C-(CH2)n-CH3formula (X); wherein m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0 or 1; and m + n = 0, 1, 2 or 3 (e.g., m + n = 0 for pentynes, m + n = 1 for hexynes, m + n = 2 for heptynes, and m + n = 3 for octynes).

[0237] Aspect 86. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the pentyne, the hexyne, the heptyne, and / or the octyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (XI) -(CH3)3C-(CH2)m-C =C-(CH2)„-CH3formula (XI); wherein m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0 or 1; and m + n = 0, 1, 2 or 3 (e.g., m + n = 0 for pentynes, m + n = 1 for hexynes, m + n = 2 for heptynes, and m + n = 3 for octynes).

[0238] Aspect 87. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the pentyne, the hexyne, the heptyne and / or the octyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consistsof at least one of the following compounds: pent-2-yne, 4-methylpent-l -yne, hex-1 -yne, hex-2- yne, 5-methylhex-l-yne, hep-2-yne, hept-3-yne, oct-2-yne, oct-3 -yne, oct-4-yne, 6-methylhept-2- yne, 7-methyloct-3-yne, 2-methyloct-4-yne.

[0239] Aspect 88. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a terminal alkyne, wherein, as used herein, the phrase “terminal alkyne” includes substituted and / or heteroatom -containing derivatives thereof.

[0240] Aspect 89. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a terminal C3-C20 alkyne, a terminal C3-C19 alkyne, a terminal C3-C18 alkyne, a terminal C3-C17 alkyne, a terminal C3-C16 alkyne, a terminal C3-C15 alkyne, a terminal C3-C14 alkyne, a terminal C3-C13 alkyne, a terminal C3-C12 alkyne, a terminal C3-C11 alkyne, a terminal C3-C10 alkyne, a terminal C3-C9 alkyne, a terminal C3-C8 alkyne, or a terminal C3-C7 alkyne.

[0241] Aspect 90. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a linear terminal alkyne.

[0242] Aspect 91. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a branched terminal alkyne.

[0243] Aspect 92. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne includes two or more triple bonds, one or more double bonds, or a combination thereof (e.g., when the terminal alkyne includes at least one triple bond and at least one double bond, the compound can be referred to as an “enyne”, and, in some embodiments, the enyne includes the terminal triple bond and a terminal double bond; when the terminal alkyne includes two or more triple bonds, the compound can be referred to as a “diyne”, and the diyne can include two terminal triple bonds).

[0244] Aspect 93. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne includes a heteroatom.

[0245] Aspect 94. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the heteroatom is oxygen.

[0246] Aspect 95. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises an ether moiety, a ketone moiety, or both an ether moiety and a ketone moiety.

[0247] Aspect 96. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (I) - R1-(CH2)n-C=C-H; formula (I); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein R1is selected from hydrogen or a Ci-C6alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc. or a cyclic hydrocarbon, such as cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, etc.

[0248] Aspect 97. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (II) - R2-(CH2)n-O-(CH2)m-C=C-H; formula (II); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; wherein m is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein R2is selected from hydrogen or a Ci-Ce alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc.

[0249] Aspect 98. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (III) - H-C=C-(CH2)n-C=C-H; formula (III); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4.

[0250] Aspect 99. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (IV) - H-CVC-(CH2)11-O-(CH2)m-CVC-H; formula (IV); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein m is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4.

[0251] Aspect 100. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (V) -I I-C I I=C I I-(C I I2)tl-C=C-I I; formula (V); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, 0 to 4, or 1 to 4.

[0252] Aspect 101. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (VI) -formula (VI); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein R3is hydrogen or a Ci-Ce alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc.

[0253] Aspect 102. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (VII) - R4-CH=CH-(CH2)n-C=C-H; formula (VII); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5; and wherein R4is hydrogen or a Ci-Ce alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, etc.

[0254] Aspect 103. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkyne comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more of the following compounds:

[0255] Aspect 104. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more sulfides, one or more mercaptans, or a combination thereof.

[0256] Aspect 105. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the one or more sulfides comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more compounds of formula (a), formula (b), and / or formula (d), and the one or more mercaptans comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more compounds of formula (C): formula (a); formula (B); rmula (c);Formula (d); wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6independently, are selected from an unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10 hydrocarbyl, wherein the unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10 hydrocarbyl independently selected for R3is divalent; or wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6independently, are selected from an unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10 alkyl, wherein the unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10 alkyl independently selected for R3is divalent.

[0257] Aspect 106. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein sulfur is present at a total concentration of about 20 % to about 60 %, about 30 % to about 50 %, or about 35 % to about 45 %, by weight, based on the total weight of the odorant, such as the total weight of the one or more sulfides and the one or more mercaptans.

[0258] Aspect 107. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, independently, is a Ci-Cs alkyl, a Ci-Ce alkyl, a C1-C5 alkyl, a C1-C4 alkyl, a C1-C3 alkyl, or a C2 alkyl.

[0259] Aspect 108. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, independently, is a linear unsubstituted or substituted Ci- Cio alkyl.

[0260] Aspect 109. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, independently, is a branched unsubstituted or substituted Ci-Cio alkyl.

[0261] Aspect 110. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6, independently, is substituted with a hydroxyl group.

[0262] Aspect 111. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the one or more sulfides comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more of the following:

[0263] Aspect 112. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the one or more mercaptans comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more of the following:

[0264] Aspect 113. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of diethyl sulfide, Z>eta-mercaptoethanol, dimethyl disulfide, diethyl disulfide, di-n-propyldisulfide, diisopropyldisulfide, or a combination thereof.

[0265] Aspect 114. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the diethyl sulfide (DES) and the / >eta-mercaptoethanol (BME) are present at a weight ratio (DES:BME) of about 10:90 to about 90: 10, about 20:80 to about 80:20, about 30:70 to about 70:30, about 40:60 to about 60:40, about 45:55 to about 55:45, or about 50:50.

[0266] Aspect 1 15. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), / -butyl mercaptan (TBM), or a combination thereof.

[0267] Aspect 116. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the dimethyl sulfide and the / -butyl mercaptan are present at a weight ratio (DMS: TBM) of about 10:90 to about 90: 10, about 20:80 to about 80:20, about 25:75 to about 75:25, about 30:70 to about 70:30, about 40:60 to about 60:40, about 45:55 to about 55:45, or about 50:50.

[0268] Aspect 1 17. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a C1-C20 sulfur-free compound, a C1-C15 sulfur-free compound, a C1-C10 sulfur-free compound, a Ci-Cs sulfur-free compound, a C1-C7 sulfur-free compound, or a C1-C5 sulfur-free compound.

[0269] Aspect 118. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a cyclic compound.

[0270] Aspect 119. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises a cyclic hydrocarbon moiety, such as a cycloalkane moiety or a cycloalkene moiety.

[0271] Aspect 120. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises an acrylate moiety (C=C-C(O)-O).

[0272] Aspect 121. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an alkyl acrylate, such as a C1-C5 alkyl acrylate, wherein the alkyl is straight or branched.

[0273] Aspect 122. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises an alcohol moiety (C-O-H).

[0274] Aspect 123. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a C1-C10 alcohol, a C3-C6 alcohol, or a C4 alcohol.

[0275] Aspect 124. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an alkanol, an alkenol, an alkynol, or a combination thereof, wherein the alkanol, the alkenol, and the alkynol is linear, branched, or cyclic.

[0276] Aspect 125. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an alkynyl moiety (C=C).

[0277] Aspect 126. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free moiety is an alkyne, such as a 2-alkyne.

[0278] Aspect 127. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the alkyne is a Cs-Cs alkyne, a C6-C7 alkyne, a C7 alkyne, or a Ce alkyne, which can be linear or branched.

[0279] Aspect 128. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sulfur-free compound comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of cyclohexene.

[0280] Aspect 129. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the alkene is a terminal alkene.

[0281] Aspect 130. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkene comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (A):CH2=CH(CH2)mCH=CH2formula (A); wherein m is an integer selected from 0 to 4, such as 3 or 4 (e.g., m is 3 for a heptadiene and 4 for an octadiene).

[0282] Aspect 131. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkene comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (B):CH3CH=CH(CH2)mCH=CH2formula (B); wherein m is an integer selected from 0 to 4, such as 2 or 3 (e g., m is 2 for a heptadiene and 4 for an octadiene).

[0283] Aspect 132. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkene comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (C): CH3(CH2)mCH=CH(CH2)nCH=CH3formula (C); wherein m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, wherein, optionally, m + n = 2 for heptadienes, and m + n = 3 for octadienes.

[0284] Aspect 133. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkene comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a compound of formula (D):formula (D); wherein n is an integer selected from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4; and wherein R1is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a Ci-Ce alkyl, or and C3-Ci2cycloalkyl.

[0285] Aspect 134. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the terminal alkene comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of any one or more of the following compounds:

[0286] Aspect 135. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is a component of an odorant composition.

[0287] Aspect 136. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant composition comprises the odorant of any of the preceding Aspects, and an additive.

[0288] Aspect 137. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the additive is dispersed in the odorant, or the odorant is dispersed in the additive.

[0289] Aspect 138. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the additive is an odoriferous additive.

[0290] Aspect 139. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein (A) the additive comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of methacrylic acid, an acrylic acid Ci- Cg alkyl ester, or a combination thereof; or (B) the additive does not include methacrylic acid, an acrylic acid Ci-Cg alkyl ester, or a combination thereof.

[0291] Aspect 140. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the additive includes a non-odiferous additive.

[0292] Aspect 141. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the additive is a stabilizer (i.e., a compound that prevents or delays the chemical degradation of an odorant).

[0293] Aspect 142. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the stabilizer comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of an antioxidant, a radical inhibitor, or a combination thereof.

[0294] Aspect 143. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the stabilizer comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of vitamin C or a derivative thereof (e.g., ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl acetate, etc.), a tocopherol or a derivative thereof (e g., vitamin E, vitamin E acetate, etc.), vitamin A or a derivative thereof (e.g., vitamin A palmitate, etc.), a phenolic benzylamine, formic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (tert-butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT)), butylated hydroxyanisole (BOA or BHA), 4-tert-butyl catechol (TBC), tert-butyl hydroxyanisole, 4-methoxyphenol (hydroquinone monomethyl ether (MeHQ)), 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol), 2,6-di-tert-butyl phenol (2,6-DTBP), 2,5-di-tert-butyl-phenol (Ionol), benzene- 1,2-diol (pyrocatechol), benzene- 1,4-diol (hydroquinone, HQ), benzene-l,3-diol (resorcinol), 2-ethyl phenol, 4-ethyl phenol, mono- tertiary-butylhydroquinone (MTBHQ), 2,5-di-tertiary-butylhydroquinone (DTBHQ), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), tolyhydroquinone (THQ), (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-l-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) and derivatives, N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine (DBHA), hexamethylenetetramine (Methenamine or HMTA or HMT), para-benzoquinone (p-Bq), ortho-benzoquinone (O-Bq), N- N, dimethylisopropanolamine (DMPA), phenothiazine (PTZ), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 2,4- dinitro-6-sec-butyl-phenol (DNBP), 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, 1,4-phenylenediamine, N,N- dimethylaniline, melatonin, uric acid, glutathione, or a combination thereof.

[0295] Aspect 144. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the additive is a diluent for the odorant.

[0296] Aspect 145. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the additive comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a Cs-Cs saturated hydrocarbon (e.g., a pentane, a cyclopentane, a hexane, a cyclohexane, a heptane, a cycloheptane, an octane, and / or a fluorinated hydrocarbon, such as, for example, PFC-116, PFC-c216, PFC218, or PFC-318).

[0297] Aspect 146. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is present is present in the odorant composition at an amount of at least 1 wt%, at least 5 wt%, at least 10 wt%, at least 20 wt%, at least 30 wt%, at least 40 wt%, at least 50 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 70 wt%, at least 80 wt%, or at least 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the odorant composition.

[0298] Aspect 147. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant or the odorant composition is evenly or unevenly dispersed in the fluid.

[0299] Aspect 148. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is present in the odorized fluid at a concentration of 1,000 mg / m3n or less, 900 mg / m3n or less, 800 mg / m3n or less, 700 mg / m3n or less, 600 mg / m3n or less, 500 mg / m3n or less, 400 mg / m3n or less, 300 mg / m3n or less, 200 mg / m3n or less, 100 mg / m3n or less, 90 mg / m3n or less, 80 mg / m3n or less, 70 mg / m3n or less, 60 mg / m3n or less, 50 mg / m3n or less, 40 mg / m3n or less, 30 mg / m3n or less, 20 mg / m3ns or less, or 10 mg / m3n or less.

[0300] Aspect 149. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is present in the odorized fluid at a concentration of at least 0.5 mg / m3n, at least 1 mg / m3n, at least 2 mg / m3n, at least 3 mg / m3n, at least 4 mg / m3n, at least 5 mg / m3n, at least 6 mg / m3n, at least 7 mg / m3n, at least 8 mg / m3n, at least 9 mg / m3n, or at least 10 mg / m3n.

[0301] Aspect 150. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is present in the odorized fluid at a concentration of about 1 mg / m3n to about 1,000 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 900 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 800 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 700 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 600 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 500 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 400 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 300 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 200 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 100 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 90 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 80 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 70 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 60 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 50 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 40 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 30 mg / m3n, about 1 mg / m3n to about 20 mg / m3n, or about 1 mg / m3n to about 10 mg / m3n.

[0302] Aspect 151. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant is present in the odorized fluid at a concentration of about 5 mg / m3n to about 5,000 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 2,500 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 1,000 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 900 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 800 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 700 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 600 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 500 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 400 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 300 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 200 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 100 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 90 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 80 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 70 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 60 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 50 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 40 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 30 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 20 mg / m3n, or about 5 mg / m3n to about 15 mg / m3n, or more often, about 3 mg / m3n to about 30 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 20 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 15 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 10 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 15 mg / m3n, or about 5 mg / m3n to about 12 mg / m3n .

[0303] Aspect 152. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the providing of the odorized fluid comprises consists essentially of, or consists of contacting (i) the fluid, such as a gas, and (ii) the odorant of any of the preceding Aspects, or the odorant composition of any of the preceding Aspects to form an odorized fluid.

[0304] Aspect 153. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid and / or the odorized fluid is present in a fuel distribution system (such as any fuel supply infrastructure (e.g., fuel storage, fuel distribution, fuel delivery, etc.)).

[0305] Aspect 154. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising disposing the fluid and / or the odorized fluid in a fuel distribution system (such as any fuel supply infrastructure (e.g., fuel storage, fuel distribution, fuel delivery, etc.)).

[0306] Aspect 155. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the providing of the fluid comprises capturing the fluid.

[0307] Aspect 156. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising pressurizing the odorized fluid, storing the odorized fluid, or a combination thereof.

[0308] Aspect 157. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant or the odorant composition is in a liquid phase, a gaseous phase, or a combination thereof before, during, and / or after the contacting of the fluid and the odorant.

[0309] Aspect 158. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the contacting of the fluid and the odorant, or the fluid and the odorant composition comprises dispensing the odorant or the odorant composition with a liquid meter.

[0310] Aspect 159. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the contacting of the fluid and the odorant or the odorant composition comprises nebulizing the odorant or the odorant composition.

[0311] Aspect 160. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the providing of the fluid comprises providing the reservoir of any of the preceding Aspects-, such as the storage tank, and wherein the contacting of the fluid and the odorant or the odorant composition comprises disposing the odorant or the odorant composition in the reservoir.

[0312] Aspect 161. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the providing of the fluid comprises providing a first stream comprising the fluid, and wherein the contacting of the fluid and the odorant or the odorant composition comprises contacting the first stream and a second stream comprising the odorant or the odorant composition.

[0313] Aspect 162. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid is a gas (at atmospheric pressure and room temperature).

[0314] Aspect 163. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a fuel gas, such as a gas configured or usedto (i) generate heat, steam, mechanical movement, electrical power, and / or physical movement via combustion, ignition, burning, and / or oxidation, (ii) facilitate chemical processes, such by serving as a heat source upon combustion, ignition, burning, incineration, chemically reacting, or a combination thereof.

[0315] Aspect 164. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of hydrogen gas (H2), natural gas, methane, propane, butane, dimethyl ether (DME), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), or any combination thereof.

[0316] Aspect 165. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a natural or synthetic combustion gas.

[0317] Aspect 166. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of natural gas, LNG (liquid natural gas), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), municipal gas, heating gas, or a combination thereof.

[0318] Aspect 167. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of methane, ethane, ethene, acetylene, propane, propene, butane, isobutane, butene, pentane, or a combination thereof.

[0319] Aspect 168. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid comprises consists essentially of, or consists of water gas, synthesis gas, reform gas, generator gas, coke gas, or a combination thereof.

[0320] Aspect 169. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a non-combustible gas.

[0321] Aspect 170. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the fluid comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, an industrial gas (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0322] Aspect 171. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the odorant or the odorant composition is at least partially consumable by the fuel cell, thereby optionally improving the performance of the fuel cell, increasing the energy produced by the fuel cell, or a combination thereof relative to a fuel cell operated with the fluid of the odorized fluid in the absence of the odorant or the odorant composition.

[0323] Aspect 172. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, further comprising a sensor.

[0324] Aspect 173. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sensor is coupled to, or configured to be coupled to, any one or more components of the system of any of the preceding Aspects, such apparatus that uses the fluid as fuel.

[0325] Aspect 174. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sensor comprises circuitry programmed to shut down an apparatus and / or one or more other components of the system in the event of a leak.

[0326] Aspect 175. The method or system of any of the preceding Aspects, wherein the sensor is configured to permit the use of any of the odorants of the preceding Aspects at a concentration that is not detectable by an average human.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method of providing a composition, the method comprising: a) providing an odorized fluid, wherein the odorized fluid is disposed in a storage tank, and wherein the odorized fluid comprises an odorant dispersed in a fluid; b) removing at least a portion of the odorized fluid from the storage tank to form a stream comprising the odorized fluid; c) removing at least a portion of the odorant from the stream comprising the odorized fluid to form a first stream comprising the fluid and a second stream comprising the odorant; and d) forwarding the first stream comprising the fluid to an apparatus that consumes the fluid.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the odorant is present in the first stream in d) at a concentration of less than 1 mg / m3; and / or an amount of the odorant present in the first stream in d) is at least 90% less than an amount of the odorant in the stream in b).

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the stream comprising the odorized fluid comprises contacting the stream comprising the odorized fluid and an adsorption and / or absorption media.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the adsorption and / or absorption media comprises activated carbon, carbon molecular sieves, zeolites, a ceramic, a polymer, or a combination thereof.

5. The method of any one of claims 1 -4, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the stream comprising the odorized fluid comprises contacting the stream comprising the odorized fluid and a membrane separation media.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the membrane separation media comprises a polymer, a fluoropolymer, a nanoporous material, a silica mesoporous material, a zeolite, a metalorganic framework (MOF), a perovskite, a metal, or a combination thereof.

7. A method of storing a composition, the method comprising: a) providing an odorized fluid, wherein the odorized fluid is disposed in a storage tank, and wherein the odorized fluid comprises an odorant dispersed in a fluid; b) removing at least a portion of the odorized fluid from the storage tank to form a stream comprising the odorized fluid; c) forwarding the stream comprising the odorized fluid to an apparatus that consumes the fluid, thereby producing an exhaust gas comprising the odorant; and d) removing at least a portion of the odorant from the exhaust gas to form a first stream comprising an essentially odorant-free exhaust gas and a second stream comprising the odorant.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein: the odorant is present in the first stream in d) at a concentration of less than 1 mg / m3; and / or an amount of the odorant present in the first stream in d) is at least 90% less than an amount of the odorant in the stream in b).

9. The method of claim 7 or 8, wherein the odorant is present in the odorized fluid at a concentration of about 0.1 mg / m3n to about 1,000 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 30 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 20 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 15 mg / m3n, about 3 mg / m3n to about 10 mg / m3n, about 5 mg / m3n to about 15 mg / m3n, or about 5 mg / m3n to about 12 mg / m’n .

10. The method of any one of claims 7-9, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the exhaust gas comprises contacting the exhaust gas and an adsorption and / or absorption media.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the adsorption and / or absorption media comprises activated carbon, carbon molecular sieves, zeolites, a ceramic, a polymer, or a combination thereof.

12. The method of any one of claims 7-11, wherein the removing of the at least a portion of the odorant from the exhaust gas comprises contacting the exhaust gas and a membrane separation media.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the membrane separation media comprises a polymer, a fluoropolymer, a nanoporous material, a silica mesoporous material, a zeolite, a metalorganic framework (MOF), a perovskite, a metal, or a combination thereof.

14. The method of any one of claims 1-13, further comprising disposing the second stream comprising the odorant in an odorant storage tank.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the providing of the odorized fluid comprises contacting the fluid and the odorant, wherein at least a portion of the odorant is obtained from the odorant storage tank.

16. The method of claim 14 or 15, further comprising replacing the odorant storage tank with an empty storage tank after a concentration or amount of odorant in the odorant storage tank reaches or exceeds a predetermined level.

17. The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the apparatus that consumes the fluid is a fuel cell.

18. A system for storing a composition, the system comprising:a reservoir configured for storing an odorized fluid, the odorized fluid comprising a fluid and an odorant dispersed in the fluid, a reservoir configured for storing an odorant, an odorant removing unit, and an apparatus that consumes the fluid, wherein the reservoir configured for storing the odorized fluid, the reservoir configured for storing the odorant, the odorant removing unit, and the apparatus that consumes the fluid are in fluid communication with each other.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the odorant removing unit is arranged between the reservoir configured for storing the odorized fluid and the apparatus that consumes the fluid.

20. The system of claim 18 or 19, wherein the apparatus that consumes the fluid is a fuel cell.

21. The system of claim 18 or 19, wherein the apparatus that consumes the fluid is a chemical processing unit, a steel processing unit, a glass processing unit, a cement processing unit, a semiconductor processing unit, an iron processing unit (DRI), a pharmaceutical processing unit, a food & beverage processing unit, a heat generation unit, or a mechanical power generation unit.

22. The system of any one of claims 18-21, wherein the odorant removing unit comprises an adsorption and / or absorption media.

23. The system of claim 22, wherein the adsorption and / or absorption media comprises activated carbon, carbon molecular sieves, zeolites, a ceramic, a polymer, or a combination thereof.

24. The system of any one of claims 18-23, wherein the odorant removing unit comprises a membrane separation media.

25. The system of claim 24, wherein the membrane separation media comprises a polymer, a fluoropolymer, a nanoporous material, a silica mesoporous material, a zeolite, a metalorganic framework (MOF), a perovskite, a metal, or a combination thereof.

26. The system of any one of claims 18-25, wherein the odorant removing unit is configured to remove the odorant by absorption, adsorption, condensation, concentration, evaporation, filtration, membrane separation, or a combination thereof.

27. The method or system of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the odorant comprises a sulfur containing compound.

28. The method or system of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the odorant comprises a sulfur- free compound.

29. The method or system of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the odorant comprises pent-1- yne, hex-l-yne, hex-2-yne, hept-2-yne, hept-3-yne, oct-3-yne, oct-4-yne, cyclohexene, hexa-l,5-diene, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, dimethyl sulfide, diethyl sulfide, methyl ethyl sulfide, n-propyl sulfide, isopropyl sulfide, tetrahydrothiophene, tert-butyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, n-propyl mercaptan, 2-propyl mercaptan, or any combination thereof.

30. The method or system of any one of claims 1-29, wherein the odorant comprises hex-l- yne, hex-2-yne, hept-2-yne, or any combination thereof.

31. The method or system of any one of claims 1-30, wherein the fluid comprises hydrogen (H2), natural gas, methane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), or any combination thereof.

32. The method or system of any one of claims 1-31, wherein:at least 10 mol%, at least 20 mol%, at least 30 mol%, at least 50 mol%, at least 75 mol%, at least 85 mol%, at least 90 mol%, at least 95 mol%, at least 97 mol%, at least 98 mol%, or at least 99 mol% of the fluid is hydrogen (H2); or from 10 mol% to 40 mol%, from 10 mol% to 30 mol%, from 10 mol% to 25 mol%, from 15 mol% to 30 mol%, or from 15 mol% to 25 mol% of the fluid is hydrogen (H2).