Dielectric lens and electromagnetic device having a dielectric lens

Abstract

A dielectric lens and an electromagnetic device having the dielectric lens are disclosed. The dielectric lens comprises: a three-dimensional 3D body of dielectric material having a spatially varying dielectric constant Dk; the 3D body having at least three regions R(i) having a local maximum of dielectric constant values Dk(i) with respect to surrounding regions of a corresponding region of the at least three regions R(i), the position of the at least three regions R(i) being defined by local coordinates of an azimuth angle (i), a zenith angle (i) and a radial distance (i) with respect to a specific common origin associated with the 3D body, wherein (i) is an index ranging from 1 to at least 3; wherein the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body is configured to vary as a function of the zenith angle between a first region R(1) and a second region R(2) for a given azimuth angle and a given radial distance.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 006,976, filed April 8, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure generally relates to dielectric lenses, particularly to dielectric lenses having at least three different focusing or defocusing portions, and more specifically to electromagnetic EM devices having a phased array antenna arranged and configured for EM communication with a dielectric lens having at least three different focusing or defocusing portions. Background Technology

[0004] Phased array antennas are useful for steering EM wavefronts in one or two directions along the propagation direction of EM radiation. In typical planar phased arrays, steering capability can be limited because the effective aperture decreases with increasing steering angle. To improve steering capability, existing systems employ more phased array antenna base segments and / or Luneburg lenses. It is understood that increasing the number of phased array antenna base segments leads to additional cost and hardware space requirements, and the use of Luneburg lenses necessitates the use of non-planar arrays.

[0005] While existing EM phased array communication systems may be suitable for their intended purpose, technologies related to such systems will be developed by overcoming the shortcomings of existing technologies through dielectric lenses or combinations of dielectric lenses with phased array antennas. Summary of the Invention

[0006] An embodiment includes a dielectric lens having: a three-dimensional 3D body of dielectric material having a spatially varying dielectric constant Dk; the 3D body having at least three regions R(i) having local maximum values ​​of the dielectric constant Dk(i) relative to the surrounding regions of corresponding regions in the at least three regions R(i), the positions of the at least three regions R(i) being defined by local coordinates of azimuth (i), zenith (i), and radial distance (i) relative to a particular common origin associated with the 3D body, wherein (i) is an index ranging from 1 to at least 3; wherein the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body is configured to vary with a given azimuth and a given radial distance according to the zenith angle between a first region R(1) and a second region R(2).

[0007] The embodiment includes a dielectric lens having: a three-dimensional 3D body of dielectric material having a spatially varying Dk, the spatially varying Dk varying along at least three different rays having different directions and a specific common origin from the specific common origin to the outer surface of the 3D body, the specific common origin being surrounded by the 3D body; wherein the at least three different rays define the positions of corresponding regions in at least three regions R(i) of the 3D body, the at least three regions having local maximum values ​​of dielectric constant Dk(i) of the dielectric material relative to the immediately surrounding region of the corresponding region in the at least three regions R(i), where (i) is an index ranging from 1 to at least 3; wherein the dielectric material of the 3D body has a spatially varying Dk along any path within the 3D body from each of the at least three regions R(i) to any other of the at least three regions R(i).

[0008] The implementation includes an electromagnetic EM device having: a phased array antenna; and a dielectric lens according to any of the aforementioned lenses; wherein each dielectric lens is configured and arranged to perform EM communication with the phased array antenna when electromagnetically excited.

[0009] The above-described features and advantages, as well as other features and advantages of the invention, will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0010] Referring to the exemplary non-limiting drawings, in which similar elements are represented by similar reference numerals:

[0011] Figure 1 A rotated isometric view of a 3D block diagram analysis model of a dielectric lens according to an embodiment is depicted, the dielectric lens representing an example lens located above an example phased array antenna;

[0012] Figure 2A and Figure 2B The diagram depicts a cut via the xz plane according to an embodiment. Figure 1 A front cross-sectional view of the implementation method;

[0013] Figure 3 The following is a description of the implementation method. Figure 1 A top-down plan view of the implementation method;

[0014] Figure 4A The following is a description of the implementation method. Figure 1 A rotated isometric view of a semi-symmetrical view;

[0015] Figure 4B The passage according to the implementation method is described Figure 4A The corresponding section slices L1-L4 of the semi-symmetrical view depicted in the figure;

[0016] Figure 4C The following is a description of the implementation method. Figure 4B Enlarged views of cross-sectional slices L3 and L4;

[0017] Figure 5 A representation of the spherical coordinate system as used herein, according to an embodiment, is depicted;

[0018] Figure 6 A transparent top-down plan view of another example dielectric lens according to an embodiment is depicted, the dielectric lens being... Figure 1 They are similar to dielectric lenses but have different shapes and external profiles;

[0019] Figures 7A to 7J An example alternative 3D shape of any lens disclosed herein according to an embodiment is depicted in a rotated isometric view;

[0020] Figures 8A to 8E The following is a description of the implementation method. Figures 7A to 7J Example 2D xy-plane cross-sectional view of a 3D shape; and

[0021] Figures 9A to 9C A representative alternative surface used according to the implementation is shown in a rotated isometric view. Detailed Implementation

[0022] Although the following detailed description includes numerous details for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will understand that many variations and modifications of these details are within the scope of the claims. Therefore, the following exemplary embodiments are set forth without causing general harm or imposing limitations on the invention disclosed herein.

[0023] As illustrated in the accompanying figures and described in the accompanying text, the embodiment provides a three-dimensional 3D dielectric lens having at least three distinct focusing or defocusing portions strategically located within the lens body. The lens is structurally and electromagnetically configured to cooperate with a phased array antenna to facilitate beam manipulation of the EM wavefront at + / -90 degrees relative to the propagation direction of the EM radiated wavefront, thereby providing greater signal coverage without increasing the number of base station segments. Each of the at least three distinct focusing / defocusing portions of the 3D dielectric lens is formed by a corresponding region having a local maximum value of the dielectric constant Dk, which will be discussed in detail below. As used herein, the term dielectric lens refers to a 3D body of dielectric material used to alter the spatial distribution of radiated EM energy, and more specifically, as disclosed herein, to alter the spatial distribution of radiated EM energy via at least three focusing / defocusing portions, in contrast to serving as a radiating antenna itself.

[0024] While the embodiments described or illustrated herein may depict a particular geometry or analytical model as an exemplary dielectric lens, it should be understood that the embodiments disclosed herein are also applicable to other geometries or structures suitable for the purposes disclosed herein and falling within the scope of the appended claims. Therefore, it should be understood that the illustrations provided herein are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as the only possible constructions for the purposes disclosed herein. For example, several figures described below refer to example analytical block element 104 (see...) Figure 4A The analytical block element is for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting, as it can be anticipated that the appended claims also cover dielectric lens constructions having a gradual rather than stepwise transition of the dielectric constant from one region of the lens to another. All constructions falling within the scope of the appended claims are contemplated and considered inherent unless explicitly disclosed herein.

[0025] Now refer to Figures 1 to 9C ,in: Figure 1 A rotated isometric view of a 3D block diagram analysis model of a dielectric lens representing an example embodiment disclosed herein, depicting an example lens located above an example phased array antenna; Figure 2A and Figure 2B Depicting cuts through the xz plane Figure 1 A frontal cross-sectional view of the implementation method (referred to herein as a semi-symmetrical view); Figure 3 Depicting Figure 1 A top-down plan view of the implementation method; Figure 4A Depicting Figure 1 A rotated isometric view of a semi-symmetrical view (3-1 / 2 the thickness of block element 104), in Figure 2A and Figure 2B As can also be seen, the Dk scale 102, which depicts the example Dk value, is also depicted, as is the example analysis block element 104; Figure 4B Depicting through Figure 4A The corresponding continuously cut cross-sectional slices L1-L4 of the semi-symmetrical view depicted in the figure; Figure 4C Depicting Figure 4B Enlarged views of cross-sectional slices L3 and L4; Figure 5 It depicts the representation of the spherical coordinate system used in this paper; Figure 6 A transparent top-down plan view of another example dielectric lens is depicted, which is related to... Figure 1 They are similar to dielectric lenses but have different shapes and external profiles; Figures 7A to 7J An example alternative 3D shape of any lens disclosed herein is depicted in a rotated isometric view; Figures 8A to 8E Depicting Figures 7A to 7JExample 2D xy-plane cross-sectional view of a 3D shape; and Figures 9A to 9C Representative alternative surfaces used according to the embodiment are depicted in a rotated isometric view. Regarding the example analytical block element 104 in the analytical model described in the various figures, each block element 104 has the following dimensions: dx = 4.92 mm, dy = 5.26 mm, and dz = 5.04 mm. Alternatively, each block element 104 has dx, dy, and dz dimensions of approximately 2λ / 3, where λ is the wavelength at an operating frequency of 39 GHz. However, such block element dimensions are for illustrative or analytical purposes only and are not limited to the scope of the invention as claimed in the appended claims. Regarding the cross-sectional slices L1-L4, Figure 4B and Figure 4A The comparison shows that slice L1 corresponds to the rear outer surface region 206 of the 3D body 200, and half-slice L4 corresponds to... Figure 4A The xz plane is used for sectioning, and slices L2 and L3 correspond to the intermediate region between slice L1 and half-slice L4. Regarding... Figure 4A The Dk scale 102 depicted in the example embodiment includes a Dk variation, wherein the relative permittivity ranges from equal to or greater than 1.2 (depicted in light gray) to equal to or less than 3.6 (depicted in dark gray or black). However, it should be understood that this Dk variation is for analytical purposes only and is not limited to the scope of the invention claimed under the appended claims.

[0026] As can be seen in several accompanying figures, both the orthogonal xyz coordinate system and the spherical coordinate system are depicted, and both will be referred to in the following text for a more complete understanding of the topics presented herein. Regarding Figure 2B The increasing + / - zenith angle is depicted in increments of 15 degrees.

[0027] Example dielectric lens 100 includes a three-dimensional 3D body 200 of dielectric material having a spatially varying Dk, wherein the 3D body 200 has at least three regions R(i) 300 (a first region R(1), a second region R(2), and a third region R(3) respectively enumerated by reference numerals 301, 302, and 303), these regions having local maxima of the dielectric constant (relative dielectric constant) value Dk(i) relative to the surrounding regions in the corresponding regions of the at least three regions R(i) 300, wherein the positions of the at least three regions R(i) 300 can be defined by local spherical coordinates of azimuth (i), zenith (i), and radial distance (i) relative to a particular common origin 202 associated with the 3D body 200, wherein (i) is an index ranging from 1 to at least 3 (a description of the local spherical coordinate system is best seen in [reference needed]). Figure 5The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject 200 is configured at a given (constant) azimuth angle (e.g., Figure 2A The plane) and the given (constant) radial distance ra vary according to the zenith angle Za between region R(1)301 and region R(2)302, which is best referenced Figure 2A For example, and refer to Figure 2A and Figures 4A to 4C Both, and especially refer to Figure 4A The Dk scale 102 depicted in the text shows that as the zenith angle Za changes from 0 degrees to 90 degrees, the Dk value within the 3D subject 200 changes from a relatively high value, such as 3.6 at R(1)301, to a relatively low value, such as 1.2 in the region between R(1)301 and R(2)302, and then back to a relatively high value, such as 3.6 at R(2)302. As used and referenced in this paper Figure 5 The sign convention for + / - azimuth angles is (addition) clockwise (CW) from the positive y-axis toward the positive x-axis (as observed in a top-down plan view), and (subtraction) counterclockwise (CCW) from the positive y-axis toward the negative x-axis.

[0028] As used herein, the phrase "relative to the surrounding region" refers to the dielectric material of the 3D body 200 adjacent to the region of the local maximum value of Dk, wherein the Dk of the corresponding surrounding region is lower than the associated region of the local maximum value of Dk, and is therefore referred to as the "local" maximum value. In the embodiment, the corresponding surrounding region adjacent to the associated region of the local maximum value of Dk completely surrounds the associated region of the local maximum value of Dk.

[0029] As used herein, the phrase “specific common origin 202” refers to a point relative to the 3D body 200 of the dielectric lens 100, which can be suitably used as the reference origin of a spherical coordinate system, thereby allowing the local coordinates of the azimuth (i), zenith (i), and radial distance (i) of at least three regions R(i) 300 to be determinable (e.g., see [reference]). Figure 2A and Figure 5 Alternatively, it can be determined using a local xyz orthogonal coordinate system, where the common origin 202 is the origin of the local xyz coordinate system. Although Figure 2A and Figure 2B A common origin 202 on the xy plane, generally aligned with the bottom surface or basic region 204 of the 3D body 200, is depicted. However, it should be understood that this illustration is only an example scenario, as other scenarios and structures falling within the scope of the appended claims may involve a common origin located inside or outside the 3D body 200.

[0030] In the implementation method and specifically refer to Figure 2AA given radial distance ra can be considered as a first given radial distance, and the 3D body 200 can be further described relative to a second varying radial distance rb that varies according to the zenith angle Zb. For example, the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 is also configured at a given azimuth angle (e.g., Figure 2A The plane) and the second varying radial distance rb—which varies according to the zenith angle Zb—depends on the zenith angle Zb between region R(1)301 and region R(2)302, which is best referenced Figure 2A .like Figure 2A As shown, as the zenith angle Zb increases from 0 degrees to 90 degrees, the radial distance rb increases. (Refer to...) Figure 2A and Figures 4A-4C Both, and especially refer to Figure 4A As shown in the Dk scale 102, as the zenith angle Zb changes from 0 degrees to 90 degrees, the Dk value in the implementation of the 3D subject 200 changes from a relatively high value, such as 3.6 at R(1)301, to a relatively low value, such as 1.2 in the middle region between R(1)301 and R(4)304, back to a relatively high value, such as 2.4 at R(4)304, to a relatively low value, such as 1.2 in the middle region between R(4)304 and R(2)302, and then back to a relatively high value, such as 3.6 at R(2)302.

[0031] The above description has already been given regarding the spatial variation of the Dk value for the 3D subject 200 for the zenith angle between 0 and 90 degrees and the azimuth angle of +90 degrees. However, and as... Figure 2A and Figure 2B As can be seen, for zenith angles between 0 and 90 degrees and azimuth angles of -90 degrees, the spatially varying Dk values ​​of the 3D body 200 are similar, even if they are not the same structure. That is, the implementation of the 3D body 200 includes an arrangement of the spatially varying Dk values ​​of the 2D body 200 symmetrical with respect to the yz plane shown, wherein the xyz origin is centered relative to the 3D body 200, as observed in the top-down plan view of the 3D body 200 (see, for example, the transition of Dk values ​​from R(1)301 to R(5)305 to R(3)303 according to zenith angles Za from 0 to 90 degrees and Zb from zenith angles Zb from 0 to 90 degrees). Thus, and in view of the foregoing, it should be understood that the implementation of the dielectric lens 100 also includes an arrangement in which the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 is configured at a given azimuth angle (e.g., Figure 2AThe plane) and the given (constant) radial distance ra vary according to the zenith angle Za between region R(1)301 and region R(3)303. In addition, it should be understood that the embodiment of dielectric lens 100 also includes an arrangement in which the spatially varying Dk of 3D body 200 is configured such that regions R(2)302 and R(3)303 at corresponding azimuth angles 180 degrees apart have Dk such that Dk is symmetrical with respect to the yz plane about each other and / or about region R(1)301.

[0032] like Figure 3 and Figures 4A to 4C As can be seen in the reference Figure 4A In the Dk scale 102, it should also be understood that the implementation of the dielectric lens 100 includes an arrangement in which the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 is also configured to be defined by a given zenith angle (e.g., but not limited to, 90 degrees) and defined (fixed or variable) radial distances ra (fixed) and rb (variable) according to the azimuth angle between region R(2) 302 and region R(3) 303 (e.g., in the xy plane shown, see also...). Figure 5 And change. For example, refer to Figure 4A And the Dk scale 102 therein, with a zenith angle of 90 degrees (i.e., xy plane) and a variable radial distance rb, the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 changes from about 3.6 at region R(2)302, to 1 (air) at an azimuth angle of +90 degrees clockwise from region R(2)302, to about 3.6 at region R(3)303, to 1 (air) at an azimuth angle of -90 degrees clockwise from region R(3)303, and back to about 3.6 at region R(2)302.

[0033] like Figure 2A and Figures 4A to 4C As can be seen in the reference Figure 4A In the Dk scale 102, it should also be understood that the implementation of the dielectric lens 100 includes an arrangement in which the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 is also configured to vary according to the radial distance between the common origin 202 and the region R(1)301, wherein in Figures 4A to 4CIn the illustrated embodiment, the Dk value gradually varies upwards from approximately 1 (e.g., air) in the central region rc 308 near the common origin 202 to approximately 3.6 in region R(1) 301. Typically, the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 is configured to gradually vary upwards (i.e., increase) along at least one radial path based on the radial distance between the common origin 202 and at least one region R(i) 300, such as region R(1) 301. In one embodiment, the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 is configured to gradually vary upwards along at least three distinct radial paths having the common origin 202 based on the corresponding radial distance between the common origin 202 and at least one of regions R(i) 300, such as regions R(1) 301, R(2) 302, and R(3) 303. Although Figure 1 , Figures 2A to 2B and Figures 4A to 4C The embodiment depicted shows a central region rc 308 and / or a region surrounding the common origin 202, which is air or has a Dk equal to that of air. However, it should be understood that this is for illustrative and / or modeling purposes only, and the central region rc 308 and / or the region surrounding the common origin 202 can actually be air or can be a dielectric with a low Dk value close to that of air, such as a dielectric foam with inflated open or closed cells. Therefore, it should be understood that the 3D body 200 has a Dk value at the common origin equal to or greater than that of air and equal to or less than 1.2.

[0034] As used herein, the term "gradually" does not necessarily mean the absence of any abrupt changes, such as the possible presence of a layered shell of dielectric material, but rather refers to something that crosses what may be a layered shell interface (or transition region) at a rate not exceeding + / -1.9, more particularly + / -1.5, or even more particularly + / -1.0 of the Dk value change from one region of the 3D body 200 to an adjacent region. As used herein, the distance across the transition region from one region of the 3D body 200 to an adjacent region is measured relative to an operating wavelength of 1λ, and in one embodiment, relative to an operating wavelength of 0.5λ, where λ is the operating wavelength in free space of the operating electromagnetic radiation signal having a defined operating frequency. That is, in one embodiment, the distance from one region of the 3D body 200 to an adjacent region is 1λ, and in another embodiment, it is λ / 2. In this embodiment, the defined operating frequency is 40 GHz.

[0035] Regarding the central area rc 308, and refer to Figure 2AOne embodiment includes an arrangement in which a 3D body 200 at a defined radial distance rk 210 from a common origin 202 has a Dk value that is equal to or greater than the Dk value of air and equal to or less than 2, alternatively equal to or greater than the Dk value of air and equal to or less than 1.5, and further alternatively equal to or greater than the Dk value of air and equal to or less than 1.2. In one embodiment, rk is equal to or less than 2λ, alternatively equal to or less than 1.5λ, alternatively equal to or less than 1λ, alternatively equal to or less than 2 / 3λ, or further alternatively equal to or less than 1 / 2λ.

[0036] exist Figures 1 to 4C In the described embodiment, when the phased array antenna 600 is electromagnetically excited, the radial path from the common origin 202 along the z-axis to the region R(1)301 is also regarded as the direction of the line of sight of the dielectric lens 100 and the phased array antenna 600, which will be discussed in more detail below.

[0037] Return at least refer to Figure 2A and Figures 4A to 4B It should be understood that the implementation of the dielectric lens 100 includes an arrangement in which the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 is also configured to vary according to the radial distance between the common origin 202 and region R(2)302 and / or between the common origin 202 and region R(3)303. For example, Figure 2A and Figures 4A to 4B Both depict the Dk value of the 3D subject 200 varying from approximately 1 (air) at the common origin 202 to approximately 3.6 at regions R(2)302 and R(3)303, as observed along both the +x and -x axes in the xy plane.

[0038] In another implementation, and still at least referring to Figure 2A and Figures 4A to 4B The spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 is also configured to vary in at least three different radial directions—for example, but not limited to: along the +x axis, along the -x axis, and along the +z axis—from a common origin 202 to the outer surface region 206 of the 3D body 200.

[0039] As described above, the at least three regions R(i)300 of the 3D body 200 having local maxima of the dielectric constant value Dk(i) may include more than three regions R(i)300. For example, and particularly referring to Figure 2B (depicting as if in) Figure 2BThe zenith angles observed in the diagram (in increments of 15 degrees relative to both CW and CCW along the z-axis) combined with several other figures disclosed herein, the implementation includes an arrangement in which region R(1) 301 is set with a zenith angle (1) Za1 between 15 degrees CCW and 15 degrees CW, region R(2) 302 is set with a zenith angle (2) Za2 between 75 degrees CCW and 90 degrees CCW, region R(3) 303 is set with a zenith angle (3) Za3 between 75 degrees CW and 90 degrees CW, region R(4) 304 is set with a zenith angle (4) Za4 between 15 degrees CCW and 75 degrees CCW, and / or region R(5) 305 is set with a zenith angle (5) Za5 between 15 degrees CW and 75 degrees CW. By comparison Figures 2A to 2B and Figure 1 , Figure 3 and Figures 4A to 4B It can be seen that regions R(4)304 and R(5)305 are not in the same plane (e.g., the xz plane) as regions R(1)301, R(2)302 and R(3)303, but in Figures 2A to 2B The middle is "visible" because the 3D analysis model of dielectric lens 100 has internal cavities 220 near regions R(4)304 and R(5)305 (refer to...). Figure 4A and Figure 4B (best shown), resulting in when from Figure 2A and Figure 2B Regions R(4)304 and R(5)305 are visible when viewed by cross-section in the xz plane. In fact, as can be seen from several figures, regions R(4)304 and R(5)305 are positioned in a plane parallel to the xz plane and offset from the xz plane in the -y direction. Although the 3D analysis model of the dielectric lens 100 described herein has the aforementioned cavities 220, it should be understood that such cavities 220 can actually be air, or can be a dielectric with a low Dk value close to that of air, such as a dielectric foam with air-filled open or closed cells.

[0040] Special reference Figures 4B to 4C As can be seen from the cross-sections or slices of L1 to L4, the embodiment also includes an arrangement in which regions R(2)302 and R(3)303 are separated by an azimuth angle of approximately 180 degrees, and more generally by an azimuth angle between 150 degrees and 180 degrees, and particularly with reference to at least Figure 1 It can also be seen that regions R(4)304 and R(5)305 are also separated by an azimuth of about 180 degrees, and more generally by an azimuth of between 150 and 180 degrees.

[0041] In view of the foregoing and with reference to the accompanying drawings, particularly the Dk scale 102, it should be understood that the embodiments include an arrangement in which the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 varies between greater than 1 and equal to or less than 15, alternatively between greater than 1 and equal to or less than 10, further alternatively between greater than 1 and equal to or less than 5, and further alternatively between greater than 1 and equal to or less than 4. It should also be understood that the embodiments include an arrangement in which each region R(i) 300 having a corresponding local maximum value of dielectric constant Dk(i) has a Dk such that it is equal to or greater than 2 and equal to or less than 15, alternatively equal to or greater than 3 and equal to or less than 12, further alternatively equal to or greater than 3 and equal to or less than 9, and further alternatively equal to or greater than 3 and equal to or less than 5. In one embodiment, the spatially varying Dk of the 3D body 200 of the dielectric material gradually varies according to the azimuth angle (i), zenith angle (i), and radial distance (i). In one embodiment, the gradually varying Dk of the 3D body 200 of the dielectric material varies with each 1 / 4 wavelength of the operating frequency not exceeding a defined maximum Dk value, alternatively with each 1 / 2 wavelength of the operating frequency not exceeding a defined maximum Dk value, and further alternatively with each wavelength of the operating frequency not exceeding a defined maximum Dk value. In one embodiment, the defined maximum Dk value is + / - 1.9, more particularly + / - 1.5, and even more particularly + / - 1.0.

[0042] Now refer to Figure 6 It describes the relationship with Figure 1 The dielectric lens 100 is compared to another example dielectric lens 100' which is similar but has a different shape and outer contour. As can be seen, and in addition to the regions R(1)301, R(2)302 and R(3)303 where the dielectric constant value Dk(i) has a local maximum value and optional regions R(4)304 and R(5)305, the embodiment also includes an arrangement in which at least three regions R(i)300 having a local maximum value of the dielectric constant value Dk(i) further include regions R(6)306 and R(7)307, wherein region R(1)301 is set at a zenith angle (1) between -15 degrees and +15 degrees (see See Figure 2B ), and regions R(2)302, R(3)303, R(6)306 and R(7)307 are each set with a zenith angle (2) between -75 degrees and -90 degrees or between +75 degrees and +90 degrees, as observed in the xz plane or yz plane (partially referenced). Figure 2BIn one embodiment, regions R(2)302 and R(3)303 are separated by an azimuth angle between 150 and 180 degrees; regions R(6)306 and R(7)307 are separated by an azimuth angle between 150 and 180 degrees; regions R(2)302 and R(6)306 are separated by an azimuth angle between 30 and 90 degrees; regions R(3)303 and R(6)306 are separated by an azimuth angle between 30 and 90 degrees; regions R(2)302 and R(7)307 are separated by an azimuth angle between 30 and 90 degrees; and regions R(3)303 and R(7)307 are separated by an azimuth angle between 30 and 90 degrees. Although Figure 6 The circular outer contour of the dielectric lens 100' is depicted in solid line form, but it should be understood that this is for illustrative purposes only, and the dielectric lens 100' may have any shape suitable for the purposes disclosed herein, which is represented by a square outer contour in dashed line form surrounding a circle in solid line form.

[0043] From all the foregoing, it should be understood that the various illustrated embodiments of the region R(i) 300 with local maximum values ​​of dielectric constant Dk(i) described herein are merely a few examples of many possible arrangements, too numerous to describe indefinitely, but all within the capabilities of those skilled in the art. Therefore, all such embodiments of the region R(i) 300 falling within the scope of the appended claims are considered and regarded as being fully and / or inherently disclosed herein by way of representative examples presented herein.

[0044] Additionally, it should be understood that although shapes with certain 2D and 3D forms have been described and / or depicted (e.g., Figure 1 The rectangular blocks in the middle, and Figure 6 Some embodiments of the dielectric lenses 100, 100' (with circular or rectangular covering areas) are described herein, but it should be understood that these are for illustrative purposes only, and the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not limited thereto, and are extended to other 2D and 3D shapes, for example, without diminishing the scope of this disclosure. Figures 7A to 7J and Figures 8A to 8E Those depicted in [the text]. For example, and refer to [the text]. Figures 7A to 8E Any dielectric lens 100, 100' described herein may have a three-dimensional form with the following shapes: Figure 7A cylinder, Figure 7B , Figure 7C polygonal box, Figure 7D , Figure 7E A cone-shaped polygonal box, Figure 7F a cone, Figure 7G truncated cone, Figure 7H The torus, Figure 7I A dome (e.g., a hemisphere), Figure 7JIt can be an elongated dome, or have any other three-dimensional form suitable for the purposes disclosed herein, and therefore can have a z-axis cross-section of the following shape: Figure 8A The circle, Figure 8B rectangle, Figure 8C polygons, Figure 8D The ring, Figure 8E The cross-section can be an ellipse, or it can have any other z-axis cross-section suitable for the purpose disclosed herein.

[0045] In view of all the foregoing, it should be understood that an alternative description of dielectric lens 100 is a dielectric lens 100 comprising: a three-dimensional 3D body 200 of dielectric material having a spatially varying Dk along at least three different rays having different directions and a specific common origin 202, varying from the common origin 202 to the outer surface 206 of the 3D body 200, the specific common origin 202 being surrounded by the 3D body 200; wherein, at least three different rays (e.g., see...) Figure 2A Ray ra passes through regions R(1) 301 and R(2) 302, and ray rb passes through region R(4) 304) defining the positions of corresponding regions in at least three regions R(i) 300 (301, 302, 304) of the 3D body 200, which have local maximum values ​​of dielectric constant Dk(i) of the dielectric material of the dielectric material of the corresponding region in the at least three regions R(i) 300 relative to the region immediately surrounding the corresponding region in the at least three regions R(i) 300; wherein the dielectric material of the 3D body 200 has spatially varying Dk along any path within the 3D body 200 between the corresponding pairs of the at least three regions R(i) 300 from each of the at least three regions R(i) 300 to any other one of the at least three regions R(i) 300.

[0046] Now return to the reference. Figure 1 and Figures 4A to 4C In addition to all the contents described and disclosed above, it also discloses an electromagnetic EM device 500, which includes a phased array antenna 600 and a dielectric lens 100 disclosed herein, wherein the dielectric lens 100 is configured and arranged to perform EM communication with the phased array antenna 600 when the phased array antenna 600 is electromagnetically excited. In one embodiment, the phased array antenna 600 is a planar phased array antenna, such as at least in Figure 1 and Figures 4A to 4C As depicted in the text.

[0047] In one embodiment, the dielectric lens 100 is centrally disposed on top of the phased array antenna 600, such as at least in Figure 1 and Figures 4A to 4C As depicted in the text.

[0048] In one embodiment, as observed in a top-down plan view, the dielectric lens 100 has a larger coverage area than the corresponding coverage area of ​​the phased array antenna 600, such as at least in Figure 1 and Figures 4A to 4C As depicted, the dielectric lens 100 extends beyond the edge 602 of the phased array antenna 600 (see reference). Figure 1 and Figure 2A (The best view).

[0049] In one embodiment, the portion of the dielectric lens 100 at the 90-degree zenith angle has a Dk value that increases, decreases, and then increases again along a specified radial direction extending outward from the common origin 202 beyond the edge 602 of the phased array antenna 600, for example, along the + / - x-axis (see reference). Figures 4A to 4C (Best visible). For example, in Figure 4B and Figure 4C In the cross-sectional views L3 and L4 depicted along the +x axis, the dielectric lens 100 has a Dk value that increases from about 1 or close to 1 at the common origin 202 (here depicted as a region in air) to about 3.6 at region 310 near the edge 602 of the phased array antenna 600, then decreases to about 1.2 at region 312 beyond region 310 and the edge 602 of the phased array antenna 600, and then increases again to about 3.6 at region 314 beyond region 312 and also beyond the edge 602 of the phased array antenna 600. In other words, the implementation of lens 100 includes an arrangement in which the 3D body 200 has a relatively high Dk region 314 outside the relatively low Dk region 312, which, for a given azimuth angle (e.g., in the xz plane), is outside the relatively high Dk region 310 and outside the relatively low Dk region at the common origin 202, in a radial direction from the common origin 202 at a zenith angle of + / -90 degrees toward the outer surface 206 of the 3D body 200. Although not bound by any particular theory, analytical modeling has shown that the presence of the low Dk cavity, such as region 312, just beyond the edge 602 of the phased array antenna 600 enhances the EM radiation pattern from the phased array antenna 600, thereby facilitating beam manipulation of the EM wavefront at + / -90 degrees relative to the propagation direction of the EM wavefront originating from the phased array antenna 600.

[0050] As described above, the implementation of the EM device 500 includes a phased array antenna 600 as a planar phased array antenna, which not only in Figure 1 and Figures 4A to 4C It is depicted in the text, and also in Figure 9AThe diagram depicts an individual antenna element 650 in an example 5×6 array mounted on a planar substrate 620. From the above description of the dielectric lens 100, it can be understood that the embodiments disclosed herein include an arrangement in which a single dielectric lens 100 is configured to communicate EM with the entire phased array antenna 600.

[0051] While the embodiments described above refer to and illustrate a planar phased array antenna 600, it should be understood that the embodiments disclosed herein are not limited thereto, and also include non-planar arrangements of phased array antennas, which will now be discussed in conjunction with Figures 1 to 8E and Figure 9A Reference Figures 9B to 9C Let's discuss this non-planar layout.

[0052] Figure 9B A non-planar base 622 in the form of a sphere is depicted, and Figure 9C A non-planar base 624 in the form of a cylinder is depicted. And although... Figure 9B and Figure 9C Complete spheres and complete cylinders are depicted respectively, but it should be understood that hemispheres and semi-cylinders are also conceivable. In one embodiment, the array of individual antenna elements 650 may be strategically disposed on the convex or concave surface of the respective spherical substrate 622 or cylindrical substrate 624, and dielectric lenses 100, 100' of any form disclosed herein may be disposed on the array of antenna elements 650.

[0053] In one embodiment, each antenna element 650 in the phased array antenna 600 can be operated using phase control or amplitude control, or alternatively using both phase control and amplitude control of the excitation signal, to achieve optimal antenna system performance over the entire + / -90 degrees relative to the propagation direction of the EM wavefront. In one embodiment, the + / -90 degree control relative to the propagation direction can be relative to a horizontal axis or a vertical axis (e.g., see...). Figures 1 to 4C Lens 100 in the middle), or both the horizontal axis and the vertical axis (for example, see lens 100). Figure 6 (lens 100' in the middle).

[0054] Therefore, it should be understood that the embodiments include phased array antennas as non-planar phased array antennas, wherein the non-planar phased array antenna has or is disposed on a spherical surface or a cylindrical surface. In one embodiment, the phased array antenna is configured to emit EM radiation from a convex surface, a concave surface, or both convex and concave surfaces of a spherical surface toward a dielectric lens. In one embodiment, the phased array antenna is configured to emit EM radiation from a convex surface, a concave surface, or both convex and concave surfaces of a cylindrical surface toward a dielectric lens.

[0055] While the foregoing description of nonplanar phased array antennas is made with reference to spherical or cylindrical surfaces, it should be understood that the scope of this disclosure is not limited thereto and also covers other nonplanar surfaces, such as, but not limited to, oblate spheroidal, ellipsoidal, or hyperbolic surfaces. Any and all surfaces falling within the scope of the appended claims are considered and are considered inherently disclosed herein.

[0056] Regarding any of the foregoing descriptions of an EM device 500 having any type of substrate 620, 622, 624, any arrangement of antenna elements 650 disposed thereon, and any type of dielectric lens 100, 100' configured and arranged as disclosed herein, embodiments of the EM device 500 are configured such that the phased array antenna 600 is configured and adapted to operate in a frequency range equal to or greater than 1 GHz and equal to or less than 300 GHz, further alternatively equal to or greater than 10 GHz and equal to or less than 90 GHz, further alternatively equal to or greater than 20 GHz and equal to or less than 60 GHz, and further alternatively equal to or greater than 20 GHz and equal to or less than 40 GHz. In one embodiment, the phased array antenna 600 is configured and adapted to operate at millimeter-wave frequencies, and in one embodiment, the millimeter-wave frequency is a 5 GHz millimeter-wave frequency.

[0057] Although certain combinations of individual features have been described and illustrated herein, it should be understood that such combinations are for illustrative purposes only, and any combination of any such individual features may be employed according to implementation, whether or not such combinations are explicitly shown and whether or not they are consistent with the disclosure herein. Any and all such combinations of features disclosed herein are contemplated herein, are considered to be within the understanding of a person skilled in the art when the application is considered as a whole, and are considered to be within the scope of the invention disclosed herein, provided that they fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims in a manner that would be understood by a person skilled in the art.

[0058] In view of all the foregoing, it should be understood that some embodiments disclosed herein may provide one or more of the following advantages: an EM beam control device that, when placed on a planar phased array antenna up to and including 5 GHz mm-wave frequencies, allows beam control of ±90 degrees while minimizing gain drop; an EM beam control device that allows the radiation field coverage area to increase as the number of required base station segments decreases by 1 / 3 to 1 / 2; and an EM dielectric lens having multiple separate focusing regions in which there are local maxima of dielectric constant values, such that the lens, together with the other focusing regions of the lens, constructively refracts the incident EM radiation to obtain a given desired radiation angle.

[0059] Although the invention has been described herein with reference to exemplary embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes can be made and elements can be substituted with equivalents without departing from the scope of the claims. Many modifications can be made to adapt particular situations or materials to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the specific one or more embodiments disclosed herein as the best or only mode for carrying out the invention, but rather the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Exemplary embodiments have been disclosed in the drawings and description, and although specific terminology and / or dimensions may have been used, they are used only in a general, exemplary, and / or descriptive sense unless otherwise stated, and not for limiting purposes; therefore, the scope of the claims is not limited thereto. When an element such as a layer, film, region, substrate, or other described feature is referred to as being “on” another element, it may be directly on the other element, or there may be intermediate elements present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on another element,” there are no intermediate elements. The use of the terms first, second, etc., does not indicate any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc., are used to distinguish one element from another element. The use of the terms "a" ("a"), "an" ("an"), etc., does not imply a limitation of quantity, but rather indicates the presence of at least one of the referenced items. The term "comprising" as used herein does not exclude the possibility of including one or more additional features. Furthermore, any background information provided herein is provided to reveal information that the applicant believes may be relevant to the invention disclosed herein. It is not necessary to acknowledge, nor should it be construed, that any such background information constitutes prior art to embodiments of the invention disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A dielectric lens, comprising: A three-dimensional 3D matrix of dielectric material, which has a spatially varying dielectric constant Dk; The 3D body has at least three angularly spaced regions R(i), each of which has a local maximum value of the dielectric constant Dk(i) of the surrounding region relative to the corresponding region in the at least three angularly spaced regions R(i). The positions of the at least three angularly spaced regions R(i) are defined by local coordinates of azimuth (i), zenith (i), and radial distance (i) relative to a specific common origin associated with the 3D body, where (i) is an index ranging from 1 to at least 3. The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject is configured to vary around the common origin at a given azimuth angle and a given radial distance, at least according to the zenith angle between region R(1) and region R(2), to provide angular refraction of electromagnetic waves.

2. The dielectric lens according to claim 1, wherein, The given radial distance is a first given radial distance, and further wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject is also configured to vary with the given azimuth angle and the second varying radial distance according to the zenith angle between the region R(1) and the region R(2), the second varying radial distance varying according to the zenith angle.

3. The dielectric lens according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject is also configured to vary with a given azimuth and a given radial distance based on the zenith angle between the region R(1) and the region R(3).

4. The dielectric lens according to claim 3, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject is also configured to vary with a given zenith angle and a given radial distance based on the azimuth angle between the region R(2) and the region R(3).

5. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject is also configured to vary according to the radial distance between the specific common origin and R(1).

6. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject is also configured to vary according to the radial distance between the specific common origin and R (2).

7. The dielectric lens according to claim 3, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject is also configured to vary according to the radial distance between the specific common origin and R (3).

8. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The 3D body has a basic area and an outer surface area, and the specific common origin is either inside or outside the 3D body.

9. The dielectric lens according to claim 8, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D body is also configured to vary from the specific common origin to the outer surface region in at least three different radial directions.

10. The dielectric lens according to claim 3, wherein: R(2) and R(3) at corresponding azimuth angles 180 degrees apart are symmetrical about each other.

11. The dielectric lens according to claim 3, wherein: R(2) and R(3) at corresponding azimuth angles 180 degrees apart are symmetrical about each other and about R(1).

12. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The Dk of the 3D subject at the specific common origin is equal to or greater than the Dk of the air and equal to or less than 1.

2.

13. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The Dk of the 3D subject at a defined radial distance rk from the specific common origin is equal to or greater than the Dk of the air and equal to or less than 2.

14. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The Dk of the 3D subject at a defined radial distance rk from the specific common origin is equal to or greater than the Dk of the air and equal to or less than 1.

5.

15. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The Dk of the 3D subject at a defined radial distance rk from the specific common origin is equal to or greater than the Dk of the air and equal to or less than 1.

2.

16. The dielectric lens according to claim 13, wherein: rk is equal to or less than 2λ, where λ is the wavelength of the working electromagnetic radiation signal in free space.

17. The dielectric lens according to claim 16, wherein: rk is equal to or less than 1.5λ.

18. The dielectric lens according to claim 17, wherein: rk is equal to or less than 1λ.

19. The dielectric lens according to claim 18, wherein: rk is equal to or less than 2 / 3λ.

20. The dielectric lens according to claim 19, wherein: rk is equal to or less than 1 / 2λ.

21. The dielectric lens according to any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein: The operating electromagnetic radiation signal can operate within the following frequency range: equal to or greater than 1 GHz and equal to or less than 300 GHz.

22. The dielectric lens according to claim 21, wherein: The operating electromagnetic radiation signal can operate within the following frequency range: equal to or greater than 10 GHz and equal to or less than 90 GHz.

23. The dielectric lens according to claim 22, wherein: The operating electromagnetic radiation signal can operate in the following frequency range: further equal to or greater than 20 GHz and equal to or less than 60 GHz.

24. The dielectric lens according to claim 23, wherein: The operating electromagnetic radiation signal can operate in the following frequency range: further equal to or greater than 20 GHz and equal to or less than 40 GHz.

25. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: R(1) is set to a zenith angle (1) that is equal to or greater than 0 degrees and equal to or less than 15 degrees.

26. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: R(2) is set to a zenith angle (2) that is equal to or greater than 75 degrees and equal to or less than 90 degrees.

27. The dielectric lens according to claim 3, wherein: R(3) is set to a zenith angle (3) that is equal to or greater than 75 degrees and equal to or less than 90 degrees.

28. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising region R (4), wherein: R(4) is set to a zenith angle (4) that is equal to or greater than 15 degrees and equal to or less than 75 degrees.

29. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising region R (5), wherein: R(5) is set to a zenith angle (5) that is equal to or greater than 15 degrees and equal to or less than 75 degrees.

30. The dielectric lens according to claim 3, wherein: R(2) and R(3) are separated by an azimuth angle equal to or greater than 150 degrees and equal to or less than 180 degrees.

31. The dielectric lens according to claim 28, further comprising region R (5), wherein: R(5) is set with a zenith angle (5) equal to or greater than 15 degrees and equal to or less than 75 degrees, and R(4) and R(5) are separated by an azimuth angle equal to or greater than 150 degrees and equal to or less than 180 degrees.

32. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject varies between greater than 1 and equal to or less than 15.

33. The dielectric lens according to claim 32, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject varies between greater than 1 and equal to or less than 10.

34. The dielectric lens according to claim 33, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject further varies between greater than 1 and equal to or less than 5.

35. The dielectric lens according to claim 34, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D subject further varies between greater than 1 and equal to or less than 4.

36. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: Each local maximum value of the dielectric constant Dk(i) of the corresponding region in the at least three regions R(i) has a Dk such that Dk is equal to or greater than 2 and equal to or less than 15.

37. The dielectric lens according to claim 36, wherein: Each local maximum value of the dielectric constant Dk(i) of the corresponding region in the at least three regions R(i) has the following Dk, which is equal to or greater than 3 and equal to or less than 12.

38. The dielectric lens according to claim 37, wherein: Each local maximum value of the dielectric constant Dk(i) of the corresponding region in the at least three regions R(i) has a Dk that is further equal to or greater than 3 and equal to or less than 9.

39. The dielectric lens according to claim 38, wherein: Each local maximum value of the dielectric constant Dk(i) of the corresponding region in the at least three regions R(i) has a Dk that is further equal to or greater than 3 and equal to or less than 5.

40. The dielectric lens according to claim 3, wherein: The at least three regions R(i) having a local maximum value of dielectric constant Dk(i) further include region R(6) and region R(7), wherein region R(1) is set with a zenith angle (1) equal to or greater than 0 and equal to or less than 15 degrees, and wherein regions R(2), R(3), R(6) and R(7) are each set with a zenith angle (2) equal to or greater than +15 degrees and equal to or less than +90 degrees, or equal to or greater than -15 degrees and equal to or less than -90 degrees.

41. The dielectric lens according to claim 40, wherein: Regions R(2) and R(3) are separated by an azimuth angle equal to or greater than 150 degrees and equal to or less than 180 degrees; Regions R(6) and R(7) are separated by an azimuth angle equal to or greater than 150 degrees and equal to or less than 180 degrees; Regions R(2) and R(6) are separated by an azimuth angle equal to or greater than 30 degrees and equal to or less than 90 degrees; Regions R(3) and R(6) are separated by an azimuth angle equal to or greater than 30 degrees and equal to or less than 90 degrees; Regions R(2) and R(7) are separated by an azimuth angle equal to or greater than 30 degrees and equal to or less than 90 degrees; as well as Regions R(3) and R(7) are separated by an azimuth angle equal to or greater than 30 degrees and equal to or less than 90 degrees.

42. The dielectric lens according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The spatially varying Dk of the 3D body of the dielectric material gradually changes according to the azimuth angle (i), the zenith angle (i), and the radial distance (i).

43. The dielectric lens according to claim 42, wherein: The gradually changing Dk of the 3D body of the dielectric material varies such that the wavelength per operating frequency does not exceed a defined maximum Dk value.

44. The dielectric lens according to claim 42, wherein: The gradually changing Dk of the 3D body of the dielectric material varies such that the wavelength of each half-operating frequency does not exceed a defined maximum Dk value.

45. The dielectric lens according to claim 42, wherein: The gradually changing Dk of the 3D body of the dielectric material further varies so that the wavelength of each 1 / 4 working frequency does not exceed the defined maximum Dk value.

46. ​​The dielectric lens according to any one of claims 43 to 45, wherein: The maximum Dk value is limited to + / - 1.

9.

47. The dielectric lens according to any one of claims 43 to 45, wherein: The maximum Dk value is limited to + / - 1.

5.

48. The dielectric lens according to any one of claims 43 to 45, wherein: The maximum Dk value is limited to + / - 1.

0.

49. A dielectric lens, comprising: A three-dimensional 3D body of dielectric material, the three-dimensional 3D body having a spatially varying Dk, the spatially varying Dk varying along at least three different rays with different directions and a specific common origin from the specific common origin to the outer surface of the 3D body, the specific common origin being surrounded by the 3D body; Wherein, the at least three different rays define the position of the corresponding region in at least three angularly spaced regions R(i) of the 3D body, the at least three angularly spaced regions having a local maximum value of the dielectric constant value Dk(i) of the dielectric material of the immediate surrounding region of the corresponding region in the at least three angularly spaced regions R(i), where (i) is an index ranging from 1 to at least 3; The dielectric material of the 3D body has a spatially varying Dk along any path within the 3D body around the common origin from each of the at least three angularly spaced regions R(i) to any other of the at least three angularly spaced regions R(i), to provide angular refraction of electromagnetic waves.

50. An electromagnetic EM device, comprising: Phased array antenna; as well as Dielectric lens according to any one of the preceding claims; The dielectric lens is configured and arranged to communicate with the phased array antenna when it is electromagnetically excited.

51. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 50, wherein: The dielectric lens is centrally positioned at the top of the phased array antenna.

52. The electromagnetic EM device according to any one of claims 50 to 51, wherein: The dielectric lens has a larger coverage area than the corresponding coverage area of ​​the phased array antenna, as observed in a top-down plan view, such that the dielectric lens extends beyond the edge of the phased array antenna.

53. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 52, wherein: The Dk of each portion of the dielectric lens at a 90-degree zenith angle increases, then decreases, and then increases again along a specified radial direction extending outward from the particular common origin beyond the edge of the phased array antenna.

54. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 50 or 51, wherein: The phased array antenna is a planar phased array antenna.

55. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 50 or 51, wherein: The phased array antenna is a non-planar phased array antenna.

56. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 55, wherein: The non-planar phased array antenna has a cylindrical surface or is disposed on a cylindrical surface.

57. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 56, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured to emit EM radiation from the concave surface of the cylinder to the dielectric lens.

58. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 56, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured to emit EM radiation from the convex surface of the cylinder to the dielectric lens.

59. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 55, wherein: The non-planar phased array antenna has a spherical surface or is disposed on a spherical surface.

60. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 59, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured to emit EM radiation from the concave surface of the sphere to the dielectric lens.

61. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 59, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured to emit EM radiation from the convex surface of the sphere to the dielectric lens.

62. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 50 or 51, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured such that each individual antenna element is controllable in terms of signal phase angle, signal amplitude, or both signal phase angle and signal amplitude.

63. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 62, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured for beam manipulation of the EM wavefront at + / - 90 degrees relative to the propagation direction of the corresponding EM radiated wavefront.

64. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 63, wherein: The beam control of the EM wavefront at + / - 90 degrees is relative to the horizontal axis, the vertical axis, or both the horizontal and vertical axes.

65. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 50 or 51, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured and adapted to operate in the following frequency range: equal to or greater than 1 GHz and equal to or less than 300 GHz.

66. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 65, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured and adapted to operate in the following frequency range: equal to or greater than 10 GHz and equal to or less than 90 GHz.

67. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 66, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured and adapted to operate in a frequency range that is further equal to or greater than 20 GHz and equal to or less than 60 GHz.

68. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 67, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured and adapted to operate in a frequency range that is further equal to or greater than 20 GHz and equal to or less than 40 GHz.

69. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 50 or 51, wherein: The phased array antenna is configured and adapted to operate at millimeter-wave frequencies.

70. The electromagnetic EM device according to claim 69, wherein: The millimeter wave frequency mentioned is the 5G millimeter wave frequency.

Images