Switchable optics and switchable window glass units

Abstract

A switchable optical device (10) is provided, which comprises, in sequence, a first substrate (12), a first conductive layer (14), a switchable layer (18), a second conductive layer (22) and a second substrate (24). The switchable optical device (10) further comprises one or both of the following aspects: in the first aspect i), the first conductive layer (12) comprises a first contact area (30) and a second contact area (32), wherein the first contact area (30) is electrically insulated from the second contact area (32), and wherein the switchable optical device (10) comprises an electrical interconnect (38) for electrically connecting the second contact area (32) of the first conductive layer (14) to the second conductive layer (22). In the second aspect ii), the switchable optical device (10) comprises at least one other sheet (28) laminated to the first substrate (12) and / or the second substrate (24), wherein the first substrate (12), the second substrate (24) and the at least one other sheet (28) have substantially the same thermal expansion coefficient. In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a switchable glazing unit (200) comprising at least one glass pane and at least one switchable optical device (10).

Description

[0001] The invention relates to a switchable optical device comprising a first substrate, a first conductive layer, a switchable layer, a second conductive layer and a second substrate. Furthermore, the invention relates to a switchable glazing unit comprising at least one glass pane and at least one switchable optical device.

[0002] A review article by R. Baetens et al., “Properties, requirements and possibilities of smart windows for dynamic daylight and solar energy control in buildings: A state-of-the-art review”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 94 (2010) pp. 87-105, introduces color-adjustable smart windows. Smart windows can use a variety of technologies to modulate the transmittance of light, such as electrochromic devices, liquid crystal devices, and electrophoretic or suspended particle devices. Liquid crystal-based devices change the orientation of liquid crystal molecules between two conductive electrodes by applying an electric field, resulting in a change in their transmittance.

[0003] Liquid crystal based devices usually include a first substrate, a switchable layer and a second substrate in sequence. The switchable layer contains at least one liquid crystal material. Both substrates are coated with transparent electrodes to allow the switchable layer to be controlled by means of an electric field.

[0004] In smart windows, devices for modulating the transmittance of light, hereinafter referred to as switchable optical devices, are typically laminated to other sheets or carrier glass sheets or between two other substrates or carrier glass substrates to protect the switchable optical devices and for mechanical rigidity. In the lamination process, the glass sheets are bonded to the substrates of the switchable optical devices by means of a thermoplastic interlayer. In the lamination process, the interlayer is arranged between one or more carrier glass sheets and at least one switchable optical device. In a subsequent treatment that typically involves the application of heat and / or elevated pressure or reduced pressure, at least one sheet, the interlayer and the switchable optical element are bonded.

[0005] Smart windows can include additional panes forming an insulating glazing unit. In addition, smart windows can include additional components, such as a frame for mechanically mounting switchable optics and / or other panes.

[0006] Switchable optical devices are sensitive to dimensional deformations of the substrate. In most switchable devices, such as those based on liquid crystals, the optical properties strongly depend on the thickness of the switchable layer. In the case of a mechanically deformed substrate, the thickness of the switchable layer is not uniform, resulting in visible changes in the optical properties. Such deformations may occur when the switchable optical device is laminated to a sheet with corrugations. This problem is known in the field of display panels and is discussed in US 8,920,592 B2. Smart windows are typically larger than typical LCD displays and may exceed several square meters in area. Therefore, the problem of device dimensional deformation also applies to smart windows.

[0007] Furthermore, the substrate of the switchable optical device can deform due to mechanical stress, which can be caused by combining materials with different thermal expansion coefficients.

[0008] GB 2497358 A discloses a method for constructing and installing an observation panel in an aperture of a door. The observation panel is installed by using a frame including a substantially U-shaped bracket. A portion of the observation panel is received between two opposing fixing members of the bracket. The observation panel with the frame is then installed in the aperture of the door. One of the fixing members is positioned adjacent to the outer surface of the door so that lateral forces act on the fixing device in only one direction.

[0009] WO 02 / 29471 A1 discloses a method of retrofitting a window with switchable and non-switchable window reinforcements. A window reinforcement, such as a suspended particle device (SPD) film, is mounted on a window using a mounting device, such as a retaining strip. The mounting device is placed on a viewing pane of the window. A gap having the same thickness as the mounting device is formed between the window reinforcement and the viewing pane. A member may be placed in the gap to maintain the width of the gap.

[0010] WO 2016 / 086062 A1 describes an electrochromic window that can be installed in close proximity to a pre-existing window and corresponding methods and tools. In addition, an insulating glazing unit (IGU) is disclosed, in which a lite version includes an electrochromic device. Such an IGU can include a ventilation module to force air through a gap between the electrochromic window and the existing pane. In addition, a retainer is disclosed that supports a new window that is sealed or bonded to a pre-existing window in the event of a seal or adhesive failure.

[0011] Known methods for mounting glass elements or switchable window elements provide for fixing members or fixing strips which contact the element to be mounted at the respective edge. Other elements are required to provide the necessary electrical connections.

[0012] It is an object of the present invention to provide a switchable optical device that can be easily integrated in a smart window. It is another object of the present invention to provide a switchable glazing unit having uniform optical properties.

[0013] A switchable optical device is provided, which includes a first substrate, a first conductive layer, a switchable layer, a second conductive layer and a second substrate in sequence. The switchable optical device also includes one or both of the following aspects:

[0014] In the first aspect i) the first conductive layer comprises a first contact region and a second contact region, wherein the first contact region is electrically insulated from the second contact region, and wherein the switchable optical device comprises an electrical interconnect for electrically connecting the second contact region of the first conductive layer to the second conductive layer.

[0015] In the second aspect ii) the switchable optical device comprises at least one further sheet laminated to the first substrate and / or the second substrate, wherein the first substrate, the second substrate and the at least one further sheet have substantially the same coefficient of thermal expansion.

[0016] The first substrate, the second conductive layer, the switchable layer, the second conductive layer and the second substrate form a switchable element. The switchable optical device may include a single switchable element or may include more than one switchable element. For example, the switchable element may include two or three switchable elements.

[0017] The switchable element has at least two switching states. For example, the switching state may include a clear transparent state, a dark state, a hazy state, and a mixture of at least two of these states. The area where the glue wire, electrical connection, electrical drive circuit and other components of the switchable element are located is not affected by the switching of the switching layer and is called a non-switchable area.

[0018] Preferably, for at least one state, preferably the transparent state, the transmittance through the switchable optical device is at least 40% for light in the visible spectrum. More preferably, the transmittance is at least 50%. The visible spectrum is defined as light with a wavelength of 380nm to 780nm.

[0019] Preferably, the switchable optical device comprises at least two switchable elements. Preferably, different types of switchable elements are combined. The switchable elements can be stacked on top of each other and connected, for example, by lamination or by means of an optically transparent adhesive. The switchable optical device may, for example, comprise a first switchable element having a hazy state and a clear state, and a second switchable element having a dark state and a clear light state.

[0020] The optical state of the switchable layer of the switchable element is controlled by means of two conductive layers. In order to provide control signals to the two conductive layers, the switchable optical device can be connected to a controller. The first and second conductive layers have contact areas located outside the switchable region of the switchable optical device. The area of ​​the conductive layer located within the switchable region serves as an electrode area. The switchable region of the switchable optical device is an area in which the optical properties can be controlled by switching the state of the switchable layer.

[0021] Preferably, the switchable element is a liquid crystal-based element. In this case, the switching layer comprises a liquid crystal medium. The state of the liquid crystal medium is controlled by an electric field applied by means of two electrodes. The liquid crystal medium may comprise further components, such as spacers, to ensure a uniform thickness of the liquid crystal-based switchable layer.

[0022] Preferably, the switchable element is a liquid crystal (LC) device selected from modes based on LC-dye mixtures / dye-free LC and modes described by the geometry of twisted nematic, super twisted nematic, planar or vertical ECB nematic, Heilmeier, vertical alignment, twisted vertical alignment, highly twisted nematic, polymer stabilized cholesteric texture (PSCT), polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) or polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC). The device may include other functional layers, such as color filters, alignment layers and / or polarizers. Optionally, two or more such switchable elements may be stacked in the switchable optical device.

[0023] Preferably, the liquid crystal based element further comprises an alignment film on the first substrate layer and / or the second substrate layer. The alignment film is preferably arranged on the side facing the switchable layer. If the electrodes are also located on the corresponding substrate layers, the alignment film is preferably arranged on the conductive layer so that the alignment film is in direct contact with the switchable layer. The alignment film can be rubbed in the alignment direction.

[0024] The two substrate layers and the liquid crystal medium are arranged as a cell, wherein the liquid crystal medium is placed in the gap formed by the two control layers. The size of the gap is preferably 1 μm to 300 μm, preferably 3 μm to 100 μm, more preferably 5 μm to 100 μm, most preferably 10 μm to 50 μm. The cell is usually sealed with glue lines located at or near the edges.

[0025] The switchable layer of the liquid crystal-based switchable element includes a liquid crystal medium. A liquid crystal medium is defined as a substance having liquid crystal properties. A typical liquid crystal medium comprises at least one component having elongated rod-like molecules. The liquid crystal medium used in conjunction with the present invention has at least two states. The state of the liquid crystal medium is controlled using an electric field generated by an AC drive voltage applied between two electrodes.

[0026] Preferably, the switchable element is a suspended particle device. In this case, the switchable layer preferably comprises particles suspended in a liquid. Typically, the particles have a rod-like shape. In the absence of an applied electric field, the suspended particles will align randomly. In this state, the particles block and absorb light. When an electric field is applied, the suspended particles align and light can pass through the switching layer.

[0027] Preferably, the switchable element is an electrochromic device. In an electrochromic device, a switchable layer is used, which is able to reversibly change its optical properties if an electric field is applied. This change in optical properties is related to ion insertion and extraction processes. The switchable layer is sandwiched between two substrates coated with a conductive layer and usually comprises, in sequence, one or more cathode electroactive layers, an ion conductor and an ion storage membrane or one or more complementary anode electroactive layers.

[0028] The first and / or second substrate is preferably optically isotropic and transparent. The first and second substrates are preferably independently selected from glass or transparent polymers. The example of suitable glass includes, for example, alkaline earth boron aluminum silicate glass, chemically tempered glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass and soda lime glass. The example of suitable transparent polymer includes polycarbonate (PC), cycloolefin polymer (COP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).

[0029] Preferably, the two substrates are made of the same material.

[0030] The substrate may have any size and shape. For example, the substrate may have a square or rectangular shape. Preferably, the first substrate and the second substrate have the same size and shape. Alternatively, the second substrate may have a smaller size or may have a different shape. For example, the second substrate may include a cutout or a cut corner to allow access to the first conductive layer of the switchable optical device.

[0031] In order to apply an electric field to the switchable layer, a first and a second conductive layer are provided. An electric field is generated between the two electrodes by applying a voltage to the electrodes, for example by means of a drive signal. Preferably, the electrodes are transparent conductive layers, wherein the switchable layer is arranged between the two transparent conductive layers. A power supply device, which may include a drive signal generator and a cable, may be used to provide the voltage to the electrodes.

[0032] The first and / or second transparent conductive layer is for example based on a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine tin oxide (FTO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) or antimony tin oxide (ATO). In addition, the conductive layer can be configured as a polymer matrix containing conductive nanorods such as silver nanorods. The electrodes are preferably applied to the two substrates and arranged so that the transparent electrodes face each other. The SiOx coating can optionally be used for the bottom coating or as a top coating.

[0033] The switchable optical device of the second aspect ii) comprises at least one further sheet laminated to the first substrate and / or the second substrate. Further sheets may also be used in combination with the switchable optical device of the first aspect i).

[0034] The other sheets are preferably optically transparent and may be selected from polymers or glass.

[0035] Suitable materials for the other sheets include the same materials that can be used for the first and / or second substrates. In addition, other materials can be used, such as float glass or down-drawn glass. The glass can also have been subjected to pre-treatment steps, such as annealing, tempering and / or coating or sputtering. The glass can be, for example, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, boroaluminosilicate glass or aluminosilicate glass.

[0036] Preferably, at least one other sheet is made of the same material as the two substrates.

[0037] Preferably, the thickness of the at least one other sheet is in the range of 2 mm to 10 mm, with the range of 2 mm to 6 mm being more preferred.

[0038] The thickness of the at least one other sheet is preferably of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the switchable element formed by the two substrates and all the layers between the two substrates. Thus, the thickness of the switchable element is the sum of the thickness of the layer between the first and second substrates and the thickness of the two substrates. The thickness of the at least one other sheet is preferably less than 110% of the thickness of the switchable element.

[0039] For lamination, the laminating sheet (interlayer) is arranged between at least one other sheet and the first and / or second substrate of the switchable element. In a subsequent treatment, which typically involves application of heat and / or increased or reduced pressure, the at least one sheet, the interlayer and the switchable element are combined.

[0040] Suitable laminates include, for example, ionoplasts, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).

[0041] Suitable ionoplasts are available under the trade name SentryGlas.

[0042] Alternatively, the at least one other sheet and the at least one switchable element may be bonded by applying an adhesive at the interface between the other sheet and the first substrate layer. In particular, an optically clear adhesive (OCA) may be used.

[0043] Preferably, the first substrate, the second substrate and / or the at least one other sheet material used is substantially flat and has microcorrugations of less than 0.3 μm per 20 mm measuring length (measured using a cut-off wavelength of 0.8 to 8 μm). For example, the microcorrugations or flatness of the respective substrate or sheet material can be measured by means of a contact probe or an optical measuring method based on interferometry or ellipsometry.

[0044] Examples of suitable flat glass substrates are available from Corning under the trade name Eagle Alkaline earth metal boroaluminosilicate glass obtained from Glass. Other suitable examples include Gorilla TM Glass and polished boro float glass available from Asahi.

[0045] Aspect i) of the switchable optical device allows providing an electrical control signal to the second conductive electrode by applying the electrical control signal to the second contact area of ​​the first conductive layer. Thus, the two conductive layers can be contacted by respective contact areas of the first conductive layer. The control signal for the second conductive layer is provided by means of an electrical interconnect.

[0046] Preferably, the electrical interconnect is selected from the group consisting of a conductive adhesive, a structured conductive film, a metal spacer, and combinations thereof.

[0047] The electrical interconnect has a thickness sufficient to bridge the gap between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer. The electrical interconnect is arranged in the second contact area. In the case of using a conductive adhesive, the adhesive is preferably provided in the form of a glue line arranged in the second contact area. Just after application, the thickness of the glue line is preferably greater than the thickness of the gap. After the layer structure of the switchable element is assembled, the glue line is flattened and has a final thickness that is the same as the gap thickness. The conductive adhesive can be an isotropic or anisotropic conductive adhesive.

[0048] In the case of using a metal spacer, the metal is preferably selected from gold, copper, nickel and alloys of said metals. Other suitable spacer materials include graphite and other carbon modified materials. The spacer preferably has a spherical shape with a diameter that is the same as or slightly larger than the size of the gap. The spacer can be combined with a conductive or non-conductive adhesive.

[0049] In case a structured conductive film is used, the conductive film comprises vertically extending structures, such as corrugations, wherein the height of the structures is sufficient to bridge the gap between the first and second conductive layers.

[0050] The first contact region of the first substrate preferably extends along at least two edges of the first substrate. The first contact region may have an "L" shape, with one side extending over a first portion of a first edge of the substrate and over the entire length of an adjacent second edge of the first substrate. The first and second contact regions are separated by an insulating region. The second contact region preferably extends along the entire length of at least one edge of the first substrate. Preferably, the second contact region extends over the entire length of a third edge of the first substrate adjacent to the first edge.

[0051] Preferably, the first contact region and the second contact region are arranged such that the first contact region and the second contact region are adjacent to the same edge of the first substrate. Preferably, the first contact region and the second contact region are both adjacent to the first edge of the first substrate and are separated by an insulating region.

[0052] Preferably, the metal conductor extends over the entire area of ​​the first contact area and / or the metal conductor extends over the entire area of ​​the second contact area. Preferably, the metal conductor is configured as a multilayer film structure comprising gold, chromium and copper in sequence. The multilayer film structure can be obtained in a sputtering process. Alternatively, other film forming techniques can be used, such as current deposition, physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVP). Additionally or alternatively, a metal conductor such as a metal strip can be bonded to the first conductive layer to form the metal conductor.

[0053] In order to allow electrical contacting of the first conductive layer, the second substrate is preferably configured and / or arranged such that at least a portion of the first contact area and the second contact area is not covered by the second substrate.

[0054] Preferably, the second substrate is smaller than the first substrate and is arranged centered above the first substrate or aligned with the first edge of the first substrate in one direction and centered in another direction. Alternatively, the second substrate includes at least one cut corner and / or a plurality of cutouts arranged on at least one edge of the second substrate.

[0055] In case of cut corners, it is preferred to arrange the cut corners so that they are arranged along the first edge of the second substrate and arrange the second substrate so that the first edge of the second substrate is aligned with the first edge of the first substrate.

[0056] The plurality of cutouts are preferably configured as sinusoidal edges or the plurality of cutouts are shaped as semicircles, rectangles or rounded rectangles, respectively. The plurality of cutouts are arranged such that when the second substrate is placed above the first substrate, at least one cutout is above the first contact area and at least one cutout is above the second contact area.

[0057] Preferably, the angle cuts and / or the multiple cuts are produced by laser cutting. Laser cutting produces smooth edges unlike other cutting methods. The surface finish obtained by laser cutting reduces the risk of breakage

[0058] Preferably, the switchable optical device further comprises a first metal contact sheet contacting the first contact area and a second metal contact sheet contacting the second contact area, wherein the first and second metal contact sheets extend beyond the first substrate and are bent so that they cover a portion of an edge surface of the first substrate and, if present, a portion of an edge surface of other sheets laminated to the first substrate.

[0059] Preferably, the first and / or second metal contact sheet partially covers an edge surface of the first edge of the first substrate.

[0060] Preferably, the first electrical cable is connected to the first contact area and the second electrical cable is connected to the second contact area and / or the first electrical contact area and the second electrical contact area have metallized surfaces configured for spring contacts.

[0061] For example, the cables can be connected to the corresponding contact areas of the first conductive layer by means of welding or soldering, in particular by means of ultrasonic soldering. The cables can be directly connected to the first conductive layer or can be connected to the metal conductors of the corresponding contact areas. Preferably, the cable connections are arranged on the same edge of the first substrate, in particular on the first edge of the first substrate.

[0062] The cable connections in the respective contact areas are preferably protected by a cover. For example, the connections are covered by means of a potting material.

[0063] For example, the metallized surface may be a multi-layer film structure.The metallized surface may be a portion of a metal conductor arranged in the first and / or second contact region.

[0064] In the second aspect ii), the switchable optical device comprises at least one further sheet laminated to the first substrate and / or the second substrate.The first substrate, the second substrate and the at least one further sheet have substantially the same coefficient of thermal expansion.

[0065] The term "substantially the same coefficient of thermal expansion" means that there are only minor differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion between all substrates and glass sheets used in the switchable optical device. Preferably, the difference between the maximum and minimum coefficient of thermal expansion is less than 5%, more preferably less than 1%. Most preferably, the first substrate, the second substrate and at least one other sheet use the same material, so that all other sheets and substrates of the switchable optical device have the same coefficient of thermal expansion.

[0066] The switchable optical device of aspects i) and / or ii) may comprise additional features, such as additional functional films and coatings.

[0067] Preferably, at least one of the first substrate, the second substrate and / or at least one other sheet material comprises a transparent electric heating film. The heating film may be a transparent conductive film. In particular, the heating film may be an ITO or FTO film.

[0068] For contacting the heating film, electrical contacts similar to those described for the first electrically conductive layer may be used.

[0069] Furthermore, a method for manufacturing a switchable optical device is presented.

[0070] In a first step a), a first substrate coated with a first conductive layer is provided. The first conductive layer may be, for example, a transparent ITO layer. The first conductive layer is structured, for example, by means of a laser process to form insulating regions. The first substrate may be laminated to other materials by means of an interlayer.

[0071] In a second step b), a first alignment layer of liquid crystal is applied. The first alignment layer is, for example, a polyimide layer. The first alignment layer is structured, for example, by rubbing.

[0072] In a third step c), a glue line is applied for forming a seal of the liquid crystal medium. In addition, an electrical interconnection is prepared by applying an adhesive comprising a metal spacer. Optionally, the first alignment layer is partially removed before applying the glue line and / or before preparing the electrical interconnection.

[0073] In a fourth step d), a liquid crystal medium is provided, for example by means of a drop fill or inkjet printing.The liquid crystal medium may comprise spacers to ensure a uniform thickness of the switchable layer.

[0074] The fifth step e) is carried out in a vacuum. For example, the air is evacuated in a vacuum assembly unit and a second substrate is provided. The second substrate is placed on the prepared glue line so that the second substrate is aligned with the first substrate. The second substrate is coated with a second conductive layer and preferably also includes a second alignment layer.

[0075] In a final step f), the adhesive used in the glue lines and electrical interconnections is cured, for example by means of UV radiation, by means of heat or by a combination of heat and UV radiation.

[0076] As an alternative to steps d), e) and f), other methods of filling the cell with the liquid crystal medium may be used. For example, the cell may first be formed by placing the second substrate on the glue line and then the cell may be filled by means of a vacuum filling process.

[0077] In a further aspect of the invention, a switchable glazing unit is provided comprising at least one glass pane and at least one switchable optical device. The at least one switchable optical device is mechanically decoupled from the at least one glass pane of the glazing. In addition, the switchable glazing unit comprises at least one of the following aspects:

[0078] In a first aspect a), the switchable glazing unit comprises means for electrically contacting at least one switchable optical element, the means comprising at least one electrical spring contact.

[0079] In a second aspect b), the switchable glazing unit is configured as an insulating glazing unit comprising two or more panes with gaps between the panes, and the at least one switchable optical device is used as one of the panes of the insulating glazing unit.

[0080] In a third aspect c), the switchable glazing unit has at least one switchable optical device as described herein.

[0081] In order to mechanically separate the switchable optical device from at least one glass pane of the glazing unit, bonding over the entire area of ​​the switchable optical element is avoided. Instead, the switchable optical element is preferably held or attached at or near an edge. Furthermore, the switchable glazing unit is preferably constructed and arranged such that the at least one switchable optical device can freely expand or contract when the temperature changes.

[0082] In order to hold the switchable optical device at its respective edge, the switchable window glass unit may include one or more retaining elements and / or mounting elements. For example, the retaining element may have a substantially "U"-shaped profile to engage the switchable optical element. For example, the mounting element may be a spacer arranged between the switchable optical element or window element and the pane of the existing window. The mounting element may be attached to the pane of the existing window, for example by means of an adhesive.

[0083] The mounting element may alternatively be configured as a rail that is attached to a pane of an existing window, such as an insulating glazing unit (IGU). The switchable optical element may then be mounted by inserting the element into the rail.

[0084] Due to the mechanical separation, dimensional changes of the glass panes of the window are not directly transmitted to the switchable optics. This is particularly important if the coefficient of thermal expansion of at least one glass pane of the switchable window pane differs from the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate and at least one other sheet (if present) of the switchable optics.

[0085] For example, the thermal expansion coefficient of soda-lime glass is α = 9.2·10 -6 1 / K, the thermal expansion coefficient of borosilicate glass is α = 3.2·10 -6 1 / K. Soda-lime glass is commonly used for window panes, while borosilicate glass is a typical glass used as a substrate for liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices. Thermal expansion can be approximated using the following equation

[0086] ΔL~αL0Δt

[0087] Where ΔL is the length change, L0 is the initial length, and Δt is the temperature change. For a temperature difference of, for example, 120°C (e.g., the temperature difference between 20°C room temperature and a typical lamination temperature of 140°C), a 3.5 meter long glass of soda lime glass expands by about 3.9 mm, while borosilicate glass by about 1.3 mm. This difference in thermal expansion can lead to mechanical stresses if a switchable optical device comprising a borosilicate glass substrate is to be bonded to other sheets of soda lime glass by lamination over the entire surface area.

[0088] Preferably, the switchable glazing unit further comprises at least one window element comprising at least one switchable optical device, a frame for mechanically separating and electrically contacting the at least one switchable optical device and at least one electrical spring contact for contacting the at least one switchable optical device.

[0089] The frame preferably comprises at least one air channel.The air channel allows ventilation of an air gap between the switchable optics and the at least one glass pane of the switchable glazing unit.

[0090] Preferably, the frame is made of three types of frame profile parts, wherein the side surfaces of the frame are respectively formed by first profile parts having a U-shaped profile, and the top and bottom sides of the frame are respectively formed by second profile parts having an L-shaped profile and third profile parts having a rectangular profile. The second and third profile parts are combined to form a "U" shape to accommodate the switchable optical device.

[0091] Preferably, the material of the profile part is selected from non-conductive materials. Suitable examples of non-conductive materials include wood, plastic materials and fiber-reinforced plastic materials. Preferably, fiber-reinforced plastic materials are used; in particular glass-fiber-reinforced plastic materials. Suitable examples of plastic materials are polyamides reinforced, for example, with 50% glass fibers.

[0092] Preferably, the switchable window glass unit further comprises an electrical spring contact for electrically contacting at least one switchable window element.Additionally or alternatively, the switchable window element preferably further comprises a cable, an electrical socket or an electrical contact surface for electrically contacting the switchable window element.

[0093] Preferably, the electrical spring contact for contacting at least one switchable optical device according to aspect a) and / or for contacting at least one switchable window element is configured as a bending spring or a spring-loaded contact pin. In addition, in order to improve corrosion resistance, the bending spring or the spring-loaded contact pin preferably uses a noble metal-plated contact. Preferably, gold is used as the noble metal.

[0094] Preferably, the switchable glazing unit further comprises an insulating glazing unit having two or more panes with a gap between the panes, and the at least one switchable optical device is arranged adjacent to one of the panes.

[0095] Insulating glazing units include spacing elements between panes.

[0096] If the switchable optical device is arranged adjacent to one of the panes of the insulating glazing unit, the switchable glazing unit preferably comprises means for ventilating the space between the switchable optical device and the insulating glazing unit.

[0097] If the switchable optical device is used as one of the panes of an insulating glazing unit according to aspect b) of the invention, at least one switchable optical device may be used as a first pane, facing outwards when the window is installed, as a second pane, facing inwards when the window is installed, or as an intermediate pane in case the insulating glazing unit comprises more than two panes.

[0098] An advantage of such an embodiment is that the overall thickness of the switchable glazing unit can be reduced. For example, the thickness of the switchable glazing unit can be reduced to about 23 mm for use in vehicles, such as for train applications, ships or aviation, or less than 40 mm for architectural applications. Introducing the concept of thin and light switchable optics in the middle of a triple glazed insulating glazing unit means a weight reduction of about 40%, while achieving better thermal stability and better g- and u-values.

[0099] In the case where the switchable optical device is used or respectively used as a second pane or especially an intermediate pane facing inwards and the switchable optical device may have a tendency to absorb a lot of light and especially heat, it may be preferred to provide means to compensate for or respectively dissipate the unwanted or excessive heat input. Such means may include, for example, the use of thermally conductive films, thermally conductive gases, or in particular the use of different gases for different interstitial spaces, Peltier elements that may optionally be coupled to solar cells or thermocouples, solar fans, thermal control coatings, etc.

[0100] In case the switchable optic is used as or respectively for the first pane facing outwards, the switchable optic is preferably laminated to strengthened or tempered glass, preferably thermally or chemically tempered glass, aluminosilicate glass or borosilicate glass, in particular aluminosilicate glass or borosilicate glass.

[0101] Preferably, at least one glass pane of the switchable glazing unit and / or at least one switchable optic comprises a low-e coating.Preferably, the low-e coating is arranged on a surface of the switchable optic or the glass pane facing the gap of the insulating glazing unit.

[0102] In one embodiment, in addition to or as an alternative to the low-E coating, an anti-reflection coating may be provided on at least one surface of the glazing, switchable optical device or glass pane. In this case, a multilayer optical thin film coating of a metal oxide is preferably applied to obtain an interference optical coated glass. The metal oxide may provide a corrosion resistant, hard and durable coating and is therefore suitable even for top layers or outer surfaces. The anti-reflection coating may be applied to one or both sides of the glass pane and / or to one or more glass panes of an insulating glazing unit. It is particularly preferred that the anti-reflection coating is provided on the outside or outer surface of the outermost sheet of the glazing unit, in particular the side facing the light source.

[0103] In case the switchable area of ​​at least one switchable optical device is smaller than the optically transparent area of ​​at least one glass pane of the switchable glazing unit, the switchable glazing unit preferably further comprises a channel frame for covering a spacer block and / or a non-switchable area of ​​the at least one switchable optical device.

[0104] Advantageously, the borders of the channel frame also shield portions of the switchable optical device that are sensitive to photodegradation and / or aesthetically unappealing areas. These areas include non-switchable portions of the switchable optical element, such as seals, glue lines and / or electrical connections. Typically, non-switchable areas of the switchable optical element, such as seals (glue lines), electrical connections and / or electrical drive circuits, are located at or near the edge of the switchable optical device.

[0105] Preferably, the switchable glazing unit additionally comprises a UV absorbing layer arranged in front of the at least one switchable optical device, when viewed from an outwardly facing side of the switchable glazing unit.

[0106] The UV absorbing layer can be a doped interlayer, in particular a doped PVB interlayer, a UV coating, an adhesive film containing UV protection or a printed or coated film of UV absorbing material.

[0107] At least one switchable optical device of the switchable glazing unit is preferably selected from a liquid crystal based device, an electrochromic device, a gasochromic device, a thermochromic device, a thermally switchable device, an electrophoretic device, a suspended particle device or a combination of at least two of these switchable optical devices.

[0108] Preferably, at least one glass pane and / or at least one switchable optic of the switchable glazing unit comprises a transparent, electrically heated film.

[0109] Preferably, the switchable window pane further comprises a controller for electrically controlling the switching of the at least one switchable optical device. The controller is adapted to provide an electrical signal required to switch the at least one switchable optical device from one state to another state and / or to keep the at least one switchable optical device in a specific state. The electrical signal may be selected from a direct current signal and an alternating current signal, such as a square wave, a sine wave or an arbitrary waveform signal.

[0110] The switchable glazing unit may comprise additional elements, such as a window frame.

[0111] The switchable glazing unit may be provided as a new device for first installation or to replace an existing window of a building or vehicle. Alternatively, the switchable glazing unit may be based on an existing window of a building or vehicle, the switchable glazing unit being retrofitted by combining the existing window with at least one switchable optical device.

[0112] Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for producing such a switchable glazing unit. The method comprises the following steps

[0113] a) providing a window comprising a window frame and at least one glass pane,

[0114] b) optionally attaching a mounting element to at least one of the glass panes, and

[0115] c) Attaching the switchable optics to the glass pane with the aid of a holding element or frame.

[0116] Alternatively, the method comprises the following steps

[0117] a) providing a window comprising a window frame and an insulating glazing unit,

[0118] b) dismantling of insulating window glass units,

[0119] c) Reassembling the insulating glazing unit wherein the switchable optical device is used as one of the panes of the insulating glazing unit.

[0120] Preferably, the switchable optical device is one of the switchable optical devices described herein.

[0121] In another aspect of the present invention, a switchable window is provided, comprising a window frame and at least one of said switchable optical devices and / or at least one of said switchable glazing units.

[0122] Preferably, the switchable window is used as a window of a vehicle or a building. For example, the vehicle may be a land-based vehicle such as a car, truck, bus or train, a ship, an airplane or a spacecraft. Example:

[0123] Example 1

[0124] An insulating glazing unit (IGU) comprising a switchable optical device having two switchable elements is provided. The IGU comprises three panes, wherein the switchable optical device is used as a middle pane. A first glass pane facing the outside and a second glass pane facing the inside are made of a first glass, and a substrate of the switchable optical device is made of a second glass. The layer structure is shown in Table 1.

[0125]

[0126]

[0127] (Table 1)

[0128] Example 2

[0129] An insulating glazing unit (IGU) is provided that includes a switchable optical device having only one switchable element. The switchable optical device includes two other sheets for enhancing the mechanical strength of the device. The IGU includes three panes, wherein the switchable optical device is used as a middle pane. The first glass pane facing outward and the second glass pane facing inward are made of a first glass, and the substrate of the switchable optical device and the other sheets are made of a second glass. The layer structure is shown in Table 2.

[0130]

[0131]

[0132] (Table 2)

[0133] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0134] The attached figure shows:

[0135] Figure 1 is a schematic side view of a switchable optical device,

[0136] Figure 2 is a top view of the switchable optical device,

[0137] Figures 3a to 3f is a method for manufacturing a switchable optical device,

[0138] Figure 4 is a perspective view of the switchable optics,

[0139] Figures 5a to 5f is an alternative implementation of switchable optics,

[0140] Figure 6 is a perspective view of a switchable optical device with multiple cutouts,

[0141] Figure 7a and 7bis an alternative shape for the cutout,

[0142] Figure 8 is an embodiment of a switchable optical device comprising a film heater,

[0143] Fig. 9 is a top view of the window element,

[0144] Fig.10 is the cross-section of the contact area of ​​the window element,

[0145] Fig.11 is a perspective view of the window element,

[0146] Fig.12 is a first embodiment of a switchable glazing unit,

[0147] Fig.13 is a second embodiment of a switchable glazing unit,

[0148] Fig.14a and 14b is an alternative embodiment of electrical contact,

[0149] Fig.15a and b is a third embodiment of a switchable glazing unit,

[0150] Fig.15c is a replacement for electrical contacts,

[0151] Fig.16 is a fourth embodiment of a switchable glazing unit,

[0152] Fig.17 is a fifth embodiment of a switchable glazing unit,

[0153] Fig.18a is a sixth embodiment of a switchable glazing unit,

[0154] Fig.18b is a sixth embodiment of a switchable optical device having different sizes, and

[0155] Fig.19a and 19b There are two embodiments of the retainer with spring contacts.

[0156] Figure 1 A schematic side view of a switchable optical device 10 is shown. The switchable optical device 10 has a layer structure, which sequentially includes a first substrate 12, a first conductive layer 14, a first alignment layer 16, a switchable layer 18, a second alignment layer 20, a second conductive layer 22 and a second substrate 24. The layer structure forms a switchable element with at least two states. The state of the switchable layer 18 is controlled by applying an electrical drive signal to the first conductive layer 14 and the second conductive layer 22.

[0157] exist Figure 1 In the embodiment shown, the switchable optical device 10 is constructed as a liquid crystal based device. Therefore, the switchable layer 18 contains a liquid crystal medium and is sealed by means of a glue line 36. The liquid crystal medium in the area within the glue line 36 of the switchable optical device can switch its state when an appropriate drive signal is applied to the first conductive layer 14 and the second conductive layer 22. The area within the glue line 36 is also referred to as a switchable area 80, and the remaining area is also referred to as a non-switchable area 82.

[0158] The first conductive layer 14 is divided into a first region and a second region by means of an insulating region 34. The first region includes a first contact region 30 and an electrode region 29. The second region includes a second contact region 32. The first contact region 30 and the second contact region 32 and the insulating region 34 are located in the non-switchable region 82 and the electrode region 29 is located in the switchable region 80.

[0159] In order to provide the second conductive layer 22 with an electrical drive signal, the second contact area 32 of the first conductive layer 14 is used. The drive signal is transmitted from the second contact area 32 to the second conductive layer 22 by means of an electrical interconnect 38. Figure 1 In the embodiment of FIG. 5 , the electrical interconnect 38 is formed by a metal spacer 40 embedded in an adhesive material.

[0160] Figure 1 The switchable optical device 10 further includes an additional sheet 28 for providing additional mechanical stability. The other sheet 28 is laminated to the other surface of the first substrate 12 by means of the interlayer 26. In addition or instead of the other sheet 28, the switchable optical device 10 may include a second layer structure forming a second switchable element. For example, the second switchable element can be laminated to the first substrate 12 by means of the intermediate layer 26.

[0161] Figure 2 1 shows a top view of the switchable optical device 10. The glue lines 36 and electrical interconnects 38 are visible because the second substrate 24 (see Figure 1 ) is transparent. Figure 2 It can be seen that the first conductive layer 14 (see Figure 1 ) is divided by the insulating region 34 into a first region including the first contact region 30 and the electrode region 29 and a second region including the second contact region 32. Figure 2 In the embodiment shown, the first contact region 30 surrounds the electrode region 29 and, in particular, extends along a portion of the first edge 86 and along the entire second edge adjacent to the first edge 86. The second contact region 32 extends along a portion of the first edge 86 and along the entire length of the third edge adjacent to the first edge 86.

[0162] The second substrate 24 (see Figure 1) has two cutouts 44, which allow access to the first conductive layer 14. Below the cutouts 44, the conductive layer 14 comprises a metallized surface 48, which can be contacted, for example, by means of a spring contact 220, see Fig.12 .from Figure 2 As can be seen in the figure, both metallized surfaces 48 are close to the first edge 86 of the first substrate 12 of the switchable optical device 10.

[0163] Figures 3a to 3f A method of manufacturing a switchable optical device 10 is shown.

[0164] exist Figure 3a In the first step a), a first substrate 12 coated with a first conductive layer 14 is provided. The first conductive layer 14 may be, for example, a transparent ITO layer. The first conductive layer 14 is structured to form insulating regions 34, for example, by means of a laser process or a photolithography process.

[0165] In addition, Figure 3a In the example shown, the first substrate 12 is laminated to a further sheet 28 by means of an interlayer 26 .

[0166] exist Figure 3b In the second step b) shown, a first alignment layer 16 for liquid crystal is applied. The first alignment layer 16 is, for example, a polyimide layer. The first alignment layer 16 is structured by rubbing with a roller 50.

[0167] exist Figure 3c In the third step c), a glue line 36 is applied to form a seal with the liquid crystal medium. Furthermore, electrical interconnections 38 are prepared by applying an adhesive containing metal spacers 40, see Figure 1 Optionally, the first alignment layer 16 is partially removed before applying the glue line 36 and / or before preparing the electrical interconnect 38 .

[0168] exist Figure 3d In the fourth step d) shown, a liquid crystal medium is provided. Figure 3d In the example of , the liquid crystal medium is provided by means of a drop filling. Alternatively, other filling techniques may be used, such as inkjet printing or a vacuum filling process. The liquid crystal medium may contain spacers to ensure a uniform thickness of the switchable layer 18.

[0169] Figure 3e The fifth step e) shown is carried out in a vacuum. For example, the air is evacuated in a vacuum assembly unit having a vacuum chamber 52 and a second substrate 24 having two cut corners 44 is provided. In order to handle the second substrate 24, a chuck 54 is used. The chuck 54 can be, for example, an electrostatic chuck or a gecko chuck. The second substrate 24 is placed on the prepared glue line 36 by means of the chuck 54 so that the second substrate 24 is aligned with the first substrate 12.

[0170] exist Figure 3f In the last step f) shown, the adhesive used in the glue lines 36 and the electrical interconnects 38 is cured by means of UV radiation. The UV radiation is applied by means of a UV source 56. Optionally, a further thermal curing step may be applied.

[0171] Due to the cut corners 44 of the second substrate 24, access is provided to the first electrical contact 58 in the first contact region 30 and the second electrical contact 60 in the second contact region 32. By applying a drive signal to the second electrical contacts 58, 60, the state of the switchable optical device 10 can be controlled. The first and second electrical contacts 58, 60 are adjacent to the first edge 86 of the first substrate 12 of the switchable optical device 10.

[0172] Figure 4 Shown in perspective Figure 1 and 2 A switchable optical device 10.

[0173] As about Figure 1 As described above, the switchable optical device 10 includes the other sheets 28, the interlayer 26, the first substrate 12, the first conductive layer 14, the first alignment layer 16, the switchable layer 18, the second alignment layer 20, the second conductive layer 22 and the second substrate 24. The switchable layer 18 is surrounded by the seal formed by the glue line 36, so that the switchable layer 18 is Figure 4 is not visible in the perspective view.

[0174] like Figure 4 As shown, a driving signal, such as an alternating sine wave signal, a square wave or a DC signal, can be applied to a first electrical contact 58 located in the first contact region 30 and a second electrical contact 60 located in the second contact region 32. The first contact region 30 of the first conductive layer 14 is in direct contact with the electrode region 29, see Figure 1 and Figure 2 In order to provide the second conductive layer 22 with a driving signal, an electrical interconnect 38 is used. The electrical interconnect 38 connects the second contact region 32 to the second conductive layer 22 so that the driving signal can reach the second conductive layer 22 along an electrical path 84.

[0175] Figures 5a to 5d An alternative embodiment of the switchable optical device 10 is shown in a simplified schematic diagram in which most of the layers and electrical interconnects 38 have been omitted.

[0176] exist Figure 5a and 5b In the second embodiment, the size of the second substrate 24 is smaller than the size of the first substrate 12 . Figure 5a A side view of a switchable optical device 10 is shown and Figure 5b A top view is shown. Figure 5bIn the top view of FIG. 1 , the second substrate 24 is aligned with the first edge 86 of the first substrate 12 or is centered above the first substrate 12. In this arrangement, parts of the first conductive layer 14 remain uncovered, so that the first contact area 30 and the second contact area 32 are accessible and can be contacted, for example, by means of spring contacts 220, see FIG. Fig.12 To improve the electrical conductivity, metal conductors 48 may be provided in the first contact area 30 and the second contact area 32, for example by means of sputtering of a metal film or by applying an electrically conductive metal foil or bus bars.

[0177] Figure 5c A third embodiment of the switchable optical device 10 is shown in a top view. The first substrate 12 and the second substrate 24 are of substantially the same size and shape, but the second substrate 24 is provided with a plurality of cutouts 46 which allow access to the first contact area 30 and the second contact area 32, respectively. The second substrate 24 is aligned with the edge of the first substrate 12. Figure 5a and 5b As already shown in the second embodiment of the present invention, the first and second contact areas 30, 32 can be provided with a metal conductor 48 to improve the electrical conductivity. The cutout 46 assigned to the second contact area 30 extends along another edge adjacent to the first edge 86. Figure 5c In the example shown, the cutout 46 has a semicircular shape.

[0178] Figure 5d A switchable optical device 10 similar to Figure 1 and Figure 2 The fourth embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention is a fourth embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention. The first substrate 12 and the second substrate 24 have substantially the same shape and size. The second substrate 24 differs from the first substrate 12 in having two cut corners 44, which allow access to the metallized surface 48 in the first contact area 30 and the second contact area 32, respectively. The first and second contact areas 30, 32 are each adjacent to the first edge 86 of the first substrate 12. The first contact area 30 extends along the entire length of the edge adjacent to the first edge 86, and the second contact area 32 extends along the entire length of the other edge adjacent to the first edge 86.

[0179] The first and second contact regions 30, 32 each include a metal conductor 42 in the form of a sputtered metal film. Figure 5d In the embodiment shown, the material of the metallized surface 44 is the same as the sputtered film of the metal conductor 42 .

[0180] Figure 5e A switchable optical device 10 is shown similar to that described with reference to Figure 4A fifth embodiment of the second embodiment described in FIGS. 5 a and 5 b . Similar to the second embodiment of the switchable optical device 10 , the size of the second substrate 24 of the switchable optical device 10 of the fifth embodiment is smaller than the size of the first substrate 12 . Figure 5e A top view of the switchable optical device 10 is shown. Figure 5b In contrast to the second embodiment shown, the second substrate 24 is smaller than the first substrate 12 but of the same shape and is centered above the first substrate 12. In this arrangement, portions of the first substrate 12 remain uncovered along all four edges, so that the first contact area 30 and the second contact area 32 are accessible and can be contacted, for example, by means of spring contacts 220, see Fig.12 The first contact area 30 and the second contact area 32 each extend along two adjacent edges. Thus, the insulating area 34 has an angled shape with a first portion aligned parallel to the first edge 86 and a second portion aligned parallel to the adjacent second edge. In this configuration, all four edges can be used for electrical contacting of the switchable optical device 10, wherein two adjacent edges are respectively assigned to the same contact area 30, 32 of the switchable optical device 10.

[0181] To improve the electrical conductivity, metal conductors 48 may be provided in the first contact region 30 and in the second contact region 32 , for example by means of sputtering of a metal film or by applying an electrically conductive metal foil.

[0182] Figure 5f A switchable optical device 10 is shown similar to that described with reference to Figure 5e A sixth embodiment of the fifth embodiment described. As described with respect to the fifth embodiment of the switchable optical device 10, the second substrate 24 of the switchable optical device 10 of the sixth embodiment is smaller in size than the first substrate 12 but has the same shape and is centered above the first substrate 12. In this arrangement, portions of the first substrate 12 remain uncovered along all four edges, so that the first contact area 30 and the second contact area 32 are accessible and can be contacted. In contrast to the fifth embodiment, because two insulating areas 34 are used, the first contact area 30 and the second contact area 32 are each divided into two sub-areas. The corresponding first sub-area and the second sub-area are positioned along opposite edges, respectively. In this configuration, all four edges can be used for electrical contact of the switchable optical device 10, wherein the opposite edges are assigned to the same contact areas 30, 32 of the switchable optical device 10.

[0183] To improve the electrical conductivity, metal conductors 48 may be provided in the first contact region 30 and in the second contact region 32 , for example by means of sputtering of a metal film or by applying an electrically conductive metal foil.

[0184] Features of different embodiments of the switchable optical device 10 may be combined. Figure 5eand 5f The arrangement of the first contact area 30 and the second contact area 32 shown in the fifth and sixth embodiments of the present invention can be combined with a second substrate 24 having the same size and shape as the first substrate 12 and having a cutout 46. The cutout can have, for example, Figure 5c Shape shown.

[0185] Figure 6 A fifth embodiment of a switchable optical device 10 having a plurality of cutouts 46 is shown in an exploded perspective view. Figure 5c In the fifth embodiment, the cutout 46 has a rectangular shape.

[0186] exist Figure 7a and 7b An alternative shape for the cutout 46 is shown in FIG. Figure 7a In FIG. 4 , the cutout 46 has a rounded rectangular shape. Figure 7b , a sinusoidal pattern of cutouts 46 is shown.

[0187] The cutouts 46 can be produced by means of laser cutting of the second substrate 24 .

[0188] Figure 8 A schematic side view of an embodiment of a switchable optical device 10 including film heaters 62, 64 is shown.

[0189] Figure 8 The switchable optical device 10 has Figure 1 The switchable optical device 10 has a layer structure, which sequentially includes a first film heater 62, other sheets 28, an interlayer 26, a first substrate 12, a first conductive layer 14, a switchable layer 18 surrounded by a glue line 36, a second conductive layer 22, a second substrate 24, and a second film heater 64. In addition, the switchable optical device 10 includes an electrical interconnect 38 for contacting the second conductive layer 22.

[0190] The film heaters 62, 64 are preferably configured as transparent conductive films, such as ITO or FTO films. When current is applied to the film heaters 62, 64, the film heaters 62, 64 heat up due to the resistance of the transparent conductive film.

[0191] exist Fig. 9 , a portion of the window element 100 is shown in a top view.

[0192] The window element 100 comprises a switchable optical device 10 and a frame 101. The frame 101 comprises profile parts 102, 104, 106 connected to each other by means of connecting elements such as screws 108 (see Fig.10 and 11). The switchable optical device 10 is housed in a frame 101.

[0193] The frame 101 further comprises electrical spring contacts 110 for electrically contacting the metallized surface 48 of the switchable optical device 10. Fig. 9 In the portion shown, only the first electrical contact 58 and its metallized surface 48 are visible. The metallized surface 48 is accessible through the cut-away corner 44.

[0194] Fig.10 Shows Fig. 9 1. A cross-sectional view of a window element 100 along the line marked with AA. The window element 100 comprises a frame 101 and a switchable optical device 10. The frame 101 comprises profile parts 102, 104, 106 and accommodates the switchable optical device 10. The profile parts 102, 104, 106 are connected to each other by means of screws 108.

[0195] The frame 101 includes an electric spring contact 110 for contacting the metallized surface 48. The electric spring contact 110 includes a shaft 118 and a conductive rubber surface 112 in contact with the metallized surface 48 of the switchable optical device 10. The spring 116 abutting the shoulder of the profile part 102 tensions the rubber surface 112 of the electric spring contact 110 against the metallized surface 44 of the switchable optical device 10 to ensure a reliable electrical connection while avoiding mechanical stress. The cable 122 is fixed to the shaft 118 by a nut 114.

[0196] The cable 122 is connected to the electric spring contact 110 to provide a driving signal to the switchable optical device 10. The electric spring contact 110 is protected by means of a cover 124.

[0197] Fig.11 A portion of the frame 101 of the window element 100 is shown in a perspective view. Fig.11 As can be seen in FIG, the frame 101 of the window element 100 consists of three profile parts 102, 104, 106. The first profile part 102 is substantially "U"-shaped and forms the sides of the frame 101. The top side and the bottom side of the frame 101 are each formed by a second profile part 104 which is substantially "L"-shaped and a third profile part 106 which is substantially rectangular.

[0198] The second profile part 104 and the third profile part 106 are joined and form a profile having a substantially "U" shape. In order to assemble the frame 101 around the switchable optical device 10, two first profile parts 102 are provided and cut to the size of the switchable optical device. In addition, two second profile parts 104 and two third profile parts 106 are provided and cut to the size of the switchable optical device 10. The two first profile parts 102 are arranged on opposite sides of the switchable optical device 10 so that the switchable optical device 10 is engaged in the groove of the U. The second profile parts 104 are then connected to the third profile parts 106, respectively, by means of screws 108. As a last step, the second part 104 is connected to the first profile part 102.

[0199] Preferably, the dimensions of the frame 101 are chosen so that the switchable optical device 10 has room to expand to avoid mechanical stresses due to thermal expansion.

[0200] The frame 101 may also include an air passage 120 that allows air to pass through when the frame 101 is installed in a window.

[0201] Fig.12 A first embodiment of a switchable glazing unit 200 is shown.

[0202] Fig.12 The switchable glass unit 200 is configured as an insulating glass unit having a first pane 202, a second pane 206, and a middle pane 204. Gaps are arranged between the first pane 202 and the middle pane 204, and between the middle pane 204 and the second pane 206, respectively. Spacers 208 are inserted between the first pane 202 and the middle pane 204, and between the middle pane 204 and the second pane 206, respectively.

[0203] The first pane 202 and the second pane 206 are configured as glass panes. One example of a material for the glass panes is soda lime glass, including annealed or heat strengthened versions thereof, which may be produced in a float glass process.

[0204] The spacer 208 is attached to the panes 202, 204, 206 by means of a first seal 210, such as a butyl seal. The outwardly facing side of the spacer 208 is sealed by means of a second seal 212, such as a polysulfone seal. The spacer 208 may contain a desiccant.

[0205] The middle pane 204 is configured as a switchable optical device 10, which is accommodated by a first holder 216 at the bottom and a second holder 217 at the top. The first holder 216 and the second holder 217 each have a groove for accommodating the switchable optical device 10. Other holders may be arranged on the side of the switchable optical device 10. At the second holder 217, a space 218 is arranged to accommodate thermal expansion of the switchable optical device 10.

[0206] The switchable optical device 10 includes a first substrate 12, a second substrate 24 and a Figure 1 Functional layers of the switchable elements described. Fig.12 The switchable optical device 10 of the embodiment does not include other sheets 28.

[0207] exist Fig.12 In the embodiment shown, the second retainer 217 is configured to be flush with the spacer 208. In such a configuration, the non-switchable region 82 of the switchable optical device 10, see Figure 1 , can be hidden. Fig.12 The first retainer 216 of the embodiment shown in FIG extends beyond the spacer 208. In such a configuration, the first retainer 216 can compensate for the smaller size of the switchable optical device 10 compared to the first pane 202 and the second pane 206. If the size of the switchable optical device 10 is large enough, both the first retainer 216 and the second retainer 217 can be configured to be flush with the spacer 208.

[0208] The first retainer 216 arranged at the bottom of the switchable optical device 10 includes a spring contact 220, which Fig.12 In the embodiment of the present invention, the spring contact 220 is configured as a bending spring 228. The spring contact 220 engages the metallized surface 48 of the switchable optical device 10. Fig.12 In the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 , only a single spring contact 220 is visible, but the first retainer 216 includes two spring contacts 220 to contact the first electrical contact 58 and the second electrical contact 60 of the switchable optical device 10, see FIG. Figure 4 In order to have good corrosion resistance, it is preferred to use a plated noble metal contact as the spring contact 220. Preferably, gold is used as the noble metal.

[0209] In order to Fig.15a ) in which the switchable window glass unit 200 is mounted, a support block 214 is provided. The support block 214 comprises an electrical socket 226 for accommodating an electrical connector 224 of the switchable window glass unit 200. The electrical connector 224 is connected to the spring contact 200.

[0210] Fig.13 A second embodiment of a switchable glazing unit 200 is shown.

[0211] Fig.13 The switchable window glass unit 200 is configured as an insulating window glass unit having a first window pane 202, a second window pane 206, and a middle window pane 204. Gaps are arranged between the first window pane 202 and the middle window pane 204, and between the middle window pane 204 and the second window pane 206, respectively. Spacers 208 are inserted between the first window pane 202 and the middle window pane 204, and between the middle window pane 204 and the second window pane 206, respectively.

[0212] The first pane 202 and the second pane 206 are configured as glass panes. An example of a material for a glass pane is soda lime glass that can be produced in a float glass process. When the switchable glazing unit 200 is used as a window, the first pane 202 and the second pane 206 are arranged as follows: Fig.13 Optionally, a low-e coating 203 may be disposed on the surface of the first pane 202 that faces inward toward the middle pane 204, see e.g. Fig.18a .

[0213] The spacer 208 is attached to the panes 202, 204, 206 by means of a first seal 210, such as a butyl seal. The outwardly facing side of the spacer 208 is sealed by means of a second seal 212, such as a polysulfone seal.

[0214] The switchable optical device 10 is used as the middle pane 204 . Fig.13 The switchable optical device 10 of the embodiment does not include the other sheet 28. The electrical connection with the first and second electrical contacts 58, 60 of the switchable optical device 10 is shown in FIG. Figure 4 , a cable 222 configured to be attached to the electrical contacts 58, 60 of the switchable optical device 10, see Fig.14a .

[0215] When installed in a window, it is preferred to use a support block having a channel for accommodating the cable 222.

[0216] Fig.14a Shows Fig.13 1. An enlarged perspective view of the first electrical contact 58 of the switchable window 10 used in the switchable window glass of FIG. The first conductive layer 14 of the switchable optical device can be connected through the cut corner 44 of the second substrate 24. The cable 222 is directly attached to the first conductive layer 14 on the first substrate 12 by means of ultrasonic welding. The connection of the cable 222 to the conductive layer 14 is covered by means of a potting material 66.

[0217] Fig.14b Shows Fig.13 An alternative embodiment of the electrical contacts of the switchable optical device 10 used in the switchable window glass 200.

[0218] The switchable optical device 10 includes a further sheet 28 laminated to the first substrate 12. A metal contact sheet 68 is attached to the first conductive layer 14, see Figure 1 , and extends beyond the first substrate 12 . The metal contact sheet 68 is bent around the edge of the first substrate 12 and covers a portion of an edge surface 70 of the first substrate 12 and an edge surface 72 of the other sheet 28 .

[0219] The metal contact piece 68 provides a contact surface that can be contacted by means of the spring contact 220. For example, a bending spring 228 can be used in the window frame 310 to contact the metal contact piece 68, see Fig.15a .

[0220] Fig.15a A third embodiment of a switchable glazing unit 200 is shown.

[0221] Fig.15a The switchable glazing unit 200 is configured as an insulating glazing unit having a first pane 202 and a second pane 206. A gap is arranged between the first pane 202 and the second pane 206 and a spacer 208 is inserted between the first pane 202 and the second pane 206.

[0222] The second pane 206 is configured as a glass pane. An example of a glass pane material is soda lime glass that can be produced in a float glass process. Figure 1 The switchable optical device 10 of the other sheet 28 is used as the first window pane 202. The switchable device 10 is arranged so that when the switchable glazing unit is used as a window of a building or a vehicle, the other sheet 28 faces the outside indicated by the sun 302. On the surface of the second window pane 206 facing inwardly toward the switchable optical device 10, a low-emissivity coating 203 is arranged.

[0223] The spacer 208 is attached to the panes 202, 206 by means of a first seal 210, for example a butyl seal. The outwardly facing side of the spacer 208 is sealed by means of a second seal 212, for example a polysulfone seal.

[0224] To provide the drive signal, the switchable optical device 10 includes a metal contact piece 68 contacted by a spring contact 220. Fig.15a In the embodiment of the present invention, the spring contact 220 is configured as a spring-loaded contact pin 230. In order to have good corrosion resistance, the spring contact 220 preferably uses a plated precious metal contact. Preferably, gold is used as the precious metal.

[0225] exist Fig.15aIn an embodiment of the invention, the switchable glazing unit 200 is a part of a window 300 having a window frame 310 that accommodates the switchable glazing unit 200. Support blocks 214 and blocks 312 are provided to support and fix the switchable glazing unit 200 in the window frame 310. The window frame 310 may include a junction box 314 for accommodating an electrical connector 316. The electrical connector 316 is connected to the spring contact 220 by means of a cable 222.

[0226] The controller may be used to generate a drive signal for the switchable optical device. The controller may be connected to the electrical connector 316.

[0227] Fig.15b A detailed view of a switchable optical device 10 is shown having a metal contact sheet 68 attached to a first conductive layer 14 on a first substrate 12. A potting material 66 may be applied to protect the connection of the metal contact sheet 68 to the first conductive layer 14. The metal contact sheet 68 is attached to the first conductive layer 14, see Figure 1 , and extends beyond the first substrate 12. The metal contact sheet 68 is bent around the edge of the first substrate and covers a portion of the edge surface 70 of the first substrate 12 and a portion of the edge surface 72 of the other sheet 68, see Fig.14b .

[0228] Fig.15c Shown as Fig.15a A variant of the third embodiment of the switchable glazing unit 200 described has alternative electrical contacts. Fig.15c In a variant, the cable 222 is connected directly to the switchable optical element 10.

[0229] Fig.16 A fourth embodiment of a switchable glazing unit 200 is shown, formed by retrofitting an existing window 300 .

[0230] Window 300 includes a window frame 310 and an insulating glazing unit having a first pane 202 and a second pane 206 .

[0231] For retrofitting a window 300, a window element 100 and a mounting element 400 are provided. In a first step, the mounting element 400 is attached to the first pane 202 of the insulating glazing unit of the existing window 300. The mounting element 400 may be attached, for example, by means of an adhesive. In a second step, the switchable glazing unit 200 is formed by attaching the window element 100, for example by means of connecting elements such as screws or by means of an adhesive, to the mounting element 400. Fig.16 The window element 100 shown comprises a frame 101 and a Figures 9 to 11 A switchable optical device 10 is shown.

[0232] exist Fig.16In the example shown, the window element 100 is attached to the side of the window 300 that faces the exterior of the building or vehicle.

[0233] Fig.17 A fifth embodiment of a switchable glazing unit 200 is shown, which may be formed by retrofitting an existing window 300 .

[0234] The existing window 300 comprises a window frame 310 and an insulating glazing unit having a first pane 202, a second pane 206 and a spacer 208. The insulating glazing unit is supported in the window frame 310 by means of a support block 214.

[0235] exist Fig.17 In the example shown, a switchable optical device 10 is provided that has the same dimensions as the first and second panes 202, 206 of the existing window 300. The switchable optical device 10 is attached to the second pane 206 by means of a mounting element 402 having an air channel. The mounting element 402 is attached to the second pane 206 by means of an adhesive 404. Furthermore, the switchable optical device 10 is attached to the mounting element 402 by means of the adhesive 404. The air channel of the mounting element 402 allows ventilation of the air gap formed between the switchable optical device 10 and the second pane 206.

[0236] The switchable optical device 10 includes metal contacts 68 for providing electrical connections. Fig.17 In the example of , the contact strip 68 is contacted by means of a spring contact 220 configured as a bending spring 228. The spring contact 220 is attached to an electrical connector 322. The electrical connector 322 is supported by a compensation element 320, which is preferably an elastic element.

[0237] The block 312 and the clamp bar 318 are provided to fix the switchable optical device 10 and hide the non-switchable area 82 of the switchable optical device 10. The clamp bar 318 is attached to the window frame 310.

[0238] Fig.18a A sixth embodiment of a switchable glazing unit 200 is shown, which may be formed by retrofitting an existing window 300 .

[0239] The existing window 300 comprises a window frame 310 and an insulating glazing unit having a first pane 202, a second pane 206 and a spacer 208. The insulating glazing unit is supported in the window frame 310 by means of a support block 214. A low-e coating 203 is arranged on the surface of the second pane 206 facing inwardly towards the first pane 202.

[0240] exist Fig.18aIn the example shown, a switchable optical device 10 having the same dimensions as the first and second panes 202, 206 of an existing window 300 is provided. The switchable optical device 10 is held at the bottom by a first holder 216 and at the top by a second holder 217. The second holder 217 provides a space 218 to accommodate thermal expansion of the switchable optical device 10. The first and second holders 216, 217 are attached to the second pane 206 by means of an adhesive 404. In addition, the first holder 216 is supported by a window frame 310.

[0241] A clamping bar 318 is provided to fix the first holder 216 and hide the non-switchable area 82 of the switchable optical device 10. The clamping bar 318 is attached to the window frame 310.

[0242] Fig.18a The switchable optical device 10 is provided with a film heater 62. The film heater 62 and the first and second electrical contacts 58, 60, see Figure 4 , contact is made by means of a spring contact 220 located in the first holder 216 .

[0243] Fig.18b A sixth embodiment of a switchable glazing 200 is shown having switchable optical devices 10 of different sizes.

[0244] exist Fig.18b In the example shown, a switchable optical device 10 is provided that is smaller in size than the first and second panes 202, 206 of the existing window 300. In order to compensate for the size difference, a spacer block 410 is provided that supports the switchable optical device 10. The first and second holders 216, 217 are attached to the second pane 206 by means of an adhesive 404. In addition, the first holder 216 is supported by the spacer block 410.

[0245] In order to hide the size difference and besides hiding the non-switchable area 82 of the switchable optical device 10, a channel frame 420 is provided in the form of an enlarged clamping bar 318. The clamping bar 318 is attached to the window frame 310.

[0246] Fig.19a and 19b Two embodiments of the first retainer 216 having spring contacts 220 are shown.

[0247] exist Fig.19a , a portion of the switchable optical device 10 is shown with a cut corner 44 exposing a metallized surface 48. In addition, the switchable optical device 10 has a film heater 62 on the opposite side.

[0248] The first holder 216 comprises a groove 260 for accommodating the switchable optical device 10. In addition, the first holder 216 comprises a spring contact 220 for engaging the metallized surface 48. Other spring contacts 220' are arranged to contact the film heater 62. In addition, as Fig.19a As shown, the first retainer 216 includes vents 240 that allow air to pass through.

[0249] Fig.19b An alternative embodiment of the first retainer 216 is shown, which includes a plurality of spring contacts 220 for engaging the metallized surface 48, such as Figure 5c and 6 As shown in FIG. 4 , it is exposed by a plurality of cutouts 46 .

[0250] The other spring contacts 220' are arranged to contact the film heater 62 of the switchable optical device. Fig.19b The illustrated first retainer 216 includes a plurality of vents 240 to allow air to pass therethrough and a channel 250 for accommodating electrical cables.

[0251] Reference numerals list

[0252] 10 Switchable Optics

[0253] 12. First substrate

[0254] 14 First conductive layer

[0255] 16. First Alignment Layer

[0256] 18 switchable layers

[0257] 20 Second alignment layer

[0258] 22 second conductive layer

[0259] 24 Second substrate

[0260] 26 Mezzanine

[0261] 26' interlayer with UV protection

[0262] 28 Other sheets

[0263] 29 Electrode area

[0264] 30 First contact area

[0265] 32 Second contact area

[0266] 34 Insulation Zone

[0267] 36 Glue line

[0268] 38 Electrical Interconnection

[0269] 40 Metal spacer

[0270] 42 Metal conductor

[0271] 44 Cut Angle

[0272] 46 (multiple) incisions

[0273] 48 Metallized surface

[0274] 50 Roll

[0275] 52 Vacuum Chamber

[0276] 54 Handling Clip

[0277] 56 UV Source

[0278] 58 First electrical contact

[0279] 60 Second electrical contact

[0280] 62 First film heater

[0281] 64 Second film heater

[0282] 66 Potting

[0283] 68 Metal contact sheet

[0284] 70 Edge surface of the first substrate

[0285] 72 Edge surfaces of other sheets

[0286] 80 switchable areas

[0287] 82 Unable to switch area

[0288] 84 Electrical Path

[0289] 86 First Edge

[0290] 100 Window elements

[0291] 101 Framework

[0292] 102 First contour component

[0293] 104 Second contour component

[0294] 106 Third contour component

[0295] 108 Screws

[0296] 110 Electric spring contacts

[0297] 112 Conductive rubber

[0298] 114 Nut

[0299] 116 Spring

[0300] 118 Axis

[0301] 120 Air channel

[0302] 122 Cable

[0303] 124 Cover

[0304] 200 switchable window glass units

[0305] 202 First Pane

[0306] 203 Low emissivity layer

[0307] 204 Middle Pane

[0308] 206 Second Pane

[0309] 208 Spacer

[0310] 210 First seal

[0311] 212 Second seal

[0312] 214 Support block

[0313] 216 first retaining element

[0314] 217 first retaining element

[0315] 218 Space

[0316] 220 Electric spring contact

[0317] 222 Cable

[0318] 224 Connectors

[0319] 226 sockets

[0320] 228 Bending Spring

[0321] 230 Spring loaded contact pin

[0322] 240 Ventilation

[0323] 250 channels

[0324] 300 Windows

[0325] 302 Sun

[0326] 310 Window Frame

[0327] 312 blocks

[0328] 314 Junction Box

[0329] 316 Electrical Connector

[0330] 318 Clamping rod

[0331] 320 Compensation Components

[0332] 322 Electrical connector

[0333] 330 Electrical connector for heating

[0334] 400 Mounting components

[0335] 402 Mounting element with air channel

[0336] 404 Adhesive

[0337] 410 Spacer Block

[0338] 420 channel frame

Claims

1. A switchable optical device (10), comprising, in sequence, a first substrate (12), a first conductive layer (14), a switchable layer (18), a second conductive layer (22), and a second substrate (24), characterized in that: i) the first conductive layer (14) comprises a first contact region (30) and a second contact region (32), wherein the first contact region (30) is electrically insulated from the second contact region (32), and wherein the switchable optical device (10) comprises an electrical interconnect (38) for electrically connecting the second contact region (32) of the first conductive layer (14) to the second conductive layer (22); and ii) The switchable optical device (10) comprises at least one other sheet (28) laminated to the first substrate (12) and / or the second substrate (24), wherein the first substrate (12), the second substrate (24) and the at least one other sheet (28) have substantially the same coefficient of thermal expansion, the at least one other sheet is optically transparent and selected from a polymer or a glass, and wherein the thickness of the at least one other sheet is in the range of 2 mm to 6 mm.

2. The switchable optical device (10) of claim 1, characterized in that The electrical interconnect (38) is selected from the group consisting of a conductive adhesive, a structured conductive film, a metal spacer (40), and combinations thereof.

3. The switchable optical device (10) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that The first contact region (30) of the first substrate (12) extends along at least two edges of the first substrate (12) and / or the second contact region (32) extends along the entire length of at least one edge of the first substrate (12).

4. The switchable optical device (10) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that The metal conductor (42) extends over the entire area of ​​the first contact region (30) and / or the metal conductor (42) extends over the entire area of ​​the second contact region (32).

5. The switchable optical device (10) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that The second substrate (24) is smaller than the first substrate (12) and is arranged centered above the first substrate (12) or the second substrate (24) includes at least one cut corner (44) and / or a plurality of cutouts (46) arranged on at least one edge of the second substrate (24).

6. The switchable optical device (10) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that The switchable optical device (10) further comprises a first metal contact sheet contacting the first contact area (30) and a second metal contact sheet contacting the second contact area (32), wherein the first and second metal contact sheets extend beyond the first substrate (12) and are bent so that they cover portions of an edge surface (70) of the first substrate (12) and, if present, portions of an edge surface (72) of a further sheet (28) laminated to the first substrate (12).

7. A switchable glazing unit (200) comprising at least one glass pane and at least one switchable optical device (10), the at least one switchable optical device (10) being a switchable optical device (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that At least one switchable optical device (10) is mechanically decoupled from at least one glass pane.

8. A switchable glazing unit (200) according to claim 7, characterised in that: a) A switchable glazing unit (200) comprises means for electrically contacting at least one switchable optical device (10), the means comprising at least one electrical spring contact (220, 110), and b) The switchable glazing unit (200) is constructed as an insulating glazing unit comprising two or more panes (202, 204, 206) having a gap between the panes (202, 204, 206), and at least one switchable optical device (10) is used as one of the panes (202, 204, 206) of the insulating glazing unit.

9. The switchable glazing unit (200) of claim 7, characterized in that The switchable window glass unit (200) further comprises at least one window element (100), the window element (100) comprising at least one switchable optical device (10), a frame (101) for mechanically separating and electrically contacting the at least one switchable optical device (10), and at least one electric spring contact (110) for contacting the at least one switchable optical device (10).

10. The switchable glazing unit (200) of claim 9, characterized in that The frame (101) is made of three types of frame profile parts (102, 104, 106), wherein the side surfaces of the frame (101) are respectively formed by first profile parts (102) having a U-shaped profile, and the top and bottom sides of the frame (101) are respectively formed by second profile parts (104) having an L-shaped profile and third profile parts (106) having a rectangular profile.

11. The switchable glazing unit (200) of claim 9 or 10, characterized in that The switchable window glass unit (200) further comprises an electrical spring contact (220) for electrically contacting at least one switchable window element (100), and / or is characterized in that the switchable window element (100) further comprises a cable, an electrical socket or an electrical contact surface for electrically contacting the switchable window element (100).

12. The switchable glazing unit (200) of claim 7 or 9, characterized in that The electrical spring contact (220, 110) for contacting at least one switchable optical device (10) according to aspect a) and / or for contacting at least one switchable window element (100) is configured as a bending spring (228) or a spring-loaded contact pin (230).

13. The switchable glazing unit (200) of claim 7 or 9, characterized in that The switchable glazing unit (200) further comprises an insulating glazing unit having two or more panes (202, 204, 206) with a gap between the panes (202, 204, 206), and at least one switchable optical device (10) is arranged adjacent to one of the panes (202, 204, 206).

14. The switchable glazing unit (200) of claim 7 or 9, characterized in that The switchable area (80) of the at least one switchable optical device (10) is smaller than the optically transparent area of ​​the at least one glass pane, and the switchable glazing unit (200) further comprises a channel frame (420) for covering a spacer block (410) and / or a non-switching area (82) of the at least one switchable optical device (10).

15. The switchable glazing unit (200) of claim 7 or 9, characterized in that At least one glass pane and / or at least one switchable optical device (10) comprises a transparent electrically heated film (62, 64).

16. The switchable glazing unit (200) of claim 7 or 9, characterized in that At least one switchable optical device (10) is selected from a liquid crystal based device, an electrochromic device, a gaseous chromic device, a thermochromic device, a thermally switchable device, a suspended particle device or a combination of at least two of these switchable optical devices.

Images