Frequency balancing by power supply unit in radio base station

Abstract

A method for providing frequency balancing in an electrical grid is presented. The method is performed in a RBS of a radio communications network. The RBS comprises one or more power supply units, PSU, connected to the electrical grid. The method comprises: detecting (S220) a deviation in a measured grid frequency in a PSU (1) of the one or more PSUs, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of a power factor correction, PFC, unit (2) of the PSU; in response to the detected deviation, deactivating (S230) one or more PSUs to prevent the RBS from drawing power from the electrical grid; based on the detected deviation, determining (S240) one or more further PSUs to deactivate, wherein the RBS is located in a first frequency control reserve, FCR, zone and the one or more further PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone; and sending (S250) a deactivation indication to the determined one or more further PSUs. A method, a RBS, a PSU, a computer program and a computer program product for providing frequency balancing in an electrical grid are also presented.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to methods for frequency balancing in a power grid, radio base stations, PSUs, computer program products, and computer programs. Background Technology

[0002] Alternating current (AC) power grids and power transmission experience frequency variations on transmission lines, based on the different user loads connected to the grid.

[0003] A nation's national power grid typically uses a method called frequency control reserve (FCR) to stabilize the grid frequency at approximately 50 Hz or 60 Hz. If the frequency is not stable enough, the total power generation in the transmission lines will collapse, leading to power outages.

[0004] Countries are generally divided into different power grid regions, such as four regions called S1 to S4 (depending on the country), and different power generation units generate electricity within each power grid region. There are also generally dedicated power generation units for supporting normal grid operation (FCR-N) and for supporting disturbance conditions (FCR-D).

[0005] The power generation units supporting FCR-N and FCR-D are inefficient and have problems meeting the time delay requirements to support rapid control of 100 MHz frequency variations. Summary of the Invention

[0006] One goal is to enable the reduction of signaling delays for frequency balancing in the power grid.

[0007] According to a first aspect, a method for providing frequency balancing in a power grid is presented. The method is performed in a radio base station (RBS) of a radio communication network. The RBS includes one or more power supply units (PSUs) connected to the power grid. The method includes: detecting a deviation of the grid frequency measured in one of the one or more PSUs, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of a power factor correction (PFC) unit of the PSU; deactivating one or more PSUs in response to the detected deviation to prevent the RBS from drawing power from the grid; determining one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated based on the detected deviation, wherein the RBS is located in a first frequency control reserve (FCR) zone, and the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone; and sending a deactivation instruction to the determined one or more additional PSUs. By using an existing RBS, frequency balancing in the power grid is achieved without constructing new generators. Low-latency PSU control is enabled by upstream measurement of the PFC. The presented method also enables multi-chain FCR control activation based on the FCR zone surrounding the RBS.

[0008] The method may further include configuring a Service Layer Agreement (SLA) for the RBS for SCADA signaling for supervisory control and data acquisition. This enables low-latency signaling by using, for example, a radio scheduler to utilize higher bandwidth and higher frequencies in signaling between SCADA, RAN, and RBS.

[0009] This method may further include negotiating FCR control of the RBS with the grid's SCADA system. This method enables the use of the FCR mechanism to scale different RBSs and RANs for grid support and SCADA interaction.

[0010] One or more additional PSUs can be determined based on the grid frequency measured in one or more additional PSUs. By using information from, for example, the RAN network on different RBSs via S1, information can be highlighted for better control and implementation of FCR adjustments.

[0011] The method may further include detecting a return of the grid frequency measured in the PSU to the normal grid frequency, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit of the PSU, and determining which PSU in the deactivated PSU should be activated based on the grid frequency measured in the deactivated PSU.

[0012] Activation determination may include whether the backup battery is charged.

[0013] Deactivation instructions can be sent via the X2 interface. By using an existing interface like X2, signaling is more efficient compared to other existing solutions.

[0014] The detection and deactivation steps can be performed in the PSU. Deactivation can be performed within 200 ms of detection when the measured frequency deviation is at least 0.06 Hz / s.

[0015] The RBS can be powered by three-phase electricity via one or more PSUs per phase.

[0016] The RBS may include a battery backup configured to power the RBS when one or more PSUs are deactivated.

[0017] The method may further include: predicting future FCR activations of RBS and / or data center infrastructure through machine learning; and initiating chain control of FCR partitioning and FCR activation via S1 and X2 interfaces.

[0018] According to a second aspect, a method for providing frequency balance in a power grid is presented. The method is performed in a power supply unit (PSU) connected to the power grid. The method includes: detecting a deviation of the power grid frequency measured in the PSU, wherein the power grid frequency is measured upstream of a PFC unit of the PSU; deactivating the PSU in response to the detected deviation to prevent the PSU from drawing power from the power grid; determining one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated based on the detected deviation, wherein the PSU is located in a first FCR zone, and the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone; and sending a deactivation instruction to the determined one or more additional PSUs.

[0019] The method may further include configuring an SLA for the PSU for SCADA signaling.

[0020] The method may further include negotiating the FCR control of the PSU with the SCADA of the power grid.

[0021] One or more additional PSUs may be determined based on the grid frequency measured in one or more additional PSUs.

[0022] The method may further include: detecting a return of the grid frequency measured in the PSU to a normal grid frequency, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit of the PSU; and determining, based on the grid frequency measured in the deactivated PSU, when to activate which PSU in the deactivated PSU. The determination of activation may include whether conditions for charging the backup battery are met.

[0023] When the measured frequency deviation is at least 0.06 Hz / s, deactivation can be performed within 200 ms of detection.

[0024] The method may further include: predicting future FCR activations of RBS and / or data center infrastructure through machine learning; and initiating chain control of FCR partitioning and FCR activation via S1 and X2 interfaces.

[0025] According to a third aspect, an RBS for frequency balancing in a power grid is presented. The RBS includes one or more power supply units (PSUs) connected to the power grid. Each PSU includes processing circuitry and a computer program product storing instructions that, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the one or more PSUs to: detect a deviation of the power grid frequency measured in one of the PSUs, wherein the power grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit of the PSU; deactivate the one or more PSUs in response to the detected deviation to prevent the RBS from drawing power from the power grid; determine, based on the detected deviation, one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated, wherein the RBS is located in a first FCR zone, and the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone; and send a deactivation instruction to the determined one or more additional PSUs.

[0026] According to a fourth aspect, a power supply unit (PSU) for frequency balancing in a power grid is presented. The PSU is connected to the power grid. The PSU includes processing circuitry and a computer program product storing instructions that, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the PSU to: detect a deviation of the power grid frequency measured in the PSU, wherein the power grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit of the PSU; deactivate the PSU in response to the detected deviation to prevent the PSU from drawing power from the power grid; determine one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated based on the detected deviation, wherein the PSU is located in a first FCR zone, and the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone; and send a deactivation instruction to the determined one or more additional PSUs.

[0027] According to a fifth aspect, a computer program for frequency balancing in a power grid is presented. The computer program includes computer program code that, when operating in a radio base station RBS comprising one or more PSUs connected to the power grid, causes the one or more PSUs to: detect a deviation of the power grid frequency measured in one of the PSUs, wherein the power grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit of the PSU; deactivate the one or more PSUs in response to the detected deviation to prevent the RBS from drawing power from the power grid; determine, based on the detected deviation, one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated, wherein the RBS is located in a first FCR zone, and the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone; and send a deactivation instruction to the determined one or more additional PSUs.

[0028] According to a sixth aspect, a computer program for frequency balancing in a power grid is presented. The computer program includes computer program code that, when running in a power supply unit (PSU) connected to the power grid, causes the PSU to: detect a deviation of the power grid frequency measured in the PSU, wherein the power grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit of the PSU; deactivate the PSU in response to the detected deviation to prevent the PSU from drawing power from the power grid; determine, based on the detected deviation, one or more other PSUs to be deactivated, wherein the PSU is located in a first FCR zone, and the one or more other PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone; and send a deactivation instruction to the determined one or more other PSUs.

[0029] It also presents a computer program product comprising a computer program and a computer-readable storage component thereon storing the computer program.

[0030] By using grid frequency measurement upstream of the PFC unit (or other frequency measurement processor) in the PSU, the time delay of deactivating power drawn from the grid is achieved.

[0031] Generally, unless otherwise expressly defined herein, all terms used in the claims shall be interpreted in accordance with their ordinary meaning in the art. Unless otherwise expressly stated, all references to “a / an” / the element, device, component, part, step, etc. shall be openly interpreted as referring to at least one instance of the element, device, component, part, step, etc. Unless expressly indicated, the steps of any method disclosed herein are not necessarily performed in the exact order disclosed. Attached Figure Description

[0032] Aspects and embodiments will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a PSU according to an embodiment presented herein; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the scheduler allocation between FCR regions according to the embodiments presented herein; Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram illustrating the frequency balance in the power grid; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the FCR region adjustment according to the embodiments presented herein; Figure 5A and Figure 5B This is a flowchart that schematically illustrates an embodiment of the method presented herein; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the FCR region adjustment according to the embodiments presented herein; Figure 7 and Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the signaling of frequency balance according to the embodiments presented herein; Figure 9A and Figure 9B This is a diagram schematically illustrating some components of the apparatus presented herein; and Figure 10A and Figure 10B This is a diagram that schematically illustrates the functional modules of the device presented in this article. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The aspects of this disclosure will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which certain embodiments of the invention are illustrated.

[0034] However, these aspects may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limiting; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example so that this disclosure will fully and completely convey the scope of all aspects of the invention to those skilled in the art. Throughout this description, similar reference numerals refer to similar elements.

[0035] This paper presents a solution to enable the use of radio base stations (RBS) to provide frequency balancing in the power grid with low signaling latency. Since RBSs generally have battery backup facilities, they can be advantageously used to support the power grid to which they are connected. Furthermore, the geographically dispersed nature of RBSs allows them to be advantageously used for active support of frequency control reserves (FCR) based on different locations.

[0036] Today, FCR units are generally various generators (or other power generation devices) configured to add or / and remove energy from the grid to increase or decrease the frequency in the grid.

[0037] For example, in Sweden, power units need to meet certain requirements to support FCR (Free-Range Control). The minimum power activation is 0.1 MW. Normal FCR (FCR-N) regulation is within the range of 49.9-50.1 Hz, i.e., within 0.1 Hz of 50 Hz. Disruptive FCR (FCR-D) regulation is upward within the range of 49.9-49.5 Hz. FCR-D regulation is downward within the range of 50.1-50.5 Hz. If 0.1 MW of energy is insufficient to support FCR, different energy reserves should be activated every second. Different FCR zones can be activated.

[0038] In Sweden, there are numerous RBSs from different operators, and each RBS typically provides only a portion of the minimum power FCR activation. This situation is generally applicable to other countries, and this article uses Sweden as an example only. This can be addressed by connecting multiple RBSs within the FCR area to achieve minimum power FCR activation. The challenging aspects of using multiple RBSs to support FCR relate to the response to FCR activation signals and the latency requirements for enabling fast response. Signaling between different devices from different operators is a critical aspect and requires improvement.

[0039] Another factor affecting frequency stability is the increase in renewable energy generation, which makes power generation unpredictable and requires low-latency control to avoid overcompensating the grid.

[0040] Examples of current existing systems address activation signals and latency with round-trip times of 7-10 seconds. Response time is a problem for today's devices, encompassing frequency measurement, platform, network latency, and power supply unit (PSU) delays.

[0041] Between 3 and 5 seconds after the activation command is sent, an average 50% reduction in input current (and power) can be achieved. The rectifier starts reacting quickly in the test, in about one second, but takes more than two seconds to bring the output voltage down to a level sufficient to allow for more than 50% load.

[0042] By establishing an aggregation point from the grid control system (also known as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)) to the RBS, the RBS can become an active part of the grid support system, activating or deactivating the RBS's energy demand. By simultaneously deactivating the power demand of several RBSs, no additional grid generation and transmission line support is required, thereby supporting and enabling FCR control.

[0043] Response time and low latency requirements are among the most critical challenges to overcome in FCR control, and this can be mitigated by using new 5G technologies. Response time and latency effects in... Figure 3 As shown. The grid frequency initially approaches the expected 50 Hz change. At time 1 s, the grid frequency drops by 0.1 Hz within one second, a deviation still within the FCR-N handling range. Figure 3 As shown, in this situation, the FCR-N treatment attempts to bring the grid frequency back to near 50 Hz. However, if the grid frequency remains below 49.9 Hz after 2 seconds, the FCR-D adjustment will be applied upwards until the grid frequency returns to normal.

[0044] In particular, 5G RBSs are suitable for FCR networks and control, but other PSU units can also be used in a similar manner. Currently, there is a large installed base of RBSs in Sweden. RBSs and data center infrastructure consume significant amounts of power and generally have backup battery facilities. In Sweden, there are over 47,000 RBSs, which can have up to approximately 188 MW of available power (depending on the number of base stations) for FCR control.

[0045] When the RBS location meets the FCR requirements, it can be used as a virtual FCR generator / reserve. The RBS radio can be used to signal to other FCR generators or control the substation via the radio access network (RAN), primarily due to the lower latency in signaling.

[0046] By activating the radio dispatcher, for example, within and based on the Service Layer Agreement (SLA) to utilize the radio dispatcher's higher bandwidth and higher frequency, latency in signaling from SCADA-RAN-RBS can be significantly reduced via, for example, S1 signaling, and PSU control can be adjusted within the 100 mHz region required in FCR-N.

[0047] With dedicated initial measurements and reaction controls within the PSU (for one or more RBSs), reaction time can be significantly reduced for FCR use.

[0048] Control communications allocated via a radio dispatcher can be used to apply FCR control to nearby sites in the RAN network through the X2 interface, thereby reducing latency and response.

[0049] By aligning different RBSs in the RAN network, response time and frequency can be synchronized, and frequency changes based on radio scheduler allocation reduce control latency.

[0050] According to one aspect, referring to Figure 5A An embodiment of a method for providing frequency balance in a power grid is presented. The method is performed in a PSU 1 connected to the power grid. In processing block S120, a deviation of the grid frequency measured in PSU 1 is detected. The grid frequency is measured upstream of the power factor correction (PFC) unit 2 (or other frequency processing unit) of PSU 1. In processing block S130, in response to the detected deviation, PSU 1 is deactivated to prevent PSU 1 from drawing power from the grid. In processing block S140, based on the detected deviation, one or more additional PSU 1s to be deactivated are determined. PSU 1 is located in a first FCR zone, while the one or more additional PSU 1s are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone. In processing block S150, a deactivation instruction is sent to the determined one or more additional PSU 1s.

[0051] The method may further include an optional processing block S100, in which an SLA is configured for the PSU for SCADA signaling. In an optional processing block S110, FCR control of the PSU is negotiated with the SCADA system of the power grid.

[0052] One or more additional PSUs may be determined based on the grid frequency measured in one or more additional PSUs.

[0053] In optional processing block S160, the grid frequency measured in PSU 1 is detected to have returned to the normal grid frequency. The grid frequency is measured upstream of PFC unit 2 of PSU 1. In optional processing block S170, the PSUs to be activated or deactivated are determined. Which PSU among the deactivated PSUs is activated and when it is activated is based on the grid frequency measured in the deactivated PSU.

[0054] Processing box S140 may include conditions for whether to charge the backup battery.

[0055] When the measured frequency deviation is at least 0.06 Hz / s, processing block S130 can be executed within 200 ms after processing block S120.

[0056] According to one aspect, referring to Figure 5B An embodiment of a method for providing frequency balance in a power grid is presented. The method is performed in an RBS (Radio Service Base) of a radio communication network. The RBS includes one or more Power Units (PSUs) connected to the power grid. In processing block S220, a deviation of the power grid frequency measured in PSU 1 of the one or more PSUs is detected. The power grid frequency is measured upstream of the power factor correction (PFC) unit 2 of this PSU. In processing block S230, in response to the detected deviation, one or more PSUs are deactivated to prevent the RBS from drawing power from the power grid. In processing block S240, based on the detected deviation, one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated are determined. The RBS is located in a first FCR (Frequency Control Zone), while the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone. In processing block S250, a deactivation instruction is sent to the determined one or more additional PSUs.

[0057] The method may further include an optional processing block S200, in which an SLA is configured for the RBS for SCADA signaling. In an optional processing block S210, FCR control of the RBS is negotiated with the grid's SCADA.

[0058] One or more additional PSUs may be determined based on the grid frequency measured in one or more additional PSUs.

[0059] The method may further include an optional processing block S260, wherein the grid frequency measured in the PSU returns to the normal grid frequency, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit 2 of the PSU. In an optional processing block S270, the activation of the deactivated PSU is determined. Which PSU is activated and when it is activated is based on the grid frequency measured in the deactivated PSU.

[0060] The determination in processing block S270 may include conditions for whether to charge the backup battery.

[0061] The deactivation instruction in the processing box S250 can be sent via the X2 interface.

[0062] Processing blocks S220, S230, and S260 can be executed in the PSU.

[0063] When the measured frequency deviation is at least 0.06 Hz / s, processing block S230 can be executed within 200 ms after processing block S220.

[0064] The RBS can be powered by three-phase electricity via one or more PSUs per phase.

[0065] The RBS may include a battery backup configured to power the RBS when one or more PSUs are deactivated.

[0066] Now we will combine Figure 1-2 , Figure 4 and Figure 6-1 0. A more detailed explanation and description of the operations shown in Figure 5.

[0067] By establishing aggregation points from SCADA 31 to PSU 1 (or other control units) for several PSU 1 units, the method presented in this paper enables the use of PSU 1 to become an active part of the grid support system, activating or deactivating PSU energy demand. By simultaneously deactivating the power demand of several PSUs, no additional grid generation is required, thereby supporting and enabling FCR control.

[0068] PSU 1 or other control units 8 and aggregation point 7 can communicate with the SCADA system to determine when it is active or deactivated and how much energy is used / not used.

[0069] Aggregation point 7 can be controlled by either PSU 1 or RBS 8 to provide a network of synchronized base stations for FCR control via SLA. By turning on PSU 1, RBS 8 (or in the data center) can release the power used to varying degrees, depending on the demand from SCADA 31. When PSU 1 is turned off, RBS 8 will instead operate in a partial state-of-charge (PSOC) mode, running on battery power, for shorter periods (e.g., in minutes or hours, depending on the FCR signal) between 80% and 20% of its battery capacity.

[0070] The RBS 8 may further be provided with a battery, which is divided into a portion for FCR control and another portion for backup of the RBS. The SLA may also add only the battery's FCR control portion to the controller defining the energy portion, or it may add a battery backup portion to the controller defining the energy portion.

[0071] Figure 1 The diagram schematically illustrates a PSU 1 of the RBS. PSU 1 includes a PFC unit 2, which is connected to the power grid and to the RBS via a DC / DC converter 3. PSU 1 also includes a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller 5, configured to control the DC / DC converter 3 and communicate with the RBS's baseband (BB) controller 6. To improve the response time of PSU 1, PSU 1 further includes a frequency measurement unit 4, configured to measure the grid frequency upstream of PFC unit 2 (i.e., as close to the grid as possible). Frequency measurement unit 4 can also be configured to communicate with other PSUs, thereby enabling synchronous signaling to other PSUs via point-to-point synchronization signals (PSU synchronization directly related to improving low latency) through an aggregation controller 7. Aggregation controller 7 can be used to simultaneously deactivate all PSUs within the same RBS. The PWM controller 5 can then be deactivated with minimal response time based on the grid frequency measurement (which improves latency) made by frequency measurement unit 4. Frequency variations up to 100 MHz can then be controlled in less than one second. PSU 1 achieves this by measuring frequency changes, calculating the time derivative / slope of the frequency, and ultimately stimulating the off control in PWM controller 5. The slope measured at 0.06 Hz / s can activate the off control within 200 ms, or within a 200 ms delay / time delay in frequency measurement unit 4.

[0072] Based on, for example, SLA, the radio dispatcher 9 in the BB controller 6 can proactively select physical resource blocks (PRBs) with higher frequency subcarriers (i.e., higher bandwidth) and higher spectrum (band) to reduce latency for other devices and substations in the radio network. The radio dispatcher can further allocate only high-frequency time slots (subcarriers) and bands for signaling. Higher frequency subcarriers can be used for 5G, such as b 28-50 GHz.

[0073] In a RAN network, the X2 interface can be used to communicate with other RBSs to align or synchronize frequency adjustments (within the RAN), which enables synchronization of RBSs and FCR areas for low latency.

[0074] By aligning different RBS 8s in the RAN network, response time and frequency are synchronized, which allows the radio scheduler allocation to adapt to frequency changes in advance. This method reduces latency in the FCR area.

[0075] Similarly, the RBS's backup battery can be used to store power from the grid (within the PSOC) to reduce grid frequency. A bidirectional PSU is required to provide this functionality.

[0076] SLAs from SCADA can be a simple set of parameters, such as coverage area and power requirements. Capability opening nodes, such as Service Capability Opening Function (SCEF) and Network Opening Function (NEF) in 5G, can pick up requests from SCADA and then communicate with Home Subscriber Server (HSS) and Mobility Management Entity (MME) nodes (Unified Data Management (UDM) and Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) in 5G) to associate coverage with cell identities (IDs) and use the S1 interface to activate frequency channel numbers (FCNs) on these cell IDs that match the coverage requirements of SCADA.

[0077] Radio dispatcher allocation can be used to calculate remaining power for internal FCR control mechanisms in additional PSUs, and can also be used for radio dispatcher allocation to reduce latency (i.e., high subcarrier, high spectrum) for other equipment such as generators or substation units.

[0078] The first reaction and control activation can be performed at 100 mHz via the PSU in the RBS in less than one second.

[0079] Based on the power demand required by the FCR from SCADA, the RAN network can initiate several FCR control signals to the RBS based on the generation of the FCR area power map relative to other RBS locations. Each RBS can determine and activate its PSU, but then needs to provide the information to the RAN within a certain time frame within milliseconds.

[0080] Figure 2 Communication between several RBSs 8 (8a, 8b, 8c, 8d) within RAN 30 connected to SCADA 31 is illustrated. The first RBS 8a is shown using an evolved Node B1 (eNB1) or next-generation eNB1 (gNB1) base station in the first FCR area or area FCR1. The second, third, and fourth RBSs 8b-8d are also shown using corresponding eNB2 / gNB2, eNB3 / gNB3, and eNB4 / gNB4 base stations, each representing its own FCR area or area FCR2, FCR3, and FCR4. Each RBS 8 radioly communicates with RAN 30 via interface S1 and with adjacent RBSs via interface X2. RAN 30 is shown using an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core network (5GC). RAN 30 may have negotiated the FCR conditions with SCADA 31 in advance (e.g., the day before the agreed conditions are applied). For example, the protocol can target a specific amount of electricity in one or more FCR zones during a specific time period of the day.

[0081] To meet the negotiated FCR conditions, the first RBS 8a can deactivate its PSU and send a deactivation instruction to another adjacent RBS via the X2 interface, or to another RAN base station via the S1 interface. The deactivation instruction preferably indicates the remaining power to be stopped and / or the amount of power to be stopped. Battery reserve capacity depends on how many are installed in each corresponding RBS site and how much power each of those RBSs uses during the deactivation period. Furthermore, the PSOC of the battery operation can affect the battery reserve capacity.

[0082] Figure 4 As shown, several RBSs can be aggregated for an FCR region or zone. In FCR1, four RBSs eNB1 / gNB1, eNB2 / gNB2, eNB3 / gNB3, and eNB4 / gNB4 are aggregated for a total of 1 MW. In FCR2, four other RBSs eNB5 / gNB5, eNB6 / gNB6, eNB7 / gNB7, and eNB8 / gNB8 are aggregated for 2 MW. And in FCR3, a single RBS eNB9 / gNB9 and all its PSUs are aggregated for 0.5 MW. Each FCR region or zone can be combined as follows. Figure 2 Configure it as described. Furthermore, the RAN can divide RBS locations into FCR region locations. Mapping RBSs to FCR regions can be performed via machine learning (ML). FCR deviation chains using the RAN S1 and X2 interfaces can also be performed via ML by selecting which regions to activate or deactivate.

[0083] The most important requirement for FCR control is to activate the reserves in the RBS to the grid within a sufficiently short time period (delay / speed). If the device has too much delay, it cannot apply this functionality.

[0084] It can perform machine learning (ML) to learn FCR activation patterns and predict future FCR activation for RBS and / or data center infrastructure, and initiate chain control methods for FCR partitioning and FCR activation via S1 and X2 interfaces. Then, when activation control signals are expected to be received from SCADA, data processing can be used for modeling and real-time calculation.

[0085] ML inputs can include: SLA-based initiation for FCR control of RBS.

[0086] The input signal from SCADA to start FCR requires a response.

[0087] Input power from SCADA demand response, each 0.1 MW, total required MW.

[0088] The input PSU can measure the frequency deviation relative to 50 Hz in 100 mHz steps, where the frequency derivative is measured.

[0089] Inputting nearby RBSs can activate each other via X2 notification through RAN.

[0090] To obtain available power for FCR control and RBS standby PSOC operation.

[0091] Information / signals are acquired via a scheduler that has only high-frequency subcarriers (high bandwidth in the scheduler) or higher frequency bands (higher spectrum) to reduce latency (SLA sets frequency allocation).

[0092] The output from ML can then be: Initiation of SLA-based FCR control.

[0093] The PSU is controlled by the RBS internal first control for 100 mHz steps.

[0094] Control of the PSU with a step size greater than 100 mHz is achieved via a second control via SCADA.

[0095] RBS batteries should be operated in PSOC mode, with low battery capacity checks between 80% and 20% and an end signal.

[0096] RAN: Notify and activate nearby RBSs via S1, or notify and activate several RBSs via S1.

[0097] The RAN network maps RBSs in the FCR region and how much power is released in each region.

[0098] RAN: Initiates chain FCR control commands for the FCR partition.

[0099] The FCR control will be terminated by sending a signal to SCADA.

[0100] Energy from backup batteries derived from renewable energy sources can be stored during the day and used at night. This is because energy can be stored at night for use during the day due to lower prices at night.

[0101] Figure 6 This describes how different PSUs can be connected within the site and within RAN 30. Substation 32 is connected to the first site, site 1. Site 1 is an RBS with three-phase feeding, where the first phase transmission line L1 feeds PSU1 and PSU2. The second phase transmission line L2 feeds PSU3 and PSU4, and the third phase transmission line L3 feeds PSU5 and PSU N+1. Each PSU communicates with BB 6 and is connected to PDU 33. PDU 33 is in turn connected to radios 1, 2, and n+1. BB 6 communicates with RAN 30 via interface S1 and with another similar site n+1 via interface X2. RAN 30 communicates with SCADA 31.

[0102] Figure 7 This is an example of a signaling diagram between SCADA 31, RBS 8, BB 6, PSU 1, and RAN 30.

[0103] SCADA 31 first checks RAN 30a for FCR availability. RAN 30a initiates an FCR availability check for RBS18a based on the SLA. Subsequently, RAN 30a initiates FCR area mapping to compare RBS locations relative to available FCR power. RAN 30a sends an FCR ready message back to SCADA 31, which then applies FCR control to RBS18a.

[0104] After RAN 30a has sent the message back to SCADA 31, RAN 30a checks for additional available RBS 8b. Subsequently, based on signaling from SCADA 31, RAN 30a initiates a large-scale FCR via interface S1 for control purposes. The additional RBSn+1 8b checks all available reserves for the corresponding RBS PSOC and dispatch power for the FCR. Then, RAN 30a notifies RBS1 8a of available power and battery capacity via S1.

[0105] RBS1 8a checks all available reserves for the dispatch power at the corresponding RBS PSOC and BB dispatcher 6 for the FCR. BB dispatcher 6 processes the calculations and returns a numerical value for the available / required MW (kW) for RBS1 8a.

[0106] RBS1 8a and RBSn+1 8b notify RAN 30a that they are ready for FCR. RAN 30a then sends an instruction to start FCR back to RBS1 8a and RBSn+1 8b.

[0107] RBS1 8a performs the first control of FCR by measuring the frequency deviation in all of its PSUn+1 units. Each PSU 1 calculates the derivative based on the frequency and time deviation. If necessary, each PSU 1 deactivates itself by turning off. PSU 1 notifies RBS1 8a that FCR is activated.

[0108] RBS1 8a sends FCR control information to the nearby RBSn+1 8b. Each nearby RBSn+1 8b checks its own FCR control and then notifies RAN 30a of FCR activation. RAN 30a checks for at least one hour of FCR completion and sends it to RBS1 8a.

[0109] The nearby RBSn+1 8b receives the FCR time completion check from another RAN 30b. The information sent to the neighboring RBS includes frequency deviation, the need to participate in FCR, and the FCR area. By exchanging information with neighboring RBSs, signaling latency is reduced. Similarly, regarding the deactivation of FCR control, information could be that the frequency is within limits.

[0110] RBS1 8a activates its PSU 1 and notifies RAN 30a to deactivate the FCR control. RAN 30a deactivates the FCR control of the nearby RBSn+18b and notifies SCADA 31 to deactivate the FCR control.

[0111] Figure 8 This is an example of a signaling diagram between SCADA 31, RBS 8, BB 6, other devices 34, and RAN 30.

[0112] SCADA 31 first sends an FCR activation signal to RAN 30. RAN 30 checks the SLA for FCR activation and sends the FCR activation to RBS18a.

[0113] BB scheduler 6 allocates high subcarriers and / or higher frequency bands to RBS1 8a and sends commands (activation or deactivation signals) to RBS1 8a. BB scheduler 6 still controls service data, and for FCR areas, it may be necessary to quickly reactivate RBS1 8a again.

[0114] RBS1 8a sends control signals related to frequency and power information to other devices in preparation for possible activation later. Subsequently, RBS1 8a sends FCR activation information to RAN 30. In response, RAN 30 sends FCR activation information to SCADA 31.

[0115] After activation, RAN 30 calculates when the FCR time has elapsed and sends the elapsed time information to other devices. Subsequently, RAN 30 sends a command to other devices to disable FCR control and also notifies SCADA 31.

[0116] According to one aspect, referring to Figure 1 and Figure 9A An embodiment of a power supply unit (PSU) for frequency balancing in a power grid is presented. PSU 1 is connected to the power grid. The PSU includes processing circuitry 10 and computer program products 12, 13 storing instructions 14, 15, which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the PSU to: detect a deviation of the power grid frequency measured in PSU 1, wherein the power grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit 2 of the PSU; deactivate the PSU in response to the detected deviation to prevent the PSU from drawing power from the power grid; determine one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated based on the detected deviation, wherein the PSU is located in a first FCR zone, and the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone; and send a deactivation instruction to the determined one or more additional PSUs.

[0117] Figure 9A This is a schematic diagram showing some components of PSU 1. Processing circuitry 10 can be provided using any combination of one or more of the following: a suitable central processing unit (CPU), multiprocessor circuitry, microcontroller, digital signal processing circuitry (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc., capable of executing software instructions of a computer program 14 stored in memory. Therefore, memory can be considered as being, or forming part of, the computer program product 12. Processing circuitry 10 can be configured to execute instructions described herein. Figure 5A The method described.

[0118] The memory can be any combination of read-write memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The memory may also include persistent storage devices, which can be any single or combination of, for example, magnetic storage, optical storage, solid-state storage, or even remotely mounted storage.

[0119] A second computer program product 13 in the form of a data memory may also be provided for reading and / or storing data, for example, during the execution of software instructions in the processing circuitry 10. The data memory may be any combination of read-write memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM), and may also include persistent storage devices, which may be any single or combination of, for example, magnetic storage, optical storage, solid-state storage, or even remotely mounted memory. The data memory may, for example, hold other software instructions 15 to improve the functionality of the PSU 1.

[0120] PSU 1 may further include an input / output (I / O) interface 11, including, for example, a user interface. PSU 1 may further include a receiver configured to receive signaling from other nodes and a transmitter (not shown) configured to transmit signaling to other nodes. Other components of PSU 1 are omitted to avoid obscuring the concepts presented herein.

[0121] According to one aspect, referring to Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 9B An embodiment of an RBS for frequency balancing in a power grid is presented. The RBS 8 includes one or more Power Supply Units (PSUs) connected to the power grid. Each PSU includes processing circuitry 20 and computer program products 22 and 23 storing instructions 24 and 25, which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the one or more PSUs to: detect a deviation of the grid frequency measured in PSU 1 of the one or more PSUs, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit 2 of the PSU; deactivate the one or more PSUs in response to the detected deviation to prevent the RBS from drawing power from the grid; determine, based on the detected deviation, one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated, wherein the RBS is located in a first FCR zone, and the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone; and send a deactivation instruction to the determined one or more additional PSUs.

[0122] Figure 9B This is a schematic diagram illustrating some components of RBS 8. Processing circuitry 20 can be provided using any combination of one or more of the following: a suitable central processing unit (CPU), multiprocessor circuitry, microcontroller, digital signal processing circuitry (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc., capable of executing software instructions of a computer program 24 stored in memory. Therefore, memory can be considered as being, or forming part of, the computer program product 22. Processing circuitry 20 can be configured to execute instructions described herein. Figure 5B The method described.

[0123] The memory can be any combination of read-write memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The memory may also include persistent storage devices, which can be any single or combination of magnetic storage, optical storage, solid-state storage, or even remotely mounted memory.

[0124] A second computer program product 23 in the form of a data memory may also be provided for reading and / or storing data, for example, during the execution of software instructions in the processing circuitry 20. The data memory may be any combination of read-write memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM), and may also include persistent storage devices, which may be any single or combination of, for example, magnetic storage, optical storage, solid-state storage, or even remotely mounted memory. The data memory may, for example, hold other software instructions 25 to improve the functionality of RBS 8.

[0125] RBS 8 may further include an input / output (I / O) interface 21, including, for example, a user interface. RBS 8 may further include a receiver configured to receive signaling from other nodes and a transmitter (not shown) configured to transmit signaling to other nodes. Other components of RBS 8 are omitted to avoid obscuring the concepts presented herein.

[0126] According to one aspect, referring to Figure 10A An embodiment of a PSU 1 for providing frequency balance in a power grid is presented. PSU 1 includes a determination manager 80 for: detecting a deviation of the grid frequency measured in PSU 1, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit 2 of the PSU; deactivating the PSU in response to the detected deviation to prevent the PSU from drawing power from the grid; and determining one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated based on the detected deviation, wherein the PSU is located in a first FCR zone, and the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone. PSU 1 also includes a communication manager 81 for sending deactivation instructions to the determined one or more additional PSUs.

[0127] Figure 10A This is a schematic diagram illustrating the functional blocks of PSU 1. Modules may be implemented solely as software instructions (such as computer programs executed in a cache server), solely as hardware (such as application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays, discrete logic components, transceivers, etc.), or as a combination thereof. In alternative embodiments, some functional blocks may be implemented in software, while others may be implemented in hardware. Modules correspond to... Figure 5AThe process blocks in the method shown include a determination manager unit 80 and a communication manager unit 81. In embodiments where one or more modules are implemented by a computer program, it should be understood that these modules do not necessarily correspond to process modules, but can be written as instructions according to the programming language in which they will be implemented, since some programming languages ​​typically do not contain process modules.

[0128] The frequency balance manager 80 is used to provide frequency balance in the power grid. This module corresponds to... Figure 5A The processing blocks S100, S120, S130, S140, S160, and S170. When running a computer program, this module can, for example, be accessed through... Figure 9A The processing circuit 10 is used to implement this.

[0129] The communication manager 91 is used to provide frequency balance in the power grid. This module corresponds to... Figure 5A The processing blocks S110 and S150. When running a computer program, this module can, for example, be accessed through... Figure 9A The processing circuit 10 is used to implement this.

[0130] According to one aspect, referring to Figure 10B An embodiment of an RBS 8 for providing frequency balance in a power grid is presented. The RBS 8 includes a determination manager 90 for: detecting a deviation of the grid frequency measured in PSU 1 of one or more PSUs, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit 2 of the PSU; deactivating one or more PSUs in response to the detected deviation to prevent the RBS from drawing power from the grid; and determining one or more additional PSUs to be deactivated based on the detected deviation, wherein the RBS is located in a first FCR zone, and the one or more additional PSUs are located in a second FCR zone different from the first FCR zone. The RBS 8 also includes a communication manager 91 for sending deactivation instructions to the determined one or more additional PSUs.

[0131] Figure 10B This is a schematic diagram illustrating the functional blocks of RBS 8. Modules may be implemented solely as software instructions (such as computer programs executed in a cache server), solely as hardware (such as application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays, discrete logic components, transceivers, etc.), or as a combination thereof. In alternative embodiments, some functional blocks may be implemented in software, while others may be implemented in hardware. Modules correspond to... Figure 5B The process blocks in the method shown include a determination manager unit 90 and a communication manager unit 91. In embodiments where one or more modules are implemented by a computer program, it should be understood that these modules do not necessarily correspond to process modules, but can be written as instructions according to the programming language in which they will be implemented, since some programming languages ​​typically do not contain process modules.

[0132] The determination manager 90 is used to provide frequency balance in the power grid. This module corresponds to... Figure 5B The processing blocks S200, S220, S230, S240, S260, and S270. When running a computer program, this module can, for example, through... Figure 9B The processing circuit 20 is used to implement this.

[0133] The communication manager 91 is used to provide frequency balance in the power grid. This module corresponds to... Figure 5B The processing blocks S210 and S250. When running a computer program, this module can, for example, be accessed through... Figure 9B The processing circuit 20 is used to implement this.

[0134] A computer program product comprising a computer program and a computer-readable storage component thereon storing the computer program is also presented.

[0135] The foregoing description has primarily referred to several embodiments and examples thereof. However, those skilled in the art will readily recognize that other embodiments different from those disclosed above are also possible within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for providing frequency balancing in a power grid using more than one radio base station (RBS) in a radio access network, said RBS being connected to said power grid and including one or more power supply units (PSUs), said method comprising: -Detect (S220) the deviation of the grid frequency measured in PSU (1) of one or more PSUs, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the power factor correction PFC unit (2) of the PSU; - In response to the detected deviation, deactivate (S230) one or more PSUs of the first RBS to prevent the first RBS from drawing power from the grid; - Based on the detected deviation, determine (S240) one or more additional PSUs of the second RBS to be deactivated, wherein the first RBS is located in the first frequency control reserve (FCR) region, and the second RBS is located in a second FCR region different from the first FCR region; and - Send a deactivation instruction (S250) to one or more additional PSUs of the determined second RBS.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: - Configure a Service Layer Protocol (SLA) for each RBS (S200) for SCADA signaling used for supervisory control and data acquisition.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising: - Negotiate (S210) the FCR control of the RBS with the SCADA of the power grid.

4. The method as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, The one or more additional PSUs are determined based on the grid frequency measured in the one or more additional PSUs.

5. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising: -Detection (S260) The grid frequency measured in the PSU returns to the normal grid frequency, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the PFC unit (2) of the PSU; - Based on the grid frequency measured in the deactivated PSU, determine (S270) when to activate which PSU among the deactivated PSUs.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein, The activation determination includes whether to charge the backup battery.

7. The method as described in claim 1 or 2, wherein, The deactivation instruction is sent from the first FCR area to the second FCR area via the X2 interface.

8. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein, The detection and deactivation steps are performed in the PSU.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein, When the measured frequency deviation is at least 0.06 Hz / s, the deactivation is performed within 200 ms of the detection.

10. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein, The RBS is powered by three-phase electricity via one or more PSUs per phase.

11. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein, The RBS includes a battery backup configured to power the RBS when one or more PSUs are deactivated.

12. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising: Predict future FCR activations of RBS and / or data center infrastructure using machine learning; and initiate chain control of FCR partitioning and FCR activation via S1 and X2 interfaces.

13. A method for providing frequency balance in a power grid, performed by a radio base station (RBS) in a radio access network, the RBS being connected to the power grid and including one or more power supply units (PSUs), the method comprising: -Detect (S120) the deviation of the grid frequency measured in the PSU (1) of the RBS, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the power factor correction PFC unit (2) of the PSU; - In response to the detected deviation, deactivate (S130) the PSU of the RBS to prevent the PSU from drawing power from the grid; - Based on the detected deviation, determine (S140) one or more additional PSUs of another RBS to be deactivated, wherein the RBS is located in a first frequency control reserve (FCR) region, and the other RBS is located in a second FCR region different from the first FCR region; and - Send a deactivation instruction (S150) to one or more additional PSUs of the other RBS that have been identified.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: - Configure the Service Layer Protocol (SLA) for the PSU (S100) for SCADA signaling for supervisory control and data acquisition.

15. The method of claim 13 or 14, further comprising: - Negotiate (S110) the FCR control of the PSU with the SCADA of the power grid.

16. The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein, The one or more additional PSUs are determined based on the grid frequency measured in the one or more additional PSUs.

17. The method of claim 13 or 14, further comprising: -Detection (S160) The grid frequency measured in the PSU returns to the normal grid frequency, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the power factor correction PFC unit (2) of the PSU; - Based on the grid frequency measured in the deactivated PSU, determine (S170) when to activate which PSU among the deactivated PSUs.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein, The activation determination includes whether to charge the backup battery.

19. The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein, When the measured frequency deviation is at least 0.06 Hz / s, the deactivation is performed within 200 ms of the detection.

20. The method of claim 13 or 14, further comprising: Predict future FCR activations of RBS and / or data center infrastructure using machine learning; and initiate chain control of FCR partitioning and FCR activation via S1 and X2 interfaces.

21. A radio base station (RBS) in a radio access network for frequency balancing in a power grid, the RBS (8) being connected to the power grid and comprising one or more power supply units (PSUs), the one or more PSUs comprising: Processing circuit (20); as well as Computer program products (22, 23) storing instructions (24, 25), which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the one or more PSUs to: - Detect the deviation of the grid frequency measured in the PSU (1) of one or more PSUs in the RBS, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the power factor correction PFC unit (2) of the PSU. - In response to the detected deviation, deactivate one or more PSUs of the RBS to prevent the RBS from drawing power from the grid; - Based on the detected deviation, determine one or more additional PSUs of another RBS to be deactivated, wherein the RBS is located in a first frequency control reserve (FCR) region, and the other RBS is located in a second FCR region different from the first FCR region; and - Send the deactivation instruction to one or more additional PSUs of the other RBS that have been identified.

22. A power supply unit (PSU) for frequency balancing in a radio access network (RBS) connected to the power grid, the PSU comprising: Processing circuit (10); as well as A computer program product (12, 13) storing instructions (14, 15), which, when executed by the processing circuitry, cause the PSU to: - Detect the deviation of the grid frequency measured in the PSU (1), wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the power factor correction PFC unit (2) of the PSU; - In response to the detected deviation, deactivate the PSU to prevent the PSU from drawing power from the grid; - Based on the detected deviation, determine one or more additional PSUs of another RBS to be deactivated, wherein the RBS is located in a first frequency control reserve (FCR) region, and the other RBS is located in a second FCR region different from the first FCR region; and - Send the deactivation instruction to one or more additional PSUs of the other RBS that have been identified.

23. A computer program product for frequency balancing in a power grid, the computer program product comprising computer program code that, when operated in a radio base station (RBS) connected to the power grid and comprising one or more power supply units (PSUs), causes the one or more PSUs to: - Detect the deviation of the grid frequency measured in PSU (1) of one or more PSUs, wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the power factor correction PFC unit (2) of the PSU; - In response to the detected deviation, deactivate one or more PSUs to prevent the RBS from drawing power from the grid; - Based on the detected deviation, determine one or more additional PSUs of another RBS to be deactivated, wherein the RBS is located in a first frequency control reserve (FCR) region, and the other RBS is located in a second FCR region different from the first FCR region; and - Send the deactivation instruction to one or more additional PSUs of the other RBS that have been identified.

24. A computer program product for frequency balancing in a power grid, the computer program product comprising computer program code that, when operated in a power supply unit (PSU) of a radio base station (RBS) connected to the power grid in a radio access network, causes the PSU to: - Detect the deviation of the grid frequency measured in the PSU (1), wherein the grid frequency is measured upstream of the power factor correction PFC unit (2) of the PSU; - In response to the detected deviation, deactivate the PSU to prevent the PSU from drawing power from the grid; - Based on the detected deviation, determine one or more additional PSUs of another RBS to be deactivated, wherein the RBS is located in a first frequency control reserve (FCR) region, and the other RBS is located in a second FCR region different from the first FCR region; and - Send the deactivation instruction to one or more additional PSUs of the other RBS that have been identified.

25. A computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon, wherein, When executed by a processor, the instructions implement the method of any one of claims 1 to 20.

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