Method and apparatus for estimating battery state

Abstract

A method and apparatus for estimating a state of a battery are disclosed. The method includes obtaining a measured voltage of the battery from a sensor connected to the battery, obtaining an estimated voltage of the battery from an electrochemical model stored in a memory, estimating an aging change of the battery based on the measured voltage and the estimated voltage, and updating an aging parameter of the electrochemical model using the aging change.

Description

[0001] This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0027942, filed on March 3, 2021, with the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2022-0002616, filed on January 7, 2022, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Technical Field

[0002] The following description relates to methods and apparatus for estimating battery state. Background Technology

[0003] For battery management, various methods can be used to estimate the battery state. For example, the battery state can be estimated by integrating the battery current or by using a battery model (e.g., a circuit model).

[0004] The more frequently a battery is exposed to management environments that accelerate aging (e.g., fast charging, fast discharging, low or high temperature environments), the greater the need for predictive battery state information that reflects its aging condition. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention is provided in a brief form to introduce the choice of concepts further described in the following detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to help determine the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0006] In one general aspect, a processor-implemented method for estimating battery state includes: obtaining a measured voltage of the battery from a sensor connected to the battery; obtaining an estimated voltage of the battery from an electrochemical model stored in memory; estimating aging changes of the battery based on the measured voltage and the estimated voltage; and using the aging changes to update aging parameters of the electrochemical model.

[0007] The steps for estimating aging changes may include estimating aging changes based on the difference in response characteristics between the estimated voltage and the measured voltage of the battery.

[0008] The steps for estimating aging changes may include: determining the increase in resistance based on the estimated change in voltage, the measured change in voltage, and the change in battery current, and determining the change in the resistance of the anode solid electrolyte interface (SEI) as an aging change based on the increase in resistance.

[0009] The steps for estimating aging changes may include: determining the aging change as the ratio between the response characteristics of an estimated voltage based on battery discharge and the response characteristics of a measured voltage.

[0010] The ratio between the response characteristics of the estimated voltage and the response characteristics of the measured voltage may include one of the following: the ratio between the slope determined from the estimated voltage and the slope determined from the measured voltage at two points during the battery's usage period; and the ratio between the area determined from the estimated voltage and the area determined from the measured voltage at two points during the battery's usage period.

[0011] The two points within the battery's usage period may correspond to the start and end of the off-state period for the corrector of the electrochemical model, or to a period within the off-state period where the battery current change is less than or equal to a first threshold.

[0012] The steps for estimating aging changes may include estimating aging changes in response to a corrector for the electrochemical model being controlled to be off.

[0013] The method may further include using battery state information estimated by an electrochemical model to control the operating state of a corrector for the electrochemical model.

[0014] The method may include: controlling the calibrator to be in a closed state in response to any one of the battery's state information, the battery's ion concentration, and the battery's active material capacity being greater than a second threshold or falling within a first range.

[0015] The method may include: if any of the battery's state information, the battery's ion concentration, and the battery's active material capacity corresponds to a period in which the change in the battery's anode open-circuit potential (OCP) is less than or equal to a third threshold and the change in the battery's cathode OCP is greater than or equal to a fourth threshold, then the corrector is controlled to be in a closed state.

[0016] The steps for estimating aging changes may include: in response to the calibrator being controlled to be in the on state, determining the degree to which the battery state information is corrected by the calibrator as aging changes.

[0017] The method may include: controlling the calibrator to be turned on in response to any one of the battery status information, battery ion concentration, and battery active material capacity being less than a fifth threshold or falling within a second range.

[0018] The method may include: if any one of the battery's state information, the battery's ion concentration, and the battery's active material capacity corresponds to a change in the battery's anode OCP that is greater than or equal to a sixth threshold for a certain period of time, then the corrector is controlled to be in the on state.

[0019] The method may further include: storing aging changes in a memory; and updating the aging parameters using one or more aging changes stored in the memory in response to reaching an update condition for the aging parameters.

[0020] Whether an update condition has been met can be determined based on one or more of the following: the number of battery cycles, the cumulative battery capacity, the cumulative battery usage time, and the amount of aging changes stored in memory.

[0021] Aging parameters may include one or more of the following: anode SEI resistance, cathode active material capacity, and electrode balance shift.

[0022] The method may further include: using an electrochemical model with updated aging parameters to estimate the state information of the battery.

[0023] In another general aspect, an apparatus for estimating the state of a battery includes: a memory configured to store an electrochemical model; a sensor configured to measure the voltage of the battery; and a processor configured to estimate aging changes of the battery based on the measured voltage of the battery and the estimated voltage obtained from the electrochemical model, and to update the aging parameters of the electrochemical model using the aging changes.

[0024] In another general aspect, a mobile device includes: a display; a battery configured to power the display; a memory configured to store an electrochemical model for the battery; and a processor configured to use the electrochemical model to estimate the voltage of the battery.

[0025] The diagonal length of a monitor can range from 10 centimeters (cm) to 70 centimeters.

[0026] The diagonal length of the monitor can be 50cm or less.

[0027] The cell capacity of the battery can be 10 ampere-hours (Ah) or less.

[0028] The processor can be a microcontroller unit (MCU).

[0029] The capacity of the volatile memory included in the memory can be from 2 kilobytes to 8 kilobytes per cell.

[0030] The capacity of the non-volatile memory included in the memory can be from 20 kilobytes to 100 kilobytes per cell.

[0031] The mobile device may also include a power management integrated circuit (PMIC), in which memory and a processor are included.

[0032] The mobile device may also include a PMIC, wherein the memory and processor are not included in the PMIC.

[0033] The mobile device may also include a camera configured to photograph a user viewing a display.

[0034] The mobile device may also include a housing, wherein the battery, memory, and processor may be disposed between the housing and the display.

[0035] The display can be a touchscreen display configured to detect touch gestures from user input.

[0036] The mobile device may further include: a communicator configured to communicate with an external device, wherein the communicator may also be configured to send data received from the external device to a processor, and to send data processed by the processor to the external device.

[0037] The mobile device may further include a speaker configured to output sound according to operation of the mobile device.

[0038] In another general aspect, an apparatus includes: a memory configured to store an electrochemical model for a battery; and one or more processors configured to: determine an estimated voltage of the battery using the electrochemical model, measure the actual voltage of the battery, determine a voltage difference between the estimated voltage and the actual voltage of the battery, determine a state change of the battery based on the voltage difference, and update the internal state of the electrochemical model using the state change.

[0039] The one or more processors may be configured to update the internal state of the electrochemical model by correcting one or both of the ion concentration distribution within the active material particles or the ion concentration distribution in the electrodes based on changes in the state of the battery.

[0040] The one or more processors may be configured to correct the battery's state information based on the internal state of the electrochemical model after the electrochemical model has been updated using state changes.

[0041] The one or more processors may be configured to update battery aging parameters based on the degree to which battery state information is corrected.

[0042] Other features and aspects will become clear from the following detailed description, drawings, and claims. Attached Figure Description

[0043] Figure 1 An example of a battery system is shown.

[0044] Figure 2 An example of an electrochemical model is shown.

[0045] Figure 3 An example is shown showing the difference between the measured voltage and the estimated voltage.

[0046] Figure 4 An example of updating the anode SEI resistance as an aging parameter is shown.

[0047] Figure 5 , Figure 6 , Figure 7 , Figure 8 and Figure 9 An example is shown showing the capacity of the cathode active material as an aging parameter.

[0048] Figure 10 An example of how the corrector operates is shown.

[0049] Figure 11 and Figure 12 An example is shown of updating the electrode balance shift as an aging parameter.

[0050] Figure 13 An example of estimating battery state is shown.

[0051] Figure 14 This illustrates an example of updating aging parameters using one or more aging changes stored in memory.

[0052] Figure 15 An example of a battery state estimation device is shown.

[0053] Figure 16 An example of a battery state estimation method is shown.

[0054] Figure 17 and Figure 18 An example of a mobile device is shown.

[0055] Throughout the accompanying drawings and detailed embodiments, unless otherwise described or provided, the same reference numerals will be understood to denote the same elements, features, and structures. The drawings may not be to scale, and for clarity, illustration, and convenience, the relative sizes, proportions, and depictions of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated. Detailed Implementation

[0056] The following detailed embodiments are provided to aid the reader in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the methods, apparatus, and / or systems described herein. However, various changes, modifications, and equivalents of the methods, apparatus, and / or systems described herein will become apparent upon understanding this disclosure. For example, the order of operations described herein is merely illustrative and is not limited to those orders set forth herein, but may be changed as will become clear upon understanding this disclosure, except for operations that must occur in a specific order.

[0057] The features described herein may be implemented in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the examples described herein. Rather, the examples described herein have been provided merely to illustrate some of the many feasible ways of implementing the methods, apparatus, and / or systems described herein that will be clear upon understanding the disclosure of this application.

[0058] The detailed structural or functional descriptions below are provided as examples only, and various changes and modifications can be made to these examples. These examples are not to be construed as limited to the public disclosure and should be understood to include all changes, equivalents, and substitutions within the scope of the disclosed ideas and techniques.

[0059] Terms (such as first, second, etc.) may be used to describe components. Each of these terms is not used to define the nature, order, or sequence of the corresponding component, but only to distinguish the corresponding component from one or more other components. For example, the first component may be referred to as the second component, and similarly, the second component may be referred to as the first component.

[0060] It should be noted that if a component is described as being “connected,” “joined,” or “engaged” to another component, then even though the first component may be directly connected, joined, or engaged to the second component, the third component may also be “connected,” “joined,” or “engaged” between the first and second components.

[0061] Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, the singular form is intended to include the plural form as well. It will also be understood that when the terms “comprising” and / or “including” are used herein, they indicate the presence of the stated features, wholes, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, wholes, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or their totality.

[0062] Unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein (including technical and scientific terms) shall have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. Unless expressly defined herein, terms (such as those defined in a general dictionary) shall be interpreted as having a meaning consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant field and shall not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formalized sense.

[0063] In the following description, examples will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. When describing examples with reference to the accompanying drawings, the same reference numerals denote the same elements, and repeated descriptions related to them will be omitted.

[0064] Figure 1 An example of a battery system is shown.

[0065] Reference Figure 1 The battery system 100 includes a battery 110 and a battery state estimation device 120.

[0066] Battery 110 may be one or more individual battery cells, battery modules or battery packs, and may be a rechargeable battery.

[0067] The battery state estimation device 120 may be a device for estimating the battery state for managing the battery 110, and includes, for example, a battery management system (BMS). The battery state estimation device 120 collects sensing data by sensing the battery 110 using one or more sensors. For example, the sensing data may include voltage data, current data, and / or temperature data. According to an example, the battery state estimation device 120 may not include sensors and may receive sensing data from separate sensors or additional devices.

[0068] The battery state estimation device 120 can estimate the state information of the battery 110 based on sensing data and output the results. The state information may include, for example, state of charge (SOC), relative state of charge (RSOC), state of health (SOH), and / or abnormal state information. The battery model used to estimate the state information will be referred to later. Figure 2 An electrochemical model is described.

[0069] The battery state estimation device 120 can reflect the aging state of the battery 110 in the battery model, thereby estimating state information reflecting the aging state of the battery 110.

[0070] Various aging factors exist in battery 110 (such as an increase in simple resistivity, a decrease in the amount of active material at the cathode or anode, and the occurrence of lithium (Li) plating). Specifically, aspects of aging can vary depending on the user's usage patterns and environment. For example, even if battery 110 has the same capacity reduction due to aging, the internal state of an aged battery 110 can differ. To more accurately reflect aging in the battery model, aging parameters of the battery, estimated by analyzing the response characteristics (e.g., voltage, etc.) of batteries aged according to the user, can be updated in the battery model.

[0071] The battery state estimation device 120 will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0072] Figure 2 An example of an electrochemical model is shown.

[0073] Reference Figure 2Electrochemical models can estimate a battery's remaining capacity by modeling its internal physical phenomena, such as ion concentration and potential. In other words, an electrochemical model can be represented by physical conservation equations related to the electrochemical reactions occurring at the electrode / electrolyte interface, the concentrations of the electrodes / electrolytes, and charge conservation. Various model parameters are used for this purpose, such as shape (e.g., thickness, radius), open-circuit potential (OCP), and physical property values ​​(e.g., conductivity, ionic conductivity, diffusion coefficient, etc.).

[0074] In the electrochemical model, various state variables (such as concentration and potential) can be coupled to each other. The estimated voltage 210 estimated by the electrochemical model can be the potential difference between the cathode and anode, and the ion concentration distribution at the cathode and anode can affect the potentials at the cathode and anode (see 220). Furthermore, the average ion concentration at the cathode and anode can be estimated as the SOC 230 of the cell.

[0075] The ion concentration distribution can be either an ion concentration distribution 240 in the electrode or an ion concentration distribution 250 in the active material particles present at predetermined locations in the electrode. The ion concentration distribution 240 in the electrode can be a surface ion concentration distribution or an average ion concentration distribution of the active material particles located in the electrode direction, and the electrode direction can be the direction connecting one end of the electrode (e.g., the boundary adjacent to the collector) and the other end of the electrode (e.g., the boundary adjacent to the separator). Furthermore, the ion concentration distribution 250 in the active material particles can be an ion concentration distribution within the active material particles according to the center direction of the active material particles, and the center direction of the active material particles can be the direction connecting the center of the active material particles and the surface of the active material particles.

[0076] In order to refer to Figure 10 The described corrector reduces the voltage difference between the sensed voltage and the estimated voltage by shifting the ion concentration distribution in each of the cathode and anode while maintaining the physical conservation associated with concentration. The potential of each of the cathode and anode can be derived based on the shifted concentration distribution, and the voltage can be calculated based on the derived potential of each of the cathode and anode. By deriving an internal state shift from the sensed voltage to the estimated voltage ("0") from the corrector, the battery state estimation device can estimate the battery's state of charge (SOC) with greater accuracy.

[0077] Figure 3 An example is shown showing the difference between the measured voltage and the estimated voltage.

[0078] Reference Figure 3 The measured and estimated voltages, which change as the battery is used and discharged, are illustrated exemplarily. Figure 3In this context, the measured voltage can be the battery voltage measured by a voltage meter, while the estimated voltage can be the battery voltage estimated by a battery model.

[0079] Because the initial electrochemical model reflects the fresh state of the battery before it ages, the error between the estimated voltage of the electrochemical model and the measured voltage of the actual aged battery can gradually increase as the battery ages. Furthermore, even if the electrochemical model reflects updated aging parameters, the error between the estimated voltage of the electrochemical model reflecting the previous aging state and the measured voltage of the actual aged battery may gradually increase as the battery continues to age according to usage patterns or environment.

[0080] The second curve, Graph 320, shows that the difference between the estimated voltage and the measured voltage gradually increases as the battery ages. Based on this difference in response characteristics between the estimated and measured voltages, the battery state estimation device can estimate changes in aging parameters and reflect these changes in the electrochemical model. Aging parameters are parameters that indicate the aging state of the battery, included among multiple parameters in the electrochemical model, and may include, for example, one or a combination of two or more of the following: anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance, cathode active material capacity, and electrode balance shift.

[0081] The second curve 320 may correspond to a portion of the entire usage period of the battery, and the voltage variation during the entire usage period is shown in the first curve 310. The second curve 320 shows the period in which the internal state of the electrochemical model is not corrected by the calibrator, which will be described later, and the remaining period after removing this period from the first curve 310 has the form of a curve showing the estimated voltage matching the measured voltage, as the internal state of the electrochemical model is corrected by the calibrator. However, since the calibrator only corrects the battery's SOC value or the internal state of the electrochemical model, and not the aging parameters that belong to the model parameters, the difference between the estimated voltage of the battery model and the measured voltage of the actual battery may gradually increase when the calibrator is temporarily turned off. (Refer to...) Figure 10 The corrector is described further.

[0082] Figure 4 An example of updating the anode SEI resistance as an aging parameter is shown.

[0083] Figure 4 The graph exemplifies how the estimated voltage and measured voltage change according to variations in the battery current. (Compared to...) Figure 3 Compared to the first curve 310, Figure 4The graph illustrates voltage changes over relatively short time periods. For example, when a battery-powered electronic device performs a high-power task or when an electronic device in sleep mode is awakened, the battery current can suddenly increase. Furthermore, various factors can cause voltage fluctuations due to a variety of reasons. Figure 4 The change in current is shown in the figure.

[0084] The anode SEI resistance can be defined as the resistance generated when the SEI layer accumulates on the anode surface due to anodic side reactions. As aging progresses, the anode SEI resistance can gradually increase. The anode SEI resistance can be updated based on the difference in response characteristics between the estimated voltage and the measured voltage when the calibrator is off. The battery state estimation device can determine this resistance increase based on changes in the estimated voltage, the measured voltage, and the current, as can be represented by Equation 1.

[0085] Equation 1:

[0086] dV Fresh =V1 Fresh -V2 Fresh

[0087] dV Aged =V1 Aged -V2 Aged

[0088] d(dV)=dV Aged -dV Fresh

[0089] =(V1) Aged -V2 Aged )-(V1 Fresh -V2 Fresh )

[0090] dI = I2 - I1

[0091]

[0092] In equation 1, dV Fresh This represents the estimated voltage change of the battery as estimated by the electrochemical model, and can be calculated for two points in between where the current change is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold. Here, the electrochemical model can be an initial electrochemical model reflecting a new state of the battery before aging, or an electrochemical model reflecting a previously aged state. dV Aged This represents the change in the measured voltage of the actual battery. dI represents the change in current and can be determined as F × Δj. n F represents the Faraday constant, Δj n This represents the change in current density. dΩ represents the increase in resistance, and the change in the anode SEI resistance. As shown in Equation 2, it can be determined by increasing the resistance.

[0093] Equation 2:

[0094]

[0095]

[0096] In Equation 2, an represents the specific surface area of ​​the anolyte active material, and eps represents the surface area of ​​the anolyte active material. a，s This represents the volume fraction of the anolyte active material, and r a The radius of the anolyte is represented by ln. The thickness of the anolyte is represented by ln, and the area is represented by the area of ​​the anolyte.

[0097] A battery state estimation device can identify changes in anode SEI resistance as aging changes and use these identified changes to update the anode SEI resistance, which is one of the aging parameters. In some examples, the identified changes in anode SEI resistance are not immediately reflected in the aging parameters but are stored in memory. If update conditions are met, the aging parameters of the electrochemical model can be updated based on the values ​​already stored in memory (e.g., average, moving average, etc.). This will refer to... Figure 14 It is described in detail.

[0098] Figures 5 to 9 An example is shown showing the capacity of the cathode active material as an aging parameter.

[0099] Reference Figure 5 The figure shows the single-cell voltage, cathode OCP, and anode OCP measured when the battery is discharging.

[0100] Individual voltage V cell It is the measured voltage of the battery, and can be determined as V. CA -V ANThe cathode OCP decreases gradually as the battery is used and discharged. Compared to the anode OCP, the cathode OCP decreases relatively constantly, and the rate of decrease can become gradually flattened, while the anode OCP has a relatively flat slope in the early stages, but a steep slope at the end. Specifically, the anode OCP may have a slope of "0" degrees or close to "0" degrees in the early stages. The reduction in the capacity of the cathode active material, as described below, can be determined within interval 510 where the slope of the anode OCP is "0" degrees or close to "0". Interval 510 may correspond to a period when the battery's SOC is high. In other words, the interval 510 for estimating the decrease in the capacity of the cathode active material is the period when the battery's state information (e.g., SOC) is greater than a predetermined threshold or falls within a predetermined range. Within interval 510, the calibrator can be controlled to be in an off state. Furthermore, since the state information of the battery has a predetermined correlation with the ion concentration and the capacity of the active material of the battery, in addition to the state information of the battery, the interval 510 can also be detected based on one of the ion concentration and the capacity of the active material of the battery.

[0101] The capacity of the cathode active material is an indicator that the amount of active material capable of receiving lithium ions at the cathode decreases in response to aging. The more severe the aging, the greater the decrease in the capacity of the cathode active material. When the calibrator is off, the capacity of the cathode active material can be updated based on the difference in response characteristics between the estimated voltage and the measured voltage. Battery state estimation devices can determine the capacity of the cathode active material using the ratio between the response characteristics of the estimated voltage and the response characteristics of the measured voltage based on the battery's discharge, as expressed by Equation 3.

[0102] Equation 3:

[0103] CA capacity_aged =CA capacity ×CA ratio

[0104] In equation 3, CA capacity CA represents the capacity of the cathode active material as reflected in the initial electrochemical model or an electrochemical model reflecting the previous aging state. ratio The rate of change in the capacity of the cathode active material, which is determined as a ratio between response characteristics, and can be determined based on the degree of battery aging as described below, thus corresponding to aging changes. CA capacity_aged This represents the capacity of the cathode active material as an aging parameter in the electrochemical model.

[0105] Battery state estimation devices can reflect the determined capacity (CA) of the cathode active material in an electrochemical model. capacity_agedThis is used to update the aging parameters corresponding to the capacity of the cathode active material. In some examples, the ratios between determined response characteristics are not immediately reflected in the aging parameters but are stored in memory. If update conditions are met, the aging parameters of the electrochemical model can be updated based on the values ​​already stored in memory (e.g., average, moving average, etc.). This will refer to... Figure 14 It is described in detail.

[0106] The ratio between response characteristics can be determined based on the estimated and measured voltages at two points within the calibrator's off-state period. For example, the ratio could be the ratio between the slope determined from the estimated voltage and the slope determined from the measured voltage at two points within the battery's usage period, or it could be the ratio between the area determined from the estimated voltage and the area determined from the measured voltage between two points within the battery's usage period. The two points within the usage period could be the start and end points of the calibrator's off-state period, or they could be two points within a monotonically decreasing interval within the off-state period. Therefore, it may be necessary to prevent such overflow, which will be referred to below. Figures 6 to 9 Detailed description.

[0107] Reference Figure 6 The ratio between the response characteristics can be determined as the ratio between a first slope and a second slope, wherein the first slope can be determined based on the estimated voltage V1 at the start t1 and end t2 of the corrector's off-state period. Fresh and V2 Fresh The second slope can be determined based on the measured voltage V1 at the starting point t1 and the ending point t2. Aged and V2 Aged To determine. In some examples, when the battery current is due to the electronic device at a predetermined time point t. a When the task being performed decreases, the battery voltage can suddenly increase. However, the ratio between response characteristics can be determined solely based on the ratio between the first slope and the second slope. Due to the calibrator being off, the difference between the estimated voltage and the measured voltage can gradually increase over time, and this characteristic difference can be expressed as the ratio between the first slope and the second slope. The ratio between response characteristics can be represented by Equation 4.

[0108] Equation 4:

[0109]

[0110] and Figure 6 The examples are different. Figure 7The two points t3 and t4 shown correspond to an example of a monotonically decreasing interval 710 within the calibrator's off-state period, in which the battery current change is less than or equal to a predetermined threshold. If the task performed by the electronic device is changed while the calibrator is off, the measured and estimated voltages of the battery may change drastically. For example, if the electronic device performs a predetermined task and then switches to sleep mode upon task termination, or if the electronic device performs a heavy task and then a light task, the battery current may decrease, and the measured and estimated voltages of the battery may increase. To prevent the increase in the measured and estimated voltages of the battery caused by changes in battery current from affecting the response characteristics, a monotonically decreasing interval 710 can be identified within the calibrator's off-state period, and the two points t3 and t4 within this monotonically decreasing interval can be used to determine the ratio between the response characteristics. The monotonically decreasing interval 710 can be a period in which the battery current change is less than or equal to a predetermined threshold (i.e., a period in which the current change is not caused by a change in the task). The ratio between the response characteristics can be determined based on the ratio between the third slope and the fourth slope, where the third slope can be determined based on the estimated voltage V3 at two points t3 and t4 corresponding to the start and end points of the monotonically decreasing interval 710. Fresh and V4 Fresh The fourth slope can be determined based on the measured voltage V3 at two points t3 and t4. Aged and V4 Aged To determine.

[0111] and Figure 6 and Figure 7 The examples are different. Figure 8 An example is shown where the ratio between response characteristics is determined as the ratio between a first area and a second area, where the first area (e.g., Figure 8 The area (represented by the plus sign) can be determined based on the estimated voltage between the start and end points t2 of the corrector's off-state period. The second area (e.g., Figure 8 The value (represented by a left slash) can be determined based on the measured voltage between the starting point t1 and the ending point t2. It can be obtained from the first estimated voltage V1 during the off-state period. Fresh Finally, the estimated voltage V2 Fresh The voltage is used to determine the first area. Similarly, the voltage V1 measured during the off-state period can be used. Aged Finally, the voltage V2 was measured. Aged The voltage is used to determine the second area. Since the calibrator is off, the difference between the estimated voltage and the measured voltage gradually increases over time, and this characteristic difference can be expressed as the ratio between the first area and the second area. The ratio between the response characteristics can be expressed by Equation 5.

[0112] Equation 5:

[0113]

[0114] Figure 8 The examples are different. Figure 9 The example shown illustrates two points t3 and t4 that determine the ratio between response characteristics, corresponding to a monotonically decreasing interval 910 during the calibrator's off-state period, in which the battery current change is less than or equal to a predetermined threshold. The ratio between response characteristics can be determined based on the ratio between a third area and a fourth area, wherein the third area can be determined based on the estimated voltage between two points t3 and t4 corresponding to the start and end points of the monotonically decreasing interval 910, and the fourth area can be determined based on the measured voltage between the two points t3 and t4. A first estimated voltage V3 within the monotonically decreasing interval 910 can be used. Fresh The final estimated voltage V4 Fresh The voltage is used to determine the third area. Similarly, the voltage from the first measured voltage V3 within the monotonically decreasing interval 910 can be used. Aged Finally, the voltage V4 was measured. Aged The voltage is used to determine the fourth area.

[0115] Figure 10 An example of how the corrector operates is shown.

[0116] Reference Figure 10 When an error occurs between the estimated voltage of battery 1010 estimated by electrochemical model 1030 and the measured voltage of battery 1010, the corrector 1020 can correct the internal state of electrochemical model 1030.

[0117] When using the electrochemical model 1030 to estimate state information, errors may occur between the sensor information obtained by measuring the current, voltage, and temperature data to be input into the electrochemical model 1030 and the state information calculated using the modeling scheme. Therefore, the corrector 1020 can correct these errors.

[0118] First, the voltage difference between the measured voltage of battery 1010 measured by the sensor and the estimated voltage of battery 1010 estimated by the electrochemical model 1030 can be determined.

[0119] The corrector 1020 can determine the state change of the battery 1010 using the voltage difference, previous state information estimated by the electrochemical model 1030, and an open-circuit voltage (OCV) table. The corrector 1020 can obtain the open-circuit voltage corresponding to the previous state information based on the OCV table and determine the state change of the battery 1010 by reflecting the voltage difference in the open-circuit voltage. For example, the state change may include a change in SOC.

[0120] The corrector 1020 can use state changes to update the internal state of the electrochemical model 1030. For example, the internal state of the electrochemical model 1030 may include one or a combination of two or more of the following: the voltage, overpotential, state of charge (SOC), cathode lithium-ion concentration distribution, anode lithium-ion concentration distribution, and electrolyte lithium-ion concentration distribution of the battery 1010, and may be in the form of a profile. The corrector 1020 can update the internal state of the electrochemical model 1030 by correcting the ion concentration distribution within the active material particles or in the electrodes based on the state changes of the battery 1010.

[0121] The battery state estimation device can use the internal state of the updated electrochemical model 1030 to estimate the state information of battery 1010.

[0122] As described above, the battery state estimation device can estimate the state information of battery 1010 with higher accuracy through a feedback structure. The feedback structure updates the internal state of electrochemical model 1030 by determining the state changes of battery 1010, so that the voltage difference between the measured voltage of battery 1010 and the estimated voltage of battery 1010 estimated by electrochemical model 1030 is minimized.

[0123] The operation of the aforementioned corrector 1020 can be used to update electrode balance shift, which will refer to Figure 11 and Figure 12 Detailed description.

[0124] Figure 11 and Figure 12 An example is shown where the electrode balance shift is updated as an aging parameter.

[0125] Figure 11 The diagram shows the cell voltage, cathode OCP, and anode OCP in the new, unaged state and the aged state of the battery.

[0126] The cell voltage profile indicates the battery's usage and discharge. The difference between the voltage in the new state and the voltage in the aged state can be greater at the low SOC at the end of discharge compared to the high SOC at the beginning of discharge. Specifically, at low SOC, a sharp change in the voltage difference between the new and aged states can occur. The reason for this can be found in the OCP profile. At low SOC, the cathode OCP shows a slight difference between the new and aged states, while the anode OCP can have a large difference. The anode OCP in the aged state can be a shape shifted to the left from the anode OCP in the new state; this can be called electrode balance shift.

[0127] Electrode balance shift indicates the degree of balance change between the cathode and anode caused by the phenomenon that lithium ions are chemically bonded to the anode through side reactions and cannot return to the cathode. The more severe the aging, the greater the electrode balance shift that can occur.

[0128] Reference Figure 12 The first estimated voltage of the battery, estimated by an initial electrochemical model or an electrochemical model reflecting the previous aging state, the second estimated voltage of the battery, estimated by an electrochemical model reflecting the increase in anode SEI resistance and the decrease in the capacity of cathode active material, and the measured voltage of the actual aged battery are shown.

[0129] Battery state estimation devices can use the degree to which the battery's state information (e.g., SOC) is corrected by a calibrator to update electrode balance shifts as an aging parameter. Figure 12 The curve can be used to obtain the correction degree of the calibrator. The first estimated voltage can be the voltage estimated by an electrochemical model that does not reflect the electrode balance shift, nor the increase in anode SEI resistance, or the decrease in the capacity of cathode active material. In this case, the calibrator can also compensate for differences caused by another aging parameter. Therefore, it may be difficult to obtain only the correction degree of the calibrator for electrode balance shift. The second estimated voltage can be the voltage estimated by an electrochemical model that reflects the increase in anode SEI resistance and the decrease in the capacity of cathode active material. In this case, the correction degree of the calibrator can be used for electrode balance shift. Therefore, the correction amount of SOC can be determined based on the degree to which the calibrator corrects the second estimated voltage to the measured voltage 1220. Since the SOC correction amount of the calibrator is determined based on the aging degree of the battery, the SOC correction amount can correspond to aging changes. The battery state estimation device can update the aging parameters of the electrochemical model by converting the SOC correction amount of the calibrator over a predetermined period of time into an electrode balance shift value. The predetermined period of time can be determined using the SOC based on the internal state of the electrochemical model (e.g., 0 to 50% SOC). Figure 12 Point 1210 in the equation can be the starting point for accumulating the correction amount of the corrector used to estimate the electrode balance shift value.

[0130] In some examples, the determined SOC correction is not immediately reflected in the electrochemical model but is stored in memory. If update conditions are met, the aging parameters of the electrochemical model can be updated based on the values ​​already stored in memory (e.g., average, moving average, etc.). This will refer to... Figure 14 It is described in detail.

[0131] Figure 13 An example of estimating battery state is shown.

[0132] Reference Figure 13The flowchart illustrates the process of estimating battery state using a battery state estimation device.

[0133] In operation 1301, the battery state estimation device may use sensors to measure the battery state. For example, the battery state estimation device may measure one or a combination of two or more of the battery's voltage, current, and temperature. The measured data may be in the form of a profile indicating how large the magnitude changes over time.

[0134] In operation 1302, the battery state estimation device can determine one of the state information (e.g., SOC, RSOC, SOH, etc.) and the estimated voltage of the battery, or a combination of both, through an electrochemical model. In this example, the electrochemical model may take into account one or a combination of the current and temperature measured in operation 1301.

[0135] In operation 1303, the battery state estimation device can use a calibrator to correct one or a combination of the battery's SOC value and the internal state of the electrochemical model by using the difference between the estimated voltage and the measured voltage.

[0136] In operation 1304, the battery state estimation device can determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters. For example, the battery state estimation device can use the estimated state of charge (SOC) of the battery to determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters. Furthermore, since the SOC of the battery has a predetermined correlation with the battery voltage, the battery state estimation device can use the estimated voltage of the battery to determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters. In the following description, for ease of description, an example of determining whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters based on the estimated SOC will be described. However, this description does not exclude examples of determining whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters based on the estimated voltage.

[0137] Aging parameters may include one or a combination of two or more of the following: anode SEI resistance, cathode active material capacity, and electrode balance shift. Operations 1304 to 1309 may be performed independently for each aging parameter, and operations 1304 to 1309 will be described separately for each aging parameter.

[0138] First, we will describe the case where the aging parameter is the anode SEI resistance.

[0139] In operation 1304, the battery state estimation device can use the estimated SOC of the battery to determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to the detection period of aging parameters. In the case of anode SEI resistance, aging parameters can be estimated across various SOC ranges. However, the accuracy of the electrochemical model is higher during high SOC periods when the resistance value is low. Therefore, aging parameters can be estimated during high SOC periods. Furthermore, the calibrator needs to be turned off to estimate the anode SEI resistance. If the calibrator is turned off during a different period than the period for estimating the capacity of the cathode active material, the proportion of the calibrator-off period in the entire operation period will increase. To minimize the calibrator-off period, the anode SEI resistance can be estimated simultaneously with the calibrator-off period for estimating the capacity of the cathode active material. In other words, the detection period for anode SEI resistance can be set to be the same as the detection period for the capacity of the cathode active material. In summary, the battery state estimation device can determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to the detection period of aging parameters based on whether the battery's state information (e.g., the estimated SOC of the battery) is greater than a predetermined threshold or falls within a predetermined range. Furthermore, since the battery's SOC has a predetermined correlation with the battery's ion concentration and the capacity of the active material, the battery state estimation device can determine whether the battery's current state corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters based on whether one of the battery's ion concentration or the capacity of the active material is greater than a predetermined threshold or falls within a predetermined range. For example, the detection period may correspond to... Figure 5 The interval 510 is shown in the diagram. For example, the battery state estimation device can determine that the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters in response to any one of the battery state information, the battery ion concentration, and the capacity of the battery active material being greater than a predetermined threshold or falling within a predetermined range. For example, the battery state estimation device can determine that the current state of the battery does not correspond to a detection period for aging parameters in response to any one of the battery state information, the battery ion concentration, and the capacity of the battery active material being less than or equal to a second predetermined threshold or falling within a second predetermined range. Here, the second predetermined threshold may be less than or equal to the predetermined threshold.

[0140] In operation 1305, the battery state estimation device can control the calibrator to be in the off state for a predetermined time to estimate the anode SEI resistance. As time passes, the battery state estimation device can control the calibrator to be turned on again.

[0141] In operation 1306, the battery state estimation device can use the measured voltage and the estimated voltage to estimate the aging changes of the battery. For example, the battery state estimation device can determine an increase in resistance based on changes in the estimated voltage, changes in the measured voltage, and changes in current, and determine the change in the anode SEI resistance as an aging change based on the increase in resistance.

[0142] In operation 1307, the battery state estimation device can store the change in anode SEI resistance as an estimated aging change in memory. The memory can be internal memory of the battery state estimation device or external memory connected to the battery state estimation device via a wired and / or wireless network.

[0143] In operation 1308, the battery state estimation device can determine whether the update condition for the anode SEI resistance has been met. This will refer to... Figure 14 The description is as follows. If the update conditions are met, operation 1309 can be performed next. Conversely, if the update conditions are not met, operation 1302 can be performed next.

[0144] In operation 1309, the battery state estimation device can use one or more aging changes stored in memory to update the anode SEI resistance value, which is an aging parameter of the electrochemical model. This will refer to... Figure 14 It is described in detail.

[0145] Some or all of the model parameters in an electrochemical model can influence each other; therefore, a change in one model parameter can affect other model parameters. Battery state estimation devices can also update other model parameters of the electrochemical model, excluding the anode SEI resistance, based on the anode SEI resistance value.

[0146] Next, we will describe the case where the aging parameter is the capacity of the cathode active material.

[0147] In operation 1304, the battery state estimation device can determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters based on whether the estimated SOC of the battery is greater than a predetermined threshold or falls within a predetermined range. Furthermore, the battery state estimation device can determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters based on whether the estimated SOC of the battery is within a period in which the capacity reduction characteristic of the cathode active material is maximized. For example, the battery state estimation device can determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters based on whether the battery's state information (e.g., the estimated SOC of the battery) corresponds to a period in which the change in the anode OCP of the battery is less than or equal to a predetermined first threshold and the change in the cathode OCP of the battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined second threshold. For example, as... Figure 5 As in interval 510, when the change in anode OCP is not significant but the change in cathode OCP is significant, and the estimated SOC of the battery is greater than or equal to a predetermined level, the battery state estimation device can determine the current state of the battery corresponding to the detection period of the aging parameters.

[0148] The estimated state of charge (SOC) of a battery can be determined by directly measuring the anode OCP and cathode OCP to determine whether the estimated SOC corresponds to a period in which the change in anode OCP is less than or equal to a predetermined first threshold and the change in cathode OCP is greater than or equal to a predetermined second threshold. Optionally, in some examples, the current state of the battery can be determined to correspond to a detection period for aging parameters based on whether the estimated SOC corresponds to the ion concentration and / or the capacity of the active material corresponding to that period. That is, the battery state estimation device can determine that the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters based on one of the battery's state information, the battery's ion concentration, and the capacity of the active material corresponding to a period in which the change in anode OCP is less than or equal to a predetermined first threshold and the change in cathode OCP is greater than or equal to a predetermined second threshold. In one example, the battery state estimation device can determine that the current state of the battery does not correspond to a detection period for aging parameters based on one of the battery's state information, the battery's ion concentration, and the capacity of the active material corresponding to a period in which the change in anode OCP is greater than or equal to a predetermined third threshold. Here, the predetermined third threshold may be greater than the predetermined first threshold.

[0149] In operation 1305, the battery state estimation device can control the calibrator to be in a closed state for a predetermined time to estimate the capacity of the cathode active material. As time passes, the battery state estimation device can control the calibrator to be turned on again.

[0150] In operation 1306, the battery state estimation device can determine the aging change as the ratio between the response characteristics of the estimated voltage and the response characteristics of the measured voltage, based on one or a combination of battery discharge and current changes.

[0151] The descriptions of operations 1307 to 1309 provided above can also be applied to cases where the aging parameter is the capacity of the cathode active material; therefore, further detailed descriptions will be omitted.

[0152] Finally, the aging parameters will be described in the case of electrode balance shift.

[0153] In operation 1304, the battery state estimation device can determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters based on whether one of the battery's state information (e.g., estimated SOC), ion concentration, and active material capacity is less than a predetermined threshold and / or falls within a predetermined range. Furthermore, the battery state estimation device can determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a detection period for aging parameters based on whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a period in which the electrode balance shift characteristic is maximized. For example, the current state of the battery can be determined based on one of the battery's SOC, ion concentration, and active material capacity to determine whether the current state of the battery corresponds to a period in which the electrode balance shift characteristic is maximized.

[0154] In operation 1305, the battery state estimation device can control the calibrator to be turned on in order to estimate electrode balance shift.

[0155] In operation 1306, the battery state estimation device can determine the degree to which the SOC value is corrected by the corrector as an aging change.

[0156] The descriptions of operations 1307 to 1309 provided above can also be applied to cases where the aging parameters are electrode balance shifts, therefore further detailed descriptions will be omitted.

[0157] In operation 1310, the battery state estimation device can determine whether a termination condition has been met. For example, it can be determined that the termination condition has been met when a predetermined operation time has elapsed. If the predetermined operation time has not elapsed, operation 1301 can then be performed. Conversely, if the predetermined operation time has elapsed, the battery state estimation operation can be terminated.

[0158] By operating the battery state estimation device described above, the aging parameters of the electrochemical model can be updated to actively track the aging state of the actual battery, which varies depending on the battery's usage pattern or environment.

[0159] Reference Figures 1 to 12 The provided description can be applied to Figure 13 The operations shown are omitted here, so further detailed descriptions will be omitted.

[0160] Figure 14 This illustrates an example of updating aging parameters using one or more aging changes stored in memory.

[0161] Reference Figure 14 This illustrates an example of storing aging changes in memory each time they are estimated. Figure 14 In the middle, A n-1 A n A n+3 This can be a sequential estimate of aging changes. When estimating aging changes A... n+3When the update condition is subsequently met, the final aging change A* to be used to update the aging parameters can be determined based on one or more aging changes stored in memory. For example, the final aging change A* can be determined as the aging change A between the current time point when the update condition is met and the final time point. n A n+3 The statistical values ​​(e.g., average, moving average, etc.) are used to determine the final aging change A*. Optionally, the final aging change A* can be determined as the statistical values ​​(n is a natural number) of the most recently estimated n aging changes based on the current time point at which the update conditions are met. Depending on the situation (e.g., if n is "5"), the aging change (e.g., A*) used to determine the previous aging parameters is also considered. n-1 This can also be used for this update.

[0162] Update conditions (or whether update conditions have been met) can be determined based on one or a combination of two or more of the following: battery cycle count, battery cumulative capacity, battery cumulative usage time, and the number of aging changes stored in memory. For example, to update aging parameters using multiple aging changes accumulated over multiple charge and discharge cycles, one or a combination of two or more of the following can be used as update conditions: battery cycle count, battery cumulative capacity, battery cumulative usage time, and the number of aging changes stored in memory. Update conditions can be set independently for each of the following: anode SEI resistance, cathode active material capacity, and electrode balance shift, allowing predetermined aging parameters to be updated more frequently compared to other aging parameters. However, examples of update conditions are not limited to this.

[0163] Figure 15 An example of a battery state estimation device is shown.

[0164] Reference Figure 15 The battery state estimation device 1500 includes a memory 1510 and a processor 1520. According to the example, the battery state estimation device 1500 may also include a sensor 1530. The memory 1510, processor 1520, and sensor 1530 can communicate with each other via a bus, a Fast Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCIe), or a Network on Chip (NoC).

[0165] Memory 1510 may include computer-readable instructions. When the instructions stored in memory 1510 are executed by processor 1520, processor 1520 can perform the aforementioned operations. Memory 1510 may include volatile memory and non-volatile memory. Memory 1510 stores an electrochemical model corresponding to the battery. Storing the electrochemical model may include storing information about the relationship between model parameters and variables of the electrochemical model.

[0166] For example, volatile memory may include random access memory (RAM) and may have a capacity of 2 kilobytes to 8 kilobytes per cell (i.e., volatile memory may allocate 2 kilobytes to 8 kilobytes of storage capacity per cell). If the battery comprises multiple cells, the capacity of the volatile memory may also increase according to the number of cells. For example, if the battery comprises three cells, the capacity of the volatile memory may be 6 kilobytes to 24 kilobytes.

[0167] The non-volatile memory may include flash memory and may store lookup tables (e.g., OCV tables) used in the electrochemical model, estimated aging changes, and compiled code executed by the battery state estimation device 1500. For example, the capacity of the non-volatile memory may be 20 kilobytes to 100 kilobytes per cell, and similarly, the capacity may be increased if the battery comprises multiple cells.

[0168] Sensor 1530 measures the voltage of the battery. According to the example, the battery state estimation device 1500 may additionally include sensors for measuring the current of the battery and / or sensors for measuring the temperature of the battery. Information measured by sensor 1530 may be sent to processor 1520. Sensor 1530 may or may not be part of the battery state estimation device 1500. For example, sensor 1530 may be part of the battery, and the battery state estimation device 1500 may receive and use the values ​​measured by sensor 1530.

[0169] Processor 1520 may be a device that executes instructions or programs or controls battery state estimation device 1500, and processor 1520 may be, for example, a microcontroller unit (MCU). Processor 1520 uses the measured voltage of the battery and the estimated voltage obtained from the electrochemical model to estimate the aging changes of the battery, and uses the aging changes to update the aging parameters of the electrochemical model. In addition, processor 1520 can use the electrochemical model with the updated aging parameters applied to estimate the state information of the battery.

[0170] The estimated aging changes described above can be used to update the aging parameters of the electrochemical model and are stored in non-volatile memory. When the battery state estimation device 1500 is reset, the aging changes stored in volatile memory can be erased, and the processor 1520 can update the aging parameters of the electrochemical model based on the aging changes stored in non-volatile memory.

[0171] The battery state estimation device 1500 can be installed on a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) or a fuel gauge integrated circuit (FGIC) and can also reflect the battery's aging state in the electrochemical model. The battery state estimation device 1500 can estimate the battery's aging parameters using a simple scheme of comparing voltage response characteristics based on the input current with a calibrator, thus reflecting aging in the electrochemical model at low cost. Furthermore, the aging parameters of the electrochemical model can be updated based on the battery's response characteristics, thus actively reflecting aging according to battery usage patterns or environmental conditions in the electrochemical model. Moreover, since the aging parameters of the electrochemical model are directly updated, the battery can be rapidly charged while effectively avoiding conditions that accelerate aging.

[0172] In addition, the battery state estimation device 1500 can handle the above operations.

[0173] Figure 16 An example of a battery state estimation method is shown.

[0174] Reference Figure 16 This illustrates a battery state estimation method executed by a processor located in a battery state estimation device.

[0175] In operation 1610, the battery state estimation device obtains the measured voltage of the battery from a sensor connected to the battery.

[0176] In operation 1620, the battery state estimation device obtains the estimated voltage of the battery from the electrochemical model stored in the memory.

[0177] In operation 1630, the battery state estimation device uses measured voltage and estimated voltage to estimate aging changes in the battery. The battery state estimation device can estimate aging changes using the difference in response characteristics between the estimated voltage and the measured voltage of the battery. For example, the battery state estimation device can determine an increase in resistance based on changes in estimated voltage, changes in measured voltage, and changes in current, and determine the change in anode SEI resistance as an aging change based on the increase in resistance. The battery state estimation device can determine the aging change as the ratio between the response characteristics of the estimated voltage and the response characteristics of the measured voltage based on battery discharge. In this case, the corrector of the electrochemical model can be controlled to be in the off state.

[0178] In addition, the battery state estimation device determines the degree to which the state information is corrected by the corrector as aging change in response to the corrector being controlled to be in the on state.

[0179] In operation 1640, the battery state estimation device uses aging changes to update the aging parameters of the electrochemical model. For example, in response to the achievement of update conditions for the aging parameters, the battery state estimation device can update the aging parameters using one or more aging changes stored in memory. The update conditions can be determined based on one or a combination of two or more of the following: the number of battery cycles, the cumulative battery capacity, the cumulative battery usage time, and the number of aging changes stored in memory.

[0180] although Figure 16 Not shown, but the battery state estimation device can also use an electrochemical model with updated aging parameters to estimate the battery's state information. Aging parameters may include one or a combination of two or more of the battery's anode SEI resistance, cathode active material capacity, and electrode balance shift.

[0181] Reference Figures 1 to 15 The provided description can be applied to Figure 16 The operations shown are omitted here, so further detailed descriptions will be omitted.

[0182] Figure 17 and Figure 18 An example of a mobile device is shown.

[0183] Reference Figure 17 Mobile device 1700 includes a battery 1710 and a battery state estimation device 1720. Mobile device 1700 may be a device that uses battery 1710 as a power source. For example, battery 1710 may have a capacity of 10 ampere-hours (Ah) per cell or less, and may be a pouch battery, but the configuration is not limited thereto. Mobile device 1700 may be a portable terminal (e.g., a smartphone). A display provided in mobile device 1700 may display battery-related information and / or an operation screen for mobile device 1700. Although for ease of description... Figure 17 The mobile device 1700 shown is a smartphone, but various terminals (such as laptops, tablet PCs, and wearable devices) can be used in this context without limitation.

[0184] The battery state estimation device 1720 can use an electrochemical model corresponding to the battery 1710 to estimate the state information of the battery 1710. The battery state estimation device 1720 can estimate the aging changes of the battery based on the measured voltage and the estimated voltage, and update the aging parameters based on the aging changes.

[0185] Reference Figure 18The mobile device 1800 includes a display 1810, a battery 1820, a memory 1830, and a processor 1840. The mobile device 1800 may also include a camera 1850, a housing (not shown), a communicator 1860, and a speaker 1870.

[0186] The display 1810 can display data processed by the processor 1840 or operations of the mobile device 1800. For example, the diagonal length of the display 1810 can be from 10 centimeters (cm) to 70 centimeters. Furthermore, the diagonal length of the display 1810 can be 50 centimeters or less. Additionally, the display 1810 can be a touchscreen display 1810 for detecting touch gestures input by the user. The touch gestures detected by the touchscreen display 1810 can be sent to the processor 1840 and processed.

[0187] Battery 1820 provides power for operating mobile device 1800. For example, battery 1820 can power display 1810, memory 1830, processor 1840, camera 1850, housing, communicator 1860, and speaker 1870. Battery 1820 may have a capacity of 10 Ah or less per cell.

[0188] The memory 1830 may store an electrochemical model for the battery 1820 and may include volatile and non-volatile memory. For example, the capacity of the volatile memory may be 2 kilobytes to 8 kilobytes per cell and may increase depending on the number of cells included in the battery 1820. The capacity of the non-volatile memory may be 20 kilobytes to 100 kilobytes per cell and, similarly, may increase depending on the number of cells included in the battery 1820.

[0189] Processor 1840 can use an electrochemical model to estimate the voltage of battery 1820. Furthermore, processor 1840 can control the overall operation of mobile device 1800. For example, processor 1840 can display the estimated voltage of battery 1820 on display 1810. Processor 1840 can be an MCU.

[0190] The mobile device 1800 may also include a PMIC. Memory 1830 and processor 1840 may be included in the PMIC. However, the example is not limited to this, and in another example, memory 1830 and processor 1840 may not be included in the PMIC.

[0191] Camera 1850 can be configured to photograph a user viewing display 1810. For example, camera 1850 may be positioned on the same side as display 1810 in mobile device 1800, but the example is not limited to this. Camera 1850 can capture photos and / or videos in various directions within mobile device 1800. According to the example, mobile device 1800 may include multiple cameras 1850.

[0192] The housing may cover the portion of the mobile device 1800 excluding the display 1810. The battery 1820, memory 1830, processor 1840, and communicator 1860 may be disposed between the housing and the display 1810.

[0193] The communicator 1860 can communicate with an external device. The communicator 1860 can send data received from the external device to the processor 1840, or send data processed by the processor 1840 to the external device.

[0194] The speaker 1870 can be configured to output sound according to the operation of the mobile device 1800. For example, the speaker 1870 can be positioned on the same side as the display 1810 to output sound to a user viewing the display 1810, but this is not an isolated example. The speaker 1870 can be positioned in various directions within the mobile device 1800 to output sound.

[0195] Reference Figures 1 to 16 The provided description also applies Figure 17 and Figure 18 Therefore, for the sake of brevity, detailed descriptions will be omitted.

[0196] Regarding Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 10 , Figure 15 , Figure 17 and Figure 18The described battery state estimation device, along with other means, devices, units, modules, and components, are implemented by or represent hardware components. Examples of hardware components that can be used to perform the operations described in this application include, where appropriate, controllers, sensors, generators, drivers, memories, comparators, arithmetic logic units, adders, subtractors, multipliers, dividers, integrators, and any other electronic components configured to perform the operations described in this application. In other examples, one or more hardware components performing the operations described in this application are implemented by computing hardware (e.g., by one or more processors or computers). The processor or computer may be implemented by one or more processing elements, such as logic gate arrays, controllers and arithmetic logic units, digital signal processors, microcomputers, programmable logic controllers, field-programmable gate arrays, programmable logic arrays, microprocessors, or any other means or combination of means configured to respond to and execute instructions in a defined manner to achieve a desired result. In one example, the processor or computer includes or is connected to one or more memories storing instructions or software executed by the processor or computer. Hardware components implemented by a processor or computer can execute instructions or software (such as an operating system (OS) and one or more software applications running on the OS) for performing the operations described in this application. The hardware components can also access, manipulate, process, create, and store data in response to the execution of instructions or software. For simplicity, the singular terms "processor" or "computer" are used in the description of the examples described in this application; however, in other examples, multiple processors or computers may be used, or a processor or computer may include multiple processing elements, or multiple types of processing elements, or both. For example, a single hardware component, or two or more hardware components, may be implemented by a single processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more hardware components may be implemented by one or more processors, or a processor and a controller, and one or more other hardware components may be implemented by one or more other processors, or additional processors and additional controllers. One or more processors, or a processor and a controller, may implement a single hardware component, or two or more hardware components. The hardware components can have any one or more different processing configurations, examples of which include: a single processor, a discrete processor, a parallel processor, a single instruction single data (SISD) multiprocessing, a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) multiprocessing, multiple instruction single data (MISD) multiprocessing, and multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) multiprocessing.

[0197] Figures 2 to 9 , Figures 11 to 14 and Figure 16The methods for performing the operations described in this application, as shown, are executed by computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors or a computer), which is implemented to execute instructions or software as described above to perform the operations performed by the methods described in this application. For example, a single operation, or two or more operations, may be executed by a single processor, or two or more processors, or a processor and a controller. One or more operations may be executed by one or more processors, or a processor and a controller, and one or more other operations may be executed by one or more other processors, or additional processors and additional controllers. One or more processors, or a processor and a controller, may execute a single operation, or two or more operations.

[0198] Instructions or software for controlling computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors or computers) to implement hardware components and perform the methods described above can be written as computer programs, code segments, instructions, or any combination thereof to individually or collectively instruct or configure one or more processors or computers to operate as a machine or special-purpose computer to perform operations performed by the hardware components and methods described above. In one example, the instructions or software include machine code (such as machine code generated by a compiler) that is directly executed by one or more processors or computers. In another example, the instructions or software include high-level code that is executed by one or more processors or computers using an interpreter. The instructions or software can be written using any programming language based on the block diagrams and flowcharts shown in the accompanying drawings and the corresponding descriptions in the specification, which disclose algorithms for performing operations performed by the hardware components and methods described above.

[0199] Instructions or software for controlling computing hardware (e.g., one or more processors or computers) to implement hardware components and perform the methods described above, as well as any associated data, data files, and data structures, may be recorded, stored, or fixed in, or may be recorded, stored, or fixed on, one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include: read-only memory (ROM), random access programmable read-only memory (PROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, non-volatile memory, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD+R, CD-RW, CD+RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-ROM, BD-R, BD-R LTH, BD-RE, Blu-ray or optical disc storage devices, hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), card storage devices (such as multimedia cards or microcards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) or Extreme Digital (XD))), magnetic tape, floppy disks, magneto-optical data storage devices, optical data storage devices, hard disks, solid-state drives, and any other device configured to store instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures in a non-transitory manner and to provide the instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures to one or more processors or computers, enabling one or more processors or computers to execute the instructions. In one example, the instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures are distributed across a networked computer system, such that the instructions or software and any associated data, data files, and data structures are stored, accessed, and executed in a distributed manner by one or more processors or computers.

[0200] While this disclosure includes specific examples, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made to these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims and their equivalents. The examples described herein should be considered descriptive only and not for limiting purposes. The description of features or aspects in each example should be considered applicable to similar features or aspects in other examples. Suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order, and / or if components in the described system, architecture, apparatus, or circuit are combined in a different manner, and / or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents.

[0201] Many examples have been described above. However, it should be understood that various modifications can be made to these examples. For example, suitable results may be achieved if the described techniques are performed in a different order, and / or if the components in the described system, architecture, apparatus, or circuit are combined in a different manner, and / or replaced or supplemented by other components or their equivalents.

[0202] Therefore, other embodiments are within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A processor-implemented method for estimating battery state, the method comprising: The measured voltage of the battery is obtained from a sensor connected to the battery; The estimated voltage of the battery is obtained from the electrochemical model stored in memory; Battery aging changes are estimated based on measured and estimated voltages; as well as The aging parameters of the electrochemical model are updated using changes in aging. The steps for estimating battery aging changes include: The aging changes of the battery are estimated when the corrector for the electrochemical model is in one of the on or off states corresponding to the aging parameters of the electrochemical model.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The steps for estimating aging changes also include estimating aging changes based on the difference in response characteristics between the estimated voltage and the measured voltage of the battery.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein, The steps for estimating aging changes also include: determining the increase in resistance based on the estimated change in voltage, the measured change in voltage, and the change in battery current, and determining the change in the anode solid electrolyte interface resistance as an aging change based on the increase in resistance.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein, The steps for estimating aging changes also include: determining the aging change as the ratio between the response characteristics of the estimated voltage based on the battery's discharge and the response characteristics of the measured voltage.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein, The ratio between the estimated voltage response characteristic and the measured voltage response characteristic includes one of the following: The ratio between the slope determined from the estimated voltage at two points during the battery's usage period and the slope determined from the measured voltage at two points during the battery's usage period; as well as The ratio between the area determined from the estimated voltage between two points during the battery's usage period and the area determined from the measured voltage between two points during the battery's usage period.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein, The two points within the battery's usage period correspond to the start and end of the off-state period for the corrector of the electrochemical model, or belong to the period during which the battery's current change is less than or equal to a first threshold.

7. The method according to claim 2, wherein, The steps for estimating aging changes also include estimating aging changes in response to the corrector for the electrochemical model being controlled to be in the off state.

8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The operating state of the battery, estimated by the electrochemical model, is used to control the corrector's operation against the electrochemical model.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: In response to any one of the battery status information, battery ion concentration, and battery active material capacity exceeding a second threshold or falling within a first range, the control calibrator is turned off.

10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: If any of the battery's state information, ion concentration, or active material capacity corresponds to a period in which the change in the battery's anode open-circuit potential is less than or equal to a third threshold and the change in the battery's cathode open-circuit potential is greater than or equal to a fourth threshold, then the control calibrator is in the off state.

11. The method according to claim 8, wherein, The steps for estimating aging changes also include: in response to the calibrator being controlled to be in the on state, determining the degree to which the battery state information is corrected by the calibrator as aging change.

12. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: In response to any one of the battery status information, battery ion concentration, and battery active material capacity being less than the fifth threshold or falling within the second range, the control calibrator is turned on.

13. The method of claim 8, further comprising: If any of the battery's state information, ion concentration, or active material capacity corresponds to a change in the battery's anode open-circuit potential greater than or equal to the sixth threshold for a period of time, the control calibrator is turned on.

14. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Store aging changes in memory; as well as In response to the achievement of the aging parameter update condition, the aging parameter is updated using one or more aging changes stored in memory.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein, The system determines whether an update condition has been met based on one or more of the following: battery cycle count, cumulative battery capacity, cumulative battery usage time, and the amount of aging changes stored in memory.

16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein, Aging parameters include one or more of the following: the anode solid electrolyte interface resistance, the cathode active material capacity, and electrode balance shift.

17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, further comprising: An electrochemical model with updated aging parameters was used to estimate the battery's state information.

18. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions, which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 17.

19. An apparatus for estimating the state of a battery, the apparatus comprising: The memory is configured to store electrochemical models; The sensor is configured to measure the voltage of the battery; as well as The processor is configured to estimate battery aging changes based on the measured voltage of the battery and the estimated voltage obtained from the electrochemical model, and to use the aging changes to update the aging parameters of the electrochemical model. The processor is also configured to estimate the aging changes of the battery when the corrector for the electrochemical model is in one of the on or off states corresponding to the aging parameters.

20. A mobile device, comprising: monitor; The battery is configured to power the display. The memory is configured to store electrochemical models for the battery; as well as processor, The processor is configured as The measured voltage of the battery is obtained from a sensor connected to the battery. The estimated voltage of the battery is obtained from the electrochemical model stored in memory. Estimating battery aging changes based on measured and estimated voltage, and The aging parameters of the electrochemical model are updated using changes in aging. The processor is also configured to estimate the aging changes of the battery when the corrector for the electrochemical model is in one of the on or off states corresponding to the aging parameters.

21. The mobile device according to claim 20, wherein, The diagonal length of the monitor ranges from 10 centimeters to 70 centimeters.

22. The mobile device according to claim 20, wherein, The monitor's diagonal length is 50 centimeters or less.

23. The mobile device according to claim 20, wherein, The battery cell capacity is 10 ampere-hours or less.

24. The mobile device according to claim 20, wherein, The processor is a microcontroller unit.

25. The mobile device according to claim 20, wherein, The volatile memory included in the memory allocates 2 to 8 kilobytes of storage capacity per cell.

26. The mobile device according to claim 20, wherein, The non-volatile memory included in the memory allocates 20 kilobytes to 100 kilobytes of storage capacity per cell.

27. The mobile device according to claim 20, further comprising: Power management integrated circuits The memory and processor are included in the power management integrated circuit.

28. The mobile device according to claim 20, further comprising: Power management integrated circuits The memory and processor are not included in the power management integrated circuit.

29. The mobile device according to claim 20, further comprising: The camera is configured to capture images of the user viewing the monitor.

30. The mobile device according to claim 20, further comprising: shell, The battery, memory, and processor are located between the casing and the display.

31. The mobile device according to any one of claims 20 to 30, wherein, The display is a touchscreen display configured to detect touch gestures from user input.

32. The mobile device according to any one of claims 20 to 30, further comprising: The communicator is configured to communicate with external devices. The communicator is also configured to send data received from an external device to a processor, and to send data processed by the processor to an external device.

33. The mobile device according to any one of claims 20 to 30, further comprising: A speaker is configured to output sound according to the operation of the mobile device.

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