Liquid-crystalline medium

Abstract

The present application relates to a liquid-crystalline medium having a nematic phase, comprising one or more compounds of formula Py wherein the parameters have the meanings given herein, to the use of said liquid-crystalline medium in electro-optical displays, in particular in active matrix displays based on the IPS or FFS effect, to a display of this type comprising a liquid-crystalline medium of this type, and to the use of compounds of formula Py for improving the contrast and / or the response time of a liquid-crystalline medium as described herein comprising one or more additional mesogenic compounds.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to novel liquid crystal media, particularly novel liquid crystal media for liquid crystal displays, and to such liquid crystal displays, especially liquid crystal displays using the IPS (In-Plane Switching) effect or preferably the FFS (Edge Field Switching) effect (both using dielectric positive liquid crystals). The latter is occasionally also referred to as the XB-FFS (Super Bright FFS) effect.

[0002] For this effect, a dielectric positive liquid crystal is used, comprising one or more compounds having high dielectric constants both parallel and perpendicular to the molecular direction vector. This results in a large average dielectric constant and a high dielectric ratio, as well as preferably relatively small dielectric anisotropy. The liquid crystal medium optionally additionally comprises dielectric negative, dielectric neutral, or both compounds. The liquid crystal medium is used for initial alignment along a plane (i.e., a planar surface). The liquid crystal medium of the present invention has positive dielectric anisotropy and comprises compounds having large dielectric constants both parallel and perpendicular to the molecular direction vector.

[0003] The medium is characterized by its exceptionally good performance toward black states, primarily due to its very low scattering. This, in turn, is caused in particular by its high elastic constant.

[0004] A high elastic constant also leads to a higher rotational viscosity value (γ1). Therefore, the rotational viscosity (γ1) is related to the elastic constant of torsional deformation (k). 22 The ratio of γ1 / k 22 A higher value for k results in a longer response time. 22 The elastic constant k of the unfolded deformation 11 Approximately proportional (k) 22 The value is usually around k 11 (half the value), therefore γ1 and k can be easily and conveniently approximated. 11 .

[0005] The contrast ratio of an LC display can be improved by increasing the transmittance, which can be achieved through a higher εr ratio in the FFS liquid crystal cell layout. ⊥ This can be achieved through improved dark states. Furthermore, it can be improved through better dark states, which are particularly strongly influenced by scattering parameters. Here, the liquid crystal medium has a high elastic constant and low scattering, thereby improving the contrast of the LCD. This also leads to their excellent performance in displays according to the present invention. Background Technology

[0006] IPS and FFS displays using dielectric positive liquid crystals are well known in the field and have been widely adopted in various types of displays, such as desktop monitors and televisions, as well as for mobile applications.

[0007] However, currently, IPS and, in particular, FFS displays using dielectric negative liquid crystals are widely adopted. The latter is sometimes referred to as UB-FFS (Ultra-Bright FFS). Such a display is disclosed, for example, in US 2013 / 0207038A1. Compared to previously used IPS and FFS displays (which were already dielectric positive liquid crystals), these displays are characterized by a significantly increased transmittance. However, these displays using conventional dielectric negative liquid crystals have a serious drawback: they require higher operating voltages compared to displays using dielectric positive liquid crystals. The liquid crystal medium used in UB-FFS has a dielectric anisotropy of -0.5 or less, and preferably -1.5 or less.

[0008] Liquid crystal media for HB-FFS (high-brightness FFS) have a dielectric anisotropy of 0.5 or greater, and preferably 1.5 or greater. Liquid crystal media for HB-FFS comprising both dielectric-negative and dielectric-positive liquid crystal compounds or mesocrystalline compounds are disclosed, for example, in US 2013 / 0207038 A1. These media are characterized by having a relatively large ε... ⊥ and ε av Values, but their ratio (ε) ⊥ / Δε) is relatively small.

[0009] However, according to this application, the preferred effect is the IPS or FFS effect having a dielectric positive liquid crystal medium with planar alignment.

[0010] The industrial application of this effect in electro-optic display elements requires liquid crystal phases that meet a variety of requirements. Of particular importance here are resistance to moisture, chemical and physical effects of air such as heat, infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation, and direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electric fields.

[0011] Furthermore, industrially usable liquid crystal phases require a liquid crystal mesophase at a suitable temperature range and low viscosity.

[0012] None of the compounds disclosed to date that have a liquid crystal mesophase include a single compound that meets all of these requirements. Therefore, mixtures of 2-25, preferably 3-18, compounds are typically prepared to obtain a substance that can be used as a liquid crystal phase.

[0013] A matrix liquid crystal display (MLC display) is known. The non-linear elements that can be used for individual switching of each pixel are, for example, active elements (i.e., transistors). Thus, the term "active matrix" is used, where thin-film transistors (TFTs) are typically used, usually mounted on a glass plate as a substrate.

[0014] The difference between the two technologies lies in the fact that TFTs incorporate compound semiconductors such as CdSe or metal oxides such as ZnO, while TFTs are based on polycrystalline and, in particular, amorphous silicon. Currently, the latter technology has the greatest commercial importance globally.

[0015] A TFT matrix is ​​applied to the inside of one glass plate of the display, while another glass plate has a transparent anti-electrode on its inside. Compared to the size of the pixel electrodes, the TFTs are very small and have almost no adverse effect on the image. This technology can also be extended to full-color displays, where red, green, and blue filters are mosaicked such that the filter elements are positioned opposite each switchable pixel.

[0016] The most commonly used TFT displays to date typically operate using cross-polarizers during transmission and are backlit. For TV applications, ECB (or VAN) or FFS boxes are used, while monitors typically use IPS or TN (twisted nematic) boxes, and laptops, laptops, and mobile applications typically use TN, VA, or FFS boxes.

[0017] The term MLC display here includes any matrix display with integrated nonlinear elements, that is, a display with passive elements such as rheostats or diodes in addition to an active matrix (MIM = Metal-Insulator-Metal).

[0018] This type of MLC display is particularly suitable for TV applications, monitors and laptops, or for displays with high information density, such as those used in automotive manufacturing or aircraft construction. Besides issues concerning the angle dependence of contrast and response time, some problems also arise in MLC displays due to the insufficient specific resistivity of the liquid crystal mixture [TOGASHI, S., SEKIGUCHI, K., TANABE, H., YAMAMOTO, E., SORIMACHI, K., TAJIMA, E., WATANABE, H., SHIMIZU, H., Proc. Eurodisplay 84, Sept. 1984: A 210-288 Matrix LCD Controlled by Double Stage Diode Rings, pp. 141ff., Paris; STROMER, M., Proc. Eurodisplay 84, Sept. 1984: Design of Thin Film Transistors for Matrix Addressing of Television Liquid Crystal Displays, pp. 145ff., Paris]. As resistance decreases, the contrast of an MLC display deteriorates. Because the resistivity of the liquid crystal mixture typically decreases with the lifespan of an MLC display due to its interaction with the internal surface of the display, a high (initial) resistance is crucial for the display to maintain an acceptable resistance value during long periods of operation.

[0019] Besides IPS displays (e.g., Yeo, SD, Paper 15.3: "An LC Display for the TV Application", SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 758 and 759) and the long-known TN displays, displays using the ECB effect have been established as so-called VAN (Vertical Alignment Nematic) displays, as one of the three most important new liquid crystal displays today, especially for television applications.

[0020] The most important designs mentioned here are: MVA (Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment, e.g., Yoshide, H. et al., Paper 3.1: "MVA LCD for Notebook or Mobile PCs...", SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book I, pp. 6-9, and Liu, CT et al., Paper 15.1: "A46-inch TFT-LCD HDTV Technology...", SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 750-753), and PVA (Pattern Vertical Alignment, e.g., Kim, SangSoo, Paper 15.4: "Super PVA Sets New State-of-the-Art for LCD-TV", SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 750-753), and PVA (Pattern Vertical Alignment, e.g., Kim, SangSoo, Paper 15.4: "Super PVA Sets New State-of-the-Art for LCD-TV", SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II). II, pp. 760-763) and ASV (Advanced Supervision, e.g.: Shigeta, Mitzuhiro and Fukuoka, Hirofumi, Paper 15.2: “Development of High Quality LCDTV”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 754-757). More modern versions of the VA effect are the so-called PAVA (Photoalignment VA) and PSVA (Polymer Stabilized VA).

[0021] The aforementioned technologies are compared in general form, for example, in Souk, Jun, SID Seminar 2004, Seminar M-6: “Recent Advances in LCD Technology”, Seminar Lecture Notes, M-6 / 1 to M-6 / 26, and Miller, Ian, SID Seminar 2004, Seminar M-7: “LCD-Television”, Seminar Lecture Notes, M-7 / 1 to M-7 / 32. Although the response time of modern ECB displays has been significantly improved by overdrive through addressing methods, as illustrated by Kim, Hyeon Kyeong et al., Paper 9.1: “A 57-in. Wide UXGA TFT-LCD for HDTV Application”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book I, pp. 106 to 109, achieving video-compatible response time, particularly in grayscale switching, remains an unsatisfactory problem.

[0022] ECB displays, such as ASV displays, use liquid crystal media with negative dielectric anisotropy (Δε), while TN and all conventional IPS displays to date use liquid crystal media with positive dielectric anisotropy. However, there is currently an increasing demand for IPS and FFS displays utilizing dielectric-negative liquid crystal media.

[0023] In this type of liquid crystal display, liquid crystal is used as a dielectric, and its optical properties change reversibly when a voltage is applied.

[0024] Because the operating voltage should be as low as possible in displays, specifically those based on the effects mentioned above, liquid crystal media typically composed primarily of liquid crystal compounds, all of which have dielectric anisotropy of the same sign and the highest possible dielectric anisotropy value, are used. Generally, a relatively small proportion of neutral compounds is employed, and compounds with dielectric anisotropy of the opposite sign to that of the medium are avoided if possible. In the case of liquid crystal media with negative dielectric anisotropy, such as those used in ECB or UB-FFS displays, compounds with negative dielectric anisotropy are therefore primarily employed. The liquid crystal media used are typically composed primarily of liquid crystal compounds with negative dielectric anisotropy.

[0025] In the media used according to this application, a significant amount of dielectric positive liquid crystal compound and typically only a very small amount of dielectric negative compound or even none at all are typically employed, because liquid crystal displays are generally designed to have the lowest possible addressing voltage. At the same time, a small amount of dielectric neutral compound can be advantageously used.

[0026] US 2013 / 0207038 A1 discloses a liquid crystal medium for HB-FFS displays, proposing to improve the performance of FFS displays using liquid crystals with positive dielectric anisotropy by additionally incorporating dielectric-negative liquid crystals. However, this necessitates compensating for the negative contribution of these compounds to the overall dielectric anisotropy of the resulting medium. To achieve this, the concentration of the dielectric-positive material must be increased, which in turn reduces the scope for using dielectric-neutral compounds as diluents in the mixture; alternatively, compounds with stronger positive dielectric anisotropy must be used. Both of these alternatives have the significant drawback of increasing the response time of the liquid crystal in the display.

[0027] Liquid crystal media with positive dielectric anisotropy for use in IPS and FFS displays have been disclosed.

[0028] The following formula and similar compounds are disclosed in WO 2008 / 128622A1.

[0029]

[0030] Liquid crystal compounds containing thiophene rings are disclosed in WO2012 / 013281A1.

[0031] The phase range of the liquid crystal mixture must be wide enough for the desired display application. The response time of the liquid crystal medium in the display should be as low as possible, especially for video, animation simulation, and gaming applications. This is particularly important for displays used in television or multimedia applications. To improve response time, it has been repeatedly proposed to optimize the rotational viscosity (γ1) of the liquid crystal medium, i.e., to obtain a medium with the lowest possible rotational viscosity. However, the results achieved here are insufficient for many applications, and therefore it seems desirable to find ways to further optimize it.

[0032] Sufficient stability of the medium under extreme loads, especially under UV exposure and heating, is particularly important. This can be especially critical in applications such as mobile device displays (e.g., mobile phones).

[0033] Besides their relatively poor transmittance and relatively long response times, publicly disclosed MLC displays have other drawbacks to date. These include, for example, their relatively low contrast ratio, their relatively high viewing angle dependence, and the difficulty in grayscale reproduction in these displays, especially when viewed from an oblique viewing angle, as well as their insufficient VHR and their insufficient lifespan. Desired improvements in display transmittance and their response times are needed to improve their energy efficiency or their ability to render rapidly moving images, respectively.

[0034] Therefore, there is a continued high demand for MLC displays with very high resistivity, a wide operating temperature range, short response time, and relatively low threshold voltage. With the help of such displays, a variety of gray levels can be produced, and they have particularly good and stable VHR. Summary of the Invention

[0035] The object of this invention is to provide MLC displays not only for monitor and TV applications, but also for mobile applications such as telephones and navigation systems, which are based on ECB, IPS, or FFS effects without having the disadvantages described above, or only with a reduced degree, and simultaneously have very high resistivity. In particular, for mobile phones and navigation systems, it is essential to ensure their operation at extremely high and extremely low temperatures.

[0036] Surprisingly, it has been found that liquid crystal displays, particularly in IPS and FFS displays, can achieve low threshold voltage and short response time, a sufficiently wide nematic phase, favorable birefringence (Δn) and simultaneously high transmittance, high contrast, good stability against degradation by heating and UV exposure, and stable high VHR, provided that the nematic liquid crystal medium contains at least one Py compound, preferably two or more Py compounds, preferably additional one or more, preferably two or more compounds selected from compounds of formulas T, II, and III, and / or one or more, preferably two or more, compounds selected from formulas IV and / or V.

[0037] This type of media can be used specifically for electro-optical displays with active matrix addressing, such as IPS or FFS displays.

[0038] The medium according to the invention preferably contains one or more compounds selected from compounds of formulas II and III, more preferably one or more compounds of formula II, more preferably one or more compounds of formula III, and most preferably one or more compounds selected from compounds of formulas IV and V, and even more preferably one or more compounds selected from compounds of formulas VI to IX (all formulas are defined below).

[0039] The mixtures according to the invention exhibit a very wide nematic phase range, a clearing point ≥70°C, a very favorable capacitance threshold, a relatively high retention rate, and good low-temperature stability at both -20°C and -30°C, as well as very low rotational viscosity. The mixtures according to the invention are further characterized by a favorable ratio of clearing point to rotational viscosity and relatively high positive dielectric anisotropy.

[0040] It has now been surprisingly discovered that FFS-type LCDs using liquid crystals with positive dielectric anisotropy can be achieved by using specifically selected liquid crystal media. These media are characterized by a specific combination of physical properties. The most decisive of these is their dielectric properties, specifically a high average dielectric constant (ε). av. The high dielectric constant (ε) perpendicular to the direction vector of the liquid crystal molecules. ⊥ ), and specifically, ε ⊥ The ratio of the relatively high dielectric anisotropy (Δε) to: (ε ⊥ / Δε).

[0041] On one hand, the liquid crystal media according to the invention preferably have a dielectric anisotropy value of 1.5 or greater, more preferably 2.5 or greater. On the other hand, they preferably have a dielectric anisotropy of 26 or less, more preferably 15 or less, and most preferably 10 or less.

[0042] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium according to the invention has positive dielectric anisotropy, preferably in the range of 1.5 or greater to 20.0 or less, more preferably 2.0 or greater to 15.0 or less, and most preferably 2.0 or greater to 12.0.

[0043] The liquid crystal medium of the present invention includes

[0044] a) One or more Py compounds, preferably in the range of 1% to 40%, more preferably in the range of 2% to 30%, and particularly preferably in the range of 3% to 20%.

[0045]

[0046] in

[0047] R 1 This refers to an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups in these groups, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently converted to -C≡C-, -CH=CH-, -O-, -S-, -(CO)-O-, -O-(CO)- are used to replace O or S atoms in a manner that prevents them from being directly connected to each other, and in addition, one or more H atoms can be replaced by F or Cl, or H,

[0048] A 1 Each occurrence is represented independently.

[0049]

[0050]

[0051] Preferred

[0052] Z 1 The following can be represented independently, either identically or differently, as single bonds: -CH2O-, -(CO)O-, -CF2O-, -CH2CH2CF2O-, -CF2CF2-, -CH2CF2-, -CH2CH2-, -(CH2)4-, -CH=CH-, -CH=CF-, -CF=CF-, or -C≡C-, where asymmetric bridges can be oriented to either side.

[0053] L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 Independently representing H, F, or Cl,

[0054] L 5 It represents H, CH3, or CH2CH3, with H being preferred.

[0055] X represents F, Cl, -CF3, -OCF3, -CN, or -SCN.

[0056] 'a' represents 0, 1, or 2, with 1 being the preferred value.

[0057] b represents 0, 1, or 2, preferably 1, and

[0058] Where a+b≤3, preferably a+b equals 1, 2 or 3, especially preferably 1 or 2.

[0059] and one or more additional compounds, preferably selected from compounds according to conditions b) to f):

[0060] b) One or more, preferably dielectrically neutral, T-compounds

[0061]

[0062] Each of the groups has the following meaning:

[0063] R 1 and R 2 Represents H, F, Cl, Br, -CN, -NCS, or a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein, in addition, one or more CH2 groups, including the terminal carbon atom, may be independently converted to -CH=CH-, -C≡C-, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO- are used to replace O or S atoms in a manner that prevents them from being directly connected to each other, and in addition, one or more H atoms can be replaced by F or Cl.

[0064] L 1 It represents H or CH3, with H being preferred.

[0065] A 0 express

[0066]

[0067] A 1 The following are independent representations of phenylene-1,4-diyl, wherein, in addition, one or two CH groups may be substituted with N, and one or more H atoms may be substituted with halogen, CN, CH3, CHF2, CH2F, OCH3, OCHF2 or OCF3; cyclohexane-1,4-diyl, wherein, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups may be independently substituted with O and / or S, and one or more H atoms may be substituted with F; cyclohexene-1,4-diyl; bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diyl; bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl; spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl; tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl;

[0068] m represents 0, 1, or 2 independently of each other in each case.

[0069] c) One or more compounds selected from compounds of formulas II and III, preferably compounds with positive dielectric properties, preferably compounds with a dielectric anisotropy greater than 3, and preferably one or more compounds of formula II:

[0070]

[0071] in

[0072] R 2 This refers to an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups in these groups, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently converted to -C≡C-, -CH=CH-, -O-, -S-, -(CO)-O-, -O-(CO)- are used to replace O or S atoms in a manner that prevents them from being directly connected to each other, and in addition, one or more H atoms can be replaced by F or Cl, or H,

[0073] Preferably, it refers to alkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroalkoxy groups having 1-7 carbon atoms; alkenyl, alkenoxy, alkoxyalkyl, or fluoroalkenyl groups having 2-7 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl groups having 3-5 carbon atoms; cycloalkylalkyl groups; cycloalkylalkoxy groups; and most preferably alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, or alkenyl groups.

[0074]

[0075] Each occurrence represents an independent entity.

[0076]

[0077]

[0078] Preferred

[0079]

[0080] L 21 and L 22 Indicates H or F,

[0081] L 23 It represents H or CH3, with H being preferred.

[0082] X 2 The halogen is represented by a haloalkyl or alkoxy group having 1-3 carbon atoms, or a haloalkenyl or alkenoxy group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, preferably F, Cl, -OCF3, -O-CH2CF3, -O-CH=CH2, -O-CH=CF2 or -CF3, and very preferably F, Cl, -O-CH=CF2 or -OCF3.

[0083] m represents 0, 1, 2, or 3, preferably 1 or 2, and particularly preferably 2.

[0084] R 3 This refers to an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups in these groups, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently converted to -C≡C-, -CH=CH-, -O-, -S-, -(CO)-O-, -O-(CO)- are used to replace O or S atoms in a manner that prevents them from being directly connected to each other, and in addition, one or more H atoms can be replaced by F or Cl, or H,

[0085] Preferably, it refers to alkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroalkoxy groups having 1-7 carbon atoms; alkenyl, alkenoxy, alkoxyalkyl, or fluoroalkenyl groups having 2-7 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl groups having 3-5 carbon atoms; cycloalkylalkyl groups; cycloalkylalkoxy groups; and most preferably alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, or alkenyl groups.

[0086]

[0087] Each occurrence represents an independent entity.

[0088]

[0089] Preferred

[0090]

[0091]

[0092] L 31 and L 32 H or F can be represented independently of each other, with L being preferred. 31 F represents

[0093] L 33 It represents H or CH3, with H being preferred.

[0094] X 3 The halogen is represented by a haloalkyl or alkoxy group having 1-3 carbon atoms, or a haloalkenyl or alkenoxy group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, such as F, Cl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -O-CH2CF3, -O-CH=CF2, -O-CH=CH2 or -CF3, with F, Cl, -O-CH=CF2, -OCHF2 or -OCF3 being the most preferred.

[0095] Z 3 This represents -CH2CH2-, -CF2CF2-, -COO-, trans-CH=CH-, trans-CF=CF-, -CH2O-, or a single bond, preferably -CH2CH2-, -COO-, trans-CH=CH-, or a single bond, and very preferably -COO-, trans-CH=CH-, or a single bond.

[0096] n represents 0, 1, 2, or 3, preferably 1, 2, or 3, and particularly preferably 1.

[0097] d) Optionally, and preferably mandatory, one or more dielectrically neutral compounds selected from formulas IV and V:

[0098]

[0099] in

[0100] R 41 and R 42 They independently possess the properties of R in Equation III above. 3 The meaning described herein, preferably R 41 Indicates alkyl and R 42 Indicates alkyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, or alkoxy, or R 41Represents alkenyl and R 42 Indicates alkyl group,

[0101]

[0102] Independent of each other and, if

[0103] Appeared twice,

[0104] These are also represented independently of each other.

[0105]

[0106] Preferred

[0107]

[0108] One or more representations in

[0109]

[0110] Z 41 and Z 42 Independent of each other, and if Z 41 If a substance appears twice, it independently represents -CH2CH2-, -COO-, trans-CH=CH-, trans-CF=CF-, -CH2O-, -CF2O-, -C≡C-, or a single bond. Preferably, one or more of these represent a single bond.

[0111] p represents 0, 1, or 2, preferably 0 or 1, and

[0112] R 51 and R 52 They are independent of each other for R 41 and R 42 The indicated meaning is one of the following: "and preferably" refers to an alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably an n-alkyl group, particularly preferably an n-alkyl group having 1-5 carbon atoms; an alkoxy group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably an n-alkoxy group, particularly preferably an n-alkoxy group having 2-5 carbon atoms; an alkoxyalkyl group, alkenyl group, or alkenyloxy group having 2-7 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-4 carbon atoms, preferably an alkenyloxy group.

[0113] to

[0114] If they exist, they are represented independently of each other.

[0115]

[0116] Preferred

[0117]

[0118] Z 51 To Z 53 Each of these terms independently represents -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-O-, -CH=CH-, -C≡C-, -COO-, or a single bond, preferably -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-O-, or a single bond, and particularly preferably a single bond. i and j each independently represent 0 or 1.

[0119] (i+j) preferably represents 0, 1, or 2, more preferably 0 or 1.

[0120] Each ring, and preferably a phenylene ring, may optionally be substituted with one or two alkyl groups, preferably with methyl and / or ethyl groups, and preferably with one methyl group.

[0121] e) Again, optionally, alternatively, or additionally, one or more dielectric negative compounds selected from formulas VI to IX:

[0122]

[0123] in

[0124] R 61 This refers to an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably a straight-chain alkyl group, more preferably an n-alkyl group, most preferably propyl or pentyl; an unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2-7 carbon atoms, preferably a straight-chain alkenyl group, particularly preferably one having 2-5 carbon atoms; an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms; an unsubstituted alkenoxy group having 2-6 carbon atoms; or a C 3-5 -cycloalkyl-(CH2) 0-1 ,

[0125] R 62 This indicates an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, or an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms. 3-5 -cycloalkoxy or unsubstituted olefinic groups having 2-6 carbon atoms, and

[0126] L 61 L 62 Independently representing H or methyl, preferably H,

[0127] l represents 0 or 1.

[0128] R 71 This indicates an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably a straight-chain alkyl group, more preferably an n-alkyl group, most preferably propyl or pentyl, or an unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2-7 carbon atoms, preferably a straight-chain alkenyl group, particularly preferably having 2-5 carbon atoms, or C 3-5 -cycloalkyl-(CH2)0-1 ,

[0129] R 72 This refers to an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-5 carbon atoms; an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms, preferably having 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms; or an unsubstituted olefinic group having 2-6 carbon atoms, preferably having 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms; and

[0130] L 71 L 72 Independently representing H or methyl, preferably H,

[0131]

[0132] Independently represent

[0133]

[0134] R 81 This indicates an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably a straight-chain alkyl group, more preferably an n-alkyl group, most preferably propyl or pentyl, or an unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2-7 carbon atoms, preferably a straight-chain alkenyl group, particularly preferably having 2-5 carbon atoms, or C 3-5 -cycloalkyl-(CH2) 0-1 ,

[0135] R 82 This indicates an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-5 carbon atoms; an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms, preferably having 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms; an unsubstituted olefinic group having 2-6 carbon atoms, preferably having 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms; or C 3-5 -cycloalkoxy,

[0136] L 81 L 82 Independently representing H or methyl, preferably H,

[0137] express

[0138]

[0139] Preferred

[0140]

[0141] More

[0142]

[0143] Z 8It can be represented as -(C=O)-O-, -CH2-O-, -CF2-O-, or -CH2-CH2-, preferably.

[0144] -(C=O)-O- or -CH2-O-, and

[0145] o represents 0 or 1.

[0146] R 91 and R 92 Each independently possesses the above for R 72 The meaning given,

[0147] R 91 Preferably, it refers to an alkyl group having 2-5 carbon atoms, more preferably having 3-5 carbon atoms.

[0148] R 92 Preferably, it represents an alkyl or alkoxy group having 2-5 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkoxy group having 2-4 carbon atoms, or an olefinic group having 2-4 carbon atoms.

[0149] express

[0150] p and q represent 0 or 1 independently of each other, and

[0151] (p+q) preferably represents 0 or 1.

[0152] if

[0153] express

[0154] Alternatively, p = q = 1 is preferred.

[0155] f) Optionally, preferably mandatory, one or more compounds of formula X, preferably in a concentration ranging from 1% to 30%, more preferably from 2% to 20%, and particularly preferably from 3% to 10%.

[0156]

[0157] in

[0158] express

[0159]

[0160] Each occurrence is represented independently.

[0161]

[0162] Preferred

[0163] n represents 1 or 2, preferably 1.

[0164] R 1 Preferred carbon atoms are alkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroalkoxy groups having 1-7 carbon atoms, or alkenyl, alkenoxy, alkoxyalkyl, or fluoroalkenyl groups having 2-7 carbon atoms. 3-5 -cycloalkyl, C 3-5 -cycloalkyl-alkyl, C 3-5 -cycloalkyl-alkoxy, preferably alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl or alkenyloxy, more preferably alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy or alkenyloxy, and most preferably alkyl, and

[0165] X 1 The groups represent F, Cl, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkenyl, fluoroalkoxy, or fluoroalkenyloxy, with the latter four groups preferably having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably F, Cl, CF3, or OCF3.

[0166] Each ring, and preferably a phenylene ring, may optionally be substituted with one or two alkyl groups, preferably with methyl and / or ethyl groups, and preferably with one methyl group.

[0167] g) Again, optionally, preferably mandatory, alternatively or otherwise, one or more compounds of formula XI:

[0168]

[0169] in

[0170] express

[0171]

[0172]

[0173] express

[0174]

[0175] Preferred

[0176]

[0177] n represents 0 or 1,

[0178] R 11 and R 12The groups, independently representing alkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroalkoxy groups, preferably having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, wherein one of the CH2 groups can be replaced by a 1,2-cyclopropyl group, a 1,3-cyclopentyl group, or a 1,3-cyclopenteneyl group, and having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, are alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, or fluoroalkenyl groups, and preferably alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or alkenyloxy groups, most preferably alkyl, alkoxy, or alkenyloxy groups, and R 11 Alternatively, R can be represented as 1 and R 12 Alternatively, X 1 ,

[0179] R 1 The group represents an alkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroalkoxy group, preferably having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, wherein one of the CH2 groups can be replaced by a 1,2-cyclopropyl group, a 1,3-cyclopentyl group, or a 1,3-cyclopenteneyl group, preferably an alkenyl, alkenoxy, alkoxyalkyl, or fluoroalkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, and preferably an alkyl or alkenyl group.

[0180] X 1 The groups represent F, Cl, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkenyl, fluoroalkoxy, or fluoroalkenyloxy, with the latter four groups preferably having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably F, Cl, CF3, or OCF3.

[0181] Each ring, and preferably a phenylene ring, may optionally be substituted with one or two alkyl groups, preferably with methyl and / or ethyl groups, and preferably with one methyl group.

[0182] Compound X is not included.

[0183] Optionally, the medium according to this application comprises one or more compounds of formula L, preferably at a concentration in the range of 1% to 40%, more preferably in the range of 2% to 30%, and particularly preferably in the range of 3% to 20%.

[0184]

[0185] in

[0186] R L1 and R L2Each group independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups among these groups may be independently replaced by -C≡C-, -CF2O-, -OCF2-, -O-, -(CO)-O-, -O-(C=O)-, cyclopropylene, 1,3-cyclobutylene, 1,3-cyclopentylene, 1,3-cyclopentenylene, preferably cyclopropylene or 1,3-cyclopentylene, and preferably one CH2 group may be replaced by 1,2-cyclopropylene, 1,3-cyclopentylene or 1,3-cyclopentenylene.

[0187] An alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, or fluoroalkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably alkyl or alkenyl, wherein one of the -CH2- groups can be replaced by cyclopropylene, 1,3-cyclobutylene, 1,3-cyclopentylene, or 1,3-cyclopentenylene, preferably by cyclopropylene or 1,3-cyclopentenylene in such a manner that the O atoms are not directly connected to each other, and one or more of the H atoms can be replaced by a halogen.

[0188] Y L1 and Y L2 H, F, or Cl may be represented in the same or different ways, with Y being preferred. L1 and Y L2 At least one of them is H, preferably Y. L2 It is H, and the optimal choice is Y. L1 and Y L2 It is H.

[0189] The liquid crystal medium according to this application preferably has a nematic phase.

[0190] Throughout this application, particularly for R 1 R 2 R 3 R 41 R 51 R L1 Equal to R L2 By definition, alkyl refers to an alkyl group that can be straight-chain or branched. These groups are each preferably straight-chain and preferably have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms, and are correspondingly preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl or n-heptyl.

[0191] When the alkyl group refers to a branched alkyl group, it is preferably 2-alkyl, 2-methylalkyl, or 2-(2-ethyl)alkyl, more preferably 2-butyl (=1-methylpropyl), 2-methylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propylpentyl, especially 2-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutoxy, 4-methylhexyl, 2-hexyl, 2-octyl, 2-nonyl, 2-decyl, and 2-dodecyl. Among these groups, 2-hexyl and 2-octyl are the most preferred.

[0192] In this application, the corresponding branched group that results in a chiral compound is also referred to as a chiral group. Particularly preferred chiral groups are 2-alkyl, 2-alkoxy, 2-methylalkyl, 2-methylalkoxy, 2-fluoroalkyl, 2-fluoroalkoxy, 2-(2-ethylene)-alkyl, 2-(2-ethylene)-alkoxy, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-alkyl, and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-alkoxy.

[0193] Particularly preferred chiral groups include, for example, 2-butyl (=1-methylpropyl), 2-methylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propylpentyl, especially 2-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutoxy, 2-methylpentoxy, 3-methylpentoxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, 1-methylhexyloxy, 2-octyloxy, 2-oxa-3-methylbutyl, 3-oxa-4-methylpentyl, 4-methylhexyl, 2-hexyl, 2-octyl, 2-nonyl, 2-decyl, 2-dodecyl, 6-methoxyoctyloxy, 6-methyloctyloxy, 6-methyloctyloxy, 5-methyl Heptoxycarbonyl, 2-methylbutyryloxy, 3-methylpentanoyloxy, 4-methylhexanoyloxy, 2-chloropropanoyloxy, 2-chloro-3-methylbutyryloxy, 2-chloro-4-methylpentanoyloxy, 2-chloro-3-methylpentanoyloxy, 2-methyl-3-oxapentyl, 2-methyl-3-oxahexyl, 1-methoxypropyl-2-oxy, 1-ethoxypropyl-2-oxy, 1-propoxypropyl-2-oxy, 1-butoxypropyl-2-oxy, 2-fluorooctyloxy, 2-fluorodecyloxy, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-octyloxy, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-octyl, 2-fluoromethyloctyloxy. Highly preferred are 2-hexyl, 2-octyl, 2-octyloxy, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-hexyl, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-octyl, and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-octyloxy.

[0194] Throughout this application, and especially for R DBy definition, an alkenyl group can be straight-chain or branched, and is preferably straight-chain, and preferably has 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms. It is preferably vinyl, 1-E-alkenyl, or 3-E-alkenyl, and most preferably vinyl, 1-E-propenyl, 1-E-butenyl, 1-E-pentenyl, 3-butenyl, or 3-E-pentenyl.

[0195] Compounds of general formulas PY, T, and II through IX are prepared by methods known per se, as described in the literature (e.g., in standard works, such as Houben-Weyl, Methodden der organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart), specifically under known and suitable reaction conditions. Variations known per se may be used herein, but are not described in further detail.

[0196] The Py compound can be synthesized as disclosed in EP 2137154 A2 and as described in the synthesis examples.

[0197] Compounds of general formula T are preferably synthesized as disclosed in WO 2012 / 013281 A1.

[0198] The present invention further relates to liquid crystal displays containing liquid crystal media according to the present invention, particularly IPS or FFS displays, and especially preferably FFS or SG-FFS displays.

[0199] The present invention also relates to an IPS or FFS type liquid crystal display comprising a liquid crystal cell, the liquid crystal cell comprising two substrates (at least one of which is transparent to light and at least one of which has an electrode layer) and a layer of liquid crystal medium located between the substrates, the liquid crystal medium comprising a polymeric component and a low molecular weight component, wherein the polymeric component can be obtained by polymerization of one or more polymerizable compounds in the liquid crystal medium between the substrates of the liquid crystal cell, preferably with applied voltage, and wherein the low molecular weight component is a liquid crystal mixture according to the present invention as described in the context.

[0200] The display according to the invention is preferably addressed by an active matrix (active matrix LCD, abbreviated as AMD), and more preferably by a matrix addressing of thin-film transistors (TFTs). However, the liquid crystal according to the invention can also be used advantageously in displays having other known addressing mechanisms.

[0201] The present invention also relates to a method for preparing a liquid crystal medium according to the present invention, by mixing one or more compounds of the formula Py or its sub-formulas with one or more low molecular weight liquid crystal compounds or liquid crystal mixtures and optionally with other liquid crystal compounds and / or additives.

[0202] The context applies to the following meanings:

[0203] Unless otherwise stated, the term "FFS" is used to refer to both FFS and SG-FFS displays.

[0204] The term "mesocrystalline group" is known to those skilled in the art and described in the literature, and refers to a group that, due to the anisotropy of its attractive and repulsive interactions, substantially contributes to the induction of a liquid crystal (LC) phase in low molecular weight or polymeric substances. A compound containing a mesocrystalline group (mesocrystalline compound) does not necessarily possess a liquid crystal phase itself. Mesocrystalline compounds may also exhibit liquid crystal phase behavior only when mixed with other compounds and / or after polymerization. Typical mesocrystalline groups are, for example, rigid rod-shaped or disc-shaped units. A review of the terminology and definitions used in relation to mesocrystalline or liquid crystal compounds is given in PureAppl.Chem.73(5),888(2001) and C. Tschierske, G. Pelzl, S. Diele, Angew.Chem.2004,116,6340-6368.

[0205] The term “spacer group” or simply “spacer” (also referred to as “Sp” in this context) is known to those skilled in the art and described in the literature, see, for example, Pure Appl. Chem. 73(5), 888 (2001) and C. Tschierske, G. Pelzl, S. Diele, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 6340-6368. Unless otherwise stated, in this context the term “spacer group” or “spacer” means a flexible group that links mesocrystalline and polymerizable groups together in a polymerizable mesocrystalline compound.

[0206] For the purposes of this invention, the term "liquid crystal medium" is intended to refer to a medium comprising a liquid crystal mixture and one or more polymerizable compounds (e.g., reactive mesocrystalline materials). The term "liquid crystal mixture" (or "host mixture") is intended to refer to a liquid crystal mixture consisting only of non-polymerizable low molecular weight compounds, preferably two or more liquid crystal compounds, and optional other additives, such as chiral dopants or stabilizers.

[0207] Liquid crystal mixtures and liquid crystal media having a nematic phase (especially at room temperature) are particularly preferred.

[0208] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal medium comprises one or more compounds selected from formula Py-A, more preferably formulas Py-1 to Py-5, and preferably compounds having a dielectric anisotropy greater than 20.

[0209]

[0210] or

[0211]

[0212] The variables, such as the context, are defined in the formula Py.

[0213] Compounds of formula Py or Py-A in which a+b is 1, 2, or 3 are particularly preferred. Especially where b is 1 and a is 1. Here, group A... 1 Preferred representation

[0214] Special Selection

[0215] In the formula Py, Py-A and Py-1 to Py-5 compounds are preferred, wherein independently:

[0216] b is 1,

[0217] L 2 For F,

[0218] L 3 It can be H or F, with F preferred, and L 4 For F,

[0219] L 5 For H,

[0220] R 1 It is an alkyl group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups in these groups, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently converted to -C≡C-, -CH=CH-, Or -O- to replace in such a way that the O atoms are not directly connected to each other, and wherein, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, preferably alkyl groups having 2 to 7 C atoms.

[0221] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the liquid crystal medium comprises one or more compounds selected from formulas T-1 to T-54:

[0222]

[0223]

[0224]

[0225]

[0226]

[0227]

[0228]

[0229]

[0230] Where R 1 R 2 As defined in the context of formula T. In this formula, compounds of formulas T-6, T-9, and T-38 are most preferred.

[0231] In formula T and its further defined in context, group R 1 Preferably, it is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein, in addition, one or more CH2 groups, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently coupled to each other by -CH=CH-, -C≡C-, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO- are substituted in such a way that the O or S atoms are not directly connected to each other, and wherein, in addition, one or more H atoms may be substituted by F or Cl, more preferably by an alkyl group having 1 to 7 C atoms or an alkenyl group having 2 to 7 C atoms, a cyclopentylmethyl group or a cyclopentyl group.

[0232] In formula T and its further defined in context, group R 2 Preferably, it is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein, in addition, one or more CH2 groups, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently coupled to each other by -CH=CH-, -C≡C-, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O-CO- are used to replace O or S atoms in such a way that the O or S atoms are not directly connected to each other, and the group -CF3, -OCF3 or F is preferred, more preferably methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, CF3 or F, and most preferably methyl, ethyl or propyl.

[0233] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the liquid crystal medium comprises one or more compounds selected from compounds of formula II-1 and II-2, preferably dielectrically positive, and preferably having a dielectric anisotropy greater than 3.

[0234]

[0235] The parameters have the corresponding meanings indicated in Equation II, and L 24 and L25 H or F can be represented independently of each other, with L being preferred. 24 F represents F, and

[0236] Having for One of the meanings given is

[0237] And in the cases of equations II-1 and II-2, X 2 Preferably, it represents F or OCF3, particularly F, and in the case of formula II-2,

[0238] Independently selected representations

[0239]

[0240] And / or compounds selected from formulas III-1 and III-2:

[0241]

[0242]

[0243] The parameters have the meanings given in Equation III.

[0244] The medium according to the invention may, in addition to compounds of formula III-1 and / or III-2, contain one or more compounds of formula III-3.

[0245]

[0246] The parameters have their respective meanings as described above, and parameter L 31 and L 32 Independent of each other and independent of other parameters, representing H or F,

[0247] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises a compound selected from compounds of formula II-1 and II-2, wherein L 21 and L 22 and / or L 24 and L 25 All represent F.

[0248] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium comprises a compound selected from compounds of formula II-1 and II-2, wherein L 21 L 22 L 24 and L 25 All are represented by F.

[0249] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises one or more compounds of formula II-1. The compounds of formula II-1 are preferably selected from compounds of formulas II-1a to II-1e, more preferably one or more compounds of formulas II-1a and / or II-1b and / or II-1d, more preferably compounds of formulas II-1a and / or II-1d or II-1b and / or II-1d, and most preferably compounds of formula II-1d.

[0250]

[0251]

[0252] The parameters have their respective meanings as described above, and L 25 and L 26 Independent of each other and independent of other parameters, representing H or F, and preferably

[0253] In equations II-1a and II-1b,

[0254] L 21 and L 22 Both represent F.

[0255] In equations II-1c and II-1d,

[0256] L 21 and L 22 Both represent F and / or L 23 and L 24 Both represent F, and

[0257] In equation II-1e,

[0258] L 21 L 22 and L 23 F represents

[0259] And each of the rings therein, and preferably the phenylene ring, optionally each of which may be replaced by one or two alkyl groups, preferably by methyl and / or ethyl, preferably by one methyl group.

[0260] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises one or more compounds of formula II-2, preferably selected from compounds of formula II-2a to II-2k, and more preferably one or more compounds of formula II-2a and / or II-2h and / or II-2j.

[0261]

[0262]

[0263] The parameters have their respective meanings as described above, and L 25 To L 28 H or F can be represented independently of each other, with L being preferred.27 and L 28 Both represent H, with L being the preferred choice. 26 H represents

[0264] And each of the rings therein, and preferably the phenylene ring, optionally each of which may be replaced by one or two alkyl groups, preferably by methyl and / or ethyl, preferably by one methyl group.

[0265] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises a compound selected from compounds of formula II-2a to II-2k, wherein L 21 and L 22 Both represent F and / or L 23 and L 24 All represent F.

[0266] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium comprises a compound selected from compounds of formulas II-2a to II-2k, wherein L 21 L 22 L 23 and L 24 All are represented by F.

[0267] Particularly preferred compounds of formula II-2 are those with the following formulas, especially preferred are those of formula II-2a-1 and / or II-2h-1 and / or II-2k-2:

[0268]

[0269]

[0270]

[0271] Where R 2 and X 2 Having the meanings described above, and X 2 The preferred option is represented by F.

[0272] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises one or more compounds of formula III-1. Compounds of formula III-1 are preferably selected from compounds of formulas III-1a to III-1j, and more particularly from formulas III-1d, III-1g, III-1h, III-1j, III-1k, and III-1m.

[0273]

[0274]

[0275]

[0276] The parameters have the meanings and preferred values ​​given above.

[0277] X3 The symbol represents F, Cl, a haloalkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a haloalkenyl or alkenoxy group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms; F, Cl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -O-CH2CF3, -O-CH=CF2, -O-CH=CH2 or -CF3, preferably representing F, -OCF3 or -CF3.

[0278] L 33 and L 34 H or F can be represented independently of each other.

[0279] L 35 and L 36 H or F can be represented independently of each other, with H being preferred.

[0280] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises one or more compounds of formula III-1c, which are preferably selected from compounds of formula III-1c-1 to III-1c-5, preferably of formula III-1c-1 and / or III-1c-2, and most preferably of formula III-1c-1.

[0281]

[0282]

[0283] Where R 3 Having the meanings described above, and wherein each ring, and preferably a phenylene ring, may optionally be substituted with one or two alkyl groups, preferably with methyl and / or ethyl, preferably with one methyl group.

[0284] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises one or more compounds of formula III-1d, which are preferably selected from compounds of formula III-1d-1 to III-1d-2, with formula III-1d-1 being the most preferred:

[0285]

[0286] in

[0287] R 3 As defined above, and X 3 It is CF3, F or OCF3, with CF3 being preferred.

[0288] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises one or more compounds of formula III-1g, which are preferably selected from compounds of formula III-1g-1 to III-1g-6, preferably of formula III-1g-1 and / or III-1g-2 and / or III-1g-3 and / or III-1g-6, more preferably of formula III-1g-3 and / or III-1g-6, and even more preferably of formula III-1g-6.

[0289]

[0290]

[0291] Where R 3 Having the meanings described above, and wherein each ring, and preferably a phenylene ring, may optionally be substituted with one or two alkyl groups, preferably with methyl and / or ethyl, preferably with one methyl group.

[0292] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises one or more compounds of formula III-1h, preferably selected from compounds of formula III-1h-1 to III-1h-5, and preferably of formula III-1h-3:

[0293]

[0294] Where R 3 Having the meanings described above, and wherein each ring, and preferably a phenylene ring, may optionally be substituted with one or two alkyl groups, preferably with methyl and / or ethyl, preferably with one methyl group.

[0295] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises one or more compounds selected from formulas III-1j, III-1k, and III-1m, preferably selected from formulas III-1j-1, III-1k-1, and III-1m-1, and most preferably formula III-1i-1:

[0296]

[0297] The parameters have the meanings given above, and X 3 It is preferred to represent F or -OCF3.

[0298] The liquid crystal medium preferably comprises one or more compounds of formula III-1k, which are preferably selected from compounds of formula III-1m-1 and III-1m-2, with formula III-1m-1 being the most preferred.

[0299]

[0300] The parameters have the meanings given above and each ring therein, and preferably a phenylene ring, which may optionally be each substituted with one or two alkyl groups, preferably with methyl and / or ethyl groups, and preferably with one methyl group.

[0301] The liquid crystal medium according to the invention preferably comprises one or more dielectric neutral compounds having a dielectric anisotropy of -1.5 to 3, preferably selected from compounds of formula VI, VII, VIII and IX.

[0302] In this application, all elements include their respective isotopes. In particular, one or more H atoms in the compound may be replaced by D atoms, and this is particularly preferred in some embodiments. The increased deuteration of the corresponding compound can, for example, enable the detection and identification of the compound.

[0303] In this application,

[0304] Alkyl particularly preferably means a straight-chain alkyl group, especially CH3-, C2H5-, n-C3H7-, n-C4H9- or n-C5H 11 -,and

[0305] alkenyl is particularly preferred to represent CH2=CH-, E-CH3-CH=CH-, CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-, E-CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH2- or E-(n-C3H7)-CH=CH-.

[0306] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula VI, selected from compounds of formulas VI-1 to VI-4, preferably one or more compounds each of formula VI-2.

[0307]

[0308] The parameters have their respective meanings given in equation VI above, and R in preferred equation VI-1. 61 and R 62 The terms methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and pentoxy are independently represented, with ethoxy, butoxy, or pentoxy being preferred, ethoxy or butoxy being more preferred, and butoxy being the most preferred.

[0309] In Formula VI-2

[0310] R 61 Preferably, it represents vinyl, 1-E-propenyl, but-4-en-1-yl, pent-1-en-1-yl or pent-3-en-1-yl and n-propyl or n-pentyl, and

[0311] R 62 This indicates an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-5 carbon atoms, or more preferably an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms, particularly preferably having 2 or 4 carbon atoms, and most preferably an ethoxy group.

[0312] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medium according to the invention comprises, in various cases, one or more compounds of formula VII, selected from compounds of formulas VII-1 to VII-3, preferably one or more compounds of formula VII-1 and one or more compounds of formula VII-2.

[0313]

[0314] The parameters have their respective meanings given in equation VII above, and the preferred ones...

[0315] R 71 It represents vinyl, 1-E-propenyl, but-4-en-1-yl, pent-1-en-1-yl or pent-3-en-1-yl, n-propyl or n-pentyl, and

[0316] R 72 This indicates an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-5 carbon atoms, or more preferably an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms, particularly preferably having 2 or 4 carbon atoms, and most preferably an ethoxy group.

[0317] And each of the rings therein, and preferably the phenylene ring, optionally each of which may be replaced by one or two alkyl groups, preferably by methyl and / or ethyl, preferably by one methyl group.

[0318] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula VI-1 in various cases, which are selected from the following compounds:

[0319]

[0320] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula VI-2 in various cases, selected from the following compounds:

[0321]

[0322] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula VII-1 in various cases, which are selected from the following compounds:

[0323]

[0324] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula VII-2 in various cases, which are selected from the following compounds:

[0325]

[0326] In addition to compounds of formula Py or its preferred sub-forms, the medium according to the invention may also contain one or more dielectric negative compounds selected from compounds of formulas VI and VII, preferably with a total concentration of 5% or more to 90% or less, preferably 10% or more to 80% or less, and particularly preferably 20% or more to 70% or less.

[0327] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medium according to the invention comprises, in various cases, one or more compounds of formula VIII selected from compounds of formula VIII-1 to VIII-3, preferably one or more compounds of formula VIII-1 and / or one or more compounds of formula VIII-3.

[0328]

[0329] The parameters have their respective meanings given in Equation VIII above, and the preferred values ​​are...

[0330] R 81 The terms represent vinyl, 1-E-propenyl, but-4-en-1-yl, pent-1-en-1-yl or pent-3-en-1-yl, ethyl, n-propyl or n-pentyl, alkyl, preferably ethyl, n-propyl or n-pentyl, and

[0331] R 82 This indicates an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably having 1-5 carbon atoms, or an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms.

[0332] In equations VIII-1 and VIII-2, R 82 Preferably, it represents an alkoxy group having 2 or 4 carbon atoms, and most preferably an ethoxy group, and in formula VIII-3 it preferably represents an alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, and most preferably methyl.

[0333] In a further preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula IV, preferably formula IVa.

[0334]

[0335] in

[0336] R 41 This indicates an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms or an unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2-7 carbon atoms, preferably an n-alkyl group, and particularly preferably having 2, 3, 4, or 5 carbon atoms.

[0337] R 42 The term refers to an unsubstituted alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2-7 carbon atoms, or an unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms, all preferably having 2-5 carbon atoms; preferably an unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms, more preferably a vinyl group or a 1-propenyl group and particularly a vinyl group.

[0338] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula IV-1 to IV-4, preferably formula IV-1.

[0339]

[0340] in

[0341] alkyl and alkyl' independently represent alkyl groups having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-5 carbon atoms.

[0342] alkenyl and alkenyl' independently represent alkenyl groups having 2-5 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-4 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably having 2 carbon atoms.

[0343] 'alkenyl' preferably refers to an alkenyl group having 2-5 carbon atoms, more preferably having 2-4 carbon atoms, particularly preferably having 2-3 carbon atoms, and...

[0344] alkoxy refers to an alkoxy group having 1-5 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-4 carbon atoms.

[0345] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds of formula IV-1 and / or one or more compounds of formula IV-2.

[0346] In a further preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula V.

[0347] In a further preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula XI, which are selected from formulas XI-1 and XI-2:

[0348]

[0349] in

[0350] R 11 and R 12 The groups, which can be independently represented by alkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroalkoxy groups, preferably having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, wherein one of the CH2 groups can be replaced by 1,2-cyclopropyl, 1,3-cyclopentyl, or 1,3-cyclopentenyl groups, and alkenyl, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, or fluoroalkenyl groups having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, are preferred to be alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, or alkenyloxy groups, with alkoxy or alkenyloxy groups being the most preferred.

[0351] R 1 The group represents an alkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroalkoxy group, preferably having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, wherein one of the CH2 groups can be replaced by 1,2-cyclopropyl, 1,3-cyclopentyl, or 1,3-cyclopentenyl, and an alkenyl, alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, or fluoroalkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably alkyl or alkenyl.

[0352] X 1 The groups are F, Cl, CN, NCS, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkenyl, fluoroalkoxy or fluoroalkenoxy, with the latter four groups preferably having 1 to 4 C atoms, more preferably F, Cl, CF3 or OCF3, even more preferably F, CF3 or OCF3, and most preferably CF3 or OCF3.

[0353] The medium according to the invention preferably contains the following compounds at the said total concentration:

[0354] 1-30 wt% of one or more compounds selected from the formula Py, and

[0355] 2-60 wt% of one or more compounds of formula II, preferably selected from compounds of formula II-1 and II-2, and / or

[0356] 1-60 wt% of one or more compounds of formula III, and / or

[0357] 20-80 wt% of one or more Formula IV compounds, and / or

[0358] 0-50 wt% of one or more compounds of formula V, and / or

[0359] 0-20 wt% of one or more Formula VI compounds, and / or

[0360] 0-20 wt% of one or more compounds of formula VII, and / or

[0361] 0-20 wt% of one or more compounds of formula VIII, preferably selected from compounds of formula VIII-1 and VIII-2, and / or

[0362] 0-20 wt% of one or more compounds of formula IX, and / or

[0363] 0-30 wt% of one or more compounds selected from formula X,

[0364] The total content of all compounds of formula Py, T, formulas II to IX and formula X present in the medium is preferably 95% or more, more preferably 97% or more, and most preferably 100%.

[0365] The latter condition applies to all media according to this application.

[0366] In a further preferred embodiment, in addition to compounds of formula Py or its preferred derivatives, the medium according to the invention preferably also comprises one or more dielectric neutral compounds selected from compounds of formulas IV and V, preferably with a total concentration of 5% or more to 90% or less, preferably 10% or more to 80% or less, and particularly preferably 20% or more to 70% or less.

[0367] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the medium according to the invention comprises

[0368] One or more Py compounds, wherein the total concentration is 3% or more to 50% or less, preferably 5% or more to 30% or less, and

[0369] One or more compounds of formula T, wherein the total concentration is 1% or more to 40% or less, preferably 5% or more to 25% or less, and

[0370] One or more compounds of formula II, wherein the total concentration is 5% or more to 50% or less, preferably 10% or more to 40% or less, and / or

[0371] One or more compounds of formula VII-1, wherein the total concentration is 5% or greater to 30% or less, and / or

[0372] One or more compounds of formula VII-2, wherein the total concentration is 3% or greater to 30% or less, and / or

[0373] One or more compounds of formula XI, wherein the total concentration is 3% or more to 50% or less, preferably 5% or more to 30% or less, and / or

[0374] One or more compounds of formula X, wherein the total concentration is 3% or more to 50% or less, preferably 5% or more to 30% or less.

[0375] Preferably, in the medium according to the invention, the concentration of the compound of formula Py is 1% or more up to 20% or less, more preferably 1.5% or more up to 20% or less, and most preferably 2% or more up to 10% or less.

[0376] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the concentration of compound II in the medium is 3% or more up to 60% or less, more preferably 5% or more up to 55% or less, more preferably 10% or more up to 50% or less, and most preferably 15% or more up to 45% or less.

[0377] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the concentration of compound VII in the medium is 2% or more up to 50% or less, more preferably 5% or more up to 40% or less, more preferably 10% or more up to 35% or less, and most preferably 15% or more up to 30% or less.

[0378] The present invention also relates to electro-optic displays or electro-optic components comprising a liquid crystal medium according to the invention. Preferred are electro-optic displays based on the FFS, IPS, VA, or ECB effects, more preferably based on the IPS or FFS effect, and particularly those addressed by active matrix addressing devices.

[0379] Accordingly, the present invention also relates to the use of the liquid crystal medium according to the invention in electro-optic displays or electro-optic components, and to a method for preparing the liquid crystal medium according to the invention, characterized in that one or more Py compounds are mixed with one or more additional mesocrystalline compounds and optionally with one or more additives.

[0380] In a further preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula IV, selected from compounds of formulas IV-2 and IV-3.

[0381]

[0382] in

[0383] alkyl and alkyl' independently represent alkyl groups having 1-7 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-5 carbon atoms.

[0384] alkoxy means an alkoxy group having 1-5 carbon atoms, preferably having 2-4 carbon atoms.

[0385] In a further preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula V selected from formulas V-1 to V-5, preferably formulas V-3, V-4, and V-5.

[0386]

[0387] The parameters have the meanings given in equation V above, and the preferred values.

[0388] R 51 This indicates an alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms or an alkenyl group having 2-7 carbon atoms, and

[0389] R 52 It indicates an alkyl group having 1-7 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2-7 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl or alkenyl group.

[0390] In a further preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula V-3, wherein R 51 and R 52 At least one of them is an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably selected from those of the following formula:

[0391]

[0392]

[0393] Wherein “Alkyl” has the definition given above, and is preferably methyl or ethyl. Compounds of formula V-3d are particularly preferred.

[0394] In a further preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds of formula V-4 selected from formula V-4a to V-4c.

[0395]

[0396] in

[0397] alkyl and alkyl * Each is independently a straight-chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, especially methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and pentyl.

[0398] The liquid crystal medium preferably contains two, three or more compounds selected from formulas V-4a, V-4b and V-4c.

[0399] In a further preferred embodiment, the medium comprises one or more compounds selected from formulas V-5a to V-5c, preferably compounds of formula V-5a:

[0400]

[0401] in

[0402] alkyl and alkyl * Each is independently a straight-chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, especially methyl, ethyl, or n-propyl, and

[0403] alkenyl preferably means an alkenyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a vinyl group.

[0404] In addition to compounds of formulas Py, T, II to IX, L and X, other components may also be present, for example, in amounts of up to 45%, but preferably up to 35%, particularly up to 10%, based on the entire mixture.

[0405] The medium according to the invention may optionally contain a dielectric negative compound, the total concentration of which is preferably 20% or less, more preferably 10% or less, based on all media.

[0406] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium according to the invention comprises, based on the entire mixture, a total of:

[0407] 1% or more to 30% or less, preferably 1.5% or more to 20% or less, particularly preferably 2% or more to 10% or less of a Py compound, and / or

[0408] 1% or more to 35% or less, preferably 2% or more to 30% or less, particularly preferably 5% or more to 25% or less of compound of formula T, and / or

[0409] 3% or more to 50% or less, preferably 4% or more to 45% or less, particularly preferably 5% or more to 40% or less of compounds of formula II and / or III, and / or

[0410] 40% or more to 70% or less, preferably 50% or more to 65% or less, particularly preferably 55% or more to 65% or less of compounds of formula IV and / or V, and / or

[0411] 0% or more up to 30% or less, 0% or more up to 20% or less, preferably 0% or more up to 15% or less of compounds of formula VI and / or VII and / or VIII and / or IX.

[0412] The liquid crystal medium according to the present invention may contain one or more chiral compounds.

[0413] A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention meets one or more of the following conditions:

[0414] The abbreviations are explained in Tables A to C and illustrated with examples in Table D.

[0415] The medium of the present invention preferably satisfies one or more of the following conditions:

[0416] i. The liquid crystal medium has a birefringence of 0.060 or greater, particularly preferably 0.070 or greater.

[0417] ii. The liquid crystal medium has a birefringence of 0.200 or less, particularly preferably 0.180 or less.

[0418] iii. The liquid crystal medium has a birefringence of 0.090 or greater to 0.180 or less.

[0419] iv. The liquid crystal medium contains one or more particularly preferred Py compounds, preferably selected from (sub) Py-A or Py-1 to Py-5.

[0420] v. The liquid crystal medium comprises one or more particularly preferred compounds of formula T, preferably selected from (sub)forms T-1 to T-53, and most preferably (sub)form T-6.

[0421] vi. The total concentration of the compound of formula II in the entire mixture is 0.5% or more, preferably 1% or more, and preferably 14% or less, particularly preferably 9% or less, and very particularly preferably 1% or more to 6% or less.

[0422] vii. The liquid crystal medium comprises one or more compounds of formula IV selected from the following: CC-nV and / or CC-n-Vm and / or CC-VV and / or CC-V-Vn and / or CC-nV-Vn, particularly preferably CC-3-V, preferably having a concentration of up to 60% or less, particularly preferably up to 50% or less, and optionally, in addition to CC-3-V, CC-3-V1, preferably having a concentration of up to 15% or less, and / or CC-3-2V1, preferably having a concentration of up to 15% or less, and / or CC-4-V, preferably having a concentration of up to 40% or less, particularly preferably up to 30% or less.

[0423] viii. The medium contains a compound of formula CC-nV, preferably CC-3-V, preferably at a concentration of 1% or more up to 60% or less, more preferably at a concentration of 20% or more up to 55% or less.

[0424] ix. The liquid crystal medium contains one or more compounds of formula IV, preferably compounds of formula IV-1 and / or IV-2, preferably with a total concentration of 20% or more, particularly 30% or more, and very particularly preferably 40% or more, and preferably 46% to 55% of the compound of formula IV-1.

[0425] x. The total concentration of compound V in the entire mixture is 15% or more, preferably 20% or more, and preferably 15% or more up to 40% or less, particularly preferably 20% or more up to 30% or less.

[0426] xi. The total concentration of the compound of formula V-3 in the entire mixture is 5% or more to 25% or less, preferably 5% or more to 15% or less.

[0427] xii. The total concentration of compounds of formula V-4, preferably formulas V-4a to V-4c, in the entire mixture is 3% or more to 30% or less, preferably 10% or more to 25% or less.

[0428] xiii. The total concentration of compounds of formula V-5, preferably V-5-a and III-1d, preferably III-1d-1, in the entire mixture is 2% or more to 20% or less, preferably 4% or more to 15% or less.

[0429] The present invention further relates to an electro-optic display having active matrix addressing based on IPS, FFS or UB-FFS effect, characterized in that it contains a liquid crystal medium according to the present invention as a dielectric.

[0430] The liquid crystal mixture preferably has a nematic phase range with a width of at least 70 degrees.

[0431] The rotational viscosity γ1 is preferably 350 mPa·s or less, more preferably 250 mPa·s or less, and particularly 150 mPa·s or less.

[0432] The mixture of the present invention is applicable to all IPS and FFS-TFT applications using dielectric positive liquid crystal media, such as XB-FFS.

[0433] The liquid crystal medium according to the invention is preferably composed substantially entirely of 4-15, particularly 5-12, and especially preferably 10 or fewer compounds. These are preferably compounds selected from the formulas Py, T, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX.

[0434] The liquid crystal medium according to the invention may optionally contain more than 18 compounds. In this case, it preferably contains 18-25 compounds.

[0435] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium according to the invention mainly comprises, preferably substantially, and most preferably substantially entirely, compounds that do not contain cyano groups.

[0436] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium according to the invention comprises compounds selected from compounds of formulas Py, T, II, III and IV and V, preferably compounds selected from compounds of formulas Py-1, T-1, II-1, II-2, III-1, III-2, IV and V; they are preferably composed mainly of, particularly preferably substantially of, and very particularly preferably substantially entirely of compounds of the formulas.

[0437] The liquid crystal medium according to the invention preferably has a nematic phase of at least -10°C or less up to 70°C or more in various cases, particularly preferably -20°C or less up to 80°C or more, very particularly preferably -30°C or less up to 85°C or more, and most preferably -40°C or less up to 90°C or more.

[0438] The phrase "having a nematic phase" here means, on the one hand, that no smectic phase and crystallization were observed at the corresponding temperature at low temperatures, and on the other hand, that no clearing occurred upon heating from the nematic phase. Studies at low temperatures were conducted in a flow viscometer at the corresponding temperature and examined by storage in a test chamber with a thickness corresponding to at least 100 hours of electro-optical application. If the storage stability in the corresponding test chamber at -20°C is 1000 hours or longer, the medium is considered stable at that temperature. At -30°C and -40°C, the corresponding times are 500 hours and 250 hours, respectively. At high temperatures, clearing points were measured in capillaries using conventional methods.

[0439] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium according to the invention is characterized by an optical anisotropy value in the moderate to low range. The birefringence value is preferably 0.075 or greater up to 0.130 or less, particularly preferably 0.085 or greater up to 0.120 or less, and very particularly preferably 0.090 or greater up to 0.115 or less.

[0440] In this embodiment, the liquid crystal medium according to the invention has a positive dielectric anisotropy Δε, which is preferably 2.0 or greater up to 20 or less, more preferably up to 15 or less, more preferably 2.0 or greater up to 10 or less, particularly preferably 2.0 or greater up to 9.0 or less, and very particularly preferably 2.5 or greater up to 8.0 or less.

[0441] The liquid crystal medium according to the invention preferably has a relatively low threshold voltage (V0) value, ranging from 1.0V or higher to 5.0V or lower, preferably up to 2.5V or lower, particularly preferably 1.2V or higher to 2.2V or lower, and particularly preferably 1.3V or higher to 2.0V or lower.

[0442] Furthermore, the liquid crystal medium according to the present invention has a high VHR value in the liquid crystal cell.

[0443] Typically, liquid crystal media with low addressing voltage or threshold voltage have lower VHR than those with higher addressing voltage or threshold voltage, and vice versa.

[0444] These preferred values ​​of each physical property are also preferably maintained in various cases by combining them with each other using the medium according to the invention.

[0445] In this application, the term "compound" is also written as "one or more compounds (compound(s))" and refers to both single and multiple compounds, unless otherwise expressly stated.

[0446] For the purposes of this invention, the following definitions apply to describe the composition of the compositions, unless otherwise specified in each case:

[0447] - "Contains": The concentration of the discussed component in the composition is preferably 5% or more, particularly preferably 10% or more, and very particularly preferably 20% or more.

[0448] - "Mainly composed of": The concentration of the discussed component in the composition is preferably 50% or greater, particularly preferably 55% or greater, and very particularly preferably 60% or greater.

[0449] - "consisting essentially of": The concentration of the component discussed in the composition is preferably 80% or greater, particularly preferably 90% or greater, and very particularly preferably 95% or greater, and

[0450] - "consistent in substantially whole of": The concentration of the components discussed in the composition is preferably 98% or greater, particularly preferably 99% or greater and very particularly preferably 100.0%.

[0451] This applies both to a medium as a composition having its components (which can be a group of compounds as well as a single compound) and to a group of compounds having their respective components (compounds). The term "comprising" means only when referring to the concentration of the individual compounds relative to the entire medium: the concentration of one or more compounds discussed is preferably 1% or greater, particularly preferably 2% or greater, and very particularly preferably 4% or greater.

[0452] In this invention, "≤" means less than or equal to, preferably less than, and "≥" means greater than or equal to, preferably greater than.

[0453] For the present invention,

[0454]

[0455] This represents the trans-1,4-cyclohexyl group.

[0456]

[0457] This indicates a mixture of cis-1,4-cyclohexylene and trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, and

[0458]

[0459] It represents 1,4-phenylene.

[0460] Throughout this application, 1,3-cyclopentenyl is a part selected from the following formula:

[0461]

[0462] Preferred

[0463]

[0464] Optimal Selection

[0465]

[0466] For the purposes of this invention, the term "dielectrically positive compound" refers to a compound having Δε > 1.5, the term "dielectrically neutral compound" refers to a compound having -1.5 ≤ Δε ≤ 1.5, and the term "dielectrically negative compound" refers to a compound having Δε < -1.5. The dielectric anisotropy of the compounds is determined by dissolving 10% of the compound in a liquid crystal matrix and measuring the capacitance of the resulting mixture in each case at 1 kHz in at least one test cell with a vertical surface alignment and a 20 μm cell thickness with a horizontal surface alignment. The measurement voltage is typically 0.5 V to 1.0 V, but is always below the capacitance threshold of each liquid crystal mixture studied.

[0467] The host mixtures for the dielectric positive and dielectric neutral compounds were ZLI-4792, and the host mixture for the dielectric negative compounds was ZLI-2857, both from Merck KGaA, Germany. The values ​​for each compound under study were obtained by extrapolating the change in dielectric constant of the host mixture after the addition of the compound under study to 100% of the compound used. The compound under study was dissolved in the host mixture at 10% concentration. If the solubility of the substance was too low for this purpose, the concentration was gradually halved until the study could be carried out at the desired temperature.

[0468] If necessary, the liquid crystal medium according to the invention may also contain other additives, such as stabilizers and / or pleochroic dyes, such as dichroic dyes and / or chiral dopants, in typical amounts. The total amount of these additives used is preferably 0% or more to 10% or less, and particularly preferably 0.1% or more to 6% or less based on the total amount of the mixture. The concentration of each compound used is preferably 0.1% or more to 3% or less. When specifying the concentration and concentration range of the liquid crystal compounds in the liquid crystal medium, the concentration of these and similar additives is generally not considered.

[0469] In a preferred embodiment, the liquid crystal medium according to the invention comprises a polymer precursor containing one or more reactive compounds, preferably reactive mesomorphs, and, if desired, further comprising other additives in typical amounts, such as polymerization initiators and / or polymerization modifiers. The total amount of these additives used, based on the total amount of the mixture, is 0% or more to 10% or less, preferably 0.1% or more to 2% or less. The concentrations of these and similar additives are not considered when specifying the concentrations and concentration ranges of the liquid crystal compounds in the liquid crystal medium.

[0470] The composition comprises a variety of compounds, preferably 3 or more to 30 or fewer, particularly preferably 6 or more to 20 or fewer, and very particularly preferably 10 or more to 16 or fewer, which are mixed in a conventional manner. Typically, the desired amount of the compound used in a small quantity is dissolved in the compound constituting the main component of the mixture. This is advantageously carried out at elevated temperatures. The completion of the dissolution process is particularly easily observed if the selected temperature is above the clearing point of the main component. However, liquid crystal mixtures can also be prepared in other conventional ways, such as using premixing or from a so-called "multi-bottle system".

[0471] The mixtures according to the invention exhibit a very wide nematic phase range with a clearing point of 65°C or higher, a very favorable capacitance threshold, a relatively high retention value, and very good low-temperature stability at both -30°C and -40°C. Furthermore, the mixtures according to the invention are characterized by a low rotational viscosity γ1.

[0472] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the medium according to the invention for use in VA, IPS, FFS or PALC displays may also contain compounds in which, for example, H, N, O, Cl, F have been replaced by the corresponding isotopes.

[0473] The structure of the FFS liquid crystal display according to the present invention corresponds to a general geometric structure, such as that described, for example, in US 2002 / 0041354A1.

[0474] The liquid crystal phases according to the invention can be varied by suitable additives in a manner that allows them to be used in any type of LCD display disclosed to date, such as IPS and FFS LCD displays.

[0475] Table E below indicates the possible dopants that can be added to the mixtures according to the invention. If the mixture contains one or more dopants, they are used in amounts of 0.01% to 4%, preferably 0.1% to 1.0%.

[0476] For example, stabilizers that can preferably be added to the mixtures according to the invention in amounts of 0.01% to 6%, particularly 0.1% to 3%, are shown in Table F below.

[0477] For the purposes of this invention, unless otherwise expressly stated, all concentrations are expressed as a weight percentage, and unless otherwise expressly stated, all concentrations are relative to the respective mixture as a whole or as a component of the mixture as a whole. In this context, the term "mixture" describes a liquid crystal medium.

[0478] Unless otherwise expressly stated, all temperature values ​​described in this application, such as melting point T(C,N), transformation from smectic (S) phase to nematic (N) phase T(S,N), and clearing point T(N,I), are expressed in Celsius (°C) and all temperature differences are expressed accordingly in degrees of difference (° or degrees).

[0479] For the purposes of this invention, the term “threshold voltage” refers to the capacitive threshold (V0), also known as the Freedericks threshold, unless otherwise explicitly stated.

[0480] All physical properties are and have been determined according to "Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals", Status November 1997, Merck KGaA (Germany), and are applicable at a temperature of 20°C, with Δn measured at 436 nm, 589 nm and 633 nm, and Δε measured at 1 kHz, unless otherwise explicitly stated in each case.

[0481] Electro-optic properties, such as threshold voltage (V0) (capacitive measurement) (which is the switching behavior), were measured in a test box manufactured by Merck Japan. The test box has a soda-lime glass substrate and is constructed in an ECB or VA configuration with a polyimide alignment layer (with diluent). ** SE-1211 (mixing ratio 1:1), all from Nissan Chemicals, Japan, has been rubbed perpendicularly against each other, affecting the vertical alignment of the liquid crystal. The transparent, almost square ITO electrode has a surface area of ​​1 cm². 2 .

[0482] Unless otherwise stated, chiral dopants should not be added to the liquid crystal mixture used, but the latter is particularly suitable for applications where this type of doping is required.

[0483] Rotational viscosity was measured using a rotating permanent magnet method, and flow viscosity was measured in a modified Ubbelohde viscometer. For liquid crystal mixtures ZLI-2293, ZLI-4792, and MLC-6608 (all from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), the rotational viscosities measured at 20°C were 161 mPa·s, 133 mPa·s, and 186 mPa·s, respectively, and the flow viscosity (ν) was 21 mm·s, respectively. 2 ·s -1 14mm 2 ·s -1 and 27mm 2 ·s -1 .

[0484] For practical purposes, the dispersion of a material can be conveniently characterized as follows, which, unless otherwise explicitly stated, is used throughout the application. Birefringence values ​​are determined at several fixed wavelengths using a modified Abbe refractometer at a temperature of 20°C, wherein the vertically aligned surface is in contact with the material on the side of the prism. Birefringence values ​​are determined at specific wavelengths of 436 nm (selected spectral lines of a low-pressure mercury lamp), 589 nm (sodium “D” line), and 633 nm (wavelength of a HE-Ne laser used in combination with an attenuator / diffuser to prevent injury to the observer’s eyes). In the table below, Δn is given at 589 nm and Δ(Δn) is given as Δ(Δn) = Δn(436 nm) - Δn(633 nm).

[0485] Unless otherwise expressly stated, use the following symbols:

[0486] V0 is the threshold voltage, capacitive [V], at 20°C.

[0487] n e Unusual refractive index measured at 20°C and 589 nm.

[0488] n o Ordinary refractive index measured at 20°C and 589 nm.

[0489] Optical anisotropy of Δn measured at 20℃ and 589nm.

[0490] λ Wavelength λ [nm]

[0491] Δn(λ) represents the optical anisotropy measured at 20°C and wavelength λ.

[0492] The change in optical anisotropy, Δ(Δn), is defined as: Δn(20℃, 436nm) - Δn(20℃, 633nm).

[0493] Δ(Δn * The "relative change in optical anisotropy" is defined as: Δ(Δn) / Δn(20℃, 589nm).

[0494] ε ⊥ Dielectric polarization perpendicular to the director at 20℃ and 1kHz

[0495] ε || Dielectric polarizability parallel to the director at 20℃ and 1kHz

[0496] Dielectric anisotropy of Δε at 20℃ and 1kHz

[0497] T(N,I) or clop. Clear the light [°C].

[0498] ν Flow viscosity measured at 20℃ [mm 2 ·s -1 ],

[0499] The rotational viscosity [mPa·s] of γ1 measured at 20℃.

[0500] K 11 The elastic constant [pN] of the "stretching" deformation at 20℃.

[0501] K 22 The elastic constant [pN] of the "torsional" deformation at 20℃, K 22 ≈ 1 / 2 K 11 )

[0502] K 33 The elastic constant [pN] of the "bending" deformation at 20℃.

[0503] K avg. The mean elastic constant [pN] at 20℃ is defined here as K. avg. ≡(3 / 2 K 11 +K 33 ) / 3≈ ( K 11 + K 22 +K 33 ) / 3,

[0504] The low-temperature stability of the phase was measured by LTS in the test chamber.

[0505] VHR (Voltage Hold-up)

[0506] The decrease in ΔVHR voltage holding rate, and

[0507] S rel The relative stability of VHR

[0508] The following examples illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit it. However, they demonstrate to those skilled in the art the conception of using preferred compounds to be employed and their respective concentrations, as well as preferred mixtures thereof. Furthermore, the examples illustrate the available properties and combinations of properties.

[0509] For the purposes of this invention and in the following embodiments, the structures of the liquid crystal compounds are represented by abbreviations and converted to chemical formulas according to Tables A through C below. All groups C n H 2n+1 C m H 2m+1 and C l H 2l+1 Or C n H 2n C m H 2m and C l H 2lThe groups are straight-chain alkyl or alkylene groups, each having n, m, and l C atoms in various cases. Preferably, n, m, and l are independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. Table A shows the codes for the ring elements of the compound core, Table B lists the bridging units, and Table C lists the symbol meanings of the left-hand and right-hand end groups of the molecule. Abbreviations consist of the code for the ring element with an optional connecting group, followed by a first hyphen and the code for the left-hand end group, and a second hyphen and the code for the right-hand end group. Table D shows exemplary structures of the compounds and their respective abbreviations.

[0510] Table A: Ring Elements

[0511]

[0512]

[0513]

[0514]

[0515] Table B: Bridging Units

[0516]

[0517] Table C: End bases

[0518]

[0519]

[0520] Where n and m are integers, and the three dots "..." are placeholders for other abbreviations from the table.

[0521] In addition to compound B, the mixtures according to the invention preferably also contain one or more of the compounds mentioned below.

[0522] Use the following abbreviations:

[0523] (n, m, k, and l are each independently preferably 1-9, preferably 1-7 integers; k and l may also be 0 and are preferably 0 to 4, more preferably 0 or 2, and most preferably 2; n is preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and in the combination "-nO-", it is preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4, preferably 2 or 4; m is preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and in the combination "-Om", it is preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4, more preferably 2 or 4. The combination "-lVm-" is preferably "2V1".)

[0524] Table D:

[0525] Exemplary preferred dielectric positive compounds

[0526]

[0527]

[0528]

[0529]

[0530]

[0531]

[0532]

[0533]

[0534]

[0535] Exemplary preferred dielectric neutral compounds

[0536]

[0537]

[0538]

[0539]

[0540]

[0541]

[0542]

[0543]

[0544] Exemplary example with high ε ⊥ Compounds:

[0545]

[0546]

[0547] Exemplary preferred dielectric negative compounds:

[0548]

[0549]

[0550]

[0551]

[0552]

[0553]

[0554]

[0555]

[0556]

[0557] Table E shows the chiral dopants preferably used in the mixtures according to the invention.

[0558] Table E

[0559]

[0560]

[0561]

[0562] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds selected from the compounds in Table E.

[0563] Table F shows the stabilizers that may be preferably used additionally in the mixtures according to the invention. Here, the parameter n represents an integer from 1 to 12. In particular, the phenolic derivatives shown may be used as additional stabilizers because they act as antioxidants.

[0564] Table F

[0565]

[0566]

[0567]

[0568]

[0569]

[0570] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the medium according to the invention comprises one or more compounds selected from the compounds in Table F, particularly one or more compounds selected from the following two formulas.

[0571] Detailed Implementation

[0572] Example

[0573] The following embodiments illustrate the invention but do not limit it in any way. However, the physical properties make it clear to those skilled in the art what properties can be achieved and within what range they can be adjusted. In particular, the combination of various properties that can therefore be preferably achieved by those skilled in the art is well defined.

[0574] Synthesis Examples

[0575] The synthesis of fluoropyridine is disclosed in WO 2008 / 128622 A1 and in the following examples.

[0576] Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of GnfUQU-3-F

[0577]

[0578] Step 1.1

[0579]

[0580] 0.7 g of tetra(triphenylphosphine)palladium, 9.1 g (50 mmol) of boric acid, and 10.5 g (50 mmol) of a pyridine derivative were added to a mixture of 100 mL of toluene and 50 mL of 2N sodium carbonate solution. After incubation at 60 °C for 60 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with MTB ether. The organic phase was evaporated. The residue was filtered through silica gel (n-heptane).

[0581] Step 1.2

[0582]

[0583] First, 12.6 g (45 mmol) of sodium metaborate octahydrate was introduced into 23 mL of water, followed by 25 mL of THF, 0.1 mL (0.7 mmol) of hydrazine hydroxide, and 0.7 g (1 mmol) of bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. Then, a solution of 10.6 g (30 mmol) of boric acid and 8.0 g (30 mmol) of chloropyridine was added to the batch. After reflux for 16 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with MTB ether. The organic phase was evaporated. The residue was filtered through silica gel (n-heptane). Final purification of the product was achieved by crystallization from heptane.

[0584] Phase sequence: C 70 SmA(64)N 118 I

[0585] Δε: 41

[0586] Δn: 0.21

[0587] γ1: 241 mPa·s

[0588] Other compound examples

[0589]

[0590] The following end-base abbreviations are used in the table below.

[0591]

[0592] The physical properties are given at a temperature of 20°C and the unit of γ1 is mPa·s.

[0593]

[0594]

[0595]

[0596] Mixture Examples

[0597] Exemplary mixtures are disclosed below. All % values ​​are by weight.

[0598] Mixture Example 1

[0599] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-1).

[0600]

[0601] This mixture, mixture M-1, is characterized by very good contrast and fast switching in FFS displays. Its average elastic constant (K... avg. =(K 11 +1 / 2K 11 +K 33 The response time parameter (γ1 / K) is 14.4 pN, and the response time parameter (γ1 / K) is 14.4 pN. 11 The value is 3.2 mPa·s / pN.

[0602] Mixture Examples 1.1 to 1.4

[0603] Alternatively, 0.05% of one of the following formulas is added to mixture M-1.

[0604]

[0605] The two O atoms bonded to the N atom represent free radicals, and

[0606]

[0607] The resulting mixtures M-1.1, M-1.2, M-1.3 and M-1.4 are characterized by improved stability under harsh conditions, especially under light exposure.

[0608] Comparison of Mixtures Example 1

[0609] Prepare and study the following mixture (C-1).

[0610]

[0611]

[0612] Comparison of Mixtures Example 2

[0613] Prepare and study the following mixture (C-2).

[0614]

[0615] Table 1: Average elastic constants K of mixtures C-1, C-2 and M-1 avg. and response time parameter γ1 / K 11 Comparison

[0616] mixture annotation <![CDATA[K avg. ]]> <![CDATA[γ1 / K 11 ]]> C-1 Compare 12.5pN 3.3 mPas / pN C-2 Compare 14.2pN 3.4 mPas / pN M-1 This invention 14.4pN 3.2 mPas / pN

[0617] Mixture Example 2

[0618] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-2).

[0619]

[0620] Mixture Example 3

[0621] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-3).

[0622]

[0623]

[0624] Mixture Example 4

[0625] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-4).

[0626]

[0627] Mixture Example 5

[0628] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-5).

[0629]

[0630]

[0631] Mixture Example 6

[0632] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-6).

[0633]

[0634] Mixture Example 7

[0635] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-7).

[0636]

[0637]

[0638] Mixture Example 8

[0639] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-8).

[0640]

[0641] Mixture Example 9

[0642] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-9).

[0643]

[0644]

[0645] Mixture Example 10

[0646] Prepare and study the following mixture (M-10).

[0647]

[0648] Mixture Example 11

[0649] The following mixture (M-11) was prepared and studied.

[0650]

[0651]

Claims

1. A liquid crystal medium having a nematic phase, characterized in that... It contains one or more Py compounds in an amount of 1% or more to 30% or less. Py in R 1 This refers to an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups in said group, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently converted to -C≡C-, -CH=CH-, ... , , , The atoms are replaced by -O-, -S-, -(CO)-O-, -O-(CO)- in such a way that the O or S atoms are not directly connected to each other, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms can be replaced by F or Cl, or H, A 1 Each occurrence is represented independently. Z 1 Single bonds can be represented independently, either identically or differently. L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 Independently represent H or F, L 5 Indicates H or CH3, X represents F, a represents 1, b represents 1, and and It contains one or more compounds of formula T, in an amount of 1% or more to 35% or less. Each of the groups has the following meaning: R 1 and R 2 This indicates H, F, Cl, Br, -CN, -NCS, or a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, wherein, in addition, one or more CH2 groups, including the terminal carbon atom, may be independently coupled to each other by -CH=CH-, -C≡C-, , , , The following substitutions are used to replace O or S atoms in a manner that prevents them from being directly connected to each other, and in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by F or Cl. L 1 Indicates H or CH3, A 0 express A 1 The following are independent representations of phenylene-1,4-diyl, wherein, in addition, one or two CH groups may be substituted with N, and one or more H atoms may be substituted with halogen, CN, CH3, CHF2, CH2F, OCH3, OCHF2 or OCF3; cyclohexane-1,4-diyl, wherein, in addition, one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups may be independently substituted with O and / or S, and one or more H atoms may be substituted with F; cyclohexene-1,4-diyl; bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-diyl; bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-diyl; spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl; tetrahydropyran-2,5-diyl or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl; m represents 0, 1, or 2 independently of each other in each case; and A compound comprising one or more compounds selected from formulas II and III, in an amount of 3% or more to 50% or less. in R 2 This refers to an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups in said group, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently converted to -C≡C-, -CH=CH-, ... , , , The atoms are replaced by -O-, -S-, -(CO)-O-, -O-(CO)- in such a way that the O or S atoms are not directly connected to each other, and in which, in addition, one or more H atoms can be replaced by F or Cl, or H, L 21 and L 22 Indicates H or F, L 23 Indicates H or CH3, X 2 The term indicates a halogen, which is a haloalkyl or alkoxy group having 1-3 carbon atoms, or a haloalkenyl or alkenoxy group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms. m represents 0, 1, 2, or 3. R 3 This refers to an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups in said group, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently converted to -C≡C-, -CH=CH-, ... , , , The atoms -O-, -S-, -(CO)-O-, and -O-(CO)- are substituted in such a way that the O or S atoms are not directly connected to each other, and in addition, one or more H atoms can be substituted by F or Cl. L 31 and L 32 H or F can be represented independently of each other. L 33 Indicates H or CH3, X 3 The symbol represents a halogen, a haloalkyl or alkoxy group having 1-3 carbon atoms, or a haloalkenyl or alkenoxy group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, F, Cl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -O-CH2CF3, -O-CH=CF2, -O-CH=CH2 or -CF3. Z 3 This indicates -CH2CH2-, -CF2CF2-, -COO-, trans -CH=CH-, trans- CF = CF-, -CH2O- or a single bond, and n represents 0, 1, 2, or 3. Each ring may optionally be substituted with a methyl and / or an ethyl group. One or more additional compounds.

2. The liquid crystal medium according to claim 1, characterized in that... It contains one or more dielectric neutral compounds selected from formulas IV and V: in R 41 and R 42 Each of the above refers independently to an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, wherein one or more CH2 groups in said groups, including the terminal carbon atom, can be independently converted to -C≡C-, -CH=CH-, , , , The atoms -O-, -S-, -(CO)-O-, and -O-(CO)- are substituted in such a way that the O or S atoms are not directly connected to each other, and in addition, one or more H atoms can be substituted by F or Cl. Z 41 and Z 42 Independent of each other, and if Z 41 If they appear twice, then they independently represent -CH2CH2-, -COO-, trans- CH=CH-, trans- CF=CF-, -CH2O-, -CF2O-, -C≡C- or single bond, p represents 0, 1, or 2. R 51 and R 52 They are independent of each other for R 41 and R 42 One of the meanings shown Z 51 To Z 53 Each of these can be independently represented as -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-O-, -CH=CH-, -C≡C-, -COO-, or a single bond, and i and j each represent 0 or 1 independently. Each ring may optionally be substituted with methyl and / or ethyl.

3. The liquid crystal medium according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that... It contains one or more compounds selected from the following formulas T-1 to T-54: Where R 1 and R 2 It has the meaning indicated in claim 1.

4. The liquid crystal medium according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that... It additionally contains one or more compounds selected from formulas III-1j, III-1k, and III-1m: in R 3 This indicates an alkyl, alkoxy, fluoroalkyl, or fluoroalkoxy group having 1 to 7 carbon atoms, or an alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, or fluoroalkenyl group having 2 to 7 carbon atoms. X 3 This indicates F, Cl, a haloalkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a haloalkenyl or alkenoxy group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms; F, Cl, -OCF3, -OCHF2, -O-CH2CF3, -O-CH=CF2, -O-CH=CH2, or -CF3. L 31 and L 32 Each can be represented independently as H or F. L 33 and L 34 H or F can be represented independently of each other, and L 35 and L 36 H or F can be represented independently of each other.

5. The liquid crystal medium according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that... It additionally contains one or more compounds selected from compounds of formulas IV-1 to IV-4: in alkyl and alkyl' independently represent alkyl groups having 1-7 carbon atoms. alkenyl and alkenyl' independently represent alkenyl groups having 2-5 carbon atoms, and alkoxy represents an alkoxy group having 1-5 carbon atoms.

6. The liquid crystal medium according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that... The total concentration of the Py compound in the entire medium ranges from 2% to 10%.

7. The liquid crystal medium according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that... It additionally contains one or more chiral compounds and / or stabilizers.

8. An electro-optic display or electro-optic component, characterized in that... It comprises a liquid crystal medium according to any one of claims 1 to 7.

9. The display according to claim 8, characterized in that... It is based on IPS or FFS mode.

10. The display according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that... It contains active matrix addressing devices.

11. Use of the liquid crystal medium according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in an electro-optic display or electro-optic assembly.

12. A method for preparing a liquid crystal medium according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that... Mix one or more Py compounds, one or more T compounds, and one or more compounds selected from formulas II and III with one or more additional mesocrystalline compounds and optionally with one or more additives.

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