Heat generating device

Abstract

The present application provides a heat generating device that suppresses heat loss and has excellent energy efficiency. A heat generating device 10 includes: a hollow container 11; a heat generating body 14 provided inside the container 11; a heater 12 that heats the heat generating body 14; a lead wire portion 13 that connects a wall portion of the container 11 and the heater 12; a hydrogen supply portion 15 that supplies hydrogen-containing hydrogen gas to the heat generating body 14; and a vacuum exhaust portion 16 that performs vacuum exhaust on the inside of the container 11. When the heater temperature is set to T H , the outside temperature is set to T W , the equivalent heat transfer area is set to A HC , the equivalent heat transfer rate is set to k eq , the equivalent heat transfer distance is set to L eq , the sample radiation surface area is set to A S , the sample surface temperature is set to T S , the equivalent emissivity is set to ε eq , the Stefan-Boltzmann constant is set to σ, and the energy required for the maintenance operation is set to P m , the heat energy generated by the heat generating body 14 is set to H ex , the following equation (1) is satisfied. In the equation (1), η eq is a value obtained by dividing the equivalent heat transfer rate by the equivalent heat transfer distance (k eq / L eq ).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a heating device. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, a heat generation phenomenon has been reported, in which heat is generated by the absorption and release of hydrogen using hydrogen storage metals, etc. (see, for example, Non-Patent Literature 1). Hydrogen is considered a clean energy source because it can be generated from water, is inexhaustible and inexpensive, and does not produce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Furthermore, the heat generation phenomenon using hydrogen storage metals, etc., differs from nuclear fission reactions and does not involve a chain reaction, thus it is considered safe. The heat generated by the absorption and release of hydrogen can be used directly as heat or converted into electricity, making it a promising and efficient energy source.

[0003] Background Technology Documents

[0004] Non-patent literature

[0005] Non-patent literature 1: A. Kitamura, A. Takahashi, K. Takahashi, R. Seto, T. Hatano, Y. Iwamura, T. Itoh, J. Kasagi, M. Nakamura, M. Uchimura, H. Takahashi, S. Sumitomo, T. Hioki, T. Motohiro, Y. Furuyama, M. Kishida, H. Matsune, "Excess heat evolution fromnanocomposite samples under exposure to hydrogen isotope gases", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43(2018)16187-16200. Summary of the Invention

[0006] [The problem the invention aims to solve]

[0007] The industry is researching and developing heating devices that utilize the absorption and release of hydrogen to obtain thermal energy. However, due to the large heat loss and the large amount of energy required to maintain the operation of the device, there is a problem of low energy efficiency.

[0008] Therefore, the purpose of this invention is to provide a heating device that suppresses heat loss and has excellent energy efficiency.

[0009] [Technical means to solve the problem]

[0010] The heating device of the present invention is characterized by comprising: a hollow container; a heating element disposed inside the container; a heater for heating the heating element; a wire portion for connecting the wall of the container to the heater; a hydrogen supply portion for supplying hydrogen-containing hydrogen gas to the heating element; and a vacuum exhaust portion for evacuating the interior of the container; the heating element having: a base comprising a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor; and a multilayer film disposed on the surface of the base; the multilayer film having a laminated structure formed by stacking a first layer and a second layer, the first layer comprising a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm, and the second layer comprising a hydrogen storage metal, hydrogen storage alloy, or ceramic of a different type than the first layer and having a thickness of less than 1000 nm; the heating element is heated by the heater, and the hydrogen diffuses through the interface between the first layer and the second layer, i.e., a heterogeneous material interface, or diffuses at the heterogeneous material interface in a quantum diffusion manner, thereby generating heat; when the heater temperature is set to T... H [K] Set the outside temperature to T W [K] Let the equivalent heat conduction area be A. HC [m 2 Let the equivalent thermal conductivity be k. eq [W / mK], Set the equivalent thermal conductivity distance to L eq [m], Let the sample radiation surface area be A. S [m 2 Set the sample surface temperature to T. S [K], Set the equivalent emissivity to ε eq Let the Stefan-Boltzmann constant be σ[W / m] 2 K 4 Let P be the energy required to maintain the action. m [W], Let the heat energy generated by the heating element be H. ex When [W], the following equation (1) is satisfied.

[0011] [Formula 1]

[0012] A HC η eq (T H -T W )+A S ε eq σ(T S 4 -T W 4 )+P m <H ex …(1)

[0013] Here, in the numerical formula (1), η eq The value obtained by dividing the equivalent thermal conductivity by the equivalent thermal conduction distance (k)eq / L eq ).

[0014] [The effects of the invention]

[0015] According to the present invention, heat loss can be suppressed and energy efficiency can be improved. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is an explanatory diagram used to illustrate the general outline of the heating device in the first embodiment.

[0017] Figure 2 This is an explanatory diagram illustrating the detailed configuration of the heating device according to the first embodiment.

[0018] Figure 3 This is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a heating element with a first layer and a second layer.

[0019] Figure 4 It is an explanatory diagram used to illustrate the generation of excess heat.

[0020] Figure 5 It is a three-dimensional diagram showing the structure of the heater.

[0021] Figure 6 It is a three-dimensional diagram showing the structure of the reflective part.

[0022] Figure 7 This is a three-dimensional diagram showing the state in which the upper support plate is moved upwards.

[0023] Figure 8 This is a cross-sectional view of the support plate.

[0024] Figure 9 This is an explanatory diagram illustrating the configuration of the heating device in the second embodiment.

[0025] Figure 10 This is an explanatory diagram illustrating the configuration of the heating device in the third embodiment.

[0026] Figure 11 This is an explanatory diagram used to illustrate the function of the heating device in the third embodiment.

[0027] Figure 12 This is an explanatory diagram illustrating the configuration of the heating device in the fourth embodiment.

[0028] Figure 13 It is a cross-sectional view of a heating element that is formed into a bottomed cylindrical shape.

[0029] Figure 14 This is an explanatory diagram illustrating the configuration of the heating device in the fifth embodiment.

[0030] Figure 15This is an explanatory diagram used to illustrate the function of the heating device in the fifth embodiment.

[0031] Figure 16 It is a cross-sectional view of a heating element that is formed into a columnar shape.

[0032] Figure 17 This is an explanatory diagram illustrating the configuration of the heating device in the sixth embodiment.

[0033] Figure 18 It is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a heating element having a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer.

[0034] Figure 19 It is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a heating element having a first layer, a second layer, a third layer, and a fourth layer. Detailed Implementation

[0035] [First Implementation]

[0036] Figure 1 The heating device 10 includes a container 11, a heater 12, a wire section 13, a heating element 14, a hydrogen supply section 15, a vacuum exhaust section 16, and a reflector 17. The container 11 is a hollow vacuum container. By applying voltage, the heater 12 generates heat, which heats the heating element 14. The wire section 13 connects the wall of the container 11 to the heater 12. The heating element 14 is disposed inside the container 11. The heating element 14 is heated by the heater 12 under vacuum conditions, raising its temperature to a level higher than the temperature at which the heater 12 would have heated it. The heat generated by the heating element 14 at a temperature higher than the temperature at which the heater 12 would have heated it is called excess heat. The mechanism by which the heating element 14 generates excess heat will be described below using other accompanying drawings. The hydrogen supply section 15 supplies hydrogen-based gas containing hydrogen to the heating element 14. The vacuum exhaust section 16 vents the interior of the container 11 into a vacuum. The reflector 17 reflects the radiant heat emitted by the heating element 14.

[0037] When the heater temperature, which is the temperature of heater 12, is set to T... H [K] Let the external temperature, which is the external temperature of container 11, be T. W [K] Let the equivalent heat conduction area of ​​the wire section 13 be A. HC [m 2 The equivalent thermal conductivity of the conductor section 13 is set as k. eq [W / mK], Set the equivalent thermal conductivity distance of the wire portion 13 to L eq [m] Let A be the sample radiation surface area, which serves as the surface area of ​​the heating element 14. S [m 2 Let the sample surface temperature, which serves as the surface temperature of the heating element 14, be T. S[K] Let the equivalent emissivity between the heating element 14 and the wall of the container 11 be ε. eq Let the Stefan-Boltzmann constant be σ[W / m] 2 K 4 Let the energy required for the operation of the maintaining device be P. m [W] Let the heat energy generated by the heating element 14 be H. ex When [W], the heating device 10 satisfies the formula (1). In the formula (1), η eq The value obtained by dividing the equivalent thermal conductivity by the equivalent thermal conduction distance (k) eq / L eq The term "equivalent" refers to the situation where multiple elements are replaced by a single element. For example, if the conductor section 13 contains two types of conductors, and each conductor has a different thermal conductivity area, the thermal conductivity area when each conductor is replaced by a single conductor is called the equivalent thermal conductivity area. Furthermore, the term "equivalent" in this invention includes cases where there is only one element. For example, if the conductor section 13 is composed of a single type of conductor, the thermal conductivity area of ​​that conductor is also referred to as the equivalent thermal conductivity area.

[0038] The first term on the left-hand side of equation (1) represents the heat loss generated by heat conduction from heater 12 to container 11 via conductor 13, and is called heat conduction energy loss. The second term on the left-hand side of equation (1) represents the heat loss generated by radiant heat from heating element 14, and is called radiant energy loss. The third term on the left-hand side of equation (1), namely the operation maintenance energy, is the energy required to continuously generate excess heat in heating element 14 for a long time, and includes at least the electrical energy used to drive vacuum exhaust section 16. In heating device 10, after heating element 14 generates excess heat, heater 12 is turned off. Therefore, the operation maintenance energy does not include the electrical energy used to drive heater 12.

[0039] The heating device 10 suppresses heat loss due to heat conduction by using components made of materials with low thermal conductivity and minimizing the contact area with the outside environment. Furthermore, the heating device 10 suppresses radiant heat from the heating element 14 by providing a reflector or constructing the container 11 from a material that reflects radiant heat, thereby suppressing heat loss due to radiation. Moreover, the heating device 10 suppresses hydrogen convection by using a vacuum pump to vent the interior of the container 11, thereby suppressing heat loss due to convection. In the heating device 10, the heater 12 is disconnected after the heating element 14 generates excess heat. The heating device 10 utilizes a portion of the output energy as input energy, enabling the heating element 14 to continuously generate excess heat for an extended period, thus allowing for independent operation.

[0040] use Figure 2 The configuration of the heating device 10 in the first embodiment will be described in detail.

[0041] The container 11 includes an upper part 11a, a bottom part 11b, and a side part 11c. The upper part 11a and the bottom part 11b are spaced apart and arranged opposite each other. The upper part 11a is located above the bottom part 11b. The side part 11c is formed into a cylindrical shape and connects the upper part 11a and the bottom part 11b. The container 11 is sealed by connecting the upper part 11a, the bottom part 11b, and the side part 11c. In the following description, the upper part 11a, the bottom part 11b, and the side part 11c are referred to as the wall part without distinguishing between them. The container 11 is made of a material that is heat-resistant and pressure-resistant. Examples of materials for the container 11 include carbon steel, austenitic stainless steel, and heat-resistant non-ferrous alloy steel. The material of the container 11 may also be the same as that of the reflector described below. By using the same material as the reflector to construct the container 11, the radiant heat of the heating element 14 is reflected by the inner surface of the container 11, thus suppressing the loss of radiant energy. The shape of container 11 is not particularly limited; it can be cylindrical, elliptical, or triangular. A pressure sensor (not shown) is installed inside container 11.

[0042] A gas inlet 25, a gas outlet 26, and a connecting portion 27 are provided on the wall of container 11. The gas inlet 25 connects the interior of container 11 to the hydrogen supply unit 15. The gas outlet 26 connects the interior of container 11 to the vacuum exhaust unit 16. The connecting portion 27 connects to the wire portion 13. In this embodiment, the gas inlet 25 and gas outlet 26 are located on the side 11c, but this is not a limitation; they may also be located on the upper part 11a or the bottom 11b. In this embodiment, the connecting portion 27 is located on the upper part 11a, but this is not a limitation; it may also be located on the side 11c or the bottom 11b.

[0043] Heater 12 is disposed inside container 11. In this embodiment, heater 12 is plate-shaped. Heater 12 has a heating element 29 and a temperature sensor 30. Heat is generated by applying voltage from a power source (not shown) disposed outside container 11. The top view of heating element 29 is a square with a side length of 25 mm. Temperature sensor 30 detects the temperature of heater 12. Heater 12 heats heating element 14 to a predetermined temperature when heating device 10 starts operating.

[0044] The lead wire section 13 has a heating lead wire section 32 connected to the heating section 29 and a temperature detection lead wire section 33 connected to the temperature sensor 30. The heating lead wire section 32 and the temperature detection lead wire section 33 are electrically connected to the control section 37 described below via the connection section 27 of the container 11.

[0045] Heating elements 14 are disposed on both sides of the heater 12. That is, the heating device 10 has two heating elements 14. In this embodiment, the heating element 14 is plate-shaped. The top view of the heating element 14 is a square with a side length of 25 mm. Among the surfaces constituting the heating element 14, the surface in contact with the heater 12 is designated as the back surface, the surface opposite to the back surface is designated as the front surface, and the four surfaces perpendicular to the front and back surfaces are designated as the side surfaces. The number of heating elements 14 is not particularly limited. The detailed configuration of the heating elements 14 will be described below using other accompanying drawings.

[0046] A hydrogen supply unit 15 is located outside the container 11. The hydrogen supply unit 15 introduces hydrogen-based gas into the container 11 via a gas inlet 25. Although not shown, the hydrogen supply unit 15 includes: a buffer tank for storing hydrogen-based gas, a pipe connecting the buffer tank to the gas inlet 25 of the container 11, and a pressure regulating valve for adjusting the flow rate of the hydrogen-based gas introduced into the container 11 or the pressure in the pipe. Hydrogen-based gas refers to a gas containing isotopes of hydrogen. At least one of deuterium and protium can be used as a hydrogen-based gas. Protium gas comprises a mixture of naturally occurring protium and deuterium, specifically a mixture with a protium content of 99.985% and a deuterium content of 0.015%. In the following description, protium and deuterium are referred to as "hydrogen" without distinction.

[0047] A vacuum exhaust section 16 is located outside the container 11. The vacuum exhaust section 16 exhausts the interior of the container 11 through a gas outlet 26. Although not shown, the vacuum exhaust section 16 includes a vacuum pump, a pipe connecting the vacuum pump to the gas outlet 26 of the container 11, and a pressure regulating valve that adjusts the flow rate of hydrogen gas discharged from the interior of the container 11 or the pressure within the pipe. During the operation of the heating device 10, the vacuum exhaust section 16 continuously exhausts the vacuum from the interior of the container 11. This maintains a vacuum inside the container 11, suppressing hydrogen convection and thus reducing heat loss due to convection.

[0048] A reflective portion 17 is disposed inside the container 11. The reflective portion 17 is generally box-shaped and is configured to cover each heating element 14. In this embodiment, the reflective portion 17 is approximately cuboid in shape. The reflective portion 17 is formed of a material that reflects radiant heat. The material of the reflective portion 17 is preferably a material that reflects radiant heat and has low thermal conductivity.

[0049] The reflector 17 has at least one reflector 35 corresponding to the front of the heating element 14. The reflector 35 reflects the radiant heat emitted from the front of the heating element 14 toward the heating element 14. Regarding the reflector 35, the side facing the heating element 14 is designated as the front, and the side facing the container 11 is designated as the back. In this embodiment, three reflectors 35 are arranged at intervals in a direction orthogonal to the front of the heating element 14. Therefore, the heating device 10 has a configuration where three reflectors 35 are provided for each heating element 14. A portion of the radiant heat emitted from the front of the heating element 14 is reflected by the reflector 35, and a portion passes through the reflector 35. By providing three reflectors 35, the radiant heat that passes through the first reflector 35 corresponding to the front of the heating element 14 is reflected by the second reflector 35, and the radiant heat that passes through the second reflector 35 is reflected by the third reflector 35. The more reflectors 35 provided, the better the loss of radiant energy can be suppressed. Here, it is known that if n reflectors are placed between two surfaces, and all surfaces have the same emissivity, the heat flux is reduced proportionally to 1 / (n+1) (see, for example, "Thermal Conductivity Engineering Data, 5th Edition, Revised, Japan Institute of Mechanical Engineering, 2009, pp. 208-209"). In this embodiment, because three reflectors 35 are placed between the front surface of the heating element 14 and the inner surface of the container 11, the radiative energy loss can be suppressed to approximately 1 / 4 compared to the case without reflectors 35.

[0050] In addition, the reflective portion 17 also has a plurality of reflective plates 35 corresponding to the four sides of the heating element 14. In this embodiment, three reflective plates 35 are arranged at intervals in a direction orthogonal to one side of the heating element 14. Therefore, the reflective portion 17 is configured to cover two heating elements 14 with a total of 18 reflective plates 35. The material of the reflective plates 35 is Ni, Cu, Mo, etc. The top view shape of the reflective plates 35 is not particularly limited, and it is rectangular in this embodiment. Among the plurality of reflective plates 35, the three reflective plates 35 arranged at the top are provided with through holes for the insertion of the wire portion 13 described below. In addition, each reflective plate 35 is provided with through holes (not shown) for the insertion of the support column 53 described below.

[0051] The heating device 10 also includes a control unit 37. The control unit 37 is located outside the container 11. The control unit 37 is electrically connected to each part of the heating device 10 and controls the operation of each part. The control unit 37 may include, for example, a storage unit such as a central processing unit (CPU), read-only memory (ROM), or random access memory (RAM). In the CPU, various computational processes are performed, for example, using programs or data stored in the storage unit. Furthermore, the control unit 37 is electrically connected to a power source (not shown) located outside the container 11 and controls the voltage applied from the power source to the heater 12.

[0052] use Figure 3 and Figure 4 The composition of the heating element 14 is described in detail. For example... Figure 3 As shown, the heating element 14 has a base 39 and a multilayer film 40. The base 39 is formed of a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor. Examples of hydrogen storage metals include Ni, Pd, V, Nb, Ta, and Ti. Examples of hydrogen storage alloys include LaNi5, CaCu5, MgZn2, ZrNi2, ZrCr2, TiFe, TiCo, Mg2Ni, and Mg2Cu. Examples of proton conductors include BaCeO3-based materials (e.g., Ba(CeO3)). 0.95 Y 0.05 )O 3-6 SrCeO3 series (e.g., Sr(Ce) 0.95 Y 0.05 )O 3-6 ), CaZrO3 series (e.g., CaZr) 0.95 Y 0.05 O 3-α ), SrZrO3 series (e.g., SrZr) 0.9 Y 0.1 O 3-α β-Al₂O₃, β-Ga₂O₃, etc. The base 39 can also be formed of a porous body or a hydrogen-permeable membrane. The porous body has pores of a size capable of allowing hydrogen-based gases to pass through. The porous body is formed, for example, of metals, non-metals, ceramics, etc. The porous body is preferably formed of a material that does not impede the reaction of hydrogen-based gases with the multilayer membrane 40. The hydrogen-permeable membrane is, for example, formed of a hydrogen storage metal or hydrogen storage alloy. The hydrogen-permeable membrane comprises a membrane with mesh-like sheets.

[0053] The multilayer film 40 is disposed on the base 39. Figure 3In this design, a multilayer film 40 is disposed on the front side of the base 39, but it can also be disposed on the back side or both sides of the base 39. When the multilayer film 40 is disposed on the front or back side of the base 39, the base 39 is disposed on the surface of the heater 12 (not shown). When the multilayer film 40 is disposed on both sides of the base 39, either multilayer film 40 is disposed on the surface of the heater 12. The multilayer film 40 has: a first layer 41 formed of a hydrogen storage metal or hydrogen storage alloy; and a second layer 42 formed of a different type of hydrogen storage metal, hydrogen storage alloy, or ceramic than the first layer 41. The interface between the base 39 and the first layer 41, and the interface between the first layer 41 and the second layer 42, are heterogeneous material interfaces 43.

[0054] The first layer 41 is formed, for example, from any one of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, and alloys thereof. The alloy forming the first layer 41 is preferably an alloy containing two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. Alternatively, alloys in which additive elements have been added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, or Co may also be used as the alloy forming the first layer 41.

[0055] The second layer 42 is formed, for example, of any one of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, their alloys, and SiC. The alloy forming the second layer 42 is preferably an alloy containing two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. Alternatively, alloys in which additive elements have been added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, or Co can also be used as the alloy forming the second layer 42.

[0056] As a combination of layer 1 41 and layer 2 42, when the element types are represented as "layer 1 41 - layer 2 42", Pd-Ni, Ni-Cu, Ni-Cr, Ni-Fe, Ni-Mg, and Ni-Co are preferred. When layer 2 42 is ceramic, "layer 1 41 - layer 2 42" is preferably Ni-SiC.

[0057] The thickness of the first layer 41 and the thickness of the second layer 42 are preferably less than 1000 nm. If the thickness of each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 is 1000 nm or more, hydrogen will have difficulty permeating through the multilayer film 40. Furthermore, by making the thickness of each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 less than 1000 nm, a nanostructure that does not exhibit bulk properties can be maintained. More preferably, the thickness of each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 is less than 500 nm. By making the thickness of each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 less than 500 nm, a nanostructure that completely does not exhibit bulk properties can be maintained.

[0058] Figure 3In this multilayer film 40, a first layer 41 and a second layer 42 are alternately deposited sequentially on the front side of the substrate 39. Each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 has five layers. Furthermore, the number of layers in each of the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 can be appropriately varied. The multilayer film 40 may also have a configuration where a second layer 42 and a first layer 41 are alternately deposited sequentially on the front side of the substrate 39. As long as the first layer 41 and the second layer 42 each have one or more layers and form one or more heterogeneous material interfaces 43, the multilayer film 40 is acceptable.

[0059] like Figure 4 As shown, the interface 43 between different substances allows hydrogen atoms to pass through. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the movement of hydrogen atoms from the metal lattice of the first layer 41 to the metal lattice of the second layer 42 through the heterogeneous material interface 43 when the first layer 41 and the second layer 42, formed by a face-centered cubic hydrogen storage metal, absorb hydrogen and are then heated. Figure 4 This explains the mechanism by which the heating element 14 generates excessive heat.

[0060] The heating element 14 absorbs hydrogen through the base 39 and the multilayer film 40 by introducing hydrogen-based gas into the container 11. Even when the introduction of hydrogen-based gas into the container 11 is stopped, the heating element 14 maintains a state in which hydrogen is absorbed in the base 39 and the multilayer film 40. When the heating element 14 is heated by the heater 12, the hydrogen absorbed in the base 39 and the multilayer film 40 is released, jumping and undergoing quantum diffusion within the multilayer film 40. It is known that hydrogen is relatively light, jumping and undergoing quantum diffusion in the hydrogen-occupied regions (octahedral or tetrahedral regions) of a certain substance A and substance B. By heating the heating element 14 under vacuum, hydrogen diffuses through the heterogeneous material interface 43 via quantum diffusion, or diffuses on the heterogeneous material interface 43, thereby generating excess heat.

[0061] The heating element 14 generates excess heat by being supplied with hydrogen gas and heated to a predetermined temperature by the heater 12. The heating element 14 generates excess heat by being heated to, for example, 270–300°C using the heater 12. The temperature of the heating element 14 in the state of generating excess heat is, for example, set to a range of 300°C to 1500°C. When excess heat is generated, the heating element 14 will continue to heat for a predetermined time even if the heater 12 is disconnected.

[0062] Here is an example of a method for manufacturing the heating element 14. The heating element 14 can be manufactured, for example, using a sputtering method. First, a plate-shaped base 39 is formed. Next, a first layer 41 and a second layer 42 are alternately formed on the base 39, thereby forming a multilayer film 40. Thus, a heating element 14 with a multilayer film 40 disposed on the front side of the base 39 is obtained. When forming the base 39, it is preferable to form it to be thicker than the first layer 41 and the second layer 42. For example, Ni can be used as the material for the base 39. The first layer 41 and the second layer 42 are preferably formed continuously under vacuum. This is because a natural oxide film can be formed between the first layer 41 and the second layer 42, and only a dissimilar material interface 43 can be formed. The method for manufacturing the heating element 14 is not limited to sputtering; methods such as vapor deposition, wet deposition, spray deposition, and electroplating can be used. The shape of the heating element 14 is plate-shaped in this embodiment, but it is not limited to this; it can also be cylindrical or columnar.

[0063] Here is an example of a heating method using heating element 14. First, hydrogen-based gas is introduced into the container 11, causing heating element 14 to absorb the hydrogen contained in the gas. Next, the introduction of hydrogen-based gas is stopped, the container 11 is evacuated, and heating element 14 is applied, thereby releasing the absorbed hydrogen. In heating element 14, when hydrogen is absorbed, heat is generated by hydrogen permeating the dissimilar material interface 43 via quantum diffusion; when hydrogen is released, heat is generated by hydrogen permeating the dissimilar material interface 43 via quantum diffusion. The absorption and release of hydrogen can be repeated. The method of heating heating element 14 by alternately absorbing and releasing hydrogen is called batch heating.

[0064] The following describes the experimental method and results of heating the heating element 14 using a batch process.

[0065] The base 39 for the heating element 14 uses a Ni substrate containing Ni with a thickness of 0.1 mm. On the front side of the base 39, a first layer 41 containing Cu and a second layer 42 containing Ni are alternately formed to obtain a multilayer film 40. The thickness of the first layer 41 is set to 14 nm. The thickness of the second layer 42 is set to 2 nm. Five layers are formed for each of the first and second layers 42. Two heating elements 14 are prepared and disposed on both sides of a plate-shaped ceramic heater. The heating elements 14 and the ceramic heater are placed together inside a vacuum container. Then, the introduction of hydrogen gas into the vacuum container and the vacuum degassing of the vacuum container are repeatedly performed. The pressure of the hydrogen gas introduced into the vacuum container is set to approximately 50 Pa. The time for the heating element 14 to absorb hydrogen is set to approximately 64 hours. Furthermore, before absorbing hydrogen, the inside of the vacuum container is preheated at above 200°C for approximately 36 hours using a heater to remove water and other substances adhering to the surface of the heating element 14. The input power of the heater is switched between 9 W, 18 W, and 27 W. Excess heat was confirmed to occur in the temperature range of 500℃ to 1000℃. The excess heat is approximately 5W near 900℃. Furthermore, the excess heat per unit area near 900℃ is calculated to be approximately 0.5W / cm². 2 It can be confirmed that after the heating element 14 generates excessive heat, it will continue to heat for a specified time even after the heater is disconnected.

[0066] Another example of a heating method using heating element 14 is described. A difference in the partial pressure of hydrogen is created across heating element 14. For example, heating element 14 is housed in a container, which is divided into a first chamber and a second chamber. Hydrogen-based gas is introduced into the first chamber, and the second chamber is evacuated. This causes the partial pressure of hydrogen in the first chamber to rise and the partial pressure in the second chamber to fall, creating a hydrogen partial pressure difference across heating element 14. When this hydrogen partial pressure difference occurs, hydrogen molecules contained in the hydrogen-based gas are adsorbed on the side of heating element 14 positioned on the high-pressure side (front side). These hydrogen molecules dissociate into two hydrogen atoms. The dissociated hydrogen atoms permeate into the interior of heating element 14. In other words, hydrogen is absorbed by heating element 14. The hydrogen atoms diffuse and pass through the interior of heating element 14. On the other side of heating element 14 positioned on the low-pressure side (back side), the hydrogen atoms that have passed through heating element 14 re-bond, becoming hydrogen molecules and being released. In other words, hydrogen is released from heating element 14. In this way, the heating element 14 allows hydrogen to permeate from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side. Permeation here refers to the absorption of hydrogen on the front side of the heating element and the release of hydrogen from the back side. The heating element 14 generates heat by absorbing hydrogen, and also by releasing hydrogen. By creating a hydrogen partial pressure difference across the heating element 14, and simultaneously absorbing hydrogen on the front side and releasing hydrogen from the back side, hydrogen continuously permeates the heating element 14, thus efficiently generating excess heat. The method of generating heat by utilizing the hydrogen partial pressure difference to allow hydrogen to permeate the heating element 14 is called permeation type. Furthermore, in the following description, the hydrogen partial pressure is sometimes referred to as "hydrogen pressure".

[0067] The following describes the experimental method and results of heating the heating element 14 using a through-type heating method.

[0068] The base 39 of the heating element 14 uses a Ni substrate containing Ni with a thickness of 0.1 mm. A first layer 41 containing Cu and a second layer 42 containing Ni are alternately formed on both sides of the base 39 to obtain a multilayer film 40. The first layer 41 and the second layer 42 are each 6 layers. Before starting the experiment, the heating element 14 is baked at 300°C for 3 days. The experiment begins after the baking. The heating element 14 is fixed to the front end of a pipe formed of stainless steel using a VCR (Vacuum Coupling Radius Seal) connector. The front end of the pipe is positioned inside a quartz glass tube. Hydrogen gas is introduced from the base of the pipe to evacuate the interior of the quartz glass tube. The interior space of the pipe is the first chamber, and the interior space of the quartz glass tube is the second chamber. The hydrogen partial pressure in the first chamber is adjusted to 100 kPa. The hydrogen partial pressure in the second chamber is adjusted to 1 × 10⁻⁶ kPa. -4Pa. The heater is driven to heat the heating element 14 at a specified set temperature. An electric furnace is used as the heater. The set temperature is changed approximately every half day, gradually increasing in stages within the range of 300°C to 900°C. Excess heat was observed within the range of 300°C to 900°C. Excess heat of approximately 10 W was observed near 800°C. Furthermore, the excess heat per unit area near 800°C was calculated to be approximately 5 W / cm². 2 It can be confirmed that after the heating element 14 generates excessive heat, it will continue to heat for a specified time even after the heater is disconnected.

[0069] Based on the above, the heat energy H generated by the heating element 14 ex In batch heating, the power is approximately 5W, and in permeable heating, it is approximately 10W. The heating device 10 of this embodiment is configured to generate heat in a batch manner.

[0070] use Figure 5 The configuration of heater 12 will be described in detail. In this embodiment, heater 12 is a plate-shaped ceramic heater with a built-in thermocouple. Heater 12 is not limited to a ceramic heater and may also be an electric furnace, etc. Temperature sensor 30 is a thermocouple built into heating section 29. The thermocouple is a platinum-rhodium alloy (PtRh) with platinum (Pt) in the negative electrode wire material and 13% rhodium in the positive electrode wire material. In this embodiment, the heater temperature T is measured using the thermocouple as temperature sensor 30. H .

[0071] The heater 12 and the heating element 14 are integrated using a retainer 45. The retainer 45 is made of, for example, ceramic. The top view of the retainer 45 is square. The retainer 45 is composed of a pair of retainer halves 45a and 45b. The retainer halves 45a and 45b have the same configuration. Therefore, the retainer halves 45a will be described, while the retainer halves 45b will be omitted from the description. The retainer halves 45a have a stepped portion 46 provided on the surface in contact with the heating element 14, and an opening 47 that opens in the thickness direction. Figure 5 In this embodiment, the stepped portion 46 of the retainer half 45b is hidden inside the paper. When the pair of retainer halves 45a and 45b are integrated, a heating element 14 is disposed in the stepped portion 46, and the heating element 14 is exposed from the opening 47. In this embodiment, the opening 47 is a circle with a diameter of 23 mm, but it is not limited to this. The heating element 14 housed in the retainer 45 radiates heat toward the reflector 17 from the surface corresponding to the opening 47 of each of the pair of retainer halves 45a and 45b. Therefore, in this embodiment, the area of ​​the opening 47 is used as the sample radiation surface area A. S .

[0072] The structure of the wire section 13 will be described in detail. The heating wire section 32 includes: a heater wire 32a, which is connected to the heating section 29; and a wire 32b, which connects the heater wire 32a to the connecting section 27. The temperature detection wire section 33 includes: a thermocouple wire 33a, which is a portion protruding from the heating section 29 of the thermocouple; and a compensating wire 33b, which connects the thermocouple wire 33a to the connecting section 27. The wire section 13 has two heater wires 32a, two wires 32b, two thermocouple wires 33a, and two compensating wires 33b.

[0073] The wire section 13 is a heat conduction path from the heater 12 to the container 11. Based on the cross-sectional areas of the heater wire 32a, wire 32b, thermocouple wire 33a, and compensation wire 33b constituting the wire section 13, the equivalent heat conduction area A of the wire section 13 is obtained. HC Based on the thermal conductivity of the heater wire 32a, wire 32b, thermocouple wire 33a, and compensation wire 33b constituting the wire section 13, the equivalent thermal conductivity k of the wire section 13 is obtained. eq Based on the lengths of the heater wire 32a, wire 32b, thermocouple wire 33a, and compensation wire 33b constituting the conductor section 13, the equivalent thermal conductivity distance L of the conductor section 13 is obtained. eq .

[0074] use Figures 6-8 The structure of the reflector 17 will be described in detail. For example... Figure 6 As shown, the reflective part 17, in addition to having multiple reflective plates 35, also has a support part 48 that supports the multiple reflective plates 35. The support part 48 is formed of a low thermal conductivity material such as SiO2 or ceramic, and functions as a heat insulator, reflecting radiant heat from the heat-generating element 14. The support part 48 has: multiple bases 49, which are fixed to the bottom 11b of the container 11 at predetermined intervals; and multiple support plates 50a to 50c, which are fixed to each base 49. In this embodiment, the support part 48 includes: four bases 49, one support plate 50a constituting the upper part, one support plate 50b constituting the bottom part, and four support plates 50c constituting the sides. Each base 49 is formed in a columnar shape and extends from the bottom 11b of the container 11 toward the upper part 11a. Each support plate 50a to 50c is generally box-shaped, and in this embodiment is approximately cuboid. Each support plate 50a to 50c is fixed to each base 49 using screw components (not shown). The top view shape of each support plate 50a to 50c is not particularly limited, and in this embodiment it is rectangular.

[0075] A gas flow section 51 for supplying hydrogen gas is provided between the upper support plate 50a and each of the side support plates 50c. Alternatively, the gas flow section 51 may be provided between the bottom support plate 50b and each of the side support plates 50c, or it may be provided between the four side support plates 50c.

[0076] Figure 7 The diagram shows the upper support plate 50a in its upward position. The heating element 14 and the heater 12 (not shown) are housed inside the support portion 48. A through hole is provided in the upper support plate 50a for inserting the wire portion 13 of the heater 12. Multiple reflectors 35 are supported on the inner surfaces of each support plate 50a-50c.

[0077] like Figure 8 As shown, multiple support columns 53 and multiple spacers 54 are provided on each support plate 50a to 50c. The support columns 53 and spacers 54 will be described using support plate 50a. The support columns 53 are inserted into through holes provided in reflector plates 35. Spacers 54 are disposed between support plates 50a and reflector plates 35, and between the multiple reflector plates 35 themselves. Thus, multiple reflector plates 35 are arranged at predetermined intervals.

[0078] Each support plate 50a to 50c is fixed to each base 49 with the surfaces on which multiple reflectors 35 are provided facing each other (see reference). Figure 6 and Figure 7 Thus, the heating element 14 is surrounded by multiple reflectors 35, and the radiant heat emitted by the heating element 14 is reflected by the multiple reflectors 35, thereby suppressing heat loss caused by radiation.

[0079] As described above, when the heating device 10 starts operating, the heater 12 is turned on, causing the heating element 14 to heat up to a predetermined temperature, thereby generating excess heat from the heating element 14. When the heating device 10 stops operating, the heating element 14 is cooled. Methods for cooling the heating element 14 include, for example, introducing low-temperature water or an inert gas into the interior of the container 11. Cooling the heating element 14 can also be achieved by setting the hydrogen pressure inside the container 11 to, for example, more than one atmosphere, thereby increasing heat loss due to hydrogen convection.

[0080] Using the given formula (1), estimate the thermal energy loss, radiation energy loss, and energy required to sustain operation.

[0081] First, estimate the heat conduction energy loss. The estimation conditions and results are as follows.

[0082] Regarding heater wire 32a, the material is set to Ni, the thermal conductivity to 40 W / mK, the diameter to 0.5 mm, and the length to 100 mm. Regarding wire 32b, the material is set to Cu, the thermal conductivity to 400 W / mK, the diameter to 0.5 mm, and the length to 50 mm. Regarding thermocouple wire 33a, the bare wire material of the negative electrode is set to Pt, the bare wire material of the positive electrode is set to PtRh, the thermal conductivity of each bare wire is set to 80 W / mK, the diameter to 0.3 mm, and the length to 90 mm. Regarding compensation wire 33b, the material is set to Cu, the thermal conductivity to 400 W / mK, the diameter to 0.3 mm, and the length to 60 mm. The heater temperature T is set to... H Set the temperature to 900℃ (1173.15K). Set the ambient temperature T... W Let the temperature be 27°C (300.15K). If we use the first term on the left side of the above equation (1), the heat conduction energy loss generated by the heating wire section 32 (heater wire 32a and wire 32b) is 0.88W, and the heat conduction energy loss generated by the temperature sensing wire section 33 (thermocouple wire 33a and compensation wire 33b) is 0.39W. Therefore, the overall heat conduction energy loss of the wire section 13 is estimated to be 1.27W.

[0083] Secondly, the radiative energy loss is estimated. The conditions and results of the estimation are described below.

[0084] The diameter of the opening 47 of the holder 45 is set to 23 mm, and the area of ​​the surface of the heating element 14 corresponding to the opening 47 is set as the sample radiation surface area A. S Sample surface temperature T S Set to 700℃ (973.15K). Ambient temperature T W The temperature is set to 27°C (300.15K). The emissivity ε is set to 0.11. If the second term on the left side of the above equation (1) is used, the estimated radiant energy loss is 2.43W. This estimate is for the case without reflectors 35. In this embodiment, three reflectors 35 are provided for each heat source 14, so the radiant energy loss is about 1 / 4 of the estimated result for the case without reflectors 35, i.e., 0.61W.

[0085] Next, the energy required to sustain the action is calculated. The estimation conditions and results are as follows.

[0086] During the operation of the heating device 10, the vacuum exhaust section 16 is used to exhaust the interior of the container 11, so that the hydrogen pressure inside the container 11 is p~10. -4 Pa. The energy required to sustain the action is a constant pressure process, so it can be calculated using the following formulas (2) and (3).

[0087] pΔV=Δn1RT…(2)

[0088] Pm=Δn2RT…(3)

[0089] p is the hydrogen pressure inside container 11. ΔV is the volume of the internal space of container 11. Δn1 is the number of moles of hydrogen present inside container 11 before hydrogen storage using heating element 14. R is the gas constant. T is the internal temperature of container 11. Δn2 is the number of moles of hydrogen present inside container 11 after hydrogen storage using heating element 14. First, Δn1 is calculated using the above formula (2). Second, Δn2 is calculated by subtracting the number of moles of hydrogen absorbed by heating element 14 from the calculated Δn1. Here, the premise is that the number of moles of hydrogen absorbed by heating element 14 is set to a maximum of 10. -4 Approximately mol of hydrogen is absorbed by the heating element 14 and released from the heating element 14 over approximately 6 hours. Using the aforementioned equation (3), the energy required to sustain the action is estimated as P. m ~4×10 -5 W.

[0090] The heat generated by the heating element 14 in the batch process is H as described above. ex ~5W. Without a reflector at 35°C, the energy loss is as follows: thermal conductivity (1.27W), radiative energy loss (2.43W), and energy required to sustain operation (4×10⁻⁶ W). -5 The total value of W) is approximately 3.70 W. Therefore, even without the reflector 35, the heat energy generated by the heating element 14 is greater than the total value of the heat conduction energy loss, radiation energy loss, and operation maintenance energy, satisfying the stated equation (1). Thus, a heating device that suppresses heat loss and has excellent energy efficiency can be realized. Therefore, as the heating device of the present invention, it is sufficient to have a container 11, a heater 12, a wire part 13, a heating element 14, a hydrogen supply part 15, and a vacuum exhaust part 16 without the reflector 17 and the reflector 35.

[0091] In the heating device 10 of this embodiment, three reflectors 35 are provided for each heating element 14, thus suppressing the radiative energy loss to about 1 / 4 compared to the case without reflectors 35. Therefore, the total value of the heat conduction energy loss, radiative energy loss and operation maintenance energy of the heating device 10 is about 1.88W, which fully satisfies the above equation (1), thus further improving energy efficiency.

[0092] [Second Implementation]

[0093] In the first embodiment, a thermocouple (temperature sensor 30) built into the heater 12 is used to detect the temperature of the heater 12, but in the second embodiment, a radiation thermometer is used. In the following description, the same symbols are used for components that are the same as in the first embodiment, and descriptions are omitted.

[0094] like Figure 9 As shown, the heating device 60 includes a container 61, a heater 62, a wire section 63, a heating element 14, a hydrogen supply section 15, a vacuum exhaust section 16, and a reflector section 64. The heating device 60 is configured to generate heat in batches.

[0095] Container 61 includes an upper portion 61a, a bottom portion 61b, and a side portion 61c. The upper portion 61a and the bottom portion 61b are the same as those of the upper portion 11a and the bottom portion 11b in the first embodiment, and therefore their description is omitted. The side portion 61c has a window 65 that allows infrared light to pass through. The window 65 has a configuration in which quartz glass is embedded in a through hole formed in the side portion 61c. Container 61 differs from container 11 in that it has a window 65 in the side portion 61c.

[0096] Heater 62 includes a heating element 29. Heater 62 does not have a built-in temperature sensor 30, unlike heater 12 of the first embodiment (see reference). Figure 2 )different.

[0097] The wire section 63 includes a heating wire section 32 connected to the heating section 29. The wire section 63 does not have a temperature sensing wire section 33, unlike the wire section 13 of the first embodiment (see reference 13). Figure 2 )different.

[0098] The reflective part 64 has a plurality of reflective plates 66 and a support part 67 supporting the plurality of reflective plates 66. The support part 67 has a plurality of bases 69 and a plurality of support plates 70a to 70c fixed to the plurality of bases 69. The support plates 70a to 70c are generally box-shaped. A first measuring hole 71 is provided on the support plate 70c constituting the side of the support part 67. The first measuring hole 71 is provided in the side support plate 70c at a position corresponding to the window 65 provided in the container 61. A second measuring hole 72 is provided on each of the plurality of reflective plates 66 supported by the support plate 70c with the first measuring hole 71. Each second measuring hole 72 is provided in the plurality of reflective plates 66 at a position corresponding to the first measuring hole 71. The support part 67 has a first measuring hole 71 on the support plate 70c and a second measuring hole 72 on the reflective plates 66, which is different from the support part 48 of the first embodiment.

[0099] The heating device 60 also includes a temperature sensor 74. The temperature sensor 74 is located outside the container 61. The temperature sensor 74 is a radiation thermometer that detects the temperature of the heater 62 through a window 65 located in the container 61, via a first measuring hole 71 in the support plate 70c and a second measuring hole 72 in the reflector 66. In the second embodiment, the heater temperature T is measured using a radiation thermometer that functions as the temperature sensor 74. H .

[0100] The heating device 60 is configured such that the lead wire 63 consists only of the heating lead wire 32, and a radiation thermometer, which serves as a temperature sensor 74, is used to detect the temperature of the heater 62. Therefore, compared to the heating device 10 of the first embodiment, which has a temperature detection lead wire 33, it can better suppress heat conduction energy loss. Thus, the heating device 60 is configured to satisfy the above formula (1), resulting in excellent energy efficiency.

[0101] [Third Implementation]

[0102] In the first and second embodiments, heating is performed in a batch manner, but in the third embodiment, heating is performed in a permeable manner.

[0103] Figure 10 In the heating device 80, there are a container 81, a heater 82, a wire part 83, a heating element 14, a hydrogen supply part 15, a vacuum exhaust part 16, and a reflector part 84.

[0104] Container 81 includes a first container 81a and a second container 81b disposed inside the first container 81a. Both the first container 81a and the second container 81b are hollow vacuum containers, and similarly to container 11 in the first embodiment, include an upper part, a bottom part, and a side part. A gas outlet 26 and a connecting part 27 are provided on the wall of the first container 81a. A vacuum exhaust unit 16 performs vacuum exhaust on the interior of the first container 81a. A gas inlet 25 and a gas recovery port 87 are provided on the wall of the second container 81b. In this embodiment, three gas inlets 25 and four gas recovery ports 87 are provided on the wall of the second container 81b. A hydrogen supply unit 15 introduces hydrogen-based gas into the interior of the second container 81b.

[0105] In the third embodiment, a plurality of heating elements 14 are disposed inside the second container 81b. Figure 10 The second container 81b contains six heating elements 14. These heating elements 14 are arranged at intervals in a direction perpendicular to either the front or back side. The interior of the second container 81b is divided into multiple first chambers 85 and multiple second chambers 86 by the heating elements 14. The first chambers 85 and second chambers 86 are alternately arranged in the direction of the heating elements 14. The first chamber 85 is connected to a gas inlet 25. The second chamber 86 is connected to a gas recovery port 87. The first chamber 85 is pressurized by introducing hydrogen gas from the gas inlet 25. The second chamber 86 is depressurized by recovering hydrogen gas from the gas recovery port 87. Therefore, the hydrogen partial pressure in the first chamber 85 is higher than that in the second chamber 86. Thus, in the third embodiment, a hydrogen pressure (hydrogen partial pressure) difference is generated between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86.

[0106] A heater 82 is disposed inside the first container 81a and heats a plurality of heating elements 14 via the second container 81b. The heater 82 is, for example, a resistance heating wire wound around the outer periphery of the second container 81b. The heater 82 is electrically connected to a power source (not shown) and generates heat by applying voltage from the power source. The heater 82 may also be an electric furnace configured to cover the outer periphery of the second container 81b.

[0107] The wire section 83 connects to the heater 82 via the connecting portion 27 located on the wall of the first container 81a. The wire section 83 is electrically connected via the connecting portion 27 to a control unit (not shown) and a power supply (not shown) located outside the first container 81a.

[0108] The reflector 84 reflects the radiant heat emitted by the heating element 14. The reflector 84 also reflects the radiant heat emitted by the heater 82. The reflector 84 has multiple reflector plates 88 and a support portion (not shown) supporting the multiple reflector plates 88. The reflector 84 is covered by heat insulation material 89.

[0109] The heating device 80 also includes a temperature sensor (not shown) to detect the temperature of the heater 82. As the temperature sensor, a radiation thermometer is used, for example, similar to that described in the second embodiment.

[0110] The hydrogen supply unit 15 and the gas inlet 25 are connected via a hydrogen inlet pipe 90. The hydrogen inlet pipe 90 introduces hydrogen gas from the hydrogen supply unit 15 into the first chamber 85 via the gas inlet 25. A pressure regulating valve 91 is provided in the hydrogen inlet pipe 90. The pressure regulating valve 91 adjusts the flow rate of the hydrogen gas introduced into the first chamber 85 or the pressure within the hydrogen inlet pipe 90. A portion of the hydrogen inlet pipe 90 between the first container 81a and the insulation material 89 is inserted into an insulation pipe 92 for insulation.

[0111] The hydrogen supply unit 15 is connected to the gas recovery port 87 via a hydrogen recovery pipe 94. The hydrogen recovery pipe 94 recovers hydrogen-based gas from the second chamber 86 through the gas recovery port 87. A circulation pump 95 is installed in the hydrogen recovery pipe 94. The circulation pump 95 recovers the hydrogen-based gas from the second chamber 86 back to the hydrogen recovery pipe 94, pressurizes it to a specified pressure, and then delivers it to the buffer tank (not shown) of the hydrogen supply unit 15. The flow rate of the hydrogen-based gas circulated by the circulation pump 95 is 0.1 SCCM. For example, a metal telescopic pump can be used as the circulation pump 95. A portion of the hydrogen recovery pipe 94 between the first container 81a and the insulation material 89 is inserted into the insulation pipe 96 for insulation.

[0112] like Figure 11As shown, utilizing the hydrogen partial pressure difference generated between chamber 1 85 and chamber 2 86, hydrogen gas introduced from hydrogen inlet pipe 90 into chamber 1 85 moves through heating element 14 to chamber 2 86 and is recovered to hydrogen recovery pipe 94. Each heating element 14 generates excess heat by allowing hydrogen gas to pass through. Thus, the heating device 80 is configured to generate heat using a permeable method.

[0113] The heater 82 is turned on when the heating device 80 starts operating and is turned off after the heating element 14 generates excessive heat. The circulation pump 95 continuously circulates hydrogen gas during the operation of the heating device 80. Therefore, the operating maintenance energy does not include the electrical energy used to drive the heater 82, but includes the electrical energy used to drive the vacuum exhaust section 16 and the electrical energy used to drive the circulation pump 95. The electrical energy used to drive the vacuum exhaust section 16 is, as described above, 4 × 10⁻⁶. -5 W. The electrical energy required to drive the circulating pump 95 is 1×10 at a flow rate of 0.1 SCCM. -3 W.

[0114] Because the heating device 80 uses a circulation pump 95, its operating maintenance energy is slightly higher than that of the heating device 10 in the first embodiment, which does not use a pump for circulating hydrogen gas. However, because the heating device 80 is configured to generate heat through a permeation method, its operating energy is higher than that of the generated heat energy H. ex The heating device 10 of the first embodiment, which is a batch type of about 5W, is able to obtain greater heat energy H. ex (Around 10W). Compared to the heating device 10, the heating device 80 has an increased operating energy, but the increase in heat energy generated is greater than the increase in operating energy. Therefore, the heating device 80 is constructed under the condition of satisfying the above formula (1), so it has excellent energy efficiency.

[0115] [Fourth Implementation]

[0116] In the third embodiment, a circulation pump 95 is used to circulate the hydrogen gas, but in the fourth embodiment, the hydrogen gas is not circulated.

[0117] Figure 12The heating device 100 includes a container 81, a heater 82, a wire section 83, a heating element 14, a hydrogen supply section 15, a vacuum exhaust section 16, and a reflector 84. Additionally, the heating device 100 includes a gas tank 101 for storing inert gas and a gas pipe 102 connecting the gas tank 101 to a gas recovery port 87. The heating device 100 uses the gas tank 101 and gas pipe 102 instead of the hydrogen recovery pipe 94 and the circulation pump 95, which differs from the heating device 80 of the third embodiment. For example, argon or nitrogen can be used as the inert gas. The inert gas in the gas tank 101 is introduced into the interior of the second chamber 86 via the gas pipe 102 before the heating device 100 starts operating. Thus, the gas tank 101 functions as an inert gas inlet, introducing inert gas into the interior of the second chamber 86.

[0118] In the heating device 100, an inert gas is introduced into the second chamber 86, creating a hydrogen partial pressure difference between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86. Utilizing this hydrogen partial pressure difference, the hydrogen gas in the first chamber 85 moves through the heating element 14 to the second chamber 86, and is then transported to the gas tank 101 via the gas recovery port 87 and the gas pipe 102. Each heating element 14 generates excess heat by allowing hydrogen gas to pass through. Thus, the heating device 100 is configured to generate heat using a permeation method.

[0119] By periodically replacing the gas tank 101, a hydrogen partial pressure difference can be maintained between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86. Alternatively, a hydrogen permeable membrane can be installed in the gas tank 101 to remove hydrogen accumulated inside the gas tank 101.

[0120] In the heating device 100, since no pump for circulating hydrogen gas is used, the operating maintenance energy is lower compared to the heating device 80 of the third embodiment, which uses a circulation pump 95. Therefore, the heating device 100 is configured under the condition of satisfying the above formula (1), and thus has excellent energy efficiency.

[0121] [Fifth Implementation]

[0122] In each of the embodiments, the heating element 14 is plate-shaped, but in the fifth embodiment it is cylindrical.

[0123] like Figure 13As shown, the heating element 106 is formed as a bottomed cylindrical shape with one end open and the other end closed. Except for being a bottomed cylindrical shape, the heating element 106 has the same structure as the heating element 14 in the first embodiment. The heating element 106 has a structure in which a multilayer film 108 is provided on the surface of the base 107. The materials of the base 107 and the multilayer film 108 are the same as in the first embodiment, so description is omitted. A mounting tube 109 is provided on the base 107. The mounting tube 109 is formed, for example, of stainless steel. Furthermore, the heating element 106 has... Figure 13 It is formed into a bottomed cylindrical shape, but it can also be formed into a bottomed corner cylindrical shape.

[0124] Here is an example of a method for manufacturing the heating element 106. Regarding the heating element 106, a base 107 with a bottomed cylindrical shape is prepared, and a multilayer film 108 is formed on the outer surface of the base 107 using a wet film deposition method. Thus, a bottomed cylindrical heating element 106 is formed. As a wet film deposition method, spin coating, spray coating, immersion coating, etc., can be used. Furthermore, the multilayer film 108 can be formed using the ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method, or a sputtering apparatus equipped with a spin mechanism that rotates the base 107 can be used to form the multilayer film 108 on the base 107 while rotating it. Moreover, the multilayer film 108 is not limited to being provided on the outer surface of the base 107; it can also be provided on the inner surface of the base 107 or on both sides of the base 107.

[0125] like Figure 14 As shown, the heating device 110 includes a plurality of heating elements 106. Except for using bottomed cylindrical heating elements 106, the heating device 110 has the same configuration as the heating device 80 of the third embodiment. The heating device 110 includes a container 81, a heater 82, a wire portion 83, a plurality of heating elements 106, a hydrogen supply portion 15, a vacuum exhaust portion 16, and a reflector portion 84.

[0126] Multiple heating elements 106 are disposed inside the second container 81b. The mounting tube 109 of the heating element 106 is connected to a gas inlet 25 disposed on the wall of the second container 81b. The first chamber 85 is formed by the inner surface of the heating element 106. The second chamber 86 is formed by the inner surface of the second container 81b and the outer surface of the heating element 106. Therefore, in the heating element 106, the base 107 is disposed on the side of the first chamber 85 (high-pressure side), and the multilayer film 108 is disposed on the side of the second chamber 86 (low-pressure side) (see reference). Figure 13 Utilizing the hydrogen partial pressure difference generated between chamber 1 85 and chamber 2 86, hydrogen gas introduced into chamber 1 85 from gas inlet 25 and mounting pipe 109 moves through heating element 106 to chamber 2 86. Each heating element 106 generates excess heat by allowing hydrogen gas to pass through. Thus, the heating device 110 is configured to generate heat using a permeable process.

[0127] like Figure 15 As shown, in the heating device 110, nine heating elements 106 are disposed inside the second container 81b. In this embodiment, nine gas inlets 25 (not shown) and one gas recovery port 87 (not shown) are provided on the wall of the second container 81b. The mounting pipe 109 and hydrogen inlet pipe 90 of each heating element 106 are connected via the gas inlets 25 to introduce hydrogen gas into the interior (first chamber 85) of each heating element 106. The gas recovery port 87 of the second container 81b is connected to the hydrogen recovery pipe 94 to recover the hydrogen gas in the second chamber 86. The recovered hydrogen gas is pressurized to a specified pressure by the circulation pump 95 and delivered to the buffer tank (not shown) of the hydrogen supply unit 15. The hydrogen gas in the hydrogen supply unit 15 is reintroduced into the interior (first chamber 85) of each heating element 106 through the gas recovery port 87 and the hydrogen inlet pipe 90, and moves towards the exterior (second chamber 86) of each heating element 106. In this way, the heating device 110 can circulate hydrogen gas.

[0128] The heating device 110 has the same configuration as the heating device 80 of the third embodiment, except that it uses the heating element 106. Therefore, the heating device 110 is configured in the same way as the heating device 80 of the third embodiment, under the condition of satisfying the above formula (1), so it has excellent energy efficiency.

[0129] Heating device 110 can also be used. Figure 16 The heating element 112, formed in a columnar shape, replaces the heating element 106. The heating element 112 has a columnar base 113 and a multilayer film 108 disposed on the surface of the base 113. Unlike the heating element 106, the heating element 112 has a solid base 113. The base 113 allows hydrogen gas to pass through and enhances the mechanical strength of the heating element 112. Furthermore, the heating element 112... Figure 16 It is formed into a cylindrical shape, but it can also be formed into a prismatic shape.

[0130] [Sixth Implementation]

[0131] In the fifth embodiment, a circulation pump 95 is used to circulate the hydrogen gas, but in the sixth embodiment, the hydrogen gas is not circulated.

[0132] like Figure 17 As shown, the heating device 115 includes a container 81, a heater 82, a wire section 83, a heating element 106, a hydrogen supply section 15, a vacuum exhaust section 16, a reflector section 84, a gas tank 101, and a gas pipe 102. The heating device 115 uses a gas tank 101 and a gas pipe 102 instead of a hydrogen recovery pipe 94 and a circulation pump 95, which differs from the heating device 110 of the fifth embodiment.

[0133] In the heating device 115, a hydrogen partial pressure difference is generated between the first chamber 85 and the second chamber 86 by introducing hydrogen gas into the first chamber 85 and an inert gas into the second chamber 86. Utilizing this hydrogen partial pressure difference, the hydrogen gas in the first chamber 85 moves through the heating element 106 to the second chamber 86 and is then transported to the gas tank 101 through the gas recovery port 87 and the gas pipe 102. Each heating element 106 generates excess heat by allowing hydrogen gas to pass through it. Thus, the heating device 115 is configured to generate heat using a permeable heating method.

[0134] In the heating device 115, since no pump for circulating hydrogen gas is used, the operating maintenance energy is lower compared to the heating device 110 of the fifth embodiment, which uses a circulation pump 95. Therefore, the heating device 115 is configured under the condition of satisfying the above formula (1), and thus has excellent energy efficiency.

[0135] This invention is not limited to the various embodiments described, and appropriate changes can be made without departing from the spirit of this invention.

[0136] The multilayer film 40 of the heating element 14, the multilayer film 108 of the heating element 106 and the multilayer film 108 of the heating element 112 include a first layer 41 and a second layer 42, but the composition of the multilayer film is not limited to this.

[0137] The first example of a multilayer film will be described below.

[0138] like Figure 18 As shown, the heating element 133 has a base 39 and a multilayer film 134. In addition to the first layer 41 and the second layer 42, the multilayer film 134 also has a third layer 135. Description of the base 39, the first layer 41, and the second layer 42 is omitted. The third layer 135 is formed of a different type of hydrogen storage metal, hydrogen storage alloy, or ceramic than the first layer 41 and the second layer 42. The thickness of the third layer 135 is preferably less than 1000 nm. Figure 18 In this structure, the first layer 41, the second layer 42, and the third layer 135 are laminated on the front side of the base 39 in the order of first layer 41, second layer 42, first layer 41, and third layer 135. Alternatively, the first layer 41, the second layer 42, and the third layer 135 can also be laminated on the front side of the base 39 in the order of first layer 41, third layer 135, first layer 41, and second layer 42. That is, the multilayer film 134 has a laminated structure in which the first layer 41 is disposed between the second layer 42 and the third layer 135. The multilayer film 134 only needs to have one or more third layers 135. The interface between the first layer 41 and the third layer 135 is a heterogeneous material interface 136. The heterogeneous material interface 136, like the heterogeneous material interface 43, allows hydrogen atoms to permeate.

[0139] The third layer 135 is formed, for example, from any one of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, their alloys, SiC, CaO, Y₂O₃, TiC, LaB₆, SrO, and BaO. The alloy forming the third layer 135 is preferably an alloy containing two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. As the alloy forming the third layer 135, alloys in which additive elements have been added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co can also be used.

[0140] The third layer 135 is particularly preferably formed from any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO. In the heating element 133 having a third layer 135 formed from any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO, the hydrogen storage capacity increases, and the amount of hydrogen passing through the heterogeneous material interface 43 and heterogeneous material interface 136 increases, achieving high output of excess heat. The third layer 135 formed from any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO preferably has a thickness of 10 nm or less. This allows hydrogen atoms to easily permeate through the multilayer film 134. The third layer 135 formed from any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO may also not be formed as a complete film, but rather as an island. Furthermore, the first layer 41 and the third layer 135 are preferably formed continuously under vacuum conditions. Therefore, no natural oxide film is formed between the first layer 41 and the third layer 135, but only a heterogeneous material interface 136 is formed.

[0141] As a combination of layer 1 (41), layer 2 (42), and layer 3 (135), when the element types are represented as "layer 1 (41) - layer 3 (135) - layer 2 (42)", the preferred elements are Pd-CaO-Ni, Pd-Y₂O₃-Ni, Pd-TiC-Ni, Pd-LaB₆-Ni, Ni-CaO-Cu, Ni-Y₂O₃-Cu, Ni-TiC-Cu, Ni-LaB₆-Cu, Ni-Co-Cu, Ni-CaO-Cr, Ni-Y₂O₃-Cr, Ni-TiC-Cr, and Ni-La B6-Cr, Ni-CaO-Fe, Ni-Y2O3-Fe, Ni-TiC-Fe, Ni-LaB6-Fe, Ni-Cr-Fe, Ni-CaO-Mg, Ni-Y2O3-Mg, Ni-TiC-Mg, Ni-La B6-Mg, Ni-CaO-Co, Ni-Y2O3-Co, Ni-TiC-Co, Ni-LaB6-Co, Ni-CaO-SiC, Ni-Y2O3-SiC, Ni-TiC-SiC, Ni-LaB6-SiC.

[0142] The second example of a multilayer film will be described below.

[0143] like Figure 19 As shown, the heating element 143 has a base 39 and a multilayer film 144. In addition to the first layer 41, the second layer 42, and the third layer 135, the multilayer film 144 also has a fourth layer 145. The fourth layer 145 is formed of a different type of hydrogen storage metal, hydrogen storage alloy, or ceramic than the first layer 41, the second layer 42, and the third layer 135. The thickness of the fourth layer 145 is preferably less than 1000 nm. Figure 19 In this structure, layer 1 41, layer 2 42, layer 3 135, and layer 4 145 are laminated on the front side of the base 39 in the order of layer 1 41, layer 2 42, layer 1 41, layer 3 135, layer 1 41, and layer 4 145. Alternatively, layer 1 41, layer 2 42, layer 3 135, and layer 4 145 can also be laminated on the front side of the base 39 in the order of layer 1 41, layer 4 145, layer 1 41, layer 3 135, layer 1 41, and layer 2 42. In other words, the multilayer film 144 has a laminated structure in which layer 2 42, layer 3 135, and layer 4 145 are laminated in any order, and layer 1 41 is disposed between each of layer 2 42, layer 3 135, and layer 4 145. The multilayer film 144 only needs to have one or more layers 4 145. The interface between layer 1 (41) and layer 4 (145) is a heterogeneous material interface (146). Like heterogeneous material interfaces 43 and 136, heterogeneous material interface 146 allows hydrogen atoms to pass through.

[0144] The fourth layer 145 is formed, for example, from any one of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Co, their alloys, SiC, CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO. The alloy forming the fourth layer 145 is preferably an alloy containing two or more of Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co. As the alloy forming the fourth layer 145, alloys in which additive elements have been added to Ni, Pd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Co can also be used.

[0145] The fourth layer 145 is particularly preferably formed from any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO. In the heating element 143 having a fourth layer 145 formed from any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO, the hydrogen storage capacity increases, and the amount of hydrogen passing through the heterogeneous material interface 43, heterogeneous material interface 136, and heterogeneous material interface 146 increases, achieving high output of excess heat. The fourth layer 145 formed from any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO preferably has a thickness of 10 nm or less. This allows hydrogen atoms to easily permeate through the multilayer film 144. The fourth layer 145 formed from any one of CaO, Y2O3, TiC, LaB6, SrO, and BaO may also not be formed as a complete film, but rather as an island. Furthermore, the first layer 41 and the fourth layer 145 are preferably formed continuously under vacuum conditions. Therefore, between the first layer 41 and the fourth layer 145, no natural oxide film is formed, but only a heterogeneous material interface 146 is formed.

[0146] As a combination of layer 1 41, layer 2 42, layer 3 135 and layer 4 145, when the element types are represented as “layer 1 41-layer 4 145-layer 3 135-layer 2 42”, Ni-CaO-Cr-Fe, Ni-Y2O3-Cr-Fe, Ni-TiC-Cr-Fe, and Ni-LaB6-Cr-Fe are preferred.

[0147] This invention enables the use of thermal energy (referred to as usable energy) corresponding to the value obtained by subtracting the various energies on the left from the thermal energy on the right side of the equation (1) for various purposes. Usable energy can be recovered, for example, using a heat transfer medium. The heat transfer medium is heated to a high temperature by being endowed with usable energy. High-temperature heat transfer media can be used, for example, in household heating equipment, household water heaters, automotive heaters, agricultural heaters, road heaters, heat sources for seawater desalination, and auxiliary heat sources for geothermal power generation. As a heat transfer medium, gases or liquids can be used, preferably heat transfer media with excellent thermal conductivity and chemical stability. Examples of gases include helium, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, water vapor, air, and carbon dioxide. Examples of liquids include water, molten salts (KNO3 (40%)-NaNO3 (60%), etc.), and liquid metals (Pb, etc.). Additionally, a mixed-phase heat transfer medium in which solid particles are dispersed in a gas or liquid can also be used as a heat transfer medium. The solid particles can be metals, metal compounds, alloys, ceramics, etc. Examples of metals include copper, nickel, titanium, and cobalt. As a metallic compound, oxides, nitrides, silicides, etc. of the metal can be used. As an alloy, stainless steel, chromium-molybdenum steel, etc. can be used. As a ceramic, alumina, etc. can be used. Furthermore, the energy that can be utilized is not limited to recovery using a heat transfer medium; for example, thermoelectric elements can also be used to recover energy in the form of electricity.

[0148] Examples of uses for usable energy include heat exchangers and power units. Examples of heat exchangers include devices that exchange heat between a heat medium and a gas, a heat medium and a liquid, and a heat medium and a solid. Devices that exchange heat between a heat medium and a gas can be used for preheating air supplied to air conditioning systems and combustion devices, and for generating hot air for drying or heating. Examples of combustion devices include boilers, rotary kilns, metal heat treatment furnaces, metal processing heating furnaces, hot blast stoves, kiln calcining furnaces, petroleum refining towers, distillation furnaces, and drying furnaces. Devices that exchange heat between a heat medium and a liquid can be used as heat sources for boilers, for oil heating, and for chemical reaction tanks. Devices that exchange heat between a heat medium and a solid can be used in double-tube rotary heaters and for heating particulate matter within double tubes. Examples of power units include gas turbines, steam turbines, Stirling engines, and ORCS (Organic Rankine Cycle System).

[0149] To separate carbon dioxide (CO2) from exhaust gases emitted from combustion devices such as boilers, available energy can be used. The CO2 contained in the exhaust gases is recovered using carbon dioxide separation and recovery devices employing either chemical absorption or physical adsorption methods. In chemical absorption, CO2 is absorbed from the exhaust gases using an absorbent such as an aqueous solution of an amine compound, and the CO2 is released from the absorbent by heating the absorbed solution. In chemical absorption, available energy can be used to heat the absorbent. In physical adsorption, CO2 is adsorbed from the exhaust gases using an adsorbent such as activated carbon or zeolite, and the CO2 is removed from the adsorbent by heating the adsorbent. In physical adsorption, available energy can be used to heat the adsorbent.

[0150] To convert CO2 into methane (CH4) through a reaction with hydrogen (H2), available energy can be used. The CO2 can also be recovered from exhaust gas using a carbon dioxide separation and recovery device. CH4 can be generated from a feed gas containing CO2 and H2 by contacting it with a catalyst used in the reaction of CO2 and H2 (methanation reaction). However, when the feed gas temperature is low, the reaction cannot proceed sufficiently. Available energy can be used to heat the feed gas containing CO2 and H2.

[0151] Available energy can also be used in the IS cycle for producing hydrogen from water. In the IS cycle, water, iodine (I), and sulfur (S) react to produce hydrogen iodide (HI), which is then thermally decomposed to produce hydrogen. Available energy can be used to thermally decompose the hydrogen iodide.

[0152] Available energy can also be used in the ISN cycle, which produces ammonia (NH3) from water and nitrogen (N2). In the ISN cycle, nitrogen reacts with hydrogen iodide generated in the IS cycle to produce ammonium iodide (NH4I), which is then thermally decomposed to produce ammonia. Available energy can be used to thermally decompose ammonium iodide.

[0153] [Explanation of Symbols]

[0154] 10, 60, 80, 100, 110, 115 Heating devices

[0155] 11,61,81 Containers

[0156] 12,62,82 Heaters

[0157] 13,63,83 Conductor section

[0158] 14,106,112,133,143 Heating element

[0159] 15. Hydrogen Supply Department

[0160] 16 Vacuum Exhaust Section

[0161] 17, 64, 84 Reflectors

[0162] 30 Temperature Sensor

[0163] 35, 66, 88 Reflector

[0164] 39,107,113 Base

[0165] 40, 108, 134, 144 Multilayer films

[0166] 41. First Floor

[0167] 42. Second floor

[0168] 43,136,146 Heterogeneous Material Interface

[0169] 65 Window

[0170] 74 Temperature Sensor

[0171] 81a 1st container

[0172] 81b 2nd container

[0173] Room 1, No. 85

[0174] Room 2, No. 86

[0175] 101 Gas Tank

[0176] 135 Third Floor

[0177] 145. The 4th floor.

Claims

1. A heating device, comprising: hollow container; A heating element is disposed inside the container; A heater is used to heat the heating element; The wire section connects the wall of the container to the heater; The hydrogen supply unit supplies hydrogen-based gas containing hydrogen to the heating element; The vacuum exhaust section is used to exhaust air from the interior of the container; and The reflector reflects the radiant heat of the heating element; The heating element has: a base comprising a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor; and a multilayer film disposed on the surface of the base; The multilayer film has a stacked structure consisting of a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer contains a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and has a thickness of less than 1000 nm, and the second layer contains a different type of hydrogen storage metal, hydrogen storage alloy or ceramic than the first layer and has a thickness of less than 1000 nm. The heating element is heated by the heater, and the hydrogen diffuses through the interface between the first layer and the second layer, i.e., the heterogeneous material interface, or diffuses on the heterogeneous material interface in a quantum diffusion manner, thereby generating heat. The heating element has: a back side facing the heater side, and a front side opposite to the back side; The reflective part has a plurality of reflective plates arranged at intervals between each other; On the front side of the heating element, the plurality of reflectors are arranged along a direction orthogonal to the front side of the heating element; When the heater temperature is set to T H [K]、 Set the outside temperature to T. W [K]、 Let the equivalent thermal conductivity area of ​​the conductor be A. HC [m 2 ]、 Let the equivalent thermal conductivity of the conductor be k. eq [W / mK]、 Let the equivalent thermal conductivity distance of the wire portion be L. eq [m]、 Let the sample radiation surface area of ​​the heating element be A. S [m 2 ]、 The sample surface temperature of the heating element is set to T. S [K]、 The equivalent emissivity between the heating element and the wall of the container is set as ε. eq , Let the Stefan-Boltzmann constant be σ[W / m] 2 K 4 ]、 Let P be the energy required to maintain the action. m [W]、 Let the heat energy generated by the heating element be H. ex When [W], Satisfying the following formula (1), [Formula 1] Here, in the numerical formula (1), η eq The value obtained by dividing the equivalent thermal conductivity by the equivalent thermal conduction distance (k) eq / L eq ).

2. The heating device according to claim 1, wherein the heating element has a side surface perpendicular to the front and the back surfaces. On the side of the heating element, the plurality of reflectors are arranged in a direction orthogonal to the side of the heating element.

3. The heating device according to claim 1, further comprising a control unit, the control unit controlling the operation of the heater, The control unit performs the following control: turning the heater on (ON), thereby generating excess heat from the heating element; and after the heating element generates excess heat, turning the heater off (OFF), thereby continuing to generate the excess heat.

4. The heating device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a radiation thermometer, The container has a window that allows infrared light to pass through. The temperature of the heater is detected using the radiation thermometer.

5. A heating device, comprising: hollow container; A heating element is disposed inside the container; A heater is used to heat the heating element; The wire section connects the wall of the container to the heater; The hydrogen supply unit supplies hydrogen-based gas containing hydrogen to the heating element; and The vacuum exhaust section is used to exhaust the interior of the container under vacuum. The heating element has: a base comprising a hydrogen storage metal, a hydrogen storage alloy, or a proton conductor; and a multilayer film disposed on the surface of the base; The multilayer film has a stacked structure consisting of a first layer and a second layer, wherein the first layer contains a hydrogen storage metal or a hydrogen storage alloy and has a thickness of less than 1000 nm, and the second layer contains a different type of hydrogen storage metal, hydrogen storage alloy or ceramic than the first layer and has a thickness of less than 1000 nm. The heating element is heated by the heater, and the hydrogen diffuses through the interface between the first layer and the second layer, i.e., the heterogeneous material interface, or diffuses on the heterogeneous material interface in a quantum diffusion manner, thereby generating heat. The container includes a first container and a second container disposed inside the first container. The heating element is disposed inside the second container, dividing the interior of the second container into a first chamber and a second chamber. The vacuum exhaust unit performs vacuum exhaust on the interior of the first container. The heater is disposed inside the first container and heats the heating element via the second container. The wire connects the wall of the first container to the heater. The hydrogen supply unit introduces the hydrogen-based gas into the interior of the first chamber. This creates a pressure difference of hydrogen between the first chamber and the second chamber. When the heater temperature is set to T H [K]、 Set the outside temperature to T. W [K]、 Let the equivalent thermal conductivity area of ​​the conductor be A. HC [m 2 ]、 Let the equivalent thermal conductivity of the conductor be k. eq [W / mK]、 Let the equivalent thermal conductivity distance of the wire portion be L. eq [m]、 Let the sample radiation surface area of ​​the heating element be A. S [m 2 ]、 The sample surface temperature of the heating element is set to T. S [K]、 The equivalent emissivity between the heating element and the wall of the container is set as ε. eq , Let the Stefan-Boltzmann constant be σ[W / m] 2 K 4 ]、 Let P be the energy required to maintain the action. m [W]、 Let the heat energy generated by the heating element be H. ex When [W], Satisfying the following formula (1), [Formula 1] Here, in the numerical formula (1), η eq The value obtained by dividing the equivalent thermal conductivity by the equivalent thermal conduction distance (k) eq / L eq ).

6. The heating device according to claim 5, further comprising an inert gas inlet, wherein the inert gas inlet introduces inert gas into the interior of the second chamber.

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