Vacuum panel

Abstract

An insulation arrangement for ocean-going vessels includes a modular arrangement of panels, each panel comprising a cold first layer and an opposing ambient layer and a volume between them, the volume being arranged to be evacuated during use to create a vacuum.

Description

Background Technology

[0001] This invention relates to an isolation arrangement for isolating cryogenic enclosures. Specifically, but not exclusively, this invention is applicable to the storage and transport (and consumption in the case of fuel) of cryogenic liquids such as liquefied hydrogen and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as cargo or fuel.

[0002] Transporting such liquefied gases allows for the transport of large quantities of gas in a single voyage, which reduces pollution and increases transport efficiency. To transport this liquefied gas, ships must maintain extremely low temperatures during the voyage.

[0003] By insulating the tanks containing liquefied gases, it is possible to maintain the gases in a liquid state at these cryogenic temperatures. This is typically done in the form of one or more layers of insulation material such as polyurethane foam, which can be sprayed onto the tank surface or installed as prefabricated panels, often including the use of plywood, and this prevents ambient heat from reaching the cargo tank (liquid cargo tank) and heating the liquefied gases.

[0004] This system has been successfully used on various gas carriers capable of safely transporting liquefied gases worldwide.

[0005] However, the inventors have devised a new arrangement that allows for the containment of liquefied gases at extremely low temperatures and isolates the liquefied gases from their surroundings more efficiently than existing methods. More specifically, the invention described herein allows for the insulation of cargo holds or fuel tanks at temperatures close to absolute zero, i.e., below -250 degrees Celsius.

[0006] Advantageously, such a system allows for the containment of gases such as hydrogen or methane and the maintenance of these gases in a liquid state. The combustion of hydrogen produces only water as waste, thus the ability to contain and use this fuel offers significant environmental and efficiency advantages. It also allows ship and fleet operators to comply with potentially more stringent environmental regulations that may apply to the shipping industry in the future.

[0007] Other advantages are described in this article. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The various aspects of the invention described herein are set forth in the appended claims.

[0009] From a first perspective, a modular insulation unit can be arranged to include one or more embedded insulation units, each unit including an inwardly facing first layer and an outwardly facing second layer spaced apart from the first layer, the two layers defining a space therebetween; and one or more spacer members extending between the first layer and the second layer, wherein the surfaces defining the first layer, the second layer and the outer perimeter extending around the arrangement are impermeable surfaces.

[0010] Therefore, according to this disclosure, a modular insulation system or arrangement is provided that allows for insulation of a range of cabin geometries. The space between the layers can be vented to create a complete or near-complete vacuum, which provides enhanced insulation properties and prevents heat from the external environment from communicating with the cabin and thus with its contents.

[0011] This invention relates to insulation in conjunction with the containment and / or transport of liquefied gases such as LNG, hydrogen, and any other related gases. Typically, gases are liquefied by reducing temperatures to extreme levels. This requires insulation to prevent evaporation. Furthermore, considering the safety-related consequences, including the potential leakage of liquefied gases from the compartment, barriers may be needed to protect the immediate environment. Depending on operational and / or regulatory requirements, assuming the compartment itself represents a first barrier, the insulation system can be designed to function as both a temperature control device and a barrier, i.e., a second barrier. This invention can be used in applications that will satisfy one or both requirements.

[0012] This invention can be applied to insulated cryogenic tanks to minimize heat leakage and evaporation. Such tanks can be used for storing or transporting gases and fuels as cargo. This innovation can be used with different tank types, such as IMO Type A, IMO Type B, IMO Type C, prismatic tanks, tanks arranged in integrated or freestanding ship structures, tanks arranged in freestanding skid-mounted structures such as ISO containers, or tanks arranged in any other manner. It can be applied to a tank, adjacent to a tank, or in a room or cargo hold where an insulated tank is located. Furthermore, the invention can be arranged such that it achieves its insulating purpose and additionally provides a secondary barrier by ensuring enclosure and sufficiently low temperatures, thereby protecting the surrounding environment from the consequences of leakage and / or leakage from a damaged cryogenic tank.

[0013] The space between the first and second layers, and the surfaces defining the outer perimeter of the arrangement, define the internal volume of the arrangement. Spacer members can be conveniently arranged within this space and between the two surfaces or layers, and serve to resist atmospheric pressure acting on the surfaces when air is expelled from the internal volume. It will be appreciated that when a vacuum is applied, atmospheric pressure will act to push the two outer surfaces together. Internal supports or spacer structures can resist this movement and also provide structural strength to the panels to resist pressure, for example, from the rupture of an insulated chamber.

[0014] A valve in fluid communication with the internal volume can also be provided, which is arranged to allow air to escape from the internal volume during use. Therefore, the internal pressure within the insulated panel or a structure comprising multiple panels can be controlled.

[0015] The first and second layers must be airtight to maintain a vacuum. Furthermore, the perimeter surrounding a single panel or a structure comprising multiple panels must also be airtight. To prevent heat transfer from the environmental side of the arrangement to the cabin side, thermal insulation or barriers are conveniently placed between the cabin-facing surface and the environmental-facing surface.

[0016] In one arrangement, the airtight surface defining the outer perimeter of the arrangement is formed by a first portion connected to a first layer and a second portion connected to a second layer, and also includes a third portion connected to the first and second portions. Therefore, the perimeter surface is formed by three portions, wherein the third portion can serve as a heat insulation section or barrier.

[0017] Specifically, the third portion may be formed of a material or have a geometry relative to the first and second portions, having a lower thermal conductivity than the first and / or second portions. Therefore, the third portion serves to prevent heat transfer through the arranged perimeter portion.

[0018] The spacer elements within the panel provide a number of functions, including:

[0019] - Maintain the separation of the arrangement layers to maintain the internal volume of the arrangement;

[0020] - To provide structural strength for the arrangement, allowing it to be secured to a surface, such as a cabin surface or hull surface; and

[0021] - If the compartment is damaged due to leakage or rupture, thus creating a hydraulic load from the fluid inside the compartment, it provides structural strength.

[0022] Spacer members can be provided in various configurations to maintain spacing and provide the required strength. For example, one or more spacer members can be in the form of multiple columns extending between the first and second floors.

[0023] In order to allow air to escape from the interior space of the arrangement including the spacer element, the column or each column may include a hole that allows air to enter and exit the volume within the column.

[0024] To prevent heat from passing through the arrangement along the spacer elements, one or more spacer elements may be formed wholly or partially from a material selected from wood (plywood or other suitable wood or wood composites), bamboo, cardboard, or stainless steel. Other suitable materials include PEEK, polyurethane, and PTFE. Therefore, materials with low thermal conductivity can be provided to suppress or prevent heat transfer between the compartment and the surrounding surfaces of the arrangement. Alternatively, ultrathin metals, which may have higher thermal conductivity but may be sufficient to limit heat transfer, can also be used.

[0025] In another arrangement to prevent heat transfer, the spacer member (one or more) may be formed of a first portion extending from a first surface, a second portion extending from a second surface, and an intermediate portion connecting the first portion of the spacer member to the second portion. The intermediate portion may have a lower thermal conductivity than the first and / or second portions. Therefore, a heat insulation portion or shield may be provided.

[0026] Materials can be selected to prevent heat transfer along the spacer element. For example, the first and second portions of the spacer element can be formed of aluminum or its alloys, and the intermediate portion can be formed of a material selected from the list of aluminum, aluminum alloys, stainless steel, rubber, POM, PTFE, PEEK, or other suitable materials.

[0027] To facilitate and securely form a mosaic arrangement, the perimeter of the mosaic unit or each mosaic unit may include a connecting surface for adjoining adjacent mosaic units. When adjacent units are placed together, the connecting surface provides continuous contact between adjacent units along the surface.

[0028] For example, the connecting unit can be in the form of a radially extending edge extending from the unit perimeter. The edge may extend only radially outward or may taper or be angled relative to a vertical line extending from the cabin surface. Setting the edge at an angle can advantageously allow for some flexibility in the joint between adjacent inlay panels, due to the flexibility provided by the angle of the edge extension. Thus, thermal and loading forces can be accommodated within the inlay structure, which may be important when the cabin is loaded and unloaded, resulting in thermal expansion and contraction of the arrangement.

[0029] The edge can be located on both the side of the arrangement facing the cabin and the side of the arrangement facing the surrounding environment.

[0030] Individual insulation units or panels can have a variety of shapes, including, for example, triangles, squares, rectangles, hexagons or other tessellated polygons.

[0031] Advantageously, the unit cells can be hexagonal, and the cross-section of one or more spacer elements is additionally hexagonal. The hexagonal shape allows for more uniform thermal expansion in the radial direction when the unit cells are heated and cooled. This allows for better control of thermally induced loads within the arrangement.

[0032] Spacer elements can take the form of multiple elements within a unit's internal space. They can be dispersed or scattered on a surface or adjacent to each other. If they are adjacent, it may not be necessary to connect the individual elements together, as the space defined by the layers and perimeter can hold them in place. In another arrangement, the elements can be formed as a single unit, such as a hexagonal prism matrix. This arrangement can be easily extruded, enabling simple and cost-effective manufacturing.

[0033] When nested together, multiple modular insulation arrangements can be gas-connected to each other, so that venting from one arrangement causes air to be drawn from the others. Therefore, a single pump can be used to vent multiple arrangements.

[0034] These units can be connected together in a variety of ways. In an example that provides an airtight seal, adjacent modular insulation arrangements can be welded together along the perimeter of each arrangement.

[0035] The performance of the arrangement can be monitored in a variety of ways. For example, the insulation system may also include a pressure detector arranged to monitor the pressure within the arrangement or each arrangement, and a control arrangement arranged to activate an air pump in response to a detected pressure. Alternatively or additionally, temperature sensors (probes, thermocouples from thermal imagers) may be arranged to monitor the temperature within the arrangement or each arrangement, and a control arrangement may be arranged to activate an air pump in response to a detected temperature and / or a detected pressure change.

[0036] Therefore, the performance of the arrangement can be monitored and controlled in real time, thereby quickly addressing any loss of thermal performance and thus preventing any increase in cabin temperature.

[0037] From another aspect of this disclosure, a cryogenic enclosure comprising a modular arrangement as described herein is provided, the method including the step of venting space within one or more modular arrangements. This can be performed intermittently, and further venting can be carried out to maintain a vacuum.

[0038] In another view, a liquefied gas transport arrangement is provided, including a compartment for containing liquefied gas and an insulation layer surrounding the outer surface of the compartment or the surface of the room in which the compartment is located, wherein the insulation layer is in the form of a first layer facing inward toward the compartment and a second layer facing outward away from the compartment, the first layer and the second layer being spaced apart from each other and defining a space between the first layer and the second layer, and wherein the surface defining the first layer and the second layer is an impermeable surface.

[0039] The insulation layer surrounding the cabin or isolating the uninsulated cabin in the room / retaining space can be divided into separate insulation sections, which can be arranged adjacent to each other to surround the cabin or cover the surface of the room during use.

[0040] Advantageously, the arrangement can be contained within a support structure, wherein the support structure is arranged in use to connect with adjacent and corresponding support structures to form an array of separate liquefied transport arrangements. Attached Figure Description

[0041] Various aspects of the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0042] Figure 1A and 1B A cross-sectional view of a conventional liquefied gas transport vessel is shown. Figure 1B It is a diagram showing the corner of the ship's cabin;

[0043] Figure 2A and 2B The thermal insulation arrangement as described herein is shown;

[0044] Figure 3 A view of a single panel is shown, with one of the outer surfaces removed to reveal the internal components;

[0045] Figure 4A A diagram showing how to connect Figure 3 The upper surface of the panel arranged as shown;

[0046] Figure 4B The opposite (lower) surfaces of the panel are shown;

[0047] Figure 5A and 5B The perimeter section of the panel is shown;

[0048] Figure 6 A cross-sectional view of the heat insulation unit is shown.

[0049] Figure 7 A cross-sectional view through the perimeter section of the panel is shown;

[0050] Figures 8A to 8D The arrangement of hexagonal panels is shown;

[0051] Figure 9 A hexagonal panel and multiple spacer elements are shown;

[0052] Figure 9A It shows the formation Figure 9 An exploded view of the panel components;

[0053] Figure 10 The outer surface of the hexagonal panel arrangement is shown;

[0054] Figure 11 The perimeter of the hexagon is shown when it is connected to... Figure 10 When the surface is shown, the perimeter defines the volume of the panel that can be vented;

[0055] Figure 12A The perimeter of the panel and edge arrangement is shown;

[0056] Figure 12B A cross-sectional view is shown through the perimeter insulation arrangement;

[0057] Figure 12C The adjacency of adjacent panels is shown;

[0058] Figure 13 and 14 Multiple hexagonal panels are shown, which are connected to form a single unit or a group of panels;

[0059] Figure 15A An arrangement of hexagonal panels attached to the cabin is shown;

[0060] Figure 15B An arrangement of hexagonal panels attached to the inner hull of a ship's cabin / holding space (cargo area) is shown;

[0061] Figure 16 An example vacuum connected to the panel is shown;

[0062] Figure 17 A system for transporting liquefied gases in conjunction with the thermal insulation system described herein is illustrated;

[0063] Figure 18 It shows Figure 17 The matrix of the transportation system shown;

[0064] Figure 19A , 19B And 19C shows as Figure 17 The diagram shows the plan view, side view, and end view of the decomposed system.

[0065] Figure 20 Example dimensions of the system are shown;

[0066] Figure 21 A cross-sectional view of a marine implementation of the thermal insulation system described herein is shown;

[0067] Figure 22 Cross-sectional views of the various layers forming this system are shown; and

[0068] Figure 23 A cross-sectional view of one of the cabin support feet is shown.

[0069] While the invention is readily adaptable to various modifications and alternatives, specific embodiments are illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings and described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the drawings and the accompanying detailed descriptions are not intended to limit the invention to the specific forms disclosed, but are intended to cover all variations, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the claimed invention.

[0070] Any reference to prior art documents in this specification should not be construed as an admission that such prior art is widely known or constitutes part of common general knowledge in the art. As used herein, the words “comprising,” “including,” and similar terms should not be interpreted in an exclusive or exhaustive sense. In other words, they mean “including but not limited to.” The invention is further described with reference to the following embodiments. It will be understood that the claimed invention is not intended to be limited in any way to these embodiments. It will also be appreciated that the invention covers not only individual embodiments but also combinations of embodiments described herein.

[0071] The various embodiments described herein are provided only to aid in understanding and teaching the claimed features. These embodiments are provided as representative examples of embodiments only and are not exhaustive and / or exclusive. It should be understood that the advantages, embodiments, examples, functions, features, structures and / or other aspects described herein should not be considered as limitations on the scope of the invention as defined by the claims or on the equivalents of the claims, and other embodiments may be used and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention. Various embodiments of the invention may suitably include suitable combinations of the disclosed elements, components, features, portions, steps, means, etc., or consist of or substantially consist of suitable combinations of the disclosed elements, components, features, portions, steps, means, etc., in addition to those specifically described herein. Furthermore, this disclosure may include other inventions not currently claimed but which may be claimed in the future.

[0072] It will be appreciated that the features of one or more aspects of the invention described herein can be conveniently and interchangeably used in any suitable combination. Detailed Implementation

[0073] Figure 1A A cross-sectional view is shown through a conventional gas carrier vessel 1, suitable for transporting liquefied gas cargo. The gas is liquefied and pumped into tanks inside the ship for long-distance transport. In order to maintain the gas in a liquefied state, the tanks on board must be kept at very low temperatures, which requires special insulation for the cargo holds.

[0074] The vessel includes a cargo support system 2, which provides support for the hull and hull within the cargo hold 3. The hold 3 serves as the vessel's primary safety enclosure and is typically constructed of steel or aluminum specified for cryogenic applications.

[0075] An interbar space 4 is provided, which defines the space between compartment 3 and another secondary barrier. This could be the inner hull of the vessel, and could be another layer of insulation material or the vessel's insulation arrangement. In this case, the interbar space provides accessible space between the outer surface of compartment 3 and the insulation arranged on the surface of the inner hull.

[0076] Alternatively, the insulation arrangement can be configured to be adjacent to or attached to the compartment and serve as a barrier itself. In this case, the space between the barriers will be defined by the distance from the outer surface of compartment 3, and the insulation arrangement also functions as a barrier.

[0077] Container 3 is arranged to contain the ship's cargo, which can be various liquefied gases. In one example, the cargo could be liquefied natural gas (LNG) maintained at a temperature of -163 degrees Celsius. Another example could be liquefied hydrogen maintained at a temperature of -253 degrees Celsius.

[0078] To comply with legal requirements for liquefied gas transportation, a secondary protective layer 5 is provided. This can be installed on the surface of the inner hull or alternatively. In the event of a malfunction or leak in the main compartment 3, liquefied gas can flow into spaces such as the inter-barrier space 4 and be contained by the secondary protective layer 5. This layer prevents the liquefied gas from contacting the hull, which could cause catastrophic damage due to the extremely low temperature of the liquefied gas.

[0079] Figure 1A The arrangement shown is a common structure for ships used to transport liquefied gases (such as LNG). These gas carriers provide a secure main tank to hold the coolant and a secondary backup system in case of a main tank leak or failure.

[0080] The disadvantages of building LNG carriers in this way are the construction time and the resulting costs, as well as the logistical challenges associated with the construction process. As discussed in this article, the construction of such vessels can be slow because the compartments cannot be installed before the ship's structure and secondary barriers are first installed on the hull surface.

[0081] The advantage of this invention is that the ship's components can be installed in parallel, thereby reducing the total construction time of liquefied gas carrier ships.

[0082] Figure 1B It shows Figure 1A A close-up view of the corner in the conventional arrangement shown. Here, the inter-barrier space 4 and the secondary insulation layer 5 are more clearly visible.

[0083] Figure 2A and 2B (Separately) are shown a side view and a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the thermal insulation arrangement described herein.

[0084] Figure 2A The overall arrangement of the insulation arrangement is shown. Arrangement 6 includes an inward-facing first layer 7 and an outward-facing second layer 8. The inward-facing layer is arranged in use to face or be adjacent to a compartment containing liquefied gases (such as the main enclosure compartment 3 shown in Figure 1), i.e., the term "inward" refers to the side of the above arrangement facing the cold cargo in use.

[0085] The opposing surface 8 is arranged outward toward the barrier space 4 or the hull (see...) Figure 1A and 1B (i) means from the cold goods side outwards.

[0086] Figure 2B The arrangement of the cross-sectional view is shown. As shown, the first layer 7 and the second layer 8 are spaced apart by a distance d, thereby defining a cavity or space 9. Discrete element 10 is located between the two layers or surfaces 7 and 8 and maintains the space between the two layers.

[0087] Figure 2A and 2B Also shown is an undulation 11, which is formed in one or two surfaces and increases structural strength by increasing the stiffness of the layer and also advantageously accommodates the thermal expansion and contraction of the panel surface.

[0088] Figure 2A and 2B A vacuum valve 12 is also shown, which allows air communication between the space within the arrangement and external environmental conditions. Valve 12 is arranged to receive an air pump (vacuum pump) operable to reduce the pressure within the space between the layers to or near a vacuum. This will be discussed further below.

[0089] Figure 3 It shows Figure 2A and 2B Another view of the unit shown. The internal arrangement of the unit or panel is shown here. As shown, a series of undulating sections 11 are arranged across and along the length of the panel. Reference Figure 4A The diagram shows the corresponding profile 11B, which fits within the corrugated profile 11 when the two parts are placed together. Therefore, the undulations can increase the rigidity of the panel.

[0090] Back Figure 3 In one embodiment, the discrete elements that space surfaces 7 and 8 are in the form of a plurality of elongated members 14A, 14B, 14C, and 14D. It will be appreciated that any number of elements can be used. The discrete elements extend from one end of the panel to the other, providing support for them along the entire length of both surfaces.

[0091] To allow air movement within the panel and between the two opposing layers, each discrete spacer element (14A-14D) is provided with multiple holes 13, which allow air to move freely within the panel. Therefore, when air is drawn in through valve 12, the entire space within the panel can be vented and a vacuum can be created.

[0092] Advantageously, by creating a vacuum within the panel instead of using insulating materials such as foam, the panel's insulation properties can be significantly improved. Furthermore, the panel's weight can be significantly reduced because the spaces between the panel layers are free of material and air is expelled.

[0093] Then the two surfaces or layers 7 and 8 are structurally supported by multiple discrete support elements. Figure 3 An example is shown. As an example, the layers and support elements can be made of aluminum by extrusion. Thus, when air is drawn away from the panel and a vacuum is established, the panel is able to support or resist forces caused by atmospheric pressure acting on the two surfaces 7, 8 and the perimeter 15. The panel is also able to support any external loads applied to the panel, which may be caused by, for example, the weight of liquid acting on the panel due to a leak or rupture of the chamber.

[0094] Figure 4A and 4B An example of a panel structure is shown, comprising two opposing layers forming the panel using extruded layers 7 and 8. In one embodiment, extruding each layer from aluminum advantageously allows the layers to be formed to any convenient length and width. It allows each layer to be formed in a cost-effective and simple manner, and further allows for the rapid and easy formation of the undulations 11.

[0095] Now refer to Figure 5A and 5B Describe the perimeter of each panel.

[0096] like Figure 5A As shown, the perimeter P extends around the four sides of the panel and, once connected to... Figure 4A and 4B The edges of each of the two opposing layers shown provide an impermeable seal. The ends have a profile complementary to the undulating portion 11. The panel is formed by welding the perimeter P to the two layers, thereby creating a sealed internal space defined by the perimeter surrounding the edges and the two opposing surfaces.

[0097] As an example, now refer to Figure 5A and 5B Describe the perimeter of each panel. The perimeter forms the side boundary of the panel. Once the inward-facing and outward-facing surfaces are joined to the perimeter (e.g., by welding), a sealed volume is formed. Air can escape from the volume and a vacuum is created inside the arrangement.

[0098] Figure 5B The perimeter is shown as two adjacent but unconnected components P1 and P2, with a space S between the two perimeter components. This space can be bridged with a different material whose heat transfer performance is lower than that of the material used for P1 and / or P2 (as described below). Thus, a heat insulation section can be formed.

[0099] The perimeter can advantageously be metal, which can be easily welded to two layers to provide a non-permeable surface around the perimeter of the panel.

[0100] Because the inward-facing panels will be close to the cool main cabin, the temperature of the inward-facing surfaces will be significantly lower than the temperature of the outward-facing layers, which may be, for example, at ambient temperature or close to seawater temperature.

[0101] In one embodiment of the device for containing liquefied hydrogen, the inward-facing surface can be at a temperature of <-250 degrees Celsius, while the outward-facing surface can be at a temperature of >0 degrees Celsius. Therefore, a significant temperature difference or temperature gradient exists on the panel.

[0102] Any suitable material can be used to form the layers of the panel and the individual support elements. For example, aluminum, which has low density and can be used with corrugations to form a robust structure, can be used. However, aluminum has a thermal conductivity of approximately 121 W / mK (watts per meter degree), which adversely allows ambient temperature to be conducted through the material to the cold side of the panel (and the liquefied gas chamber).

[0103] Therefore, insulation can be used to prevent heat transfer between the two surfaces. This is in Figure 6 An example is shown.

[0104] Figure 6 A first layer 7 and a second layer 8 are shown, along with a single discrete support element 14 extending therebetween. The support element 14 is formed by a first portion 16 extending from the first layer and a second portion 17 extending from the second layer. These two portions can be joined together by a heat-insulating or heat-breaking portion 18.

[0105] The insulating portion 18 can be made of a different material than the two portions 16 and 17. For example, layers 7 and 8 and portions 16 and 17 can be formed of aluminum. In one example, portions 16 and 17 can be formed integrally with layers 7 and 8, for example, by extrusion. Alternatively, they can be welded at the intersections of the portions and the corresponding layers.

[0106] exist Figure 6 In the example shown, the insulation 18 can be part of stainless steel, which has a much lower thermal conductivity than the adjacent aluminum (e.g., about 12 W / mK instead of 121 W / mK). Therefore, heat is confined to transfer directly along the discrete components and is prevented from being transferred through the insulation.

[0107] In arrangements where stainless steel is used for insulation and aluminum is used for both parts 17 and 18, the connection can be made using known welding techniques for connecting stainless steel to aluminum. Other suitable joining processes can also be applied.

[0108] The insulation can be made of polymers, such as rubber, POM, PTFE, or PEEK, suitable for low-temperature applications. Bonding can be achieved by adhesive bonding or vulcanization bonding.

[0109] like Figure 5A and 5B As shown, insulation 18 may also be needed around the perimeter of the panel. Figure 6 As shown, a similar arrangement can be used. Importantly, because atmospheric pressure acts on the perimeter as the internal air is expelled from the panel, the perimeter also experiences lateral forces. Therefore, insulation is needed to resist lateral or sideways movement.

[0110] Figure 7 An example of how the perimeter 15 fits into the insulation section is shown. Here, the insulation section 18 has a triangular cross-section, meaning that atmospheric pressure is used to bias the insulation section into the gap between the first and second portions of the perimeter section 15. The insulation section may alternatively be a welded plate or have other geometries.

[0111] The insulation can be located at any distance of 7 or 8 from the upper or lower layer.

[0112] In yet another example, discrete support elements may be formed from wood such as plywood, bamboo, cardboard, or preferably other materials with low thermal transfer properties.

[0113] Figure 7 The perimeter of a layer is also shown, which can be used to conveniently allow two adjacent panels to be welded together. In such an arrangement, one or more adjacent panels can be sealed together to form a single internal volume or space by an impermeable weld joint. For example, when two adjacent panels are abutting each other, the weld can be applied to the upper and lower edges of the panels.

[0114] As mentioned above, individual panels can be rectangular or square, allowing adjacent shapes to be easily fitted and joined together (e.g., by welding). Other shapes, including triangles, can also be used. Combinations of different shapes can be used depending on the geometry of the compartment or room / retention space to be insulated.

[0115] Figures 8A to 8C An alternative tessellated panel in the form of a hexagon is shown. Advantageously, the hexagons can be tessellated, and thermal expansion is uniform when measured radially outward from the center of the hexagon. Figure 8D An exhaust valve is shown that allows air to be extracted to create a vacuum inside the hexagonal panel.

[0116] Now refer to Figure 9 Describe the interior of the hexagonal panel.

[0117] The hexagonal panel may include multiple discrete support elements 14 arranged in varying distributions and configurations. Figure 9 In the example shown, the support element is not a long strip of material extending along the panel or concentric rings spaced radially across the panel, but rather in the form of multiple columns.

[0118] A prism can be, for example, a cylinder or a hexagonal prism, such as... Figure 9 The pillars extend from the inward-facing and outward-facing surfaces. They can be placed directly on the inward-facing and / or outward-facing panels, or on a material support layer applied to the inside of the respective layers. This material support layer can advantageously have low thermal conductivity. When the panel is evacuated, the pillars can provide the support needed to maintain the separation of the two surfaces or layers. Low thermal conductivity means that heat is also not transferred through the panel.

[0119] like Figure 9 As shown, the columns can also be hexagonal, which advantageously allows individual columns to be embedded within the main body of the hexagonal panel and extend across the area of ​​the panel. Therefore, both vertical and lateral loads can be accommodated.

[0120] Each column can be referenced. Figure 6 The described structure has an intermediate insulation section. However, it is also advantageous to use a single continuous material with low thermal conductivity, such as wood (e.g., plywood or wood composites), bamboo, cardboard, or stainless steel. Therefore, an insulation section that increases simplicity and reduces manufacturing costs can be used.

[0121] Figure 9A The composition is shown Figure 9 The diagram shows a sub-component of a hexagonal panel. As shown, a hexagonal array of individual hexagonal prisms is located between the upper and lower surfaces of the panel and within its outer perimeter.

[0122] In alternative arrangements, the columns themselves can also be filled with insulating materials such as expanded foam, perlite, etc. These columns can be wholly or partially filled with such materials, which can advantageously increase the strength and / or thermal properties of the panels. All or a subset of the columns can be filled, thus achieving a balance between strength, weight, and thermal performance.

[0123] Figure 9 and 10 The interior details of the hexagonal panel are shown. Figure 10 Also shown is the reference above. Figure 5B The description refers to the two perimeter portions P1 and P2. Figure 11 The perimeter 22 of the hexagonal panel is shown.

[0124] Figure 9Each column shown may additionally be provided with a hole, slot, or orifice allowing air to pass through and out of each column. Therefore, air can be extracted from each column via a valve to create a vacuum throughout the panel and inside each column. This avoids pressure differentials within the panel and maintains the thermal properties of a vacuum.

[0125] The requirement for hexagonal panels remains that the entire perimeter be airtight (impermeable to airflow) while maintaining the necessary thermal insulation between the inward-facing and outward-facing surfaces. This can be referenced... Figure 12A To achieve this.

[0126] Figure 12A An embodiment of a hexagonal panel arrangement is shown.

[0127] The panel includes an inward-facing surface 7 and an outward-facing surface 8, as well as two additional lips or edges Ri and Ro.

[0128] edge or lip edge Figure 8C As shown in the diagram, the edge extends from the outward-facing surface and surrounds the perimeter of the panel. The function of the edge is described below.

[0129] The edge forms an angle with respect to the vertical side surface of the panel perimeter, as shown by angle α (greater than 90 degrees). Figure 8C and 10 As shown, the panel is composed of an outward-facing component P1 and an inward-facing component P2. A partition S is provided between the two components forming the opposing surfaces of the hexagonal panel.

[0130] To form a seal around the perimeter of the panel, a thin stainless steel layer 20 is attached to the outer perimeter of the panel to overlap the partition S and to the two components P1 and P2.

[0131] The stainless steel layer can be advantageously bonded to a wood or similar material lining within the panel perimeter, and it itself extends across the partition S. Providing a backing layer allows the stainless steel layer to be very thin, and thus simultaneously provides:

[0132] (a) The required airtight surface surrounding the perimeter of the panel; and

[0133] (b) The required insulation around the perimeter of each panel.

[0134] Stainless steel can extend through the entire depth of the panel, that is, from... Figure 12B L1 to L2 in the middle.

[0135] Figure 12B A thin stainless steel layer and a backing surface as described above are shown. Formation Figure 12A The thickness of the material in the arrangement shown can be selected based on the desired thermal and structural properties of the panel. For example, the dimensions may be within the following range:

[0136] The thickness of the outward-facing layer ranges from 0.2 mm to 1 mm.

[0137] The thickness of the inward-facing layer ranges from 0.2 mm to 1 mm.

[0138] The range of the partition S extends up to 200mm.

[0139] The insulation layer is thinner than the adjacent material, for example, 0.8 mm, while the adjacent material is 1 mm thick.

[0140] Figure 12C The functions of the outer edge R0 and the inner edge Ri are shown.

[0141] As shown in the figure, two adjacent insulation arrangements A1 and A2 are joined together to form part of an inlaid arrangement of the insulation system. In the inlaid arrangement, the two adjacent arrangements A1 and A2 will contact each other along the six straight lines of the hexagonal shape.

[0142] Here, in Figure 12C At point J, a weld bead can be formed to weld the two arrangements together. The weld itself forms an airtight seal, preventing any air from being transferred from the cold side of the arrangement to the ambient side. When the arrangement is attached to a compartment, the arrangement is welded on the ambient side of the panel, and conversely, when the arrangement is placed on the hull, the arrangement is welded on the cold side of the panel.

[0143] Angle α at the edges allows for a degree of flexibility and movement between adjacent arrangements A1 and A2. Thermal contraction on the cold side of the panel will tend to pull the two adjacent edges apart. On the ambient side of the panel, thermal expansion will tend to bring adjacent edges together.

[0144] Advantageously, the cold side or environmental side of the panel will be loosely attached to the compartment or hull to allow thermal movement of the insulation arrangement relative to the compartment / hull surface as the compartment is emptied (and possibly heated) and refilled (and thus cooled). Advantageously, the connection to the compartment or hull is flexible and allows relative movement between the compartment / hull and the panel.

[0145] To fully optimize thermal performance, the gaps between adjacent panels can be filled with insulation material. For example, the gaps can be filled with polyurethane, mineral wool, EPS (expanded polystyrene), or other insulation materials that can be easily positioned with the gaps to fill the space. Alternatively, a vacuum can be introduced into the gaps.

[0146] Figure 13 and 14This diagram illustrates multiple hexagonal panels joined together for attachment to the outer surface of a vessel's inner hull or compartment. In this arrangement, a non-permeable seal around the perimeter is required only around the outermost perimeter of the entire arrangement, not the perimeter of a single panel. Therefore, a single internal volume can be provided for this arrangement, and a single vent valve can be used. This allows for faster installation and venting of the arrangement.

[0147] When adjacent groups or multiple panels are assembled on a single surface, any gaps between adjacent groups can advantageously be filled with insulating material, such as expanded foam as described above. Alternatively, a vacuum can be introduced into the gaps.

[0148] Furthermore, it facilitates convenient inspection and monitoring of the vacuum level within the arrangement, which is important for the arrangement's thermal performance. In such an arrangement, only a single valve needs to be checked to determine the internal pressure of multiple connected panels. Pressure gauges can be installed additionally or alternatively.

[0149] Figure 15A The installation of the hexagonal arrangement on the outer surface of the cabin is shown.

[0150] Figure 15B The installation of a hexagonal arrangement within the ship's cabin / holding space (cargo area) is shown.

[0151] Figure 16 A vacuum connection to a vacuum valve attached to a panel and an associated conduit through which air can be exhausted are shown. It will be appreciated that multiple individual panels or groups of panels can be connected to a single vacuum pump to create one or more vacuums. For example, a manifold arrangement can be provided to allow for convenient connection and maintenance.

[0152] While the examples above involve hexagonal panels, it will be recognized that the same approach can be used for other mating shapes. For example, this could be square or triangular panels. Depending on the geometry of the compartment to be insulated, combinations of different shapes can be used and matted together to provide a complete barrier covering the entire surface of the compartment or the interior of the hull. Similarly, edge and perimeter insulation arrangements can be used for different panel shapes.

[0153] Temperature and / or pressure monitoring can be used to monitor the insulation arrangement.

[0154] Each or more panels, defined by an impermeable seal, can be connected to a pressure control and monitoring system and a vacuum pump via vacuum valve 12. The difference between the defined vacuum pressure, the default value, and the actual pressure will be monitored. The vacuum pump connected to the grid or panel assembly will be activated and restore the default vacuum pressure when needed.

[0155] Alternatively, temperature can be used as a monitoring parameter in place of pressure or in addition to pressure. Temperature measurements can be achieved using sensors such as thermocouples or passive sensors such as infrared (IR) cameras to monitor temperature changes between panels and changes relative to the desired operating temperature. If the temperature rises above a predefined default value, a vacuum loss is indicated. A vacuum pump connected to a grid of one or more panels will be activated and restore the default vacuum pressure when needed and if required.

[0156] It will be appreciated that the insulated arrangement described herein can be used to allow the transport of liquefied gases in cargo applications as described above, i.e., in the use of large-capacity tanks on ships specifically constructed for transporting liquefied gases. The inventors have determined that the insulated panel arrangement can also be used in other related applications. For example, the panels can be mounted on the tank itself, or, if the tank is not insulated, on the walls of the room / retention space where the uninsulated tank is located.

[0157] Alternatively or concurrently, LNG fuel tanks can be implemented using the insulation arrangements described herein.

[0158] Alternatively or additionally, a liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel tank can be implemented using the insulated arrangement described herein. Therefore, clean fuels can be used by providing such an insulated fuel tank that can contain liquefied hydrogen.

[0159] The above discussion focuses on the use of insulation arrangements in specially designed cargo ships with large or several large holds, as shown in Figure 15, and in fuel tanks (for LNG / LH2). However, reference can also be made as follows: Figures 17 to 20 Modular cargo arrangement is achieved as described.

[0160] Figure 17 A liquefied gas transport arrangement 26 incorporating the insulation arrangement described herein is shown. The transport arrangement is configured within the size range of ISO standard containers, such as, but not limited to, 20, 40, or 45 feet in length, including high cubic freight containers of the type used for transporting goods on ships or any other suitable skid structure.

[0161] like Figure 18 As shown, the external structure 27 is arranged so that the individual transport arrangements can be linked together. The array of individual liquefied gas transport arrangements can then be secured together for transport, for example, within or on the deck of a cargo ship. Figure 18 In the middle, 12 separate liquefied gas transport units are connected together to form a cabin array.

[0162] The insulation of this arrangement will now be described with reference to Figures 19 and 20.

[0163] Figure 19A A floor plan of the arrangement is shown. Figure 19BA side view of the arrangement is shown. Figure 19C An end view is shown.

[0164] Figure 19A An exploded view of the various sections that make up the insulation layer surrounding the compartment is shown. Compartment 28 is arranged to contain a liquefied gas, such as hydrogen (LH2) or LNG. Compartment 28 is surrounded by an insulation layer that is itself formed by four sections. It will be appreciated that any number of sections can be used, but using four sections improves the simplicity of the construction.

[0165] The compartment 28 can be surrounded by two end sections 29A and 29B and two sleeve sections 30A and 30B. The sleeve sections 30A and 30B are arranged to slide along the length of the compartment. The compartment is then "sealed" by locking the end sections 29A and 29B to form a suffix surrounding the compartment 28. (Reference) Figure 17 The enclosed compartment is shown with an entry port 31 for loading, unloading, and evacuating the insulation layer.

[0166] As described in this article, the insulation layer can be in the form of an inlaid arrangement of individual panels. However, Figures 19A-19C The sleeve arrangement shown allows for the use of longer sections of insulation with the same vacuum cavity and facilitates manufacturing. As described herein, when a vacuum is evacuated within the layer, the spacer element can be used to provide the structural support required for insulation.

[0167] The spacer element can be a discrete element or an elongated member extending along the length of the sleeve (and within the space defined between the compartment-facing layer and the outward-facing layer). This allows for convenient manufacturing, such as by extrusion.

[0168] Figure 20 Side views, end views, and plan views of an arrangement with suitable dimensions to confirm the size of containers used in cargo ships and international transport are shown. Therefore, this arrangement can be easily operated using conventional logistics systems without requiring special equipment or geometry for loading and unloading.

[0169] In another arrangement, compartment 28 can be cylindrical and the corresponding sleeve is cylindrical to surround the cylindrical compartment. The ends would then be two opposing concave insulating "caps" on either end of the compartment.

[0170] For example, when using a single container, the arrangements described herein related to vacuum, temperature sensing, and evaporation handling / management can be conveniently arranged within the outer boundary of the container. Alternatively, for example, when multiple containers are used together, multiple containers can be connected to a main container that houses the control and monitoring equipment for the vacuum, temperature sensing, and evaporation arrangements.

[0171] It should also be recognized that each container can be equipped with suitable conduits and connectors, allowing vacuum to be drawn from multiple container insulation arrangements by a single vacuum source. Similarly, electrical connections can be provided for transmitting power and temperature / pressure information between containers. Therefore, a fully modular container system can be achieved.

[0172] As described above, the invention described herein can also be used in ship fuel tank applications.

[0173] In any of the above configurations, the arrangement may include an evaporation management system that limits the increase in pressure within the chamber as the liquid evaporates into gas, thereby ensuring that it remains within safe levels. This may include reliquefaction for reinjection.

[0174] refer to Figure 21 , 22 Articles 2 and 23 illustrate yet another example of thermal insulation and transport according to the invention described herein.

[0175] The aforementioned thermal insulation arrangement is formed by multiple discrete units, which can be arranged closely on the surface of the compartment and / or the surface of the hull as described above.

[0176] This reference Figure 21 To further explain, Figure 21 A cross-sectional view of a liquefied gas carrier vessel 32 is shown, including the vessel's superstructure above one or more cargo-containing compartments(s). Here, vessel 32 includes compartments 33 in which liquefied fuel is loaded and contained during transport. Compartments 33 are supported within the structure of vessel 32 by a plurality of supports or "legs" 34. The supports 34 connect the compartments to the hull, provide structural support for the compartments 33, and also provide insulation between the refrigerated compartments and the lower surface of the hull. This will be described further below.

[0177] Figure 21 A primary insulation layer 35 is also shown, arranged close to and connected to compartment 33, as described in the reference panel above. A secondary insulation layer 36 is also shown, arranged close to and connected to the hull.

[0178] The gap 37 is located between the primary insulation layer 35 and the secondary insulation layer 36. As described above, this gap can form part of the insulation system for the container by providing an additional thermal step between the cold liquid in the compartment and the relatively warm liquid in the seawater. The gap 37 can be filled with inert nitrogen, helium, or a vacuum can be applied.

[0179] like Figure 22 As shown, the void V1 is located between the main insulation layer 35 and the surface of the chamber 33. This cavity or void may be filled with a gas, which advantageously has a condensation temperature lower than that of the liquid inside the chamber. A vacuum may also be applied.

[0180] Two gas candidates are helium (which condenses at approximately -269 degrees Celsius) and hydrogen (which condenses at approximately -253 degrees Celsius). A third option is to create a vacuum in void 37. In each of these three cases, the contents of the cavity are designed to prevent condensation and the formation of ice or ice slurry within the cavity. It will be recognized that no gas exists in a vacuum at all.

[0181] Perfect contact between the primary insulation layer and the compartment, and between the secondary insulation layer and the (inner) hull, is unlikely to be achieved. Therefore, small separations will occur between the respective insulation panels and surfaces, creating gaps. When the compartment is under loads such as LH2, the gaps between the compartment and the insulation will remain at a temperature slightly above the load temperature. If this gap is filled with air containing oxygen and nitrogen, these components will condense at -183 and -196 degrees Celsius, respectively, forming ice. All other gases, except for hydrogen and helium (which will condense at -269 degrees Celsius), will also condense, causing the same problem.

[0182] Therefore, by using helium or hydrogen in this gap, the gas remains a gas at this low temperature, meaning it does not condense or form ice. A third alternative is to create a vacuum in this gap.

[0183] The gap between the insulation panel and the hull is not affected by such low temperatures. This gap can be filled with air, nitrogen, or helium.

[0184] The two gaps between the compartment / insulation layer and the insulation layer / hull may not be intentionally created. In both cases, it's because the insulation panels weren't glued to the surface, meaning it will never be a perfect fit, and there will always be some gap between the insulation and the surface. On the warm side, this isn't a disadvantage. On the cold side, between the insulation and the compartment, this gap is detrimental. The temperature in this gap will be slightly higher than the compartment's own temperature. If this gap is filled with air, the oxygen and nitrogen in the air will condense at -183 and -196°C respectively, forming unwanted ice. All gases except helium (-269°C) and hydrogen will also condense. The temperature of hydrogen outside the compartment (if hydrogen is used) will be slightly higher than its condensation temperature, so it won't condense.

[0185] Therefore, a multi-layered insulation system 38 can be formed, with the lower layers starting from the cabins inside the ship. (This is a reference.) Figure 22 As shown, Figure 22 Is it through Figure 21 A cross-sectional view of a portion of the insulation layer shown.

[0186] Multi-layer insulation systems can be divided into the following layers:

[0187]

[0188] Table 1

[0189] Cabin insulation Hull insulation 1 Multiple panels polyurethane 2 polyurethane Multiple panels 3 Multiple panels Multiple panels 4 polyurethane polyurethane

[0190] Table 2

[0191] The inventors have determined that the lowest thermal performance is achieved through polyurethane / polyurethane pairing, while the optimal thermal performance is achieved through multiple (embedded) panels / multiple panels (as described with reference to Figures 1 to 20). Furthermore, a vacuum arrangement within such panels provides optimal thermal performance.

[0192] Therefore, refer to Table 1, Table 2, and... Figure 22 It is recognized that complex thermal arrangements can be provided for containers according to the invention described herein.

[0193] Advantageously, the thermal properties of each layer can be optimized for specific cargo. Furthermore, manufacturing and installation can be simplified and adapted to form multiple void layers. Lower manufacturing tolerances allow for higher tolerances in compartment and hull geometry while providing additional void layers.

[0194] Figure 23 It shows Figure 21 The support of the "leg" 34 shown.

[0195] Support member 34 provides structural support for the compartment, functions as a physical position for the compartment (i.e., prevents movement), and also serves as a thermal insulation to prevent heat from the sea surrounding the hull from being conducted into the compartment. Furthermore, to maintain the integrity of the aforementioned gaps, the area around each support member or leg must be sealed to prevent gas from escaping, entering, or losing vacuum.

[0196] This is achieved using the load-bearing main component 40. It is located on the lower surface of the hull and the upper surface of the docking compartment.

[0197] As described above, helium can be used in the voids. Helium liquefies at a lower temperature than hydrogen and can be used in the voids to prevent the formation of ice / slurry. In such an arrangement, an additional helium supply system can be provided, and thus a pipe / valve arrangement (using an arrangement similar to that described above) can be provided to the individual voids. The perimeter of each void can then be sealed to prevent the entry / exit of a selected gas such as helium.

[0198] Figure 23 It shows the connection between the compartment and the lower surface of the hull, i.e., the way the compartment is both supported and importantly insulated.

[0199] Figure 23 It shows Figure 21One of the plurality of support legs 34 shown. As illustrated, the support leg arrangement includes a thermal break 40, which provides a structural connection between the bulkhead 33 and the hull. This can be made of any suitable material, including, for example, wood.

[0200] As shown in the figure, the main insulation layer 35 is arranged to follow the side profile of the steel support structure 41 extending from the insulation layer 40 to the cabin 33. The profile of layer 35 provides insulation continuity around the support structure.

[0201] To provide a gas seal for sealing the thermal bridge / cabin support 40, a metal weld cap or cover 42 is welded to the inner surface of the outer metal layer 43 of the insulation panel or layer 36. The weld surrounds the support leg, thereby providing a gas seal to maintain the integrity of the void 37, which, as described above, can be filled with an inert gas, such as nitrogen.

[0202] The cabin above the support member (40) has a trapezoidal "foot": the trapezoidal shape can be a closed steel box, and the internal voids can be a vacuum. The inventors have also determined that the panels and insulation arrangements described herein, including multiple insulation layers and void arrangements, can also be applied to spherical cabins, which are essentially soccer balls or elongated spheres, wherein each planar surface of the sphere corresponds to a panel described herein. The panels may include a variety of numbers of sides, including pentagons and hexagons, each side welded or joined together.

[0203] On the other hand, a modular thermal insulation arrangement for ships is provided, comprising one or more inlaid thermal insulation units as described herein, which are arranged against or near the cargo hold of the ship and define a primary thermal insulation layer and a second thermal insulation layer spaced apart from the first thermal insulation layer, and define a space therebetween.

[0204] The second layer can also be multiple embedded insulation units or layers or polyurethane (e.g., spray coating). If the arrangement is not used for LH2 but for example, LNG, then a second insulation layer may not be necessary.

[0205] The gaps or cavities between one or more inlaid insulation units and the ship's cargo holds can be filled with a gas selected from helium or hydrogen. A vacuum can also be applied. The same applies to the inlaid panels that form the insulation layer, which rest against or are close to the hull or ballast tanks (typically part of the hull).

Claims

1. A modular thermal insulation arrangement comprising one or more inlaid thermal insulation units, each of the inlaid thermal insulation units comprising an inwardly facing first layer and an outwardly facing second layer spaced apart from the first layer, the two layers defining a space therebetween, and one or more spacer members extending between the first layer and the second layer, wherein, The surfaces defining the first layer, the second layer, and the outer perimeter extending around the modular insulation arrangement are airtight surfaces. Wherein, one or more of the spacer members are in the form of a plurality of columns extending between the first layer and the second layer. Each of the columns includes a hole that allows air to enter and exit the volume within the column. The perimeter of each of the inlaid heat insulation units includes a connecting surface for abutting adjacent inlaid heat insulation units, wherein, when adjacent inlaid heat insulation units are placed together, the connecting surface provides continuous contact between adjacent inlaid heat insulation units. The connecting surface is in the form of a radially extending edge extending from the periphery of the inlaid insulation unit. The airtight surface defining the outer perimeter of the modular thermal insulation arrangement is formed by a first portion connected to the first layer and a second portion connected to the second layer, and further includes a thermal insulation portion connected to the first portion and the second portion. The heat insulation portion has a lower thermal conductivity than the first portion and / or the second portion, and The heat insulation portion has a triangular cross-section, which means that atmospheric pressure is used to bias the heat insulation portion into the gap between the first and second portions of the perimeter segment.

2. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The space between the first layer and the second layer, and the surface defining the outer perimeter of the modular insulation arrangement, define the internal volume of the modular insulation arrangement, wherein the spacer is arranged in use to resist atmospheric pressure acting on the surface defining the outer perimeter when the internal volume is vented.

3. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The modular insulation arrangement includes a valve in fluid communication with the internal volume, the valve being configured in use to allow air to escape from the internal volume.

4. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 1, characterized in that, One or more of the spacer members are formed wholly or partially of a material selected from wood, plywood, wood composites, bamboo, cardboard, polyurethane, PEEK, PTFEE, or stainless steel.

5. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 1, characterized in that, One or more of the spacer members are formed by a first portion extending from a first surface, a second portion extending from a second surface, and an intermediate portion connecting the first portion of the spacer member to the second portion.

6. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The intermediate portion has a lower thermal conductivity than the first portion and / or the second portion.

7. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The first and second portions of the spacer member are formed of aluminum or an alloy thereof, and the intermediate portion is formed of a material selected from aluminum, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, rubber, POM, PTFE or PEEK.

8. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Each of the inlaid insulation units includes a first edge extending radially on the inward-facing surface of the inlaid insulation unit and a second edge extending radially on the outward-facing surface of the inlaid insulation unit.

9. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The inlaid heat insulation unit has a shape selected from triangle, square, rectangle, and hexagon.

10. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The inlaid insulation unit is hexagonal, and the cross-section of one or more of the spacer members is hexagonal.

11. The modular thermal insulation arrangement as described in claim 10, characterized in that, The spacer is in the form of a single matrix of hexagonal prisms.

12. An insulation system comprising a plurality of modular insulation arrangements as described in any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein, The multiple modular insulation arrangements are in gas communication with each other, such that the exhaust of one modular insulation arrangement causes air to be drawn out from the other modular insulation arrangements.

13. The thermal insulation system as described in claim 12, characterized in that, Adjacent modular insulation arrangements are welded together along the perimeter of each modular insulation arrangement.

14. The thermal insulation system as described in claim 12, characterized in that, It also includes one or more air pumps that are in gas communication with one or more of the modular insulation arrangements and are arranged in use to draw air from the modular insulation arrangement or each of the modular insulation arrangements.

15. The thermal insulation system as described in claim 12, characterized in that, Also includes A pressure detector, which is arranged in use to monitor the pressure within the modular insulation arrangement or each of the modular insulation arrangements, and further includes a control arrangement arranged to activate an air pump in response to the detected pressure; and / or B. Temperature sensor, which is arranged in use to monitor the temperature within the modular insulation arrangement or each modular insulation arrangement, and also includes a control arrangement arranged to activate an air pump in response to the detected temperature.

16. A cryogenic enclosure comprising an outer insulation layer formed by a modular insulation arrangement as described in any one of claims 1 to 11 or an insulation system as described in any one of claims 12 to 15.

17. An ocean-going vessel comprising a cryogenic enclosed compartment as described in claim 16.

18. A method for insulating a cryogenic enclosure comprising a modular insulation arrangement as described in any one of claims 1 to 11, the method comprising the step of venting space within one or more of the modular insulation arrangements.

19. The method as described in claim 18, characterized in that, Vacuum levels are measured intermittently, and further venting is performed to maintain the vacuum level.

20. A liquefied gas transport arrangement comprising a compartment for containing liquefied gas and an insulation layer surrounding the outer surface of the compartment, wherein, The insulation layer comprises a modular insulation arrangement according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

21. The liquefied gas transport arrangement as described in claim 20, characterized in that, The insulation layer surrounding the cabin is divided into independent insulation sections, wherein the independent insulation sections are arranged adjacent to each other in use to surround the cabin.

22. The liquefied gas transport arrangement as described in claim 20, characterized in that, The modular thermal insulation arrangement is contained within a support structure, wherein the support structure is arranged in use to connect with adjacent and corresponding support structures to form an array of separate liquefied gas transport arrangements.

23. A shipping insulation system comprising one or more modular insulation arrangements as described in any one of claims 1 to 11, the embedded insulation units being arranged against or near a cargo hold of a ship and defining a primary insulation layer, the shipping insulation system including a second insulation layer spaced apart from the first layer and defining a space therebetween.

24. The shipping thermal insulation system as described in claim 23, characterized in that, The second layer is still a plurality of the aforementioned embedded thermal insulation units or polyurethane layers.

25. The shipping thermal insulation system as described in claim 23, characterized in that, The gap or cavity between one or more of the embedded thermal insulation units and the cargo hold of the ship is filled with a gas selected from helium or hydrogen, or a vacuum.

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