Cylindrical lens assembly for attachment to a display

Abstract

The invention relates to a pre-fabricated lenticular lens assembly (10) for attachment to a display portion (100), the pre-fabricated lenticular lens assembly (10) having a lenticular lens layer (14) comprising a first surface (20) having a plurality of curved lenticular lens portions and a second surface (18) facing away from the first surface (20), a cover layer (12) facing at least in some areas the first surface (20) of the lens layer (14), and a carrier layer (16) facing at least in some areas the second surface (18) of the lens layer (14), wherein the lenticular lens layer (14), the cover layer (12), and the carrier layer (16) have been at least indirectly connected to each other before the assembly (10) is attached to the display portion (100). The invention also relates to a method for producing a lenticular lens assembly (10).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of filter technology for display units, such as those used to display digitally encoded graphic content. More specifically, this application relates to lenticular lens assemblies and methods for attaching such lenticular lens assemblies to display units. In this case, the lenticular lens assembly (particularly the lenticular lens layer explained below) forms a filter. Background Technology

[0002] As is well known, the content displayed on a display unit can be presented in three dimensions in various ways. In particular, this content can be optically filtered, altered, and / or refracted to make it appear three-dimensional from the viewer's perspective.

[0003] One example of a filter is the so-called parallax barrier, in which, for example, the content displayed pixel by pixel is partially obscured, causing the viewer's left and right eyes to see different image content, thus creating a three-dimensional perception.

[0004] Lens lenses are also known and can produce images known as lenticular images, which are perceived as three-dimensional (i.e., spatially). A lenticular lens has multiple lens portions, typically curved, arranged in strips and extending, for example, in a common spatial direction and / or along the vertical axis of the display. Through these lens portions, light from the display, particularly light from adjacent pixels or display units in that area, is refracted differently. Preferably, this is accomplished in such a way that the viewer's left and right eyes perceive different image content, which creates a three-dimensional impression of the displayed image.

[0005] A common advantage of these solutions is that they allow 3D image content to be displayed on a display device without the viewer wearing so-called 3D glasses or other optical aids. The described method can be applied to the field of glasses-free 3D.

[0006] A display unit is typically a planar device with multiple display units, which can be driven individually and are usually arranged in a matrix. Each display unit can form a pixel of the display unit. For example, a display unit can be an LCD panel, an OLED panel, etc.

[0007] It is known that, due to the manufacturing process, the display area is not always flat; that is, the display area may have an uneven surface facing the viewer. This is disadvantageous because it results in undesirable relative orientations of the display area, and particularly of the individual display units (pixels) and the lenticular lens layer. This can make the desired 3D rendering more difficult.

[0008] Therefore, in addition to lens layers in the form of panels or flat lens layers, it is known to attach sheet-like elements to the viewer-facing or view-reverse (backside) surfaces of the display. For example, the element can be bonded to its entire surface of the display because it generally has higher rigidity than deformable displays and, in particular, flexible LCD displays. The display conforms to the shape of the sheet, which is preferably flat. In other words, the display can therefore be smoothed by the sheet-like element. Subsequently, a lens layer is applied to the outward-facing or viewer-facing surface of the sheet-like element away from the display.

[0009] Therefore, for example in an automated production line, a step-by-step process is performed, first applying sheet elements (smoothing elements) to the display section, and then applying lens layers or lens sheets to the smoothed display section.

[0010] In theory, a protective layer or sheet is then applied to the lens structure itself in a subsequent production step. Preferably, the protective layer or sheet is smooth, thus forming an outwardly flat surface and the curved lens portion is not exposed, that is, it is not directly contacted by the outside.

[0011] However, it has been found that using these prior methods does not always achieve the desired (3D) display quality or the desired lenticular lens effect. Furthermore, the continuous manufacturing process of producing or coating different display sections by applying separate layers is not flexible enough and often increases the complexity of the finishing production line.

[0012] Therefore, a display unit is needed to improve the presentation of 3D content, especially to make its production more flexible and simple. Summary of the Invention

[0013] This objective is achieved through the subject matter of the appended independent claims. Advantageous improvements are defined in the dependent claims. Unless otherwise stated or obvious, all the foregoing interpretations and features are also applicable to this solution, or may be provided in this solution.

[0014] According to this application, it has been recognized that previously attached sheet-like smoothing elements cannot always maintain a minimum display quality. Therefore, to achieve the desired lenticular lens effect or sufficient (three-dimensional) display quality, the distance between the display unit and the lenticular lens layer should preferably not exceed the maximum permissible distance. This distance can, for example, depend on the pixel size or pixel density of the display unit, the characteristics of the materials used, the geometric parameters (especially the geometric parameters of the lens layer), or the control type of individual display units (pixels) of the display unit, such as multiplexing schemes. The viewer's desired or anticipated distance from the display unit also has an impact.

[0015] In particular, it has been recognized that for extremely high pixel densities exceeding 100 ppi (pixels per inch), especially exceeding 150 ppi or 200 ppi, a very small distance between the lens layer and, in particular, its curved lens portion, and the display unit may be advantageous. Theoretically, this can be achieved by arranging the lens layer so that its curved lens portion faces or is opposite to the display unit. However, it is not always possible to place the aforementioned sheet-like smoothing element between the lens layer and the display unit without exceeding the maximum permissible distance between the lens and the display unit. This is addressed by the multilayer solution according to this application, as explained below.

[0016] To achieve the desired optical refraction effect, preferably, the lens curvature or curved lens portion has a sufficient refractive index difference with the adjacent material. However, because full-surface bonding with conventional materials can complicate the required refractive index difference, mounting problems arise if the curved lens portion is to face the display section as described above. Therefore, as described below, embodiments of this application propose a novel multilayer structure.

[0017] Theoretically, according to this application, it is also recognized that the complexity of the manufacturing process for (3D) display sections can be reduced by having the layers applied to the display section no longer applied continuously and individually in a finishing production line, but rather provided at least partially as prefabricated modules or components. This can reduce the number of necessary manufacturing steps and manufacturing stations.

[0018] In particular, this application proposes a prefabricated cylindrical lens assembly in which multiple layers have been bonded together, especially adhered together. The assembly can then be applied to the display unit in a single step, either as is or in a closed manner.

[0019] Furthermore, this component is advantageously formed in such a way that it can be applied to multiple different display units, and in particular, it can be applied to display units in different ways (e.g., in different orientations and / or sides), depending on the requirements and / or properties of the display units. For example, depending on the pixel density of the display unit, the component can be attached to or oriented toward the display unit via a first surface or a first side, or a second surface and / or a second side. In particular, for example, because the distance from the lenticular lens layer or the curved lens portion of the component to the corresponding surface or side of the component is different, different distances can be set between the display unit and the lenticular lens layer or the curved lens portion of the component according to the corresponding orientation of the component.

[0020] Overall, this provides a compact component suitable for prefabrication, reducing the requirements for finishing production lines while allowing for flexible use. In particular, the production process, station, or equipment used can be adjusted only to a limited extent, or not at all, for different purposes or different orientations of the component (e.g., if the component is delivered and / or supplied in the desired orientation).

[0021] Specifically, a prefabricated lenticular lens assembly for attachment to a display unit (e.g., digital and / or having a pixel array) is proposed, having

[0022] - A cylindrical lens layer, including a first surface having multiple curved lens portions and a second surface facing away from the first surface;

[0023] - A cover layer, which is at least in some areas opposite to the first surface of the lens layer;

[0024] - A carrier layer, which is opposite to the second surface of the lens layer in at least some areas.

[0025] Because it is prefabricated, the advantage of this type of lenticular lens assembly is that it eliminates the need for separate manufacturing stations or steps in the finishing production line to apply each individual corresponding layer. Instead, within the lenticular lens assembly, the lenticular lens layer, the cover layer, and the load-bearing layer can be joined together and securely connected, preventing these layers from separating from each other, for example, due to their own weight. As described herein, material bonding (e.g., adhesion) can be provided between or between layers.

[0026] More specifically, preferably, the lenticular lens layer, cover layer, and carrier layer are connected together even before the component is attached to the display. In other words, the layers may already be connected together, for example, adhered to each other, bonded to each other, and / or fixed within the component, before the component is attached to the display. Alternatively, the component may be prefabricated by a separate manufacturer on a separate production line, or typically manufactured separately in space and / or time. For example, the component may also be temporarily stored and / or transported to a finishing production line for the display device with the corresponding display. On the production line, the component may be attached to the display as is or as a whole, and preferably in a single manufacturing step, thereby reducing manufacturing complexity.

[0027] As mentioned, the display unit can be a digital and / or electronic display unit, particularly a computer screen. For example, the display unit can be provided to or can be formed on a display unit of a mobile terminal, television or computer screen, tablet screen, or smartphone screen. Attaching components to the display unit can include bonding components to the display unit, particularly at least partially or fully bonding the entire surface.

[0028] Any layer described herein is characterized by having a planar form and / or an extension (but optionally a curved portion). Compared to this typical two-dimensional extension, any layer can have a smaller thickness (in the transverse direction of the two-dimensional extension). For example, this thickness can include less than 10% of the two-dimensional dimension. The shape and / or size of the layer or two-dimensional plane thus defined can correspond to the shape and / or size of the display portion.

[0029] These layers are preferably flat, but not necessarily rigid. For example, these layers can also be designed as thin films. Thin films can be applied in particular to cover layers, which, according to the following embodiment, can optionally be manually removed before being attached to the display, achieved through a film-like design.

[0030] The first and second surfaces of the cylindrical lens layer can also be referred to as the first and second sides of the lens layer, such as the front and rear sides. The lens portions are typically convex and curved. Theoretically, the lens portions can be of the same type and can be adjacent to each other. In this way, as known in the prior art, a uniform (line) array or uniform pattern of lens portions arranged in rows can be produced. Due to the corresponding curvature, light emitted from the display unit, particularly from pixels located below the lens portions, can be refracted to cause the viewer's left and right eyes to perceive different image content.

[0031] Typically, a lens section spanning multiple adjacent pixels can be provided, where light from adjacent pixels can be refracted differently from each other due to the curvature of the lens.

[0032] The cover layer may cover and / or conceal the first (curved) surface of the lens layer in at least some areas. When viewed from the outside, the cylindrical lens assembly may have a smooth and / or flat surface formed by the cover layer in the areas of the cover layer. In particular, the curved surface of the lens portion may not be exposed on the outer surface of the assembly, but may be hidden and / or obscured by the cover layer.

[0033] It can typically be specified that the cover layer and the load-bearing layer form at least some of the outer sides or faces of the component, particularly the opposite faces or opposite sides of the component.

[0034] Preferably, the lenticular lens assembly can be selectively attached to the display unit such that the cover layer (or the side of the assembly with the cover layer removed) or the carrier layer is oriented and / or bonded to the display unit. Depending on the selected assembly orientation, the first surface of the lenticular lens layer or the curved lens portion can be positioned further away from the display unit (especially when the carrier layer is attached to the display unit) or closer (especially when the cover layer or the side with the cover layer removed is attached to the display unit).

[0035] According to this application, such optional orientation of the component can be made possible, for example, by using flat and / or smooth cover and carrier layers. Additionally or alternatively, the cover and carrier layers are preferably also designed so as not to produce any undesirable light refraction (especially light refraction that negatively affects lens performance). For this purpose, it is preferable not to apply these layers externally (e.g., with so-called anti-glare layers), or to apply such additional layers only when the orientation to be adopted has already been determined.

[0036] Another general advantage of the smooth and / or flat design of the cover layer and / or carrier layer is that a reliable smoothing effect can be achieved on the display section. In particular, it can be smoothed uniformly, thereby also creating a uniform distance between the display section and, for example, the lens layer. This also applies when removing the cover layer from one side or face of the assembly. Since a flat cover layer is preferred, the exposed side can also be correspondingly smooth.

[0037] This component can also be referred to as a sandwich or sandwich filter. This is because the lenticular lens layer is preferably disposed and / or enclosed between the cover layer and the carrier layer. In particular, apart from any adhesive layer or optional filler material in the space between the lenticular lens layer and the cover layer, as discussed below, there are no other layers in the component, or at least between the cover layer and the carrier layer, besides the lenticular lens layer. Therefore, the lenticular lens layer can be directly disposed and / or embedded between the carrier layer and the cover layer. This increases the compactness of the component.

[0038] First, the advantage of the cover layer is that it at least partially shields the curved lens portion from environmental influences, thereby protecting the curved lens portion from contamination or damage (especially when the assembly is oriented with the cover layer facing outwards).

[0039] If the cover layer is flat (which is usually preferred), the cover layer can also facilitate the connection with the display, especially the planar connection and / or planar adhesion with the display (particularly when the component is oriented so that the cover layer faces inward or is connected to the display).

[0040] Furthermore, the cover layer can also be used, for example, when the component is adhered to the display section (from the observer's perspective, the cover layer faces inward), to prevent the adhesive layer from penetrating into the space between adjacent lens portions (e.g., up to the foot of the curved surface). Instead, the cover layer can create a defined material transition, and thus a desired refractive index difference near or at the lens portion. This can be achieved by the cover layer externally shielding the space between the lens layer (specifically the first surface of the lens layer) and the cover layer. As will be explained below, this space can contain, for example, air, or some other defined material that can be held in the space and / or shielded externally by the cover layer.

[0041] In theory, when attached to the display unit, the overlay can also provide at least part of the desired smoothing effect as described above.

[0042] Typically, and particularly in all the examples above, the cover layer can be rigid and, for example, sheet-like. However, the cover layer can also be flexible and / or in the form of a thin film (cover layer film). When there is material in the space between the lenticular lens layer and the cover layer (i.e., the space is not a vacuum or only contains air), this material can provide an adhesive effect and / or can be bonded to the film at least primarily by adhesion, preferably without the use of additional adhesives. Removal of the cover layer can typically be done manually and / or by force that can be manually applied to the area. After removal of the cover layer, the adhesive effect of this material can be used to adhere components to the surface of the display. This will be explained in more detail below in conjunction with individual embodiments.

[0043] In theory, even with a removable cover, components with different orientations can preferably be attached to the display. The cover can provide the general functions of a cover as described herein, particularly preventing dirt when it faces outward (towards the viewer). However, variations of the removable cover are particularly advantageous when using an adhesive filler material as described above, because the components can then be adhered to the display without additional adhesive. This saves on production materials and production steps.

[0044] On the other hand, the carrier layer is arranged behind the cylindrical lens layer or opposite to the rear side (i.e., the second surface) relative to the curved lens portion. Typically, the second surface of the lens layer is preferably flat or smooth. This also preferably applies to the carrier layer.

[0045] Depending on the orientation of the component relative to the display, the carrier layer can perform the function of a sheet-like smoothing element as described above. The carrier layer typically provides a stabilizing effect on the component, or in other words, a reinforcing effect. This also allows for, for example, the manufacture of a relatively thin and / or less rigid cover layer.

[0046] When the orientation assembly aligns the cover layer (or the side with the cover layer removed) towards the display, the curved lens portion can be spaced a short distance from the display (essentially equal to the thickness of the cover layer, for example, plus any spacing between the cover layer and the lens portion). The carrier layer can have a reinforcing effect and / or the dimensions of the carrier layer can be determined such that, despite its thinness, the cover layer still provides the desired smoothness when attached to the display, for example, because the carrier layer is at least indirectly supported on the display by the carrier layer and / or the bottom surface of the assembly. However, similarly, the carrier layer can indirectly stabilize or support the exposed side of the assembly, which, for example, consists of an adhesive filler material and / or a filler material with the cover layer removed.

[0047] Any layer mentioned herein can be made of, for example, glass or a precise or general-purpose transparent plastic. In this regard, instead of a cover layer and a carrier layer, reference can also be made to cover glass and carrier glass, respectively. The cover layer and / or carrier layer may be provided with an anti-reflective coating, particularly the coating on the cover layer and carrier layer facing away from the display (i.e., located on the outside). Especially in the case of a thin-film structure for the cover layer, the material thickness can be selected to be correspondingly small, for example, less than 0.15 mm.

[0048] Another advantage of the disclosed component is that it increases the range of choices for adhesive materials or other layers or materials disposed between the component and the display section when needed. In particular, this is because the material transition can be adjusted in a defined manner by the cover layer and / or the filler material between the cover layer and the lens layer, thus allowing the refractive index difference (i.e., the difference between the material of the space between the lens section and the cover layer and the material of the lens section itself) in a defined manner to be adjusted. For example, adhesive materials with relatively high refractive indices, which are common and inexpensive in this art, can also be used. If these adhesive materials are used directly to adhere the curved lens sections (i.e., adjacent and contacting the lens sections), the desired refractive behavior may not be achieved, and the quality of the 3D rendering may be reduced.

[0049] In variations having a removable cover layer, and particularly a cover layer film, the cover layer also offers the advantage that a filler material can be disposed within the assembly between the lens layer and the cover layer to set the desired refractive index difference in a defined manner. As mentioned, in this case, due to the adhesive effect of the filler material, an additional adhesive layer between the assembly and the display can also be completely eliminated, which can also help to set the desired refractive behavior.

[0050] Layers within the component can be connected indirectly, for example, via a frame, frame portion, or other support extending (preferably circumferentially) into the edge region of the component. They can also be directly connected, for example, via an adhesive layer or at least some layers bonded together. For example, if such an adhesive layer is provided between the cover layer and the cylindrical lens layer, its refractive index is preferably low (e.g., less than 1.4) to achieve a desired refractive index difference with the lens material.

[0051] However, advantageously, this component allows for the presence of air or a vacuum between the cover layer and the lenticular lens layer. The cover layer is preferably dimensionally rigid and / or non-removable, particularly a non-removable film. Specifically, the cover layer may be specified not to adhere to the lenticular lens layer or at least the curved lens portion. Thus, in particular, air or a vacuum with a correspondingly low refractive index can be adjacent to the curved lens portion to achieve the desired refractive behavior of the lens layer.

[0052] The lenticular lens layer, cover layer, and carrier layer within the component can be at least indirectly bonded such that these layers (at least the carrier layer and the lenticular lens layer) can subsequently not be separated from each other, for example, manually and / or by muscle force or at least not in a non-destructive manner. This does not apply to cover layer films that can be manually removed. However, these layers can adhere to each other at least by their own weight (or, for example, at least 20 times the weight of the component), and preferably adhere during the process of attaching or mounting the component to the display.

[0053] Generally speaking, unless otherwise stated or obvious (e.g., because of other materials or spaces between layers), the reference to two faces facing each other in this document may also refer to such mutually abutting and / or contacting faces.

[0054] In one embodiment, the cover layer is thinner than the carrier layer and / or the lenticular lens layer. Here, the term "thin" refers to the layer thickness. Specifically, the cover layer may not exceed half the layer thickness of the carrier layer and / or the lenticular lens layer, or even more than 30%. This allows the cover layer to provide, for example, protection and / or shielding functions, without unnecessarily increasing the distance between the curved lens portion and the display portion. Then, when needed, the assembly can still be attached to the display portion with the curved lens portion (i.e., the first surface of the lenticular lens layer) facing the display portion. This makes the lenticular lens assembly particularly suitable for displays with very high pixel densities.

[0055] In another embodiment, the capping layer has lower stiffness than the carrier layer and / or the lenticular lens layer. This also allows the capping layer to be relatively thin and achieve a stabilizing or smoothing effect, for example, provided by the carrier layer and / or the lenticular lens layer.

[0056] According to another embodiment, the thickness of the cover layer is approximately 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm. Alternatively or additionally, the carrier layer may have a thickness of approximately 0.5 mm to 4 mm. Studies have shown that using such a size ratio, the advantages and characteristics of the cover layer and carrier layer described herein, particularly their respective designated functions, can be reliably achieved without, for example, unnecessarily increasing cost or impairing the optical properties of the component. For example, a properly formed carrier layer can reliably function as a sheet-like smoothing element of the type described above, but can still provide at least to some extent the functions of the cover layer (particularly due to indirect support by the corresponding carrier layer), wherein the cover layer achieves a short distance from the curved lens portion to the display portion.

[0057] If the cover layer is formed as a removable layer, especially a cover layer film, its thickness can also be lower than the above values, for example, its thickness can be less than 0.1 mm.

[0058] As described above, in a preferred variation, the cover layer and / or the carrier layer are flat. This facilitates cleaning, for example, by wiping (if the respective layer forms the outer layer of the attachment component). On the other hand, this makes it easier to attach to the flat display (if the respective layer forms the inner layer of the component or is attached to the display).

[0059] In one embodiment, the lenticular lens layer is integrally bonded to at least one of the cover layer and the carrier layer. This integral bonding can be a full-surface bonding, or it can overlap with the display portion at least in some areas (e.g., from the observer's perspective). Alternatively or additionally, the material bonding can exist in edge regions, such as those located outside the observer-identifiable area of ​​the display portion and / or generally outside the observer's field of vision. Material bonding enables reliable and robust connections between the various layers within the component, which also simplifies manufacturing.

[0060] According to another aspect, at least some areas of the space between the cover layer and the lenticular lens layer are not filled. Specifically, this can apply to areas of the (attached) component that overlap with the display and / or are located within the observer's field of view. In particular, this area can be a central area. This area can occupy more than 50%, for example, at least 80%, of the area of ​​the component and / or the layer. In this case, the cover layer is preferably dimensionally stable and / or designed as a sheet.

[0061] The phrase "unfilled" can be understood as meaning there is no solid or liquid material (or typically no particulate matter) between the layers, such as no adhesive layer. However, on the other hand, a gas or gas mixture (especially air) can be present in the space. However, the space between these layers can also be a vacuum. As mentioned, the preferred refractive behavior of the lenticular lens layers can be achieved in this way due to the difference between the refractive index and the typically lower refractive index of the unfilled space.

[0062] Specifically, in this case, the cover layer may not abut or contact the curved lens portion. Instead, contact between a portion of the cover layer and the cylindrical lens layer is limited to the edge region of the assembly. In the attached state of the assembly, this edge region is preferably located outside the visible area of ​​the display section to the viewer and / or covered by a decorative frame, etc.

[0063] Preferably, the cover layer and the columnar lens layer are sealed together, for example, by sealing the circumferential edges of these layers together.

[0064] Alternatively, the space between the cover layer and the lens layer is at least partially filled with a material (also referred to herein as a filler material), which is preferably a liquid, solid, and / or cured material. In this case, the refractive index of the material is preferably lower than that of the lens layer (or more precisely, the lens layer material). The material in the space can be, for example, an adhesive material, such as a silicone material or other polymeric material. This achieves a reliable bond between these layers, and in particular, enables possible full-surface or at least most-surface adhesion between these layers.

[0065] Proper adhesion allows the layers to be securely bonded to each other. However, since materials with sufficiently low refractive indices (especially adhesives) are relatively expensive, it is advantageous to use alternative variations of the aforementioned unfilled spaces (e.g., filled only with gas), where the spaces have the potential for edge adhesion.

[0066] The space between the lens layer and the cover layer can also be filled with an adhesive material to which the cover layer adheres (preferably manually removable). Adhesion can also be used to allow direct contact between the material and the display element, achieving adhesion between the component and the display element. For example, silicone resin can be considered as such a material. This material also preferably provides all the refractive effects of the corresponding filler materials described herein. In this variant, the cover layer is preferably in the form of a cover layer film.

[0067] Although the filler material has preferred adhesive strength, an adhesive layer may also be applied additionally or alternatively between the display and the components. However, if the adhesive strength is sufficient and it is preferred not to provide an adhesive layer for cost reasons, then an adhesive layer may not be necessary.

[0068] Preferably, the material in the space (in any space-filling deformation form mentioned herein) has a refractive index of no more than 1.3. In contrast, the lens layer can typically have a refractive index of, for example, 1.4 to 1.8 (inclusive) or up to 2.0 (inclusive). In particular, the lens layer can be made of acrylic or other transparent plastics.

[0069] According to one aspect already noted above, in a further embodiment, the cover layer (which is preferably a film, for example, made of glass or plastic material) is removable (removed from the component) before the component is attached to the display, for example by peeling the cover layer off the component, particularly peeling off the (filler) material between the lenticular lens layer and the cover layer. This material can therefore be selectively exposed, wherein the component is preferably oriented relative to the display portion such that the material or side of which the cover layer has been removed faces the display portion.

[0070] Preferably, the space between the cover layer and the lenticular lens layer is at least partially filled with a material that allows the component to adhere to the display. As described, such a material can, for example, provide an adhesive effect. The surface of the material is preferably flat, especially after the cover layer is removed, so that it can be attached to the display. During installation, the carrier layer can have a stabilizing and / or reinforcing effect on the component, so that the material can be smoothed at the latest when it is pressed against the display.

[0071] It should be noted that the material in space preferably not only provides adhesion but also the refractive function described herein, that is, it also has specific optical effects.

[0072] Typically, the adhesion effect can be supported by attaching the component to the display in a vacuum. This reliably removes any residual air between the component and the display.

[0073] To ensure the removal of the cover layer or cover film from this material, a release agent, such as a non-stick release liquid or release film, can be applied between the cover layer and the material.

[0074] Besides the fact that it is preferable to omit the additional adhesive layer when attaching the component to the display, the general advantage of the variant with a removable cover layer is that, since the cover layer is removed, the lenticular lens layer can be placed closer to the display.

[0075] Furthermore, compared to using a separate adhesive layer, this modified form makes it easier to remove components from the display (and reattach them if necessary). This removability facilitates maintenance or repair of manufacturing defects.

[0076] As mentioned, the cover layer can be positioned at a certain distance from the lens portion (e.g., no more than 1 mm or even no more than 0.5 mm). In other words, the cover layer can preferably not contact and / or abut against the lens portion. As described, this ensures that the refractive behavior of the component (especially the refractive behavior of the lens layer) depends largely on the material transition from or within the space. On the other hand, the cover layer or additional adhesive layer used to attach the component to the display section has only a limited effect on the filter effect.

[0077] According to this embodiment, the lenticular lens assembly may be optionally attached to the display unit such that the cover layer (or the side with the cover layer removed) or the carrier layer is opposite to the display unit, and in particular, is adhered to the display unit over the entire surface.

[0078] Specifically, it can be specified that when the pixel density of the display exceeds a predetermined threshold (e.g., 100 ppi), the cover layer (or the side with the cover layer removed) faces and / or adheres to or is in close contact with the display. In practice, since the cover layer is typically thin or even removed, and / or close to the curved lens portion, the distance between the display and the curved lens portion can be particularly small. On the other hand, in cases where the display is not flat, or generally to achieve a particularly reliable smoothing effect, it may be advantageous to arrange the carrier layer opposite the display and / or attach it directly to the display.

[0079] This application also relates to a method for producing a cylindrical lens assembly according to any of the foregoing aspects.

[0080] This method may include joining the lenticular lens layer, the cover layer, and the carrier layer together in the layer sequence described above. Specifically, this may include any bonding mechanism described herein (e.g., full-surface or at least partial bonding, edge bonding, or indirect bonding via a circumferential frame). For example, it is conceivable to arrange the cover layer, in any variant form described herein, opposite a first surface of the lenticular lens layer (which may also be formed according to any variant form described herein), and to arrange the carrier layer (which may also be formed according to any variant form described herein) opposite a second surface of the lens layer. Furthermore, the manufacturing method may include creating connections between at least the cover layer and the lenticular lens layer, and between the lenticular lens layer and the carrier layer. Thus, generally, at least the cover layer and the carrier layer may not be directly adhered to each other, but may be adhered only indirectly, for example, indirectly via the lenticular lens layer. Moreover, particularly if the cover layer is removable, the method may include applying a release agent between the material (preferably located in the space between the lenticular lens layer and the cover layer) and the cover layer.

[0081] It is generally preferred that the step of producing the cylindrical lens assembly takes place before it is actually connected to the display unit, and / or occurs in a physically separate production line.

[0082] Accordingly, according to an improvement, the method may further include attaching the manufactured cylindrical lens assembly to the display section. This attachment may include adhering the prefabricated or finished assembly, particularly its cover layer or its carrier layer, to the entire surface of the display section. Alternatively or additionally, this may include removing (particularly manually peeling off) the cover layer, particularly any cover film, from the assembly in order to attach or specifically press the assembly (particularly the side exposed from the cover layer) onto the display section.

[0083] Specifically, when the display unit has a pixel density greater than 100 ppi, it is conceivable that the lenticular lens assembly is attached to the display unit such that the cover layer (or the side where the cover layer has been removed) faces the display unit. This achieves the minimum possible distance between the curved lens portion (or lens surface) and the display unit as discussed earlier. On the other hand, if the resolution is below this threshold, or if a relatively large viewing distance (e.g., exceeding 1 meter) is desired, the carrier layer can be attached to the display unit or positioned opposite the display unit.

[0084] In another embodiment, a plurality of identical lenticular lens assemblies are manufactured according to any variation thereof, and at least first and second display units are provided, preferably, these display units are different from each other and, for example, have different pixel densities. It may be specified that one lenticular lens assembly is attached to the first display unit such that the cover layer (or the side with the cover layer removed) faces the display unit, and another lenticular lens assembly is attached to the second display unit such that the carrier layer faces the display unit. In this example, the first display unit may have a higher pixel density than the second display unit.

[0085] This improvement further illustrates that the lenticular lens assembly of this application can provide optional optical characteristics depending on which of the cover layer (or the side with the cover layer removed) and the carrier layer is placed opposite the display unit or directly attached to the display unit. This increases the flexibility of the lenticular lens assembly, which can be arranged or attached in different directions relative to the display unit according to the desired characteristics.

[0086] Generally, the method may include any further features, aspects, and variations to provide any of the conditions, advantages, and interactions described herein. In particular, the method may include all measures for producing a lenticular lens assembly according to any aspect described herein and / or for attaching the lenticular lens assembly to a display unit in any manner described herein. Specifically, all embodiments and modifications of the features of the lenticular lens assembly may also be applied to or provided with corresponding features of the method. Attached Figure Description

[0087] The following illustrations illustrate this application. Features of the same kind or having the same effect may be given the same reference numerals in the accompanying drawings.

[0088] Figure 1 A side view of a cylindrical lens assembly according to an exemplary embodiment of this application is shown.

[0089] Figure 2 It shows Figure 1 The cylindrical lens assembly is attached to the display unit.

[0090] Figure 3This application illustrates a method for producing, for example... Figure 1 The flowchart shows the method for assembling a cylindrical lens assembly.

[0091] Figure 4 A flowchart of a method according to another aspect of this application is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0092] Figure 1 A side view of the lenticular lens assembly 10 is shown. The lenticular lens assembly 10 (hereinafter also referred to as the assembly) extends into the drawing plane, which is from... Figure 2 The perspective view also clearly shows this. The diagrams shown are merely schematic and exemplary. In particular, the various lens portions 22 explained below can extend obliquely in the XY plane, which is also referred to as "oblique" in technical language.

[0093] As can be seen, component 10 has a layered structure. The layers are arranged in the following order along the height axis z: Figure 1 The lowest layer is the cover layer 12, followed by the lenticular lens layer 14. Figure 1 The topmost layer is the load-bearing layer 16, and the layer thickness discussed in this paper can also be measured along the height axis z.

[0094] Therefore, viewed along the height axis z, the lenticular lens layer 14 is arranged between layers 12 and 16. Thus, component 10 can also be referred to as a sandwich filter, wherein the filter characteristics are provided by the lenticular lens layer 14 in a manner known per se. Figuratively speaking, this filters the content visible to each of the observer's eyes, which is displayed by the display unit 100 explained below (see...). Figure 2 ).

[0095] All layers 12, 14, and 16 are in a horizontal space plane (e.g., in...). Figure 1 These layers extend (in the xy plane). Therefore, they are also perpendicular to the drawing plane.

[0096] Different layer thicknesses are also shown: the carrier layer 16 has a thickness D1, the columnar lens layer 14 (hereinafter also simply referred to as the lens layer) has a thickness D2, and the cover layer 12 has a thickness D3. It can be seen that the thickness D3 of the cover layer is significantly smaller than the thicknesses of the carrier layer 16 and the lens layer 14. For example, the thickness D3 can be only half, or as little as a quarter, of the thicknesses D1 and D2 of at least one of the other layers 14, 16. The carrier layer 16, and preferably the lens layer 14, also has higher stiffness than the cover layer 12. This higher stiffness of the carrier layer 16 can be achieved, either by choosing a relatively large thickness D3 or, alternatively, by choosing a suitable material. However, in general, the lens layer 14 can also be formed with a smaller thickness D2, which is, for example, equal to or less than the thickness D3, but preferably not greater than the thickness D1. In particular, the lens layer 14 can have a thickness D2 of 0.1 mm or less.

[0097] Both the supporting layer 16 and the covering layer 12 are flat and generally smooth. The focus here is on the surfaces of these layers 12, 16, which extend in the xy-space plane. They each form the outer surface of component 10.

[0098] On the other hand, the lens layer 14 has only one smooth, flat surface 18. This surface is referred to herein as the second surface 18. Figure 1 In this configuration, the surface is located on top of or facing the carrier layer 16 and rests against the carrier layer 16. More precisely, the carrier layer 16 is preferably fully bonded to the second surface 18 of the lens layer 14. This can be achieved by forming a correspondingly smooth and flat second surface.

[0099] On the opposing surface 20 (referred to as the first surface 20) of the lens layer 14, the lens layer 14 is curved in some portions. More specifically, the lens layer 14 has a plurality of curved lens portions 22, the curved lens portions 22 in Figure 1 Extending along the x-axis, that is, perpendicular to the drawing plane (see also...) Figure 2 (Perspective view).

[0100] Along another axis of the horizontal range (i.e., along the y-axis), the curved lens portions 22 are arranged adjacent to each other or merged together. For clarity, not all lens portions 22 have individual reference numerals in the figure.

[0101] Lens portion 22 is, for example, a convex curved surface relative to the second surface 18. In other words, lens portion 22 extends outward away from the surface 18, or forms a protruding curved portion 20 at the first surface (e.g., relative to / away from the layer plane). Furthermore, in some portions, lens portion 22 extends in the direction of the cover layer 12.

[0102] Therefore, the lens portion 22 forms a known lens array or line array. Such cylindrical lenses or cylindrical filters are commercially available.

[0103] The cover layer 12 faces the first surface 18 of the multiple bends of the lens layer 14. Not individually identifiable, the cover layer 12 does not rest against the lens layer 14, or at least not against the curved lens portion 22. However, this is exemplarily represented in one case as a distance A. This distance A can be less than any layer thickness D1-D3, or at most equal to the thickness D3.

[0104] In this way, the size of component 10 is reduced, and the lens layer 14, especially its first surface 20 (if necessary), can still be arranged particularly close to the display section 100.

[0105] Furthermore, this distance A allows for reliable adjustment of the optical properties or refractive behavior of component 10 in a defined manner. This largely depends on the space Z between the cover layer 12 and the lens layer 14 and the material transition between the lens layer 14 itself. Figure 1 As shown, the space Z extends between the flat inner side of the cover layer 12 and the first surface 20. Therefore, the space Z extends specifically into the free space between two adjacent lens portions 22, figuratively speaking, into the recess or valley defined by the two adjacent lens portions 22.

[0106] According to one variation, material can be added into space Z. Preferably, this material has a lower refractive index than the material of lens layer 14, for example, a refractive index less than 1.4. This material can be an adhesive material used to connect the cover layer 12 and the lens layer 14.

[0107] Alternatively or additionally, the cover layer 12 and lens layer 14 (preferably also including a carrier layer 16) may be connected to each other via an edge joint 24. Preferably, the edge joint 24 also extends in a horizontal plane, and its thickness corresponds at least to the thickness of the layers 12-16 to be connected (i.e., at least D2 and D3, and optionally D1). Furthermore, at least some portion of the edge joint 24 surrounds and / or encircles the assembly 10. In particular, the edge joint 24 may surround and / or enclose the assembly 10 and its layers 12, 14, and 16 like a frame.

[0108] The schematic outline of this frame-like edge joint 24 is shown in Figure 2 The edge joint 24 is shown in dashed lines. It is also shown that the edge joint 24 may extend in the two-dimensional plane of the component 10 or its respective layers 12, 14, 16. Preferably, the edge joint 24 allows the sealed space Z to isolate it from the environment, particularly providing an hermetic seal.

[0109] Space Z can also typically be unfilled (i.e., not filled with any solid or liquid material, but optionally filled with gas). Especially in the case of sealed edge joints, space Z can also be mostly a vacuum, or can contain air or other gas mixtures.

[0110] As discussed in the general description section, layers 12 and 16 may be made of glass material and lens layer 14 may include acrylate.

[0111] Therefore, it has been shown above that layers 12, 14, and 16 are interconnected. Specifically, these layers are joined together, for example, directly or via edge joints 24. This connection allows component 10 to exist as a separately manageable module and can be removed from the production line, for example, as a final product, packaged, and shipped if necessary. It is understood that this fixed connection means that layers 12, 14, and 16 cannot be separated from each other without damage, for example, not by muscular force. In particular, separating layers 12-16 from each other may require a force of at least 100 Newtons, but preferably, this force is also destructive.

[0112] Therefore, even before component 10 is attached to display unit 100, component 10 exists as a single module or a fixedly connected unit. Conversely, component 10 can be prefabricated and, if necessary, stored or transported, and then attached to display unit 100 in the manner described below. Attachment can be performed, for example, on a production line for display devices or general electronic devices that include the corresponding display unit 100.

[0113] It should also be emphasized that, as shown in the following references Figure 2 As explained, component 10 can be applied to display unit 100 in various orientations. Theoretically, this can be accomplished by directly positioning cover layer 12 opposite to display unit 100 or carrier layer 16. Preferably, these layers 12, 16 are then bonded (particularly with full surface bonding) to display unit 100.

[0114] If the support layer 16 is opposite to the display portion 100, it can be used particularly effectively as a smoothing element as described above due to its high rigidity, and can smooth any unevenness of the display portion 100, for example. The cover layer 12 can also provide such a smoothing effect when attached to the display portion 100 (e.g., indirectly supported and / or reinforced by the support layer 16).

[0115] When the carrier layer 16 faces and is preferably engaged with the display portion 100, the cover layer 12 faces outward. In this case, the cover layer 12 forms the smooth outer surface of the assembly 10. This can also form the outermost surface of the display device, or demarcate the display portion 100 from the outside. In this case, the cover layer 12 is advantageous because it protects the lens layer 14 from damage and dirt. At the same time, the cover layer 12 is preferably flat in construction, making it easy to clean, especially easy to wipe the assembly 10 or the display portion 100.

[0116] exist Figure 2 Another configuration is shown, in which component 10 is attached to display unit 100, and cover layer 12 faces display unit 100 and, in particular, rests against display unit 100. Because the layer thickness D3 of cover layer 12 is smaller, this means that the curved lens portion 22 or the first surface 20 of lens layer 14 is closer to display unit 100 compared to the case where carrier layer 16 is attached to display unit 100 (i.e., component 10 is attached to display unit 100 in the opposite direction).

[0117] As described above, this small distance is particularly advantageous when the pixel density of the display unit 100 is high to achieve the desired lenticular lens effect (i.e., to provide spatial perceptibility of the displayed content).

[0118] exist Figure 2 In this case, the cover layer 12 is attached to the display unit 100, and the support layer 16 faces outward. Because the support layer 16 has a large layer thickness D1 and preferably also has a large rigidity, the support layer 16 here forms particularly reliable protection, especially against mechanical damage.

[0119] Indicatively only, Figure 2 The display unit 100 shown (e.g., an LCD display) has multiple individual display areas, more specifically, display units P1, P2. These units are formed as individually controllable pixels (especially LCD pixels) in a known manner. The display unit 100 or its mounted display device may have a power supply and / or control unit known in the prior art to specify the content to be displayed by the display units P1, P2. This content is displayed as light waves generated by the display units P1, P2, or displayed by means of such light waves. The light emitted from each unit P1, P2 is then refracted or optically filtered by the lens layer 14 to achieve the desired lens effect in a known manner.

[0120] Therefore, it has been shown that the orientation of layers 12 and 14 relative to the display unit 100 can be selected to attach the component 10, depending on the characteristics of the display unit 100 or the generally desired characteristics of the device on which the display unit 100 is mounted. Thus, the component 10 has high application flexibility and can be used with different display units 100.

[0121] Furthermore, in the final assembly line, fewer complex manufacturing stations and steps are required compared to attaching layers 12, 14, and 16 to the display unit 100 individually. Instead, it is only necessary to determine the desired orientation of component 10 and then attach it to the display unit 100 in that orientation in a single manufacturing step.

[0122] It should also be noted that, according to other embodiments explained in the general description section, the cover layer 12 can also be removed from the component 10, preferably manually, and more preferably manually peeled off. The cover layer 12 is then preferably formed as a thin film and filled with material in the space Z. This material provides an adhesive effect, allowing the cover layer 12 to adhere to the component 10. To ensure reliable manual removal, this effect can be intentionally mitigated by applying a release agent between the material and the film. When the cover layer film 12 is removed, the release agent can be at least partially retained on the film, thereby ensuring a firm adhesion between the component 10 and the exposed side in the space Z or between the exposed material and the display portion 100.

[0123] It should be understood that, preferably, the cover film 12 is removed only when the exposed side or exposed material is attached to the display unit 100. On the other hand, if this is not the case, or if the carrier layer 16 is to be bonded to the display unit 100, the cover film 12 is preferably retained on the component 10.

[0124] The following Figure 3 and Figure 4 The exemplary sequence of methods according to various aspects of this application is explained in the text.

[0125] Figure 3 It shows the production Figure 1 The method sequence of component 10. In step S1, initially, layers 12, 14, and 16 are produced and / or provided separately.

[0126] In step S2, the carrier layer 16 is attached to the second surface 18 of the lens layer 14, preferably, the carrier layer 16 is bonded to the entire second surface.

[0127] Theoretically, step S3 can also be performed before step S2. In step S3, the covering layer 12 passes through Figure 1 An optional adhesive layer in space Z is attached to the first surface 20 of lens layer 14. Alternatively, these layers 12, 14 (and optionally cover layer 16) are connected via the aforementioned edge joint 24. Further optionally, cover layer 12 (in particular cover film) is adhered to the material located in space Z.

[0128] In step S4, through the fixed and preferably permanent connection of layers 12, 14, and 16 in the aforementioned steps S1-S3, component 10 is completed, i.e., prefabricated. The fixed and permanent connection also includes variations in which the cover layer 12 can be manually removed, but component 10 itself consists of layers 12, 14, and 16 fixed to each other, and can also be transported in this form, for example. In this prefabricated state, component 10 can be transported forward, for example, to a finishing production line for the display device and / or display section 100.

[0129] An alternative sequence of methods is as follows, and also includes Figure 3 The dashed steps S5 and S6 shown, and the alternative processes in steps S1-S4: In step S1, the die (more specifically, the die of the lens layer 14, particularly the first surface 20 (i.e., the lens portion 22)) is filled with liquid plastic. Preferably, a liquid polymer (e.g., acrylic acid) is used.

[0130] In step S2, the carrier layer 16 is placed and aligned on the mold from step S1, wherein the mold still contains the liquid polymer. Preferably, the carrier layer 16 is prepared or pretreated on one side of the mold to improve adhesion to or with the polymer. For example, it may have or may be treated with a so-called primer.

[0131] In step S3, the liquid polymer is cured, for example by irradiating it with UV light. This fixes it securely to the carrier layer 16.

[0132] In step S4, silicone resin is applied from the outside to the first surface 20 of the lens layer 14 (especially after the negative mold is removed). The curved lens portions 22, or more precisely, the free space between the curved lens portions 22, are therefore filled with silicone resin.

[0133] In step S5, the cover layer 12 is placed and aligned on the lens layer 14 and the silicone resin applied thereon.

[0134] In step S6, the silicone resin is cured, thus adhering the cover layer 12 and the lens layer 14 together. However, this is not mandatory. Instead, the silicone resin may not be fully cured, and / or a release agent may be applied between the silicone resin and the cover layer 12 to allow manual removal of the cover layer 12 as described herein.

[0135] exist Figure 4 The diagram illustrates a possible production sequence in this finishing production line. In step P1, component 10 is provided as a prefabricated module.

[0136] In step P2, component 10 is aligned according to the desired orientation. This is accomplished by having the overlay layer 12 (or on the upstream side where the overlay layer 12 has been removed) or the carrier layer 16 face the display unit 100. The criteria for selecting the orientation have already been described above (e.g., the pixel density of the display unit 100, the desired smoothing effect, etc.).

[0137] In step P3, component 10 is then connected to display unit 100 in the corresponding defined direction, preferably bonded to it through the entire surface. If the cover layer 12 is removed, the connection can be achieved by adhesion and preferably without the need for an additional adhesive layer.

[0138] In step P4, the properly covered display unit 100 is completed. If it is not yet completed, it can be installed in or connected to a display device. For example, the display device may have the necessary power supply for the display unit 100 and / or the control unit required for this (e.g., a computer device for controlling the display unit 100 to present desired content).

Claims

1. A pre-fabricated cylindrical lens assembly (10) for attachment to a display unit (100), comprising: The columnar lens layer (14) includes a first surface (20) having a plurality of curved lens portions (22) and a second surface (18) facing away from the first surface (20). A removable cover layer (12) faces the first surface (20) of the columnar lens layer (14) in at least some areas. A filling material is located between the columnar lens layer (14) and the cover layer (12); The carrier layer (16) faces the second surface (18) of the columnar lens layer (14) in at least some areas. The columnar lens layer (14), the cover layer (12), and the support layer (16) are interconnected. When attached to the display unit (100), after the cover layer is removed, the filler material is used to provide an adhesive effect for adhering the lenticular lens assembly (10) to the display unit (100). The cover layer (12) is thinner than the support layer (16) and / or the cylindrical lens layer (14), and / or the stiffness of the cover layer (12) is lower than that of the support layer (16) and / or the cylindrical lens layer (14).

2. The prefabricated cylindrical lens assembly (10) according to claim 1, wherein, The thickness of the cover layer (12) is 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm, and / or the thickness of the support layer (16) is 0.5 mm to 4 mm.

3. The prefabricated cylindrical lens assembly (10) according to claim 1, wherein, The covering layer (12) and / or the supporting layer (16) are flat.

4. The prefabricated cylindrical lens assembly (10) according to claim 1, wherein, The columnar lens layer (14) is integrally bonded to the cover layer (12) by the filling material.

5. The prefabricated cylindrical lens assembly (10) according to claim 1, wherein, Some areas of the space (Z) between the cover layer (12) and the columnar lens layer (14) are unfilled.

6. The prefabricated cylindrical lens assembly (10) according to claim 1, wherein, The space (Z) between the cover layer (12) and the lenticular lens layer (14) has at least some areas filled with the filler material, the refractive index of which is lower than that of the lenticular lens layer (14).

7. The prefabricated cylindrical lens assembly (10) according to claim 1, wherein, The cover layer (12) is disposed at a distance (A) from the lens portion (22).

8. The prefabricated cylindrical lens assembly (10) according to claim 1, wherein, The cylindrical lens assembly (10) can be attached to the display unit (100) such that the carrier layer (16) faces the display unit (100).

9. A method for producing the cylindrical lens assembly (10) according to claim 1, wherein A cylindrical lens layer (14) is provided, the cylindrical lens layer (14) including a first surface (20) having a plurality of curved lens portions (22) and a second surface (18) opposite to the first surface (20); A carrier layer (16) is provided, which faces the second surface (18) of the columnar lens layer (14) in at least some areas. The filling material is placed on the first surface (20); The removable cover layer (12) is configured to face the first surface (20) of the lenticular lens layer (14) in at least some areas, such that the filling material is disposed between the lenticular lens layer (14) and the cover layer (12); in, The columnar lens layer (14), the cover layer (12), and the carrier layer (16) are interconnected. When attached to the display unit (100), after the cover layer is removed, the filler material is used to provide an adhesive effect for adhering the lenticular lens assembly (10) to the display unit (100). The cover layer (12) is thinner than the support layer (16) and / or the cylindrical lens layer (14), and / or the stiffness of the cover layer (12) is lower than that of the support layer (16) and / or the cylindrical lens layer (14).

10. The method of claim 9, comprising: The manufactured cylindrical lens assembly (10) is attached to the display unit (100), wherein, after the cover layer is removed, the filler material is attached to the display unit (100) and provides an adhesive effect for adhering the cylindrical lens assembly (10) to the display unit (100).

11. The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein, Produce multiple cylindrical lens assemblies (10) with identical structures and provide at least a first display unit (100) and a second display unit (100). One of the cylindrical lens assemblies (10) is attached to the first display unit (100) such that the side of the assembly (10) with the cover layer (12) removed faces the display unit (100), and the other cylindrical lens assembly (10) is attached to the second display unit (100) such that the carrier layer (16) faces the display unit (100).

12. The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein, The columnar lens layer (14) is integrally bonded to the cover layer (12) by the filling material.

13. The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein, Some areas of the space (Z) between the cover layer (12) and the columnar lens layer (14) are unfilled.

14. The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein, The space (Z) between the cover layer (12) and the lenticular lens layer (14) has at least some areas filled with the filler material, the refractive index of which is lower than that of the lenticular lens layer (14).

15. The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein, The cover layer (12) is disposed at a distance (A) from the lens portion (22).

16. The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein, The cylindrical lens assembly (10) is attached to the display unit (100) such that the carrier layer (16) faces the display unit (100).

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