A performance monitoring system for a tunneling machine cutter

Abstract

The application discloses a performance monitoring system for a cutter of a shield tunneling machine, and belongs to the shield tunneling machine monitoring equipment. The technical problem to be solved by the application is how to realize automatic monitoring of performance parameters such as the absolute position of the cutter rotation, the cutter rotation direction, the cutter rotating speed and the cutter temperature of the shield tunneling machine on the basis of not affecting the original mechanical structure of the cutter of the shield tunneling machine, and avoid serious cutter wear. The technical scheme is that the structure comprises a cutter body, a cutter shaft and a partition platform. The cutter shaft comprises a cutter shaft body and a partition ring located on the cutter shaft body. A rotating mechanism is arranged at the gap between the partition platform and the partition ring. The rotating mechanism comprises a rotating platform and a T-shaped extension support. The T-shaped extension support is located between the partition ring and the rotating platform. Bearing retainer frames are arranged on the two sides of the T-shaped extension support. A grating ring belt is arranged on the side of the rotating platform close to the T-shaped extension support. A connecting assembly is arranged on the side of the rotating platform away from the rotating bearing. A sealing assembly is arranged between the T-shaped extension support and the rotating platform.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to tunnel boring machine (TBM) monitoring equipment, specifically a TBM cutterhead performance monitoring system. Background Technology

[0002] A tunnel boring machine (TBM), or shield tunneling machine for short, is a specialized engineering machine for tunnel excavation. Modern TBMs integrate optics, mechanics, electronics, hydraulics, sensing, and information technology, possessing functions such as excavation and cutting of soil, transporting excavated material, assembling tunnel lining, and measurement and guidance correction. They involve multiple disciplines including geology, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, mechanics, hydraulics, electrical engineering, control, and surveying. Furthermore, they require customized design and manufacturing based on different geological conditions, demanding extremely high reliability. TBMs are widely used in tunnel projects for subways, railways, highways, municipal works, and hydropower projects.

[0003] Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are equipped with numerous cutterheads. Current methods for testing cutterhead performance involve embedding eight magnets around the outer ring of the cutterhead and installing a magnetic field monitor inside the cutter barrel. When the cutterhead rotates, the monitor can detect its rotational speed. However, this method has several drawbacks: (1) Rock debris or soil will wear down the surface of the magnet and the cutter, causing the magnetic field monitor to be further and further away from the magnet, the magnetic field to weaken significantly, and the accuracy to be reduced. (2) When iron elements are mixed in rock fragments or soil, these fragments will be adsorbed onto the magnet and shield the magnetic field, reducing the accuracy of monitoring. (3) The embedded magnets may be deformed, scratched or fall out during the rock impact process; (4) The embedded magnets may lose their magnetic force due to friction and heat caused by prolonged operation between the hob and the rock or soil, resulting in distortion. (5) When the rotation speed of the roller is different, the working temperature will rise and fall due to different friction or geological conditions (such as changes in rock and water flow), which will cause the magnetic field strength to change accordingly, affecting the accuracy of magnetic field monitoring. (6) Unable to monitor and record changes in geological hardness or geological interface at the contact point between the cutter tip and the rock and soil; (7) Unable to monitor the rotation direction of the hob; (8) Unable to monitor the rotational acceleration of the hob; (9) Unable to monitor the hob vibration frequency.

[0004] Therefore, how to automatically monitor the absolute position, rotation direction, rotation speed, and temperature of the tunnel boring machine's cutterhead without affecting its original mechanical structure, and thus avoid severe cutterhead wear and damage to the cutterhead, is a pressing technical problem that needs to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The technical objective of this invention is to provide a performance monitoring system for tunnel boring machine (TBM) cutterheads to address the problem of how to automatically monitor performance parameters such as the absolute position, rotation direction, rotation speed, and temperature of the TBM cutterheads without affecting their original mechanical structure, thereby preventing severe cutterhead wear and subsequent damage to the cutterhead.

[0006] The technical task of the present invention is achieved in the following manner: a performance monitoring system for cutterheads of a tunnel boring machine, the system including an optical transceiver, a temperature sensor, a cutterhead body, a cutter shaft and a partition, the cutter shaft including a cutter shaft body and a partition ring located on the cutter shaft body, and a rotating mechanism is provided in the gap between the partition and the partition ring. The rotating mechanism includes a rotary table and a T-shaped extension bracket. The T-shaped extension bracket is located between the spacer ring and the rotary table. Bearing retainers are provided on both sides of the T-shaped extension bracket. A grating ring is provided on the side of the rotary table closest to the T-shaped extension bracket. A spacer is provided on the side of the rotary table away from the cutter shaft. The spacer is linked with the rotary table. A sealing assembly is provided between the T-shaped extension bracket and the rotary table. The spacer ring has a spacer ring hole, inside which are installed the transceiver fiber of the optical transceiver and the probe of the temperature sensor. Utilizing the relative motion between the spacer ring and the spacer platform, when the roller cutter body rotates, the spacer platform drives the grating ring to rotate, cutting the emitted light beam in the fiber of the T-shaped extension bracket. The non-cutout parts of the grating ring reflect the light beam back into the fiber and then transmit it to the external optical transceiver to obtain a pulse signal with positioning characteristics, thereby obtaining the roller cutter's rotation speed, rotation direction, angular acceleration, and vibration frequency.

[0007] Preferably, a pipeline channel hole is provided on the side of the cutter shaft body away from the central axis. The pipeline channel hole is connected to the spacer ring hole. An optical fiber, an electronic signal line, and a power line are installed in the pipeline channel hole. The temperature sensor sends data to the server through the electronic signal line, the optical transceiver sends data to the server through the optical fiber, and the power line is electrically connected to the temperature sensor to supply power.

[0008] More preferably, the system also includes a cutter box, which contains a power generation mechanism.

[0009] More preferably, the power generation mechanism includes a disc generator and a gear power generation mechanism. The gear power generation mechanism includes a power generation transmission gear and a power generation speed-increasing gear. A cutter body transmission gear is provided on the cutter body. The power generation transmission gear meshes with the cutter body transmission gear and the power generation speed-increasing gear respectively. The power generation speed-increasing gear is connected to the input end of the disc generator. The disc generator is electrically connected to a rechargeable battery through a rectifier and voltage regulator circuit. The rechargeable battery is electrically connected to a temperature sensor and an optical transceiver through a power line. The optical transceiver is located inside the cutter box.

[0010] More preferably, the power generation mechanism is located on the rear side of the cutter head. The power generation mechanism includes a disc generator and a gear power generation mechanism. The gear power generation mechanism includes a power transmission gear and a power speed-increasing gear. A gear ring is provided on the outer ring of the rotating bearing that connects the cutter head and the cutter compartment. The power transmission gear meshes with the gear ring and the power speed-increasing gear respectively. The power speed-increasing gear is connected to the input end of the disc generator. The disc generator is electrically connected to a rechargeable battery through a rectifier and voltage regulator circuit. The rechargeable battery is electrically connected to a temperature sensor and an optical transceiver through a power line. The optical transceiver is located behind the cutter head.

[0011] More preferably, a sealed steel pipe channel is welded onto the cutter head and cutter head support, and an optical fiber and an electrical wire are installed below the hob, which run along the sealed steel pipe channel to the rear side of the cutter head near the cutter compartment, and are converted into a wireless signal for transmission. The wireless signal is then received at the rear of the cutter compartment and transmitted to the server via a wired connection for processing.

[0012] Preferably, the grating ring is provided with a plurality of grating holes. The rotational speed of the roller cutter body is obtained according to the distance between adjacent grating holes and the period of the reflected light signal whose intensity is modulated by the grating. The rotational acceleration is then obtained according to the change in the rotational speed of the roller cutter body. At the same time, the pulse light signal is subjected to a Fourier transform with respect to time to obtain the vibration frequency signal.

[0013] More preferably, the grating holes are distributed along the grating ring and are arranged with equal spacing and length.

[0014] More preferably, a number of grating holes are distributed along the grating ring, and the lengths of the grating holes are L1, L2, ..., Ln, respectively, meaning that the lengths of all grating holes are different; the distance from the upper edge of any grating hole to the upper edge of the next adjacent grating hole is equal and is always p1; a reference grating of fixed length is provided on one side of the grating hole, and the length of the reference grating is equal and is always p2; therefore, the formula for calculating the duty cycle sn is as follows: ; The cycle is monitored by an optical transceiver and compared with a reference grating. The real-time absolute rotation position of the roller is then monitored in conjunction with the duty cycle. At the same time, the precise rotation angle of the roller is obtained by using the reference grating as a comparison benchmark. The reference grating can be a reference grating aperture, a light reflecting surface, a light diffusing surface, or a scattering surface.

[0015] More preferably, the grating apertures are periodically distributed along the grating ring, as follows: The grating ring is provided with several large-period grating units with unequal spacing. The lengths of the large-period grating units are D1, D2, ..., Dn. Each large-period grating unit is provided with a number of small-period grating holes with lengths d1, d2, ..., dn. The small-period grating holes are attached to the large-period grating units. The optical transceiver obtains the precise rotation position and rotation direction by reading the large-period grating units and the small-period grating holes.

[0016] Preferably, the grating ring is provided with a number of filters of equal length, which are evenly distributed along the grating ring. The optical transceiver monitors the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller based on the wavelength change of the filters.

[0017] Preferably, a plurality of polarizers are disposed on the grating ring, the polarizers are uniformly distributed along the grating ring and the polarizers are of the same size, and the optical transceiver monitors the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller cutter according to the change of the polarization angle of the polarizers.

[0018] Preferably, the grating ring is provided with a plurality of diffraction plates, each with a different pattern, and the optical transceiver monitors the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller cutter according to the pattern on the diffraction plate.

[0019] Preferably, a transmitting fiber and a receiving fiber are installed on the same side of the grating ring.

[0020] More preferably, focusing lenses are respectively provided on the side of the transmitting fiber and the receiving fiber near the grating ring.

[0021] More preferably, the focusing lens is a dispersive fiber ring focusing lens (RGB), which uses a dispersive lens to focus light of different wavelengths at different positions, improving the detection accuracy of the grating ring, while avoiding the influence of relative vibration of the internal parts of the pipe. Dispersive fiber ring focusing mirrors rely on coatings, material absorption, waveguide structure thickness, NA value changes, or microcavity interference to allow light beams of different wavelengths to pass through and be focused at different spatial positions. When the inside of the roller cutter body is vibrated by external factors, causing relative displacement between the receiving and transmitting fibers and the grating ring, the emission point will emit light of different wavelengths back to the receiving and transmitting fibers. At the same time, the rotation speed and vibration of the roller cutter body are calculated.

[0022] More preferably, the receiving optical fiber is an NA graded multibeam fiber. An NA graded multibeam fiber is a multibeam fiber in which the NA value gradually increases or decreases as it moves outward along the radial direction of the light propagation direction. In other words, an NA graded multibeam fiber refers to multiple parallel optical fibers, and as they move outward, the NA value of the outermost optical fibers gradually increases or decreases.

[0023] More preferably, the NA graded multibeam fiber consists of an optical fiber with wavelength λ1, an optical fiber with wavelength λ2, and an optical fiber with wavelength λ3, from the inside out, and λ1>λ2>λ3.

[0024] Specifically, the graded-amplitude (NA) multi-beam fiber consists of fibers transmitting red light, green light, and blue light, arranged from the inside out. The fiber transmitting red light, located at the center, has the smallest numerical aperture (NA), which is relatively close to parallel light. The fiber transmitting green light has a medium NA, while the fiber transmitting blue light has the largest NA. The larger the NA value of the fiber, the larger the divergence angle, and the shorter the focal length after focusing. Therefore, red, green, and blue light are injected into the fibers transmitting red, green, and blue light, respectively, so that different wavelengths are focused at different focal points, which is used to calculate the rotational speed and vibration of the hobbing cutter body.

[0025] Preferably, a connecting component is provided on the side of the rotary table away from the rotary bearing, with one end of the connecting component connected to the rotary table and the other end of the connecting component connected to the partition.

[0026] More preferably, the connecting assembly uses a connecting rod or a resilient pin.

[0027] Preferably, the rotary table is tightly fitted with the spacer or the bearing outer ring, and the spacer ring is fitted with the bearing inner ring.

[0028] Preferably, the sealing assembly uses a left sealing ring and a right sealing ring or a left bearing and a right bearing, and both the left and right sealing rings are rubber sealing rings.

[0029] The tunnel boring machine cutterhead performance monitoring system of the present invention has the following advantages: (i) This invention utilizes the relative motion relationship between the internal spacer ring (which does not rotate like the cutter shaft) and the spacer platform (a protruding ring inside the cutter body used to separate the two roller bearings) to fix the optical transceiver of the optical sensor in the spacer ring hole, while the grating ring with grating effect is fixed to the rotating table. The rotating table is connected to the spacer platform through a mechanical structure. When the cutter body rotates, the spacer platform on the cutter body drives the grating ring to rotate, thereby cutting the transmitted light beam in the optical transceiver fiber on the spacer ring, obtaining a pulse signal with positioning characteristics, and knowing the rotation speed, rotation direction, angular acceleration and vibration frequency of the cutter. This ensures that the performance parameters of the cutter can be known in a timely manner, and thus it is possible to determine whether the cutter is worn in a timely manner, so as to facilitate timely replacement of the cutter. (ii) Each element of the grating ring of the present invention carries unique optical features, which are different from other elements, thereby enabling the grating ring to form a function for determining rotational direction and absolute position. (iii) The present invention is deeply embedded inside the center of the roller cutter, which provides good mechanical protection and prevents it from coming into contact with external rocks and soil, thereby avoiding wear or damage that would affect the detection accuracy. (iv) A temperature sensor is added to the spacer ring of the present invention to monitor the internal temperature of the cutter; when the temperature rises above 120 degrees Celsius, it means that the cutter is not rotating and the high temperature is generated due to friction with the rock. The grease inside the cutter will lose its lubricating effect due to the high temperature and be damaged; therefore, the rotation information of the cutter can be obtained in time through the temperature sensor. (v) The present invention monitors the rotation direction, speed and angular acceleration of the roller cutter through the grating ring belt. All of these are transmitted to the outside of the roller cutter in real time through optical fiber or electronic signal line along the cutter shaft, and then transmitted to the server through the wireless transceiver module. After data processing, the 3D geological structure changes are recorded, thereby predicting the geological distribution in front of the roller cutter in advance. (vi) The present invention can obtain the real-time absolute rotational position of the hob by setting the grating ring; (vii) The present invention places the power generation mechanism on the rear side of the cutter head near the cutter compartment, and uses optical fiber to run along the sealed steel pipe on the cutter head support, so that the information transmission between the cutter compartment and the hob is not affected by the geological conditions; the power generation structure is placed near the rotating bearing where the cutter head and the cutter compartment meet, with ample space, so that a relatively large generator can be installed for high-efficiency power generation; the wireless transceiver modules are located at the front and rear ends of the rotating shaft surface where the cutter head and the cutter compartment meet, respectively, with a very short distance, which can avoid the wireless signal being attenuated by soil or rocks.

[0030] Therefore, this invention has the characteristics of reasonable design, simple structure, easy processing, small size, convenient use, and multiple uses, and thus has great value for promotion and use. Attached Figure Description

[0031] The invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0032] Appendix Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the cutter head used in a tunnel boring machine. Appendix Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines; Appendix Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram showing the installation of the spacer ring and the rotary bearing; Appendix Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the cutter shaft body. Appendix Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the rotary table. Appendix Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the hobbing box structure; Appendix Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the radial arrangement of the grating rings; Appendix Figure 8A schematic diagram of a grating ring with a gradually changing duty cycle; Appendix Figure 9 A schematic diagram of a compound periodic grating ring; Appendix Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram showing the arrangement of filters mounted on the grating ring. Appendix Figure 11 A schematic diagram showing the arrangement of polarizers mounted on the grating ring; Appendix Figure 12 A schematic diagram showing the arrangement of diffraction plates mounted on the grating ring; Appendix Figure 13 This is a structural block diagram of a gear-driven power generation mechanism. Appendix Figure 14 A schematic diagram of the power generation mechanism located on the back of the cutter head near the cutter compartment; Appendix Figure 15 A schematic diagram of a structure in which a focusing lens is mounted on the transmitting and receiving fibers of a composite periodic grating ring. Appendix Figure 16 This is a schematic diagram of a focusing lens; Appendix Figure 17 A schematic diagram of a structure in which a focusing lens is mounted on the transmitting and receiving fibers of a grating ring with a gradually changing duty cycle; Appendix Figure 18 A schematic diagram of NA graded multibeam fiber; Appendix Figure 19 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of Example 12.

[0033] In the diagram: 1. Hob cutter body; 2. Cutter shaft body; 3. Spacer ring; 4. Spacer platform; 5. Rotary table; 6. T-shaped extension bracket; 7. Grating ring; 8. Connecting assembly; 9. Spacer ring hole; 10. Optical transceiver; 11. Temperature sensor; 12. Pipeline channel hole; 13. Optical fiber; 13-1. Transmitting optical fiber; 13-2. Receiving optical fiber; 14. Electronic signal line; 15. Power line; 16. Hob cutter box; 17. Disc generator; 18. Generator transmission gear; 19. Generator speed-increasing gear; 20. 21. Rechargeable battery; 22. Grating aperture; 23. Filter; 24. Polarizer; 25. Diffractometer; 26. Reference grating; 27. Large-period grating unit; 28. Small-period grating aperture; 29. ​​Outer ring of the rotary bearing connecting the cutter head and the cutter compartment; 30. Bearing cage; 31. Focusing lens; 32. NA graded multibeam fiber; 33. Left sealing ring; 34. Right sealing ring; 35. Rectifier and voltage regulator circuit; 36. Bearing outer sleeve; 37. Bearing inner ring; 38. Gear ring. Detailed Implementation

[0034] The following detailed description of a cutterhead performance monitoring system for a tunnel boring machine, with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, is provided in the specification.

[0035] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the invention and simplifying the description. They do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0036] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0037] Example 1:

[0038] As attached Figure 1 and 2 As shown, the present invention discloses a performance monitoring system for cutterheads in a tunnel boring machine. The system includes an optical transceiver 10, a temperature sensor 11, a cutterhead body 1, a cutter shaft, and a spacer 4. The cutter shaft includes a cutter shaft body 2 and a spacer ring 3 located on the cutter shaft body 2. A rotating mechanism is installed in the gap between the spacer 4 and the spacer ring 3. The rotating mechanism includes a rotating platform 5 and a T-shaped extension bracket 6. The T-shaped extension bracket 6 is located between the spacer ring 3 and the rotating platform 5. Bearing retainers 30 are installed on both sides of the T-shaped extension bracket 6. A grating ring 7 is installed on the side of the rotating platform 5 closest to the T-shaped extension bracket 6. A transmitting optical fiber 13-1 and a receiving optical fiber 13-2 are installed on the same side of the grating ring 7. The transmitting optical fiber 13-1 and the receiving optical fiber 13-2 can be combined onto the same optical fiber 13 to achieve optical transceiver functionality. The spacer 4 is installed on the side of the rotating platform 5 away from the cutter shaft, and the spacer 4 is linked to the rotating platform 5. A sealing assembly is installed between the T-shaped extension bracket 6 and the rotating platform 5. A connecting assembly 8 is installed on the side of the rotary table 5 away from the rotary bearing 6. One end of the connecting assembly 8 is fixedly connected to the rotary table 5, and the other end of the connecting assembly 8 is fixedly connected to the partition 4. The connecting assembly 8 uses a flexible pin.

[0039] As attached Figure 3As shown, in this embodiment, the spacer ring 3 has a spacer ring hole 9. The transceiver fiber of the optical transceiver 10 and the probe of the temperature sensor 11 are installed in the spacer ring hole 9. Utilizing the relative motion relationship between the spacer ring 3 and the spacer platform 4, when the roller cutter body 1 rotates, the spacer platform 4 drives the grating ring 7 to rotate and cut the emitted light beam in the optical fiber on the T-shaped extension bracket 6. The non-hollowed-out parts of the grating ring 7 reflect the light beam back to the optical fiber and then transmit it to the external optical transceiver 10 to obtain a pulse signal with positioning characteristics, thereby obtaining the rotation speed, rotation direction, angular acceleration and vibration frequency of the roller cutter body 1.

[0040] As attached Figure 4 As shown, in this embodiment, the cutter shaft body 2 has a pipeline channel hole 12 on the side away from the central axis. The pipeline channel hole 12 is connected to the spacer ring hole 9. An optical fiber 13, an electronic signal line 14 and a power line 15 are installed in the pipeline channel hole 12. The temperature sensor 11 sends data to the server through the electronic signal line 14. The optical transceiver 10 sends data to the server through the optical fiber 13. The power line 15 is electrically connected to the temperature sensor 11 to supply power to it.

[0041] As attached Figure 6 As shown, this embodiment also includes a cutter box 16, which houses a power generation mechanism and an optical transceiver. The power generation mechanism includes a disc generator 17 and a gear power generation mechanism, which includes a power transmission gear 18 and a power speed-increasing gear 19. A cutter body transmission gear 20 is mounted on the cutter body 1. The power transmission gear 18 meshes with both the cutter body transmission gear 20 and the power speed-increasing gear 19. The power speed-increasing gear 19 is connected to the input terminal of the disc generator 17. The disc generator 17 is electrically connected to a rechargeable battery 21 via a rectifier and voltage regulator circuit 35. The rechargeable battery 21 is electrically connected to a temperature sensor 11 and an optical transceiver 10 via a power line 15. The optical transceiver 10 is installed inside the cutter box 16.

[0042] Example 2:

[0043] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that: a plurality of grating holes 22 are provided on the grating ring 7; the rotational speed of the roller cutter body 1 is obtained based on the distance between adjacent grating holes 22 and the time interval between the incident light and the emitted light; and the rotational acceleration is obtained based on the change in the rotational speed of the roller cutter body 1; simultaneously, the vibration frequency signal is obtained by taking a Fourier transform of the pulse light signal with respect to time. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0044] As attached Figure 7 As shown, the grating holes 22 are radially distributed along the grating ring 7 and are set at equal intervals and of equal length.

[0045] The waveform of the modulated electronic signal received by the optical transceiver 10 is as follows: If the hole spacing d is the interval t of a complete cycle, then the rotational speed is d / t. When the velocity changes, the acceleration is obtained by differentiating the velocity curve with respect to time (Dd / Dt). When the pulsed light signal is subjected to a Fourier transform with respect to time, the vibration frequency signal can be obtained.

[0046] Example 3:

[0047] The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 2 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 8 As shown, a number of grating holes 22 are distributed along the grating ring 7, and the lengths of the grating holes 22 are L1, L2, ..., Ln, respectively, that is, the lengths of all grating holes 22 are different; the distance from the upper edge of any grating hole 22 to the upper edge of the next adjacent grating hole 22 is equal and is p1; a reference grating 26 of fixed length is provided on one side of the grating hole 22, and the length of the reference grating 26 is equal and is p2; therefore, the formula for calculating the duty cycle sn is as follows: ; The optical transceiver 10 monitors the cycle and compares it with the reference grating 26, then combines the duty cycle to monitor the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller. Simultaneously, using the reference grating 26 as a comparison benchmark, the precise rotation angle of the roller is obtained. The reference grating 26 can be a reference grating aperture, a light reflecting surface, a light diffusing surface, or a scattering surface. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Example 2.

[0048] For example, the entire grating ring 7 has 360 constituent units, with the first unit having a duty cycle of 1%, the second 2%, and so on, up to the 360th unit having a duty cycle of 360%. Based on this method, the optical transceiver 10 can monitor the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller.

[0049] Next to the grating aperture 22, there is a reference grating 26 with a fixed period of p2, which serves as a comparison benchmark to help determine the precise duty cycle and the precise rotation angle of the roller. The reference grating 26 can be a through-hole, a light emitting surface, or a light scattering surface. In this case, another set of optical transceivers 10 is responsible for monitoring the period and comparing it with the grating aperture 22 to monitor the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller.

[0050] Example 4: The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 2 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 9 As shown, the grating apertures 22 are periodically distributed along the grating ring 7, as detailed below: The grating ring 7 is provided with a plurality of large-period grating units 27 with unequal spacing. The lengths of the large-period grating units 27 are D1, D2, ..., Dn, respectively. Each large-period grating unit 27 is provided with a unequal number of small-period grating holes 28, the lengths of which are d1, d2, ..., dn, respectively. The small-period grating holes 28 are attached to the large-period grating units 27. The optical transceiver 10 obtains the precise rotation position and rotation direction by reading the large-period grating units 27 and the small-period grating holes 28. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Embodiment 2.

[0051] Example 5: The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 10 As shown, several filters 23 of equal length are mounted on the grating ring 7. The filters 23 are evenly distributed along the grating ring 7. The optical transceiver 10 monitors the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller cutter based on the wavelength changes of the filters 23. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0052] For example, the entire grating ring 7 has 10 constituent units. The first unit filters wavelength λ1, the second λ2, and so on, up to the 10th λ. 10 The optical transceiver 10 monitors the real-time absolute rotational position of the roller cutter. The filter 23 uses acrylic sheets, etc.

[0053] Example 6: The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 10 As shown, several polarizers 24 are mounted on the grating ring 7. The polarizers 24 are uniformly distributed along the grating ring 7 and are circular polarizers of the same diameter. The optical transceiver 10 monitors the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller cutter based on the change in the polarization angle of the polarizers 24. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0054] For example, the entire grating ring 7 has 180 constituent units. The first polarization angle is 1°, the second is 2°, and so on, up to 180° (the polarization angle of linearly polarized light. After exceeding 180 degrees, such as 181 degrees, it returns to the same as 1 degree). The real-time absolute rotation position of the roller is monitored.

[0055] Example 7: The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 10 As shown, several diffraction plates 25 are mounted on the grating ring 7. The diffraction plates 25 have different patterns, such as straight lines, circles, and annular rings. The optical transceiver 10 monitors the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller cutter based on the patterns on the diffraction plates 25. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0056] Example 8: The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 14 As shown, the power generation mechanism is installed on the rear side of the cutter head. The power generation mechanism includes a disc generator 17 and a gear power generation mechanism. The gear power generation mechanism includes a power transmission gear 18 and a power speed-increasing gear 19. A gear ring 38 is installed on the outer ring 29 of the rotating bearing that connects the cutter head and the cutter compartment. The power transmission gear 18 meshes with the gear ring 38 and the power speed-increasing gear 19 respectively. The power speed-increasing gear 19 is connected to the input end of the disc generator 17. The disc generator 17 is electrically connected to a rechargeable battery 21 through a rectifier and voltage regulator circuit 35. The rechargeable battery 21 is electrically connected to a temperature sensor 11 and an optical transceiver 10 through a power line 15. The optical transceiver 10 is installed behind the cutter head. A sealed steel pipe channel is welded on the cutter head and the cutter head support. An optical fiber and a wire are installed below the hob, leading along the sealed steel pipe channel to the rear side of the cutter head near the cutter compartment, where they are converted into wireless signals for transmission. The wireless signals are then received at the rear of the cutter compartment and transmitted to the server for processing via a wired connection. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0057] Example 9: The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 3 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 15 and 16 As shown, focusing lenses 31 are respectively installed on the side of the transmitting fiber 13-1 and the receiving fiber 13-2 near the grating ring 7. The focusing lens 31 is a three-primary-color (RGB) fiber ring focusing lens, which uses a dispersive lens to focus light of different wavelengths at different positions, thereby improving the detection accuracy of the grating ring and avoiding the influence of relative vibration of the internal parts of the pipe; The RGB fiber optic ring focusing lens relies on coatings, material absorption, waveguide structure thickness, NA value variations, or microcavity interference to allow RGB light to pass through and focus at different spatial positions. When external vibrations cause relative displacement between the receiving and transmitting fibers and the grating ring inside the cutter body, the emission point will emit different colors of light back onto the receiving and transmitting fibers. Simultaneously, the cutter body's rotational speed and vibration are calculated. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Example 3.

[0058] Example 10: The only difference between this embodiment and embodiment 4 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 17 As shown, focusing lenses 31 are respectively installed on the side of the transmitting fiber 13-1 and the receiving fiber 13-2 near the grating ring 7. The focusing lens 31 is a three-primary-color (RGB) fiber ring focusing lens, which uses a dispersive lens to focus light of different wavelengths at different positions, thereby improving the detection accuracy of the grating ring and avoiding the influence of relative vibration of the internal parts of the pipe; The RGB fiber optic ring focusing lens allows light beams of different wavelengths to pass through and be focused at different spatial positions by means of coating, material absorption, waveguide structure thickness, NA value variation, or microcavity interference. When external vibrations cause relative displacement between the receiving and transmitting fibers and the grating ring inside the cutter body, the emission point will emit different colored light back onto the receiving and transmitting fibers. Simultaneously, the cutter body rotation speed and vibration are calculated. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Example 4.

[0059] Example 11: The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 17 As shown, both the transmitting fiber 13-1 and the receiving fiber 13-2 adopt NA graded multibeam fiber 32. NA graded multibeam fiber 32 refers to a multibeam fiber in which the NA value gradually increases or decreases as it moves outward along the radial direction of the light propagation direction. In other words, NA graded multibeam fiber refers to multiple parallel fibers, and as they move outward, the NA value of the outer fiber gradually increases or decreases. The graded-amplitude multibeam fiber 32 consists of fibers transmitting red light, green light, and blue light, arranged from the inside out. The fiber transmitting red light, located at the center, has the smallest numerical aperture (NA) (e.g., NA=0.15), which is relatively close to parallel light. The fiber transmitting green light has a medium numerical aperture (NA) (e.g., NA=0.2), and the fiber transmitting green and blue light has the largest numerical aperture (NA) (e.g., NA=0.25). The larger the NA value, the larger the divergence angle, and the shorter the focal length after focusing. Therefore, red, green, and blue light are injected into the fibers transmitting red, green, and blue light, respectively, so that different wavelengths are focused at different focal points, which is used to calculate the rotational speed and vibration of the hobbing cutter body.

[0060] Example 12: The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that: as shown in the appendix Figure 19 As shown, the rotary table 5 is tightly fitted with the spacer 4 or the bearing outer sleeve 36, and the spacer ring 3 is fitted with the bearing inner ring 37. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0061] Example 13: The only difference between this embodiment and Embodiment 1 is that a left sealing ring 33 and a right sealing ring 34 are installed between the T-shaped extension bracket 6 and the rotary table 5, and both the left sealing ring 33 and the right sealing ring 34 are rubber sealing rings. Alternatively, a left bearing and a right bearing are installed between the T-shaped extension bracket 6 and the rotary table 5. Other structures, connections, and positional relationships are the same as in Embodiment 1.

[0062] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines, characterized in that, The system includes an optical transceiver, a temperature sensor, a hob body, a cutter shaft, and a spacer. The cutter shaft includes a cutter shaft body and a spacer ring located on the cutter shaft body. A rotating mechanism is provided in the gap between the spacer and the spacer ring. The rotating mechanism includes a rotary table and a T-shaped extension bracket. The T-shaped extension bracket is located between the spacer ring and the rotary table. Bearing retainers are provided on both sides of the T-shaped extension bracket. A grating ring is provided on the side of the rotary table closest to the T-shaped extension bracket. A spacer is provided on the side of the rotary table away from the cutter shaft. The spacer is linked with the rotary table. A sealing assembly is provided between the T-shaped extension bracket and the rotary table. The spacer ring has a spacer ring hole, and the transceiver fiber of the optical transceiver and the probe of the temperature sensor are installed in the spacer ring hole. Utilizing the relative motion relationship between the spacer ring and the spacer platform, when the roller cutter body rotates, the spacer platform drives the grating ring to rotate, cutting the emitted light beam in the fiber of the T-shaped extension bracket. The non-cutout part of the grating ring reflects the light beam back to the fiber and then transmits it to the external optical transceiver to obtain a pulse signal with positioning characteristics, thereby obtaining the roller cutter rotation speed, rotation direction, angular acceleration and vibration frequency. The grating ring has several grating holes. The rotational speed of the roller cutter body is obtained based on the distance between adjacent grating holes and the period of the reflected light signal whose intensity is modulated by the grating. The rotational acceleration is obtained based on the change in the rotational speed of the roller cutter body. At the same time, the vibration frequency signal is obtained by taking a Fourier transform of the pulse light signal with respect to time. The grating apertures are periodically distributed along the grating ring, as follows: The grating ring is provided with several large-period grating units with unequal spacing. The lengths of the large-period grating units are D1, D2, ..., Dn. Each large-period grating unit is provided with a number of small-period grating holes with lengths d1, d2, ..., dn. The small-period grating holes are attached to the large-period grating units. The optical transceiver obtains the precise rotation position and rotation direction by reading the large-period grating units and the small-period grating holes.

2. A performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines, characterized in that, The system includes an optical transceiver, a temperature sensor, a hob body, a cutter shaft, and a spacer. The cutter shaft includes a cutter shaft body and a spacer ring located on the cutter shaft body. A rotating mechanism is provided in the gap between the spacer and the spacer ring. The rotating mechanism includes a rotary table and a T-shaped extension bracket. The T-shaped extension bracket is located between the spacer ring and the rotary table. Bearing retainers are provided on both sides of the T-shaped extension bracket. A grating ring is provided on the side of the rotary table closest to the T-shaped extension bracket. A spacer is provided on the side of the rotary table away from the cutter shaft. The spacer is linked with the rotary table. A sealing assembly is provided between the T-shaped extension bracket and the rotary table. The spacer ring has a spacer ring hole, and the transceiver fiber of the optical transceiver and the probe of the temperature sensor are installed in the spacer ring hole. Utilizing the relative motion relationship between the spacer ring and the spacer platform, when the roller cutter body rotates, the spacer platform drives the grating ring to rotate, cutting the emitted light beam in the fiber of the T-shaped extension bracket. The non-cutout part of the grating ring reflects the light beam back to the fiber and then transmits it to the external optical transceiver to obtain a pulse signal with positioning characteristics, thereby obtaining the roller cutter rotation speed, rotation direction, angular acceleration and vibration frequency. The grating ring is equipped with several filters of equal length, which are evenly distributed along the grating ring. The optical transceiver monitors the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller based on the wavelength change of the filters.

3. A performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines, characterized in that, The system includes an optical transceiver, a temperature sensor, a hob body, a cutter shaft, and a spacer. The cutter shaft includes a cutter shaft body and a spacer ring located on the cutter shaft body. A rotating mechanism is provided in the gap between the spacer and the spacer ring. The rotating mechanism includes a rotary table and a T-shaped extension bracket. The T-shaped extension bracket is located between the spacer ring and the rotary table. Bearing retainers are provided on both sides of the T-shaped extension bracket. A grating ring is provided on the side of the rotary table closest to the T-shaped extension bracket. A spacer is provided on the side of the rotary table away from the cutter shaft. The spacer is linked with the rotary table. A sealing assembly is provided between the T-shaped extension bracket and the rotary table. The spacer ring has a spacer ring hole, and the transceiver fiber of the optical transceiver and the probe of the temperature sensor are installed in the spacer ring hole. Utilizing the relative motion relationship between the spacer ring and the spacer platform, when the roller cutter body rotates, the spacer platform drives the grating ring to rotate, cutting the emitted light beam in the fiber of the T-shaped extension bracket. The non-cutout part of the grating ring reflects the light beam back to the fiber and then transmits it to the external optical transceiver to obtain a pulse signal with positioning characteristics, thereby obtaining the roller cutter rotation speed, rotation direction, angular acceleration and vibration frequency. The grating ring has several polarizers, which are evenly distributed along the grating ring and are all the same size. The optical transceiver monitors the real-time absolute rotation position of the roller cutter based on the change in the polarization angle of the polarizers.

4. A performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines, characterized in that, The system includes an optical transceiver, a temperature sensor, a hob body, a cutter shaft, and a spacer. The cutter shaft includes a cutter shaft body and a spacer ring located on the cutter shaft body. A rotating mechanism is provided in the gap between the spacer and the spacer ring. The rotating mechanism includes a rotary table and a T-shaped extension bracket. The T-shaped extension bracket is located between the spacer ring and the rotary table. Bearing retainers are provided on both sides of the T-shaped extension bracket. A grating ring is provided on the side of the rotary table closest to the T-shaped extension bracket. A spacer is provided on the side of the rotary table away from the cutter shaft. The spacer is linked with the rotary table. A sealing assembly is provided between the T-shaped extension bracket and the rotary table. The spacer ring has a spacer ring hole, and the transceiver fiber of the optical transceiver and the probe of the temperature sensor are installed in the spacer ring hole. Utilizing the relative motion relationship between the spacer ring and the spacer platform, when the roller cutter body rotates, the spacer platform drives the grating ring to rotate, cutting the emitted light beam in the fiber of the T-shaped extension bracket. The non-cutout part of the grating ring reflects the light beam back to the fiber and then transmits it to the external optical transceiver to obtain a pulse signal with positioning characteristics, thereby obtaining the roller cutter rotation speed, rotation direction, angular acceleration and vibration frequency. The grating ring has several grating holes. The rotational speed of the roller cutter body is obtained based on the distance between adjacent grating holes and the period of the reflected light signal whose intensity is modulated by the grating. The rotational acceleration is obtained based on the change in the rotational speed of the roller cutter body. At the same time, the vibration frequency signal is obtained by taking a Fourier transform of the pulse light signal with respect to time. Several grating apertures are distributed along the grating ring, with lengths L1, L2, ..., Ln, meaning all apertures have different lengths. The distance from the upper edge of any aperture to the upper edge of the next adjacent aperture is equal and p1. A reference grating of fixed length is provided on one side of each aperture, with lengths p2. The duty cycle sn is then calculated using the following formula: ； The cycle is monitored by an optical transceiver and compared with a reference grating. The real-time absolute rotation position of the roller is then monitored in conjunction with the duty cycle. At the same time, the precise rotation angle of the roller is obtained by using the reference grating as a comparison benchmark. The reference grating can be a reference grating aperture, a light reflecting surface, a light diffusing surface, or a scattering surface.

5. The shield machine cutterhead performance monitoring system according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 4, characterized in that, A pipeline channel hole is opened on the side of the cutter shaft body away from the central axis. The pipeline channel hole is connected to the spacer ring hole. An optical fiber, an electronic signal line, and a power line are installed in the pipeline channel hole. The temperature sensor sends data to the server through the electronic signal line, the optical transceiver sends data to the server through the optical fiber, and the power line is electrically connected to the temperature sensor to supply power.

6. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines according to claim 5, characterized in that, The system also includes a cutter box, which contains a power generation mechanism.

7. The shield machine cutterhead performance monitoring system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The power generation mechanism includes a disc generator and a gear power generation mechanism. The gear power generation mechanism includes a power generation transmission gear and a power generation speed-increasing gear. A cutter body transmission gear is provided on the cutter body. The power generation transmission gear meshes with the cutter body transmission gear and the power generation speed-increasing gear respectively. The power generation speed-increasing gear is connected to the input end of the disc generator. The disc generator is electrically connected to a rechargeable battery through a rectifier and voltage regulator circuit. The rechargeable battery is electrically connected to a temperature sensor and an optical transceiver through a power line. The optical transceiver is located inside the cutter box.

8. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines according to claim 7, characterized in that, The power generation mechanism is located on the rear side of the cutter head. The power generation mechanism includes a disc generator and a gear power generation mechanism. The gear power generation mechanism includes a power transmission gear and a power speed-increasing gear. A gear ring is provided on the outer ring of the rotating bearing that connects the cutter head and the cutter compartment. The power transmission gear meshes with the gear ring and the power speed-increasing gear respectively. The power speed-increasing gear is connected to the input end of the disc generator. The disc generator is electrically connected to a rechargeable battery through a rectifier and voltage regulator circuit. The rechargeable battery is electrically connected to a temperature sensor and an optical transceiver through a power line. The optical transceiver is located behind the cutter head.

9. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines according to claim 8, characterized in that, Sealed steel pipe channels are welded onto the cutter head and cutter head support. Fiber optic cables and wires are installed below the hob, running along the sealed steel pipe channels to the rear side of the cutter head near the cutter compartment. These cables are then converted into wireless signals for transmission, received at the rear of the cutter compartment, and finally wired to the server for processing.

10. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads of tunnel boring machines according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 4, characterized in that, The transmitting fiber and the receiving fiber are installed on the same side of the grating ring.

11. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines according to claim 10, characterized in that, Focusing lenses are respectively installed on the side of the transmitting fiber and the receiving fiber near the grating ring.

12. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines according to claim 11, characterized in that, The focusing lens is a dispersive fiber ring focusing lens, which uses a dispersive lens to focus light of different wavelengths at different positions, thereby improving the detection accuracy of the grating ring band. Dispersive fiber ring focusing mirrors rely on coatings, material absorption, waveguide structure thickness, NA value changes, or microcavity interference to allow light beams of different wavelengths to pass through and be focused at different spatial positions. When the inside of the roller cutter body is vibrated by external factors, causing relative displacement between the receiving and transmitting fibers and the grating ring, the emission point will emit light of different wavelengths back to the receiving and transmitting fibers. At the same time, the rotation speed and vibration of the roller cutter body are calculated.

13. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines according to claim 12, characterized in that, The receiving optical fiber is an NA graded multibeam fiber. An NA graded multibeam fiber is a multibeam fiber in which the NA value gradually increases or decreases as it moves outward along the radial direction of the light propagation direction. In other words, an NA graded multibeam fiber is a multibeam fiber in which multiple parallel optical fibers move outward, and the NA value of the outermost optical fibers gradually increases or decreases as they move outward.

14. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines according to claim 13, characterized in that, The NA graded multibeam fiber consists of an optical fiber with wavelength λ1, an optical fiber with wavelength λ2, and an optical fiber with wavelength λ3, from the inside out, with λ1 > λ2 > λ3.

15. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads of tunnel boring machines according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 4, characterized in that, A connecting assembly is provided on the side of the rotary table away from the rotary bearing. One end of the connecting assembly is connected to the rotary table, and the other end of the connecting assembly is connected to the partition.

16. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads used in tunnel boring machines according to claim 15, characterized in that, The connecting component uses a connecting rod or a flexible pin.

17. The tunnel boring machine cutterhead performance monitoring system according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 4, characterized in that, The rotary table is tightly fitted with the spacer or bearing outer ring, and the spacer ring is fitted with the bearing inner ring.

18. The performance monitoring system for cutterheads of tunnel boring machines according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 4, characterized in that, The sealing assembly uses a left sealing ring and a right sealing ring or a left bearing and a right bearing.

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