A tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof

Abstract

This invention provides a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell and its fabrication method, comprising, sequentially, an Ag electrode layer, a 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-o-phenanthroline layer (BCP), a fullerene layer (C60), a 4-aminobutyrate hydroiodide layer (4ABAI), a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a conductive substrate. Thiophene-based two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salts are used as additives, and alkyl-chain organic macromolecular ammonium salts are used as interface layers to passivate surface defects in the tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite. The cell is prepared using a simple one-step spin-coating method. After the combined action of the thiophene-based and alkyl-chain organic macromolecular ammonium salts, the perovskite defects are passivated, the nonradiative recombination of the perovskite solar cell is significantly reduced, the open-circuit voltage is significantly increased from 0.78V to 0.81V, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased from 18.78% to 19.98%.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of perovskite solar cells, and particularly to a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell and its fabrication method. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have attracted much attention due to their simple structure, low fabrication cost, suitable and tunable bandgap, high extinction coefficient, bipolar carrier transport, and ability to fabricate flexible devices. Their power conversion efficiency (PCE) has increased from the initial 3.8% to 25.5%. Many different types of perovskites have also been derived from organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, such as pure lead three-dimensional perovskites, quasi-two-dimensional perovskites, tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskites, and tin-based perovskites. Among these, tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskites, with their narrow bandgap and broad spectrum, have been widely studied and applied in tandem perovskite solar cells. However, due to the limitations of Sn... 2+ It is also easily oxidized to Sn even under extremely low oxygen content. 4 + This limits the application of tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cells. Currently, the main problems to be solved in tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cells are as follows: (1) Sn 2+ Unstable and very easily oxidized to Sn 4+ Or become vacancy, which will cause the hole concentration of perovskite to increase dramatically and thus lose its original semiconductor properties; (2) The reaction rate between stannous iodide (SnI2), one of the perovskite precursors, and organic ammonium salts (methylamine iodide, MAI, methylammonium iodide, FAI) is too fast, which makes the crystallization rate of perovskite very fast, so it is difficult to obtain a uniform and dense perovskite crystal film, resulting in many defects inside and on the surface of the film.

[0003] Currently, commonly used two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salts are typically used only as additives or interface modification layers to passivate defects in tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites. This invention is the first to propose simultaneously using thiophene-based two-dimensional organic ammonium salts as additives and alkyl chain-based two-dimensional organic ammonium salts as interface modification layers to passivate defects in tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites and suppress Sn. 2+ The oxidation of thiophene-based two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salts improves the crystallinity and orientation of tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites and forms two-dimensional perovskites at the grain boundaries on the surface of the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite film (the formation of two-dimensional perovskites has been confirmed by XRD), thereby inhibiting the oxidation of Sn in tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites. 2+ Oxidation. Alkyl chain two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salts improve the electron transport layer (C). 60The energy level difference between the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite and the addition of alkyl chain organic macromolecular ammonium salts effectively passivates the surface defects of the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite film, thus facilitating carrier transport. Simultaneously, this invention also designed and synthesized a novel thiophene-based and alkyl chain-based two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salt, providing a new approach for constructing low-cost, high-efficiency, and stable perovskite solar cells. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the problems in the prior art, this application proposes a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell, which sequentially comprises an Ag electrode layer, a 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-o-phenanthroline layer (BCP), a fullerene layer (C60), a 4-aminobutyrate hydroiodide layer (4ABAI), a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a conductive substrate.

[0005] Alternatively, two different types of ammonium salts can be used to form corresponding two-dimensional materials in tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite films.

[0006] Optionally, the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor is obtained by mixing MAPbI3 precursor and FASnI3 precursor.

[0007] Optionally, the thiophene-based two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salt added to the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor is 5-aminomethylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydroiodate (5AMT-2CAI), whose general structural formula is shown below:

[0008]

[0009] Optionally, the alkyl chain-like organic macromolecular ammonium salt between the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite and the electron transport layer is 4-aminobutyrate hydroiodide (4ABAI), whose general structural formula is shown below:

[0010]

[0011] A method for fabricating a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell includes the following steps:

[0012] Step S1, Pretreatment of conductive substrate: Use conductive ITO glass as the device substrate; clean the conductive substrate to remove residual organic impurities and enhance the wettability of the substrate to the solution.

[0013] Step S2, preparation of hole transport layer: PEDOT:PSS solution is taken and dropped onto the ITO glass of step S1 and spin-coated to form a film, and then annealed;

[0014] Step S3, Preparation of the perovskite active layer: A tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite is spin-coated using a one-step spin-coating method. PbI2, MAI, and Pb(SCN)2 are dissolved in a mixture of DMF and DMSO to prepare the MAPbI3 precursor; SnI2, FAI, and SnF2 are dissolved in a mixture of DMF and DMSO to prepare the FASnI3 precursor; finally, the MAPbI3 precursor and the FASnI3 precursor are mixed to obtain the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor; the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor is spin-coated onto the hole transport layer prepared in step S2, and then annealed.

[0015] Step S4, Preparation of the electron transport layer: C is deposited using vacuum evaporation. 60 ;

[0016] Step S5, Preparation of hole blocking layer: BCP is deposited by vacuum evaporation;

[0017] Step S6, Preparation of metal electrode: Ag electrode is deposited by vacuum evaporation.

[0018] Optionally, the cleaning process of the conductive substrate is as follows: ultrasonic cleaning with acetone, ultrasonic cleaning with detergent and water followed by rubbing with detergent, ultrasonic cleaning with acetone, cleaning with anhydrous ethanol, then drying with nitrogen gas, and then treating in an ultraviolet ozone generator.

[0019] Optionally, the conductive ITO glass has a light transmittance >90% and a sheet resistance <10Ω.

[0020] Optionally, the spin coating speed of the PEDOT:PSS solution is 2000-5000 rpm for 30-60 s, followed by annealing at 150°C for 15-35 min.

[0021] Optionally, the preparation process of the perovskite active layer includes: dissolving 461.0 mg PbI2, 159.0 mg MAI, and 19.4 mg Pb(SCN)2 in 1 mL of a DMF to DMSO mixture with a volume ratio of 3:1 to prepare the MAPbI3 precursor; dissolving 372.5 mg SnI2, 172.0 mg FAI, and 15.7 mg SnF2 in 1 mL of a DMF to DMSO mixture with a volume ratio of 3:1 to prepare the FASnI3 precursor; finally, mixing the MAPbI3 precursor and the FASnI3 precursor at a volume ratio of 6:4 to obtain a tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor; spin-coating the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor onto the hole transport layer prepared in step S2 at a spin-coating speed of 4000-6000 rpm for 40-60 s, and then annealing at 100 °C for 8-12 min.

[0022] The above-mentioned technical features can be combined in various suitable ways or replaced by equivalent technical features, as long as the purpose of the present invention can be achieved.

[0023] The tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell and its preparation method provided by this invention have at least the following advantages compared with the prior art:

[0024] (1) This invention is the first to use thiophene-based two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salts as additives and alkyl chain organic macromolecular ammonium salts as an interface layer to passivate surface defects of tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites. Prepared via a simple one-step spin-coating method, the perovskite defects are passivated after the combined action of the thiophene-based two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salts and the alkyl chain organic macromolecular ammonium salts. Non-radiative recombination in the perovskite solar cell is significantly reduced, the open-circuit voltage is significantly increased from 0.78V to 0.81V, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased from 18.78% to 19.98%.

[0025] (2) The combination of thiophene-based two-dimensional organic macromolecules and alkyl chain organic macromolecules ammonium salts used in this invention can effectively suppress Sn in tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites. 2+ The oxidation of lead and the generation of I- vacancies facilitate carrier transport. Simultaneously, the addition of two-dimensional organic macromolecules enhances the stability of tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cells, providing a new approach for fabricating low-cost, high-efficiency, and stable perovskite solar cells. Attached Figure Description

[0026] The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to embodiments and the accompanying drawings.

[0027] Figure 1 This is a device structure diagram of Example 1;

[0028] Figure 2 This is a device structure diagram of Example 2;

[0029] Figure 3 The JV curves for Examples 1 and 2 are shown below;

[0030] Figure 4 The XRD patterns are those of Examples 1 and 2.

[0031] Figure 5 The XPS spectrum of Example 1;

[0032] Figure 6 This is the XPS spectrum of Example 2. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0034] This invention designs a novel thiophene-based two-dimensional organic ammonium salt and a novel alkyl chain-based two-dimensional organic ammonium salt, and applies the two different types of organic ammonium salts together in a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell to improve the performance and stability of the device.

[0035] This invention proposes a method for using thiophene-based two-dimensional organic ammonium salts as additives and alkyl chain-based two-dimensional organic ammonium salts as interface layers to work together in tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cells. This method differs from traditional methods that only use additives or only use interface engineering to improve the performance of tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cells.

[0036] Example 1:

[0037] (1) Pretreatment of conductive substrate: Conductive ITO glass with a transmittance >90%, sheet resistance <10Ω, and dimensions of 15mm*15mm was used as the device substrate. The cleaning process of the conductive substrate was as follows: ultrasonic cleaning with acetone for 15min, ultrasonic cleaning with detergent and water for 15min followed by rubbing with detergent, ultrasonic cleaning with acetone for 15min, and cleaning with anhydrous ethanol for 15min. Then, it was dried with nitrogen and placed in an ultraviolet ozone generator for 15min to remove residual organic impurities and enhance the wettability of the substrate to the solution.

[0038] (2) Preparation of hole transport layer: PEDOT:PSS solution is taken and dropped onto the ITO glass in step (1) and spin-coated to form a film. The spin-coating speed is 2000-5000 rpm and the time is 30-60s. Then, it is annealed at 150℃ for 15-35min.

[0039] (3) Preparation of the perovskite active layer: A tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite was spin-coated using a one-step spin-coating method. 461.0 mg PbI₂, 159.0 mg MAI, and 19.4 mg Pb(SCN)₂ were dissolved in 1 mL of a 3:1 mixture of DMF and DMSO to prepare the MAPbI₃ precursor. 372.5 mg SnI₂, 172.0 mg FAI, and 15.7 mg SnF₂ were dissolved in 1 mL of a 3:1 mixture of DMF and DMSO to prepare the FASnI₃ precursor. Finally, the MAPbI₃ and FASnI₃ precursors were mixed at a 6:4 volume ratio to obtain the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor. The tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor was spin-coated onto the hole transport layer prepared in step (2) at a spin-coating speed of 4000-6000 rpm for 40-60 s, and then annealed at 100℃ for 8-12 min.

[0040] (4) Fabrication of the electron transport layer: Vacuum evaporation was used, with a vacuum degree of less than 10 -5 Pa, evaporation rate is C vapor deposition under the conditions 60 The electron transport layer is approximately 20 nm thick.

[0041] (5) Preparation of hole blocking layer: Vacuum evaporation method was used, with a vacuum degree of less than 10 -5 Pa, evaporation rate less than BCP was deposited under specific conditions. The hole blocking layer was approximately 5 nm thick.

[0042] (6) Preparation of metal electrodes: Vacuum evaporation was used, with a vacuum degree of less than 10. -5 Pa, evaporation rate is Ag electrodes were deposited under specific conditions. The thickness of the metal electrode was approximately 100 nm.

[0043] The tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell structure prepared in this embodiment is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, the device prepared in this embodiment was subjected to IV testing, and the test results are as follows. Figure 3 As shown.

[0044] Example 2:

[0045] (1) Pretreatment of conductive substrate: Conductive ITO glass with a transmittance >90%, sheet resistance <10Ω, and dimensions of 15mm*15mm was used as the device substrate. The cleaning process of the conductive substrate was as follows: ultrasonic cleaning with acetone for 15min, ultrasonic cleaning with detergent and water for 15min followed by rubbing with detergent, ultrasonic cleaning with acetone for 15min, and cleaning with anhydrous ethanol for 15min. Then, it was dried with nitrogen and placed in an ultraviolet ozone generator for 15min to remove residual organic impurities and enhance the wettability of the substrate to the solution.

[0046] (2) Preparation of hole transport layer: PEDOT:PSS solution is taken and dropped onto the ITO glass in step (1) and spin-coated to form a film. The spin-coating speed is 2000-5000 rpm and the time is 30-60s. Then, it is annealed at 150℃ for 15-35min.

[0047] (3) Preparation of the perovskite active layer: A tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite was spin-coated using a one-step spin-coating method. 461.0 mg PbI₂, 159.0 mg MAI, and 19.4 mg Pb(SCN)₂ were dissolved in 1 mL of a 3:1 DMF / DMSO mixture to prepare the MAPbI₃ precursor. 372.5 mg SnI₂, 172.0 mg FAI, 15.7 mg SnF₂, and 14.3 mg 5AMT-2CAI were dissolved in 1 mL of a 3:1 DMF / DMSO mixture to prepare the FASnI₃ precursor. Finally, the MAPbI₃ and FASnI₃ precursors were mixed at a 6:4 volume ratio to obtain the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor. The tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor was spin-coated onto the hole transport layer prepared in step (2) at a spin-coating speed of 4000-6000 rpm for 40-60 s, and then annealed at 100℃ for 8-12 min.

[0048] (4) Preparation of interface modification layer: Dissolve 2 mg 4ABAI in 1 mL isopropanol and spin coat it onto the perovskite active layer prepared in step (3). The spin coating speed is 2000-4000 rpm and the spin coating time is 30 s. Then let it stand in a nitrogen atmosphere for 10-20 min.

[0049] (5) Fabrication of the electron transport layer: Vacuum evaporation was used, with a vacuum degree of less than 10... -5 Pa, evaporation rate is C vapor deposition under the conditions 60 The electron transport layer is approximately 20 nm thick.

[0050] (6) Preparation of hole blocking layer: Vacuum evaporation method was used, with a vacuum degree of less than 10 -5 Pa, evaporation rate less than BCP was deposited under specific conditions. The hole blocking layer was approximately 5 nm thick.

[0051] (7) Preparation of metal electrodes: Vacuum evaporation was used, with a vacuum degree of less than 10. -5 Pa, evaporation rate is Ag electrodes were deposited under specific conditions. The thickness of the metal electrode was approximately 100 nm.

[0052] (8) Synthesis of 5-aminomethylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydroiodate (5AMT-2CAI): First, 1 mol of 5-aminomethylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid was placed in a 100 mL round-bottom flask, and 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol was added. Under ice-water bath conditions, 2 mol of hydroiodic acid was slowly added dropwise to the anhydrous ethanol solution of 5-aminomethylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid, and stirred for 2 h. Then, the solution was evaporated to dryness at 80 °C. The resulting yellow solid was dissolved in anhydrous ethanol at 60 °C and recrystallized three times using ice-cold ether. After filtration and washing, 5-aminomethylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydroiodate powder was obtained. It was dried under vacuum at 60 °C for 24 h. The obtained 5-aminomethylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydroiodate was stored in a nitrogen glove box for later use.

[0053] (9) Synthesis of 4-aminobutyric acid hydroiodide (4ABAI): First, 1 mol of 4-aminobutyric acid was placed in a 100 mL round-bottom flask, and 20 mL of anhydrous ethanol was added. Under ice-water bath conditions, 2 mol of hydroiodic acid was slowly added dropwise to the anhydrous ethanol solution of 4-aminobutyric acid, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. Then, the solution was evaporated to dryness at 60 °C. The resulting white solid was dissolved in anhydrous ethanol at 60 °C and recrystallized three times using ice-cold ether. After filtration and washing, 5-aminomethylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydroiodide powder was obtained. The powder was dried under vacuum at 60 °C for 24 h. The obtained 4-aminobutyric acid hydroiodide was stored in a nitrogen glove box for later use.

[0054] The tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell structure prepared in this embodiment is as follows: Figure 2 As shown, the device prepared in this embodiment was subjected to IV testing, and the test results are as follows. Figure 3 As shown. XRD (X-ray diffraction) tests were performed on Examples 1 and 2, as shown. Figure 4 As shown, after doping with 5AMT-2CAI and modifying the interface with 4ABAI, two diffraction peaks appeared at 6.4° and 8.6° in the XRD pattern. These two diffraction peaks indicate the formation of a two-dimensional perovskite within the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite. The peak at 6.4° corresponds to the two-dimensional perovskite formed by 5AMT-2CAI, (5AMT-2CAI)2(MA 0.4 FA 0.6 (Pb) 0.4 Sn 0.6 )2I7, 8.6° corresponds to the two-dimensional perovskite (4ABAI)2(MA) formed by 4ABAI. 0.4 FA 0.6 (Pb) 0.4 Sn 0.6)2I7. This demonstrates that two different types of ammonium salts can form corresponding two-dimensional materials in tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite films. XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) tests were performed on Examples 1 and 2; after peak splitting, Sn was obtained in the XPS. 2+ and Sn 4+ The peak, and the peak intensity corresponds to the content of the corresponding ion. For example... Figure 5 As shown in Figure 6, after being acted upon by two-dimensional organic macromolecules, Sn in tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite... 4+ The reduced content indicates that the two-dimensional perovskite formed by the addition of two-dimensional organic macromolecules can effectively inhibit Sn. 2+ Oxidation.

[0055] The additives added to tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite precursors are typically antioxidant inorganic substances or hydrophobic and oxygen-phobic organic ammonium salts from quasi-two-dimensional perovskites. Tin powder is commonly chosen as the antioxidant inorganic substance. Tin powder is added as an additive to the tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite precursor, and the tin powder and Sn... 4+ Redox reaction (Sn + Sn) 4+ =2Sn 2+ ) makes Sn in the solution 4+ The content remains consistently low. Due to the good air stability of quasi-two-dimensional perovskites, organic macromolecular ammonium salts from quasi-two-dimensional perovskites are often used as additives to improve device performance and stability. Commonly used two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salts include fluorophenylethylamine hydroiodate (F-PEAI) and ethylenediamine hydroiodate (EDAI). These two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salts have the following three effects on tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites: 1. They can form two-dimensional perovskite crystals at the crystal boundaries of tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites, effectively preventing moisture and oxygen from entering the perovskite interior and causing decomposition of the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite; 2. They react with Pb... 2+ Sn 2+ Formation of complexes thereby inhibiting Sn 2+ 3. It can improve the crystal quality and crystal orientation of tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite and achieve the effect of passivating internal and surface defects of perovskite.

[0056] For tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites, defects such as vacancies, interstitial sites, and anti-substitution are unavoidable due to the effects of annealing and rapid crystal growth. In tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskites, due to the influence of Sn... 2+ Oxidation and iodide ions will spontaneously dope C 60 Electron transport layer, therefore Sn 2+ and I - Vacancy defects are two main types of defects. Therefore, passivation is applied to Sn located at the grain boundaries of the perovskite film and at the interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer.2+ I - The vacancy defect is an effective strategy to reduce the turn-on voltage loss of tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cells and improve their photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0057] While the invention has been described herein with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood that these embodiments are merely examples of the principles and applications of the invention. Therefore, it should be understood that many modifications can be made to the exemplary embodiments, and other arrangements can be designed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. It should be understood that different dependent claims and features described herein can be combined in ways different from those described in the original claims. It is also understood that features described in conjunction with individual embodiments can be used in other described embodiments.

Claims

1. A tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, The structure sequentially comprises an Ag electrode layer, a 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-o-phenanthroline layer (BCP), a fullerene layer (C60), a 4-aminobutyrate hydroiodide layer (4ABAI), a tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite layer, a hole transport layer, and a conductive substrate; two different types of ammonium salts form corresponding two-dimensional materials in the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite film.

2. The tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite precursor is obtained by mixing MAPbI3 precursor and FASnI3 precursor.

3. The tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The thiophene-based two-dimensional organic macromolecular ammonium salt added to the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor is 5-aminomethylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydroiodate (5AMT-2CAI), whose general structural formula is shown below: 。 4. The tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell according to claim 2, characterized in that, The alkyl chain-like organic macromolecular ammonium salt between the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite and the electron transport layer is 4-aminobutyric acid hydroiodide (4ABAI), and its general structural formula is shown below: 。 5. The method for preparing a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step S1, Pretreatment of conductive substrate: Use conductive ITO glass as the device substrate; clean the conductive substrate to remove residual organic impurities and enhance the wettability of the substrate to the solution. Step S2, preparation of hole transport layer: PEDOT:PSS solution is taken and dropped onto the ITO glass of step S1 and spin-coated to form a film, and then annealed; Step S3, Preparation of the perovskite active layer: A tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite is spin-coated using a one-step spin-coating method. PbI2, MAI, and Pb(SCN)2 are dissolved in a mixture of DMF and DMSO to prepare the MAPbI3 precursor; SnI2, FAI, and SnF2 are dissolved in a mixture of DMF and DMSO to prepare the FASnI3 precursor; finally, the MAPbI3 precursor and the FASnI3 precursor are mixed to obtain the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor; the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor is spin-coated onto the hole transport layer prepared in step S2, and then annealed. Step S4, Preparation of the electron transport layer: C is deposited using vacuum evaporation. 60 ; Step S5, Preparation of hole blocking layer: BCP is deposited by vacuum evaporation; Step S6, Preparation of metal electrode: Ag electrode is deposited by vacuum evaporation.

6. The method for fabricating a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The cleaning process for the conductive substrate is as follows: ultrasonic cleaning with acetone, ultrasonic cleaning with detergent and water followed by rubbing with detergent, ultrasonic cleaning with acetone, cleaning with anhydrous ethanol, then drying with nitrogen gas, and finally treatment in an ultraviolet ozone generator.

7. The method for fabricating a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The conductive ITO glass has a light transmittance of >90% and a sheet resistance of <10Ω.

8. The method for fabricating a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The PEDOT:PSS solution was spin-coated at a speed of 2000-5000 rpm for 30-60 s, and then annealed at 150℃ for 15-35 min.

9. The method for fabricating a tin-lead hybrid three-dimensional perovskite solar cell according to claim 5, characterized in that, The preparation process of the perovskite active layer includes: dissolving 461.0 mg PbI2, 159.0 mg MAI, and 19.4 mg Pb(SCN)2 in 1 mL of a DMF to DMSO mixture with a volume ratio of 3:1 to prepare the MAPbI3 precursor; dissolving 372.5 mg SnI2, 172.0 mg FAI, and 15.7 mg SnF2 in 1 mL of a DMF to DMSO mixture with a volume ratio of 3:1 to prepare the FASnI3 precursor; finally, mixing the MAPbI3 precursor and the FASnI3 precursor at a volume ratio of 6:4 to obtain a tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor; spin-coating the tin-lead mixed three-dimensional perovskite precursor onto the hole transport layer prepared in step S2 at a spin-coating speed of 4000-6000 rpm for 40-60 s, and then annealing at 100℃ for 8-12 min.

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