Rill method for mining a deposit and mining infrastructure, monitoring system, machinery, control system and data medium therefor

Abstract

The invention relates to an integrated raise caving mining method for mining a deposit in a rock mass, comprising: developing at least one raise (102, 102a-f, 202, 302a-g, 402a-e) in the rock mass (10); developing a drawbell (100, 100a-c, 200a-g, 300a-f, 400a-e) in the rock mass (10), wherein at least a part of the drawbell is excavated from the at least one raise (102, 102a-f, 202, 302a-g, 402a-e); initiating caving by undercutting, wherein at least a part of the undercut is created by causing the drawbell (100, 100a-c, 200a-g, 300a-f, 400a-e) to gradually expand in an upward direction by excavation; developing at least two drawpoints (106, 206, 406) into the drawbell (100, 100a-c, 200a-g, 300a- f, 400a-e), wherein the drawpoints (106) are developed from roadways (115, 207, 407) arranged at different levels; and gradually drawing fragmented rock (101) from the at least one drawbell through the drawpoints (106, 206, 406). The invention also relates to a use of the integrated raise caving mining method for mining a deposit. The invention also relates to an integrated raise caving mining infrastructure, a machine, a control system of the integrated raise caving mining infrastructure, and a data medium.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to an integrated riser mining method for mining deposits and its applications. The invention also relates to riser mining infrastructure, machinery, a control system for the riser mining infrastructure, and a data medium. Background Technology

[0002] Caving mining is a method used for the underground extraction of mineral deposits. Existing caving mining methods (also known as sublevel caving) include block caving, panel caving, level caving, tilt caving, and variations thereof. The concept of caving mining relies on the caving of a portion of the rock mass, such as the ore body itself, adjacent rock strata, overlying hanging wall, or a combination thereof, during mining operations. Caving is an engineered natural fracturing process of the rock mass. In particular, caving mining is associated with low extraction costs. Therefore, caving mining is suitable for mining low-grade mineral deposits that are large-scale and have a wide volumetric range.

[0003] In existing caving mining methods that rely on ore body caving, the main methodological steps can be distinguished as follows: undercutting, production, and pretreatment. In caving methods where the ore body is designed to cavitate, such as block caving, dip caving, or panel caving, the caving of the ore body is typically achieved by undercutting the ore body. During undercutting, voids are created through drilling and blasting, making the voids large enough to initiate caving.

[0004] After the ore body has been undercut and caving has been initiated, the broken ore is discharged through a chute, which enters through a discharge point located at a single production level. As the ore is discharged, voids are formed and maintained above the broken, caving rock mass, allowing subsequent caving to proceed upwards, thus forming a caving stope. The voids must be large enough to absorb the expansion of the caving rock.

[0005] If the ore body is too strong to allow for caving at an acceptable caving rate under primary stress conditions, or if caving does not occur at all, pretreatment methods can be implemented to reduce the strength of the rock mass.

[0006] The main methodological steps, each of which involves undercutting, production, and pretreatment, typically require different types of infrastructure and work processes.

[0007] Undercutting typically begins from undercut roadways located at a so-called undercut level, where the undercut is created by drilling and blasting pillars between adjacent undercut roadways during retreat. Production usually takes place from production level roadways located at a so-called production level. Roadways, ore draws, and ore bells must be developed by drilling and blasting, thereby connecting the production level to the undercut area. Furthermore, pretreatment measures are typically applied from roadways at a so-called pretreatment level, for example, by hydraulic fracturing and / or confined blasting.

[0008] The requirements for infrastructure and processes differ for each of the main method steps. Therefore, in the existing cavitation method, the main method steps of undercutting, production, and pretreatment must be implemented step-by-step and sequentially.

[0009] Furthermore, in existing caving mining methods such as block caving, the undercut level and production level must be close due to ore flow factors. The spacing between caving points depends on the actual distance between the production level and the undercut level. The spacing between caving points must not exceed a certain distance to achieve acceptable ore flow in the caving stope. Therefore, existing caving methods such as block caving require many small caving bells to achieve proper caving point spacing, which means that there are many small caving bells and caving points separated by small pillars at the production level. In addition, caving bell development is intensive and difficult, but caving bell development is crucial to ore flow and operational performance. However, small-sized caving bells hinder proper stimulation of ore flow and limit access. Frequent hanging due to small caving bell size negatively impacts output, productivity, and ore flow. Hanging gaps are difficult to manage. In addition, the spacing between caving points varies, and the caving zone is not uniformly distributed. Therefore, uneven ore flow can lead to early dilution, low ore recovery, and even rock mechanics problems at the production level. The proximity between the production level and the undercut level can also lead to significant rock mechanics problems. The significant stress changes in the rock mass caused by undercutting result in extreme stresses at the boundary of the undercut zone, known as the contact zone.

[0010] In block caving, the undercut level and production level are located in and affected by the contact zone. Infrastructure at the undercut level and / or production level may be damaged due to high stress, requiring repair before production. Drilling and blasting in the undercut are complex and dangerous because the undercut is located in the contact zone, which is prone to high stress. At the production level, the small pillars separating the ore outlet and the ore bell are susceptible to stress damage. This rock mass damage is inherent and can lead to persistent, long-term, and lasting stability problems throughout the operational life.

[0011] Furthermore, the ramp-up time for existing caving mining methods is very long, potentially exceeding 10 to 15 years, and involves considerable associated costs. Rock mechanics and logistical issues hinder faster ramp-up times. Additionally, financial returns are only generated after production begins. Moreover, design decisions typically need to be locked in at an early stage, when practical information related to deposit shape, rock mass properties, etc., is still very limited. This situation can lead to incorrect decisions, thereby incurring considerable risks during subsequent operations.

[0012] Furthermore, access to the ore body above the undercut is limited or impossible. Therefore, the possibility of controlling the caving direction is extremely limited. Moreover, in existing caving mining methods, active control through specific and / or required rock fracturing methods is very difficult and expensive. Therefore, existing caving mining methods require extensive monitoring procedures to track caving progress. In the event of caving cessation or an undesirable caving direction, there are no easily accessible entry points for immediate remediation.

[0013] However, the application of caving mining methods remains attractive, primarily due to their high productivity and low extraction costs. Therefore, the current trend is to apply caving mining to deeper and harder ore bodies, as well as those with geometries less favorable for caving. These conditions exacerbate the aforementioned rock mechanics problems and subsequent coordination issues.

[0014] In summary, existing caving mining methods are associated with long development times, complex preparation plans, complex timelines, high development costs, very little flexibility, very limited adaptability, and high risk. Furthermore, the trend towards mining deeper, harder, and lower-grade ore bodies significantly exacerbates these risks. Summary of the Invention

[0015] Given the existing caving mining methods, it is desirable to develop a caving mining method for extracting ore from deposits in rock masses that addresses or at least mitigates some of the drawbacks of the existing technology.

[0016] One objective is to provide a caving mining method for mining deposits that improves safety during caving mining.

[0017] One objective is to provide a caving mining method for mining deposits that reduces the risks associated with caving mining.

[0018] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that reduces the uplift time required to develop caving mines.

[0019] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that reduces the cost of developing caving mines.

[0020] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that reduces the need for pre-development of infrastructure prior to production.

[0021] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that improves profitability and enhances the applicability of caving mining.

[0022] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that offers improved stability to the infrastructure.

[0023] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that improves interactive ore drawing over larger areas.

[0024] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that offers a reduced risk of early depletion.

[0025] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that offers a reduced likelihood of material buildup.

[0026] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that reduces the amount of infrastructure required for bottom cutting.

[0027] One objective is to provide a caving mining method that allows for remotely controlled or automated drilling and blasting operations for ore bell development and bottom cutting.

[0028] These objectives, or at least one of them, are achieved by an integrated well collapse mining method as described in the first principal aspect of the invention, wherein further embodiments are incorporated in the first subsidiary aspect of the invention.

[0029] Therefore, according to one aspect, the present invention relates to an integrated riser mining method for mining mineral deposits in rock masses, the integrated riser mining method comprising:

[0030] - Develop at least one patio within the rock mass.

[0031] - Developing a ore-running bell in the rock mass, wherein at least a portion of the ore-running bell is excavated from said at least one foot.

[0032] - A caving process initiated by undercutting, wherein at least a portion of the undercut is created by gradually expanding the ore-laying bell in an upward direction through excavation.

[0033] - Develop at least two ore-draining points into the ore-draining bell, wherein the ore-draining points are arranged at different levels.

[0034] - The fractured rock mass is gradually released from at least one ore-release bell through the ore-release point.

[0035] The integrated raise caving mining method advantageously combines and thus integrates the process steps of ore bell development, undercutting, initiation caving, caving, and optional pretreatment and optional pre-crushing, because all these process steps can be performed in parallel from the same raise or within a short period of time.

[0036] Integrated raise caving mining methods involve developing at least one raise within a rock mass. A raise is a vertically extending, inclined opening in a mining infrastructure. Raises are typically constructed with a circular cross-section. The at least one raise can be developed, for example, from tunnels, roadways, levels, or other accessible infrastructure within the rock mass. For instance, a raise can be developed between two levels located at different heights within the rock mass. The at least one raise can be developed in an upward direction, for example, using raise boring techniques, or alternatively, it can be developed in a downward or upward direction using other conventional methods.

[0037] Preferably, the well is developed within the area of ​​the rock mass intended for mining.

[0038] The orientation and / or location of the well can be adapted to local requirements in terms of orebody geometry and / or stress conditions and / or rock mass properties.

[0039] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: the courtyard is vertical. Alternatively, the courtyard may be inclined.

[0040] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: at least one raise being developed to extend over the entire stope height. In this case, the raise can extend from the bottom of the ore-closing bell to a level located at the top of the stope.

[0041] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: at least one raise being developed to extend only a portion of the stope height above the ore-drawing bell. In this case, the at least one raise is developed to extend from the bottom of the ore-drawing bell to an additional level disposed between the ore-drawing bell and the final top of the stope. However, the raise may also be developed between two levels located above the ore-drawing bell, whereby the ore-drawing bell extends only a portion of the stope height.

[0042] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: at least one well located in the rock mass within the periphery of the top of the ore-feeding bell.

[0043] The at least one foot can be located at the center of the top of the ore-drawing bell. Alternatively, the at least one foot can be positioned offset relative to the center of the top of the ore-drawing bell. Thus, the foot is located outside the center of the top of the ore-drawing bell. In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: at least one foot located in the rock mass outside the periphery of the top of the ore-drawing bell. In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: the ore-drawing bell being excavated at least partially from the foot located in the rock mass outside the periphery of the top of the ore-drawing bell. In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: the ore-drawing bell being excavated from more than one foot. Several foots can be developed in the rock mass within the area where the ore-drawing bell is intended to be constructed, such that the ore-drawing bell is constructed by excavating from several foots.

[0044] Clearly, integrated riser mining methods can include excavating multiple ore-burrowing bells within the mining area.

[0045] Integrated riser caving mining methods involve developing a caving bell within the rock mass. The caving bell is configured to receive fragmented rock material from a caving stop located above it. The caving bell comprises a bottom and a top joined by sidewalls. Preferably, the caving bell is configured to have a top area larger than the bottom area. In this case, the caving bell widens upwards. The area of ​​the horizontal cross-section of the caving bell can vary upwards. Typically, the area of ​​the horizontal cross-section gradually increases upwards. The caving bell can be constructed, for example, as an inverted pyramid, a trough, or an inverted cone. Alternatively, the area of ​​the horizontal cross-section can be constant, or nearly constant along a section of the caving bell. For example, the caving bell can be constructed as an inverted cone with a cylindrical section adjacent to the top.

[0046] Integrated raise-caving mining methods include: at least a portion of the ore bell is excavated from at least one raise. For example, the lowest part of the ore bell may first be excavated by drilling, charging, and blasting operations from a production level or a roadway located in the rock mass using conventional equipment. Subsequently, the remaining portion of the ore bell is developed by excavating from within at least one raise. Alternatively, the entire ore bell is developed by excavating from at least one raise.

[0047] In one embodiment of the invention, the portion of the ore-draining bell is excavated by drilling blast holes in the rock mass surrounding the well using machinery arranged inside the well, and by filling and detonating explosives in these blast holes to blast the rock mass.

[0048] Developing a ore-running bell from at least one raise offers favorable synergistic potential. However, to benefit from this potential, the ore-running bell must exceed a certain critical size. The ore-running bell must be of sufficient size to minimize the number of raises. In this way, the mining operation is economically acceptable from a cost perspective.

[0049] Using at least one raise for caving bell development and the combined application of caving bells of considerable size greatly reduces the time required for caving operations, thereby allowing the use and sharing of the same infrastructure and similar work processes for parallel implementation of caving bell development, undercutting, initiation of caving, and optionally pre-treatment and pre-crushing in the stope.

[0050] Therefore, ore-feeding clocks have been developed to achieve a considerably large size beyond the critical size, which would otherwise not realize the advantages regarding improved time, parallelization, and synergy.

[0051] Developing caving bells from the riser allows for the construction of larger caving bells. Furthermore, caving bells can also be used for bottom cutting. This is a major advantage over existing caving methods, where the bottom cutting level is typically located close to the production level, and the production level layout is constructed with numerous small caving bells to achieve adequate caving point spacing, necessary for acceptable ore flow in caving stops using existing methods. Therefore, the small-sized caving bells in existing production level layouts do not offer the same advantages.

[0052] For the purpose of constructing a ore-laying bell through excavation, suitable machinery is arranged inside the well. Furthermore, this machinery can also be used for stope excavation, such as pre-crushing.

[0053] The machinery includes drilling and / or loading equipment configured for drilling and / or loading rock mass from inside a riser, and includes a drilling and / or loading device configured to initiate the collapse. The machinery may also include a hydraulic fracturing device. The machinery is mounted on a platform capable of moving within the riser, allowing the platform to be lowered to an operating position via the riser.

[0054] Preferably, the machine is configured to be operated remotely. Alternatively, the machine is configured to be semi-automatic or fully automated. This avoids the need for a machine operator to be present inside the courtyard. Because the courtyard is preferably configured with a circular cross-section, it facilitates remote control or automation of the machine.

[0055] The platform must be designed to allow it to move within the well even if rock deformation occurs inside the well.

[0056] The shaft hoisting system is located within a specially excavated infrastructure excavation section, the size and shape of which are adapted to the requirements of the hoisting system and / or rock mechanics factors. To keep the infrastructure excavation section of the hoisting system 104 small, a modular design of the platform and / or the machinery mounted on it is advantageous. A smaller infrastructure excavation section provides improved stability. The modular design allows for quick replacement of the machinery used.

[0057] The machinery installed on the platform is adapted to the operational requirements. Possible types of machinery include, among others, machinery used for drilling, machinery used for loading materials, machinery used for installing supports, or machinery used for hydraulic fracturing.

[0058] In one embodiment of the invention, the platform can also be stored by removing it from the top of the patio. Therefore, the platform is configured to move to one side of the top of the patio for storage in a designated storage location.

[0059] Blasting can be initiated using various options, including, among others, non-electric detonators, detonators initiated by electrical signals transmitted via cables, or detonators initiated wirelessly by means of communication through the rock mass.

[0060] In another embodiment of the invention, more than one slice can be detonated in a single blast. Therefore, an appropriate time delay is required between the individual slices.

[0061] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes: excavating a portion of the ore-drawing bell by blasting rock slabs. The shape of the slabs depends on the inclination of the borehole. Preferably, this portion of the ore-drawing bell is excavated by drilling blast holes in the rock mass surrounding the borehole using machinery arranged inside the borehole, and by blasting the rock mass by loading and detonating explosives in these blast holes, thereby blasting the rock slabs.

[0062] The excavation and development of the ore-drawing bell begins at its bottom. Preferably, blasting is carried out upwards by drilling and blasting rock sections using machinery arranged inside the well.

[0063] Typically, blasting holes are drilled straight using conventional techniques, which provides limited control over drilling accuracy and thus limits the maximum possible blasting hole length. However, directional drilling can be advantageous. Directional drilling can be used to better control drilling accuracy and / or to accomplish very large drilling and blasting designs by drilling curved holes.

[0064] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: blasting in an unconstrained environment by releasing previously blasted rock from a blasting bell to create a void.

[0065] The blasting of the ore-drawing bell occurs in an unconstrained environment by gradually releasing rock mass from it, creating voids. Sufficient voids must exist to absorb the expansion of the fractured rock caused by the blast. Sufficient fractured rock mass must be removed from the ore-drawing bell before the next blast hole can be detonated. Due to the unconstrained blasting, rock fragmentation problems leading to residual columns are not expected. However, in the event of residual columns, they can be detected and measures can be implemented. Furthermore, the availability of the raise improves accessibility and facilitates the applicability of measures against residual columns. Additionally, the blasted rock is primarily ejected along the direction of gravity, further aiding the blasting process.

[0066] Drilling, loading, and blasting continue upwards along the well. In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: excavating a portion of the ore-drawing bell by blasting rock slabs. In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: the shape of each blasted slab is adapted to form an ore-drawing bell with a specific predetermined shape. In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: the ore-drawing bell is constructed as an inverted pyramid shape. Alternatively, the ore-drawing bell may be constructed as an inverted cone shape or a groove shape.

[0067] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: at least one ore-feeding bell is configured to be adjustable according to the geometry of the ore body and / or the properties of the rock mass and / or the ore flow factors and / or the stress conditions.

[0068] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: the size of at least one ore-feeding bell is adapted to local requirements in terms of ore body geometry and / or stress conditions and / or rock mass properties and / or ore flow factors.

[0069] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: arranging a ore-feeding bell to be oriented in a predetermined direction.

[0070] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: ore churn configuration being oriented such that production level infrastructure is advantageously positioned relative to major stresses.

[0071] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: a caving bell is configured to be oriented such that caving initiation is promoted by a primary stress.

[0072] A free surface is obtained and / or maintained for blasting, which aligns with the top of the ore-cutting bell and provides favorable conditions for subsequent caving initiation. Essentially, blasting transforms into rock mass caving as the ore-cutting bell is excavated in an upward direction.

[0073] The integrated riser caving mining method includes bottom-cutting initiation of caving, wherein at least a portion of the bottom cut is generated by gradually expanding the ore-draining bell in an upward direction through excavation.

[0074] In this way, the area of ​​the top of the ore-drawing bell increases, such that at least a portion of the undercut is generated by the ore-drawing bell. This is particularly advantageous because a separate undercut level is not required, which would otherwise have to be developed. Thus, by gradually expanding the ore-drawing bell in the upward direction, the top of the ore-drawing bell becomes larger than the bottom of the ore-drawing bell. However, the ore-drawing bell can also gradually expand in the upward direction without increasing the length of the perimeter of the top of the ore-drawing bell. In this way, a section of the ore-drawing bell can be provided with a horizontal cross-section having a constant or nearly constant area in the upward direction.

[0075] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: at least a portion of the undercut portion is generated by gradually expanding the ore-catching bell in an upward direction without increasing the length of the periphery of the top of the ore-catching bell.

[0076] Alternatively, at least a portion of the undercut is created by gradually expanding the ore-ejecting bell vertically upwards through excavation.

[0077] Preferably, the rock mass above the ore-breaking bell collapses, thereby forming a stope. Collapse is initiated after an undercut is formed. Therefore, collapse is initiated when the area of ​​the undercut exceeds a critical area, which is a function of rock mass properties, stress conditions, and the shape of the undercut. The critical area for collapse at different rock mass types and locations is well studied in the field and can be estimated by technicians.

[0078] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes simultaneously performing ore bell development and undercutting. The gradual expansion of the ore bell, thereby gradually increasing the top area of ​​the ore bell, is part of the undercutting process. In this way, the lifting time can be shortened compared to prior art methods. Furthermore, the ore bell, due to its size, serves as an initial source of ore. Therefore, some ore can already be produced during the lifting phase of the operation.

[0079] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: a ore-cutting bell development and a seamless transition to the collapse of the rock mass located above the undercut.

[0080] The free surface obtained by blasting rock slabs facilitates efficient blasting and a seamless transition to subsequent caving. Furthermore, the blasting of rock slabs in the ore-cutting bell is performed in a preferred direction corresponding to the subsequent caving direction. In this way, a more stable initial production phase with a high caving rate is expected. Overall, the integrated development of the ore-cutting bell and undercut can be considered simple and controllable.

[0081] Alternatively, blasting can be performed in a semi-confined environment by releasing previously blasted rock from the ore-bursting bell without creating voids.

[0082] In this scenario, there is no void between the fractured rock mass and the top of the ore-cutting bell. Therefore, the fractured rock mass provides support for the top of the ore-cutting bell and enhances its stability. In fact, there is no longer a free surface for subsequent blasting cuts. The blasting is now carried out against the fractured rock mass, and thus the blasting environment is referred to as a semi-confined environment. Such semi-confined blasting conditions can be particularly favorable before the area of ​​the ore-cutting bell top exceeds the critical area required to initiate caving. In this case, the additional support provided by the fractured rock mass still provides a stable ore-cutting bell top and enables the subsequent blasting cuts required to initiate caving.

[0083] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: the shape of each blasting slice is adapted to form a ore-feeding bell with a specific predetermined shape. By drilling holes at different angles, filling the holes with material, and blasting, different parts of the rock mass are blasted, making it possible to obtain a ore-feeding bell of a specific shape.

[0084] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes, advantageously, blasting several slices in a single blast shortly before the caving initiation, which may occur during this transition phase. Blasting several slices in a single blast requires proper timing between the individual slices to achieve satisfactory blasting results.

[0085] When the area of ​​the undercut exceeds the critical area required to initiate the collapse, the collapse process begins and proceeds upward.

[0086] As the caving progresses upwards, a stope forms above the ore-running bell. Typically, a fractured rock mass zone forms at the caving site. A portion of this rock mass separates from the in-situ rock mass and accumulates in the caving stope. It is crucial to maintain a void between the caving site and the fractured material within the caving stope. This void is necessary for the caving to continue. Continuous ore discharge enables continuous caving progress.

[0087] To achieve sufficient voids, an appropriate ore-laying strategy must be implemented. However, the formation of too many voids can lead to the risk of air bursts, which must be avoided.

[0088] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes a planned switch from caving to drilling and blasting for a limited period of time in a specific area of ​​a portion of the stope by operating machinery arranged inside a riser located within the rock mass. From a cost perspective, production via caving is preferred. However, intermittent drilling and blasting can be performed according to the progress of the rock mass and caving.

[0089] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes switching from caving to drilling and blasting as needed. Switching to drilling and blasting may be necessary for a period of time before continuing caving, in situations where reliable and safe caving of the rock mass is not feasible or where the geometry of the ore body requires reliable and safe caving.

[0090] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes restarting the caving of the stope by pre-crushing in a specific area of ​​the stope from inside the shaft by means of operating machinery arranged inside the shaft to drill, load and blast from inside the shaft.

[0091] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes joining at least two ore-drawing bells and forming a continuous stope above the ore-drawing bells, as well as causing the continuous stope to collapse. Thus, the bottom sections of the at least two ore-drawing bells are joined to create a larger unsupported area. By connecting at least two ore-drawing bells, a significantly larger stope can be formed, which increases production.

[0092] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes expanding the caving stop in a lateral direction by means of developing an additional caving bell located near the caving stop. Preferably, the top of the additional caving bell is connected to the caving stop, which extends further than the top of the caving bell.

[0093] The integrated riser mining method involves developing at least two ore-draining points into a ore-draining bell, wherein the ore-draining points are arranged at different levels.

[0094] Specifically, these levels are located at different heights relative to the caisson. In this way, the caisson can be constructed to have a large size. The at least two caisson points are particularly important for achieving good ore flow in such a large-scale caisson.

[0095] Ore-feeding points can be arranged in a predetermined pattern, such as staggered, to stimulate material flow and achieve appropriate interactive ore-feeding zones. These levels can be production levels, also referred to herein as ore-feeding levels.

[0096] Preferably, the ore-laying point is developed from roadways located at different levels.

[0097] Preferably, at least one ore-feeding point is developed from a roadway located at the bottom of the ore-feeding bell at a first production level, and at least one ore-feeding point is developed at a different production level above the first production level. Alternatively, at least one ore-feeding point is developed from a roadway arranged at a first production level between the bottom and top of the ore-feeding bell, and at least one ore-feeding point is developed at a different production level above the first production level. Preferably, the roadway is developed adjacent to the ore-feeding bell; however, the location and configuration of the roadway can be adapted to the rock mass and / or stress conditions and / or mining layout.

[0098] Due to the shape of the caving bell, only a few caving points are needed at the caving bell before caving is initiated. The blasted rock mass from the caving bell is released at these caving points. For this reason, the infrastructure development required at one or more production levels is limited during the uplift phase. After caving has been initiated, the remainder of one or more production levels, such as additional production levels adjacent to the caving bell and / or the caving stope, is developed. Therefore, the requirements for pre-development of infrastructure are reduced compared to existing caving mining methods.

[0099] The integrated caving mining method involves gradually releasing fractured rock mass from at least one caving bell through a caving point.

[0100] During production, the collapsed rock mass falls into the ore-discharging bell and moves downward to the ore-discharging point, where it is discharged by suitable machinery such as a loader or a continuous ore-discharging machine with a conveyor.

[0101] In one form of the invention, the method includes developing at least one additional ore-feeding point into a ore-feeding bell, and developing the at least one additional ore-feeding point at the same level as or at a different level from a pre-existing ore-feeding point to stimulate material flow in the ore-feeding bell.

[0102] One or more additional ore-drawing points can be developed after the ore-drawing bell has been developed or after caving has begun. This later development protects one or more additional ore-drawing points from high stress during ore-drawing bell development and the corresponding undercutting. Furthermore, the location of the ore-drawing points can be adapted to local rock conditions and / or ore flow factors.

[0103] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes developing at least one additional ore tapping point into the stope located above the ore tapping bell. To improve ore flow, additional ore tapping points may be developed into the stope above the ore tapping bell.

[0104] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes adjusting the position of one or more ore discharge points relative to the ore discharge bell and / or stope. Preferably, the one or more ore discharge points are positioned to improve ore flow.

[0105] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes configuring a ore-drawing bell to have at least one additional production level with at least one roadway. The additional production level may have one or more additional ore-drawing points with roadways providing access to the ore-drawing points. Therefore, additional production levels and ore-drawing points can be developed and added during mining operations, thereby reducing the requirements for pre-development of infrastructure and increasing flexibility.

[0106] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes developing at least one rock chute between at least two production levels. The rock chute is used to transport broken rock mass between the production levels. In deep underground mines, it is common practice to transport the broken rock mass to the deepest level of the mine by gravity, from which the broken rock mass is lifted to the surface.

[0107] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes developing the additional ore-feeding point from one direction into the ore-feeding bell and / or stope. Therefore, since the roadways provide access to the ore-feeding point, the roadways at the production level can be developed and oriented in the desired direction. The additional ore-feeding point can also be located at the same production level as the previously developed ore-feeding point to improve ore flow.

[0108] Alternatively, in one embodiment of the invention, the method includes developing the additional ore draw points into the ore draw bell and / or stope from different directions, for example, in opposite directions. Therefore, the roadways providing access to the ore draw points should be oriented in different directions. The additional ore draw points can be arranged at different production levels on different sides of the ore draw bell to improve ore flow.

[0109] To achieve favorable interactive ore jacking that improves ore flow, ore jacking points can be developed into the ore jacking bell from different directions. Therefore, the added ore jacking points are then arranged on different sides of the ore jacking bell.

[0110] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes adapting the location and / or shape of at least one ore-discharge point to local requirements during the discharge of fractured rock from the stope. Therefore, the ore-discharge point can be moved or re-established to accommodate situations, such as when problems arise during ore discharge.

[0111] The use of large-sized ore bells is advantageous because it reduces the risk of material buildup. Furthermore, since at least two ore outlets located at different levels are developed into the ore bell, the bell is accessible, which facilitates the removal of buildup.

[0112] From the perspective of ore flow, the arrangement of large-sized ore-feeding bells and ore-feeding points at different levels can optimize the positioning of ore-feeding points. Therefore, the spacing between several adjacent ore-feeding points can remain constant.

[0113] The release of fractured rock mass from the ore-laying point maintains a specific flow of fractured rock mass within the ore-laying bell toward said ore-laying point. However, each ore-laying point maintains the flow of fractured rock mass only in a specific area. This area is often referred to as the isolation ore-laying zone. Accordingly, between adjacent isolation ore-laying zones exist relatively static material zones characterized by insignificant rock mass flow.

[0114] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes developing ore-feeding points into a ore-feeding bell at selected locations, such that the isolation ore-feeding zones corresponding to the ore-feeding points overlap at least in some areas. Therefore, a small, relatively static band of material exists between adjacent isolation ore-feeding zones. In another embodiment of the invention, the method includes performing interactive ore-feeding from ore-feeding points within individual ore-feeding bells. Interactive ore-feeding is achieved by simultaneously or within short time intervals releasing fractured rock mass from adjacent or neighboring ore-feeding points. The benefit of interactive ore-feeding is the increased width of the ore-feeding zones. Therefore, more efficient production is achieved, and depletion is delayed.

[0115] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes: setting at least one ore-feeding bell with a plurality of ore-feeding points distributed at at least two levels, and uniformly distributing the ore-feeding points to achieve a favorable spacing between them, and interactively ore-feeding the ore-feeding points to achieve interaction between isolated ore-feeding zones. When the ore-feeding points interactively ore-feed, the isolated ore-feeding zones of each ore-feeding point begin to interact. Therefore, the fractured rock mass between adjacent isolated ore-feeding zones begins to move. Thus, an interactive ore-feeding zone is developed near the isolated ore-feeding zones. Preferably, uniform ore-feeding from the ore-feeding points in both time and space is pursued to expand the interaction within the interactive ore-feeding zone.

[0116] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes performing the interactive release of fractured rock mass from at least two adjacent ore-feeding bells, forming an interactive ore-feeding zone spanning the ore-feeding bells. Thus, the interactive ore-feeding in each ore-feeding bell results in a larger ore-feeding bell interaction zone spanning the ore-feeding bells.

[0117] From the perspective of ore flow, the development of ore dumping points at more than one ore dumping level provides the possibility of improving ore dumping point layout.

[0118] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes developing mining sites in an alternating, square, or rectangular layout.

[0119] Layout refers to the position of the center of the ore-isolating zone in the horizontal plane. Staggered layouts increase the volumetric coverage of the ore-isolating zone. The actual layout of the ore-isolating points depends on local conditions, such as the fragmentation of the rock mass, the size and shape of the ore-isolating points, the size and shape of the ore-isolating bells, or the ore-isolating strategy applied.

[0120] Larger caving bells also reduce the number of adjacent caving points, especially when the spacing between caving points is undesirable, i.e., too large or too small. Interactive caving is facilitated and significantly improved due to improved positioning of subsequent caving points. This reduces the risk of early dilution. Overall, from an ore flow perspective, larger caving bells offer improvements that enable higher productivity compared to existing caving mining methods.

[0121] In one embodiment of the invention, the method further includes pre-treating the rock mass located above the top of the ore-feeding bell by operating machinery arranged inside at least one well.

[0122] In one embodiment of the invention, the method further includes pre-treating the rock mass to be located in the stope by operating machinery arranged inside at least one riser within the rock mass. Pre-treating is advantageous because it improves the cavingability and fragmentation of the rock mass. Typical pre-treating methods include hydraulic fracturing and / or confined blasting. Pre-treating can be performed on a portion of the rock mass located above the ore-drawing bell.

[0123] In one embodiment of the invention, the method further includes performing pretreatment measures as needed in a specific area above the top of the ore-breaking bell. The rock mass may contain particularly hard rock formations that must be pretreated. By performing pretreatment from the raise, access to key rock formations is improved. This is particularly relevant when the location of the hard rock formations means that these formations are anticipated to be part of the developing stope during the caving process. Preferably, at least one raise interacts with the ore body to be caving. Therefore, pretreatment measures can be carried out in areas of the ore body that are harder than other areas to be mined. Hard rock formations are not easily caving due to their strength, and caving may be halted. The pretreatment measures create a pretreated zone characterized by artificial fractures and / or natural discontinuities with reduced strength within the rock mass. Therefore, the strength of the rock mass in the pretreated zone is reduced compared to the strength of the rock mass before pretreatment.

[0124] Alternatively, pretreatment can be carried out by machinery located in a well or tunnel outside the area to be mined. In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes performing pretreatment in at least some portions of the area to be mined.

[0125] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes operating machinery arranged inside a well to improve the collapsibility and fracturing of a rock mass that is intended to be part of a mining area.

[0126] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes performing pretreatment of the rock mass from the uphole in parallel with ore-bell excavation. This means that these method steps can be performed simultaneously. Alternatively, the pretreatment can be performed from the uphole prior to ore-bell development.

[0127] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes performing pretreatment of the rock mass from the well in parallel with undercutting. This is particularly advantageous because the time required for development and production can be reduced.

[0128] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes performing pretreatment to reduce the magnitude of mining-induced seismic events. This is highly advantageous.

[0129] Preferably, pretreatment and bottom cutting are then performed from the same raise and using the same working process, namely the machinery used to drill blasting holes, fill and detonate explosives in these holes. When bottom cutting is performed in a particular stope, pretreatment is performed simultaneously in the same stope. In another alternative, pretreatment and bottom cutting can be performed alternately at two different locations within a short period of time.

[0130] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes performing pretreatment of the rock mass from inside the raise in parallel with the caving of the caving stope below the raise. Thus, pretreatment and caving can be performed simultaneously at two different locations within the stope. Alternatively, the method steps can be performed alternately at the two different locations within a short period of time. Due to the pretreatment, the caving stope can proceed uninterrupted through hard rock formations. The caving travel rate and the potential productivity of the stope can be increased due to the pretreatment measures applied from machinery operating inside at least one raise.

[0131] At least one monitoring system is installed in the integrated riser mining infrastructure. This monitoring system includes, among other things, multiple monitoring devices, a central monitoring unit, a data collection unit, communication equipment, and data analysis tools. A control system may also be installed. This control system uses the data and information generated by the monitoring system to control, for example, machinery or production.

[0132] The at least one raise provides access to the ore-discharging bell and, in later stages, provides access to the caving stop, the caving backfill, and the rock mass above the caving backfill, depending on the length of the raise.

[0133] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes monitoring the collapsed rock mass by using a remotely controlled monitoring device arranged inside the well.

[0134] Monitoring devices can be deployed inside the well to monitor mining operations, and can also be lowered through the well into collapse pits, enabling improved monitoring of features such as the collapsed area, fragmentation, and fault zones. Examples of monitoring devices include seismic monitoring systems, time-domain reflectometry, open apertures, cavity scanners, sensors, markers, or seismic detectors.

[0135] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes drilling a hole into the rock mass from a raise and placing sensors in the hole. Additionally, monitoring devices such as markers or seismic detectors can be installed in the rock mass using machinery that operates inside the raise. This is advantageous because the raise provides improved accessibility to the rock mass of the subsequently mined caving stope.

[0136] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes monitoring the landslide progress and / or the direction of landslide progress.

[0137] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes monitoring a caving mine and / or the collapsed portion and / or the collapsed rock mass via a remotely controlled monitoring device, which is lowered through a riser and enters the caving mine.

[0138] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes monitoring an advancing fracture and loosening zone located above the collapsed section, and recording monitoring data of the advancing fracture and loosening zone.

[0139] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes managing the ore discharge of rock mass material using monitoring data from caving monitoring.

[0140] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes adjusting the ore discharge strategy and / or ore discharge control and / or ore discharge level of the collapsed rock mass based on monitoring of the caving stope, caving block and / or caving rear.

[0141] The recorded monitoring data can be used to control and adjust the ore-discharge strategy at one or more production levels as needed and / or flexibly. The ore-discharge strategy is advantageous because it can prevent the formation of large voids and / or control the extracted grade and / or delay depletion.

[0142] In addition, one or more wells provide better knowledge about the main geological and rock mass conditions. Specifically, the location and extent of certain geological strata or zones with some and / or similar rock mechanical behaviors can be depicted.

[0143] Furthermore, the monitoring and recorded monitoring data allow for a better understanding of the collapse behavior and collapseability of individual strata or zones.

[0144] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes controlling the landslide's movement by implementing control measures from inside the well. In this way, the landslide's movement rate can be controlled and influenced.

[0145] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes controlling the direction of the landslide by implementing control measures from inside the well. In this way, the direction of the landslide can be controlled and influenced.

[0146] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes controlling the caving advance by operating machinery arranged inside the well and / or by a ore-discharge strategy and / or ore-discharge control.

[0147] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes controlling the direction of caving advance by operating machinery arranged inside the well and / or by a ore-discharge strategy and / or ore-discharge control.

[0148] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes controlling the direction of collapse by pre-processing a rock mass of a specific selected volume.

[0149] Preferably, the caving advance can be controlled by specifically implementing pretreatment measures in key sections of the rock mass using machinery located inside the well and / or by applying ore-discharge strategies. Preferably, pretreatment measures are applied as needed.

[0150] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes determining pretreatment measures based on monitoring the spatial distribution and / or behavior of various strata and zones.

[0151] Based on the recorded monitoring data, information about spatial distribution, strata behavior, and zone behavior, pretreatment measures can be applied from the well at a safe distance above the actual location of the collapsed section.

[0152] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes performing pretreatment measures during ongoing undercutting and / or ongoing caving. In this way, pretreatment is not required before undercutting begins.

[0153] In the event of a cessation of rockfall, the raise provides the possibility of observing the stopped area using remotely controlled monitoring devices. This helps in identifying the cause of the cessation. Furthermore, in the event of a cessation of rockfall, the raise provides access to the collapsed portion of the rock mass for remotely controlled or automated machinery. In this way, the cessation of rockfall can be resolved by performing pre-fracture on the rock mass.

[0154] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes mitigating the risk of air blasts and / or caving cessation in the mining area by using monitoring devices arranged inside the well. Preferably, the remotely controlled monitoring device is lowered through the well into the caving depression to directly monitor the potential risk of caving cessation and / or air blasts.

[0155] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes mitigating the risk of air blasting and / or caving cessation in the stope by operating machinery arranged inside the well and / or by a ore release strategy and / or by ore release control.

[0156] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes: at least one riser may also be used to perform pre-fracture measures. Therefore, based on information from monitoring devices, specific pre-fracture measures can be applied with the aim of restarting the collapse.

[0157] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes restarting the collapse by operating machinery arranged inside the well after the collapse has stopped. Preferably, the restart is performed by drilling and blasting the collapsed portion.

[0158] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes: the caving direction is non-vertical. The caving direction depends on several parameters, which, among others, include the main rock mass properties, the spatial distribution of the rock mass, the main stress conditions, the presence of major faults or shear zones, the presence of previously mined stopes, and the ore-running strategy implemented.

[0159] Different methods can be applied to control the direction of the collapse, such as using pre-processing, pre-crushing, and / or ore-discharge strategies.

[0160] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes controlling the direction of the collapse.

[0161] In one implementation, the ore-feeding strategy can be adjusted to guide the caving movement in a preferred direction.

[0162] In one embodiment of the invention, the mining method includes controlling the direction of collapse by pre-treating a specific selected volume of rock mass. Specifically, pre-treating measures can be applied to control the direction of collapse near weak rock strata and / or major faults and / or shear zones.

[0163] In summary, the application of raises provides greater controllability, thereby improving operations. Furthermore, integrated raise caving methods can therefore be applied to more challenging mining environments for caving operations. Such environments include, for example, deep ore bodies, hard rock masses, or ore bodies with constrained geometries.

[0164] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: adapting the mining sequence to the production and / or orebody geometry and / or rock mechanics factors and / or ore flow factors, and determining it based on these factors. The mining sequence determines the order in which mining activities should be followed to achieve the overall objective of mineral extraction from the orebody. Taking into account rock mechanics constraints and other factors, the objective is to achieve the most complete extraction possible, along with the safety and economy of the mining operations.

[0165] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: adapting the mine layout and infrastructure location to production and / or orebody geometry and / or rock mechanics factors and / or ore flow factors and determined by production and / or orebody geometry and / or rock mechanics factors and / or ore flow factors.

[0166] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: adjusting the mine layout and / or infrastructure location and / or mining sequence within a short period of time. In this case, unforeseen circumstances can be considered.

[0167] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes performing parallel infrastructure development and production enhancement. This is advantageous because the sequence of mining layout and integrated mining methods allows production to be enhanced simultaneously with infrastructure development. This is cost-effective and reduces the time to production.

[0168] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes, after the collapse reaches the boundary of the ore body, the waste rock mass from the surrounding and / or overlying rock strata collapses into the mining area.

[0169] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes, during the process of releasing the remaining ore from the stope, subsequently filling the stope with waste rock.

[0170] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes connecting a caving stope to a previously mined-out area. Alternatively, the caving stope may be connected to a surface that caused the subsidence.

[0171] From a rock mechanics perspective, developing a ore-running bell and performing associated bottom cutting from at least one uphole is particularly advantageous. The infrastructure required for ore-running bell development and bottom cutting is limited. Furthermore, the infrastructure required for bottom cutting can be located in a more favorable stress environment. Therefore, potential damage to the infrastructure can be limited. Additionally, personnel do not need to work in high-stress zones. Since drilling, loading, and blasting operations in the uphole can be easily remotely controlled or automated, labor can be completely removed from hazardous areas.

[0172] Another advantage of rock mechanics is the increased strength of one or more production levels. The presence of large caving bells and the arrangement of caving points across several levels create large pillars of considerable strength between adjacent roadways and caving points. Furthermore, since the development of most production level infrastructure is delayed after the caving bell construction and undercutting, the corresponding pillars are not exposed to high stresses during undercutting. Therefore, rock mass damage can be reduced and stability improved.

[0173] In summary, from a rock mechanics perspective, the integrated riser mining method offers significant advantages. These advantages manifest in improved safety, reduced risk, and enhanced stability.

[0174] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: generating stress shadows at certain locations adjacent to the stope, wherein the stress shadows reduce the stress in the rock mass, thereby creating a favorable stress environment.

[0175] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: the interaction between at least two adjacent mining areas creates a regionally favorable stress environment for mining infrastructure.

[0176] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes: developing raises, tunnels, ore-feeding points and other infrastructure in a favorable stress environment at a location adjacent to the ore-feeding bell and / or stope.

[0177] In one embodiment of the invention, the method includes repeating the steps of the method over a larger area.

[0178] These objectives, or at least one of them, are achieved by the use of an integrated riser mining method for extracting ore from a deposit, wherein riser mining methods such as block riser, panel riser, inclined riser, or riser are applied.

[0179] Certain elements of the integrated raise caving method according to the present invention can be applied to existing caving methods. For example, in block caving and panel caving, adjacent stops mined by raises can replace traditional flat undercuts. In this way, the size of the stop top will increase until caving begins. Furthermore, raises equipped with appropriate machinery above active caving pits will provide possibilities for pretreatment, caving advance monitoring, promoting caving advance, and controlling the caving front.

[0180] These objectives, or at least one of them, are achieved by an integrated riser mining infrastructure configured for mining deposits in rock masses, as described in the second principal aspect of the invention, wherein further embodiments are incorporated in the second subsidiary aspect of the invention.

[0181] Therefore, according to one aspect, the present invention relates to an integrated raise-and-fall mining infrastructure comprising: at least one raise developed in rock mass; a ore-running bell developed in rock mass, wherein at least a portion of the ore-running bell is connected to the at least one raise; a bottom cut configured to initiate the collapse of rock mass above the bottom cut, wherein at least a portion of the bottom cut forms part of the ore-running bell; wherein said part has been generated by gradually expanding the ore-running bell in an upward direction by means of excavation; at least two ore-running points connected to the ore-running bell, wherein the ore-running points are connected to roadways arranged at different levels; and a transport device configured to gradually release fractured rock from the ore-running bell.

[0182] Alternatively, integrated caving mining infrastructure includes a caving stop located above the ore-collecting bell.

[0183] It should be noted that more than one integrated riser mining infrastructure may exist in the same active mining area.

[0184] These objectives, or at least one of them, are achieved by a monitoring system as described in the third main aspect of the invention, wherein further embodiments are incorporated in the third subsidiary aspect of the invention.

[0185] Therefore, according to one aspect, the present invention relates to a monitoring system configured for monitoring an integrated raise-and-fall mining infrastructure constructed for mining a deposit in a rock mass, the monitoring system comprising: a monitoring device configured for monitoring the development of at least one raise developed in the rock mass; and / or a monitoring device configured for monitoring the development of a caving bell developed in the rock mass, wherein at least a portion of the caving bell is coupled to said at least one raise; and a monitoring device configured for monitoring the development of an undercut, the undercut being configured to initiate a fall of the rock mass located above the undercut, wherein at least a portion of the undercut... The portion is formed as a ore-feeding bell; wherein the portion has been generated by gradually expanding the ore-feeding bell in an upward direction by means of excavation; and / or is configured as a monitoring device for monitoring the development of at least two ore-feeding points connected to the ore-feeding bell, wherein the ore-feeding points are connected to roadways arranged at different levels; and / or is configured as a monitoring device for monitoring the initiation of rock mass collapse; and / or is configured as a monitoring device for monitoring a transport device configured to gradually release fractured rock from the ore-feeding bell; and / or is configured as a monitoring device for monitoring rock mass in the active area; and / or is configured as a monitoring device for monitoring caving stopes.

[0186] Alternatively, the monitoring system is configured to monitor the advance and / or direction of the collapse. Alternatively, the monitoring system is configured to monitor the collapsed rock mass using remotely controlled monitoring equipment located inside the well. Alternatively, the monitoring system is configured to remotely monitor the collapsed stope and / or the collapsed subsidence and / or the collapsed rock mass. Alternatively, the monitoring system is configured to monitor advancing faults and loosening zones located above the collapsed subsidence. Alternatively, the monitoring system is configured to monitor magnitude and / or stress and / or deformation in the rock mass where the integrated well-crushed mining infrastructure is located. Alternatively, the monitoring system is configured to collect monitoring data, analyze monitoring data, store monitoring data, and / or transmit monitoring data via wireless and / or wired communication equipment to the automatic or semi-automatic control system of the integrated well-crushed mining infrastructure.

[0187] The monitoring system includes, among other things, multiple monitoring devices, a central monitoring unit, a data collection unit, data storage devices, communication equipment for wireless communication of signals and monitoring data, and / or data analysis tools. The monitoring system is configured to communicate with an automatic or semi-automatic control system and to transmit data and information generated by the monitoring system to the automatic or semi-automatic control system. Monitoring devices include, for example, earthquake monitoring systems, time-domain reflectometry, open aperture detectors, cavity scanners, sensors, markers, or seismic detectors.

[0188] These objectives, or at least one of them, are achieved by means of machinery as described in the fourth principal aspect of the invention, wherein further embodiments are incorporated in the fourth subsidiary aspect of the invention.

[0189] Therefore, according to one aspect, the present invention relates to a machine comprising drilling and / or loading equipment configured for: developing at least one foot in a rock mass; and / or developing a ore-running bell in the rock mass, wherein at least a portion of the ore-running bell is excavated from the foot by means of drilling and / or loading, thereby initiating caving by undercutting; developing the ore-running bell by means of excavation to gradually expand it in an upward direction; and / or developing at least two ore-running points into the ore-running bell, wherein the ore-running points are developed from roadways arranged at different levels; and / or transporting fractured rock from the ore-running bell through the ore-running points.

[0190] Alternatively, the machinery is configured for drilling and / or filling rock mass from inside the well. Alternatively, the drilling and / or filling equipment includes a borehole and / or filling device configured to initiate the collapse. Alternatively, the machinery includes a pretreatment device. Alternatively, the machinery includes drilling and / or filling equipment arranged on a movable platform capable of moving inside the well to reach a location for operating the drilling and / or filling equipment.

[0191] Alternatively, the machinery includes a platform configured to have a modular design. Alternatively, the machinery and / or devices arranged on the platform are configured to have a modular design. Alternatively, the machinery includes a platform configured to move to one side of the top of the patio for storage in a storage location.

[0192] Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is used for installing rock supports, such as rock anchors, mesh, shotcrete, or cable anchors, from inside the well. Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is used for hydraulically fracturing rock from inside the well. Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is used for performing directional drilling. Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is used for drilling curved holes via directional drilling. Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is used for initiating blasting at a loading hole. Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is used for initiating blasting from inside the well. Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is used for initiating blasting via wired and / or remotely controlled detonators and / or non-electric and / or wireless detonators. Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is used for loading and transporting fractured rock from the ore dumping point via loaders and / or trucks and / or continuous ore dumping machinery with conveyors. Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is operated via remote and / or manual control. Alternatively, the mechanical configuration is semi-automated or fully automated.

[0193] Alternatively, integrated uplift mining infrastructure includes the machinery described in the fourth aspect of the invention.

[0194] Alternatively, integrated well collapse mining infrastructure includes the monitoring system described in the third aspect of the invention.

[0195] These objectives, or at least one of them, are achieved by an automatic or semi-automatic control system as described in the fifth principal aspect of the invention, wherein further embodiments are incorporated in the fifth subsidiary aspect of the invention.

[0196] Therefore, according to one aspect, the present invention relates to an automatic or semi-automatic control system for an integrated shaft collapse mining infrastructure, wherein the automatic or semi-automatic control system is electrically connected to a control circuit configured to control the method described according to the first aspect of the invention.

[0197] Alternatively, the automatic or semi-automatic control system includes the machinery according to the fourth aspect of the invention, wherein the machinery is configured to operate by the automatic or semi-automatic control system in a remote control mode and / or an automatic control mode and / or a semi-automatic control mode and / or a manual control mode.

[0198] Alternatively, the automatic or semi-automatic control system includes a monitoring system 920 according to a third aspect of the invention, wherein the monitoring system is configured to communicate with the automatic or semi-automatic control system and be operated by the automatic or semi-automatic control system in a remote control mode and / or an automatic control mode and / or a semi-automatic control mode and / or a manual control mode.

[0199] Alternatively, integrated well collapse mining infrastructure includes an automatic or semi-automatic control system as described in the fifth aspect of the invention.

[0200] These objectives, or at least one of them, are achieved by a data medium as described in the sixth aspect of the invention.

[0201] Therefore, according to one aspect, the present invention relates to a data medium configured to store a data program configured to control an automatic or semi-automatic control system according to a fifth aspect of the invention and / or configured to control machinery according to a fourth aspect of the invention, the data medium including program code readable by a control circuit for executing the method according to a first aspect of the invention when the data medium is operated on the control circuit.

[0202] In summary, from a rock mechanics perspective, the integrated raise caving method and its infrastructure, machinery, monitoring systems, automatic or semi-automatic control systems, and data media offer significant advantages. These advantages manifest themselves in improved safety, reduced risk, and enhanced stability. The integrated raise caving method and its infrastructure, machinery, monitoring systems, automatic or semi-automatic control systems, and data media according to the present invention provide considerable flexibility. The amount of infrastructure required for developing a caving stope and increasing production is reduced. The latter is achieved through the combined use and sharing of infrastructure for implementing undercutting, production (caving), and pretreatment. The remaining infrastructure can be developed after the ore bell development and undercutting are completed. The limited pre-development of infrastructure allows for the determination of the locations of subsequent ore bells, raises, ore taps, etc., within a short period, greatly contributing to the flexibility of the integrated raise caving method. Furthermore, the location, size, shape, and orientation of ore bells, ore taps, raises, and other infrastructure can be adapted to local conditions and / or requirements.

[0203] In summary, the flexibility of integrated stope caving methods and their infrastructure, machinery, monitoring systems, automated or semi-automated control systems, and data media offers significant improvements. Mine layout and mining sequence can be adapted quickly to the primary mining environment, which, among other things, includes key stress conditions, primary rock formations, and orebody shape. Therefore, integrated stope caving methods and their infrastructure, machinery, monitoring systems, automated or semi-automated control systems, and data media can avoid critical situations and adapt relatively easily to unforeseen circumstances. Furthermore, the potentially available favorable stress environment provided by the caving stope can be used to protect the infrastructure. In conclusion, the available flexibility helps to significantly reduce risk.

[0204] The technical advantages outlined above, achieved by the integrated well caving mining method, well caving mining infrastructure, machinery, monitoring system, automatic or semi-automatic control system, and data medium according to the present invention, can lead to some or all of the following overall improvements compared to prior art caving methods.

[0205] Improve efficiency

[0206] Eliminating spatial and temporal dependence of undercut and production levels

[0207] Integrated collapse development results in shorter improvement time.

[0208] Reduce the need for pre-development of infrastructure

[0209] Able to delay the development of production infrastructure

[0210] Increase the potential for automation and remote control.

[0211] Reduce infrastructure exposure to high-stress rock masses

[0212] Reduce worker exposure to high-stress areas

[0213] Improve the stability of infrastructure

[0214] Requires low support and fixes

[0215] Improve the function of the undercut

[0216] Improve the layout of the ore dumping point and thus improve ore flow.

[0217] Provides lower risk of material buildup and better ability to remove buildup.

[0218] Improve flexibility

[0219] It is easier to adapt to the local mining environment

[0220] It is easier to adapt to continuous mining experience.

[0221] Capable of pre-processing and pre-crushing as needed

[0222] It can switch from caving to drilling and blasting inside the mining area as needed and as planned within a short period of time.

[0223] Provide improved access above the caving mine.

[0224] Improve controllability

[0225] It enables better and more efficient ore-draining strategies and ore-draining control (dilution, recovery, etc.).

[0226] It can improve the monitoring of (collapsed areas, fragmentation, fault zones, etc.)

[0227] It can improve the control of the collapse's movement and direction.

[0228] Capable of caving mining of geometrically constrained and / or highly rigid ore bodies.

[0229] Provides accessibility to the mining area (reduces the risk of air blasts, collapse stoppage, etc.)

[0230] In summary, these improvements facilitate the goal of safe, as complete as possible, and profitable mineral extraction. In some cases, this will also enable the extraction of deposits via caving methods, which are not feasible using existing caving techniques.

[0231] In this application, the following terms and expressions are defined and used accordingly.

[0232] The term "ore" refers to an aggregate of minerals that is mined for profit and has sufficient value in terms of quality and quantity. The general definition of ore includes not only metallic ores but also any other aggregate of minerals, such as industrial minerals.

[0233] The term "orebody" refers to a large body of rock containing ore. In this application, the term "ore deposit" is used synonymously with "orebody".

[0234] The term "stope" refers to a portion of an ore body from which ore is currently being mined or crushed through mining operations. The term "mining operations" includes, for example, all operations that break rocks or minerals through drilling and blasting, mechanical excavation and / or caving, and the subsequent extraction of rocks or minerals from the stope after crushing.

[0235] The term "caving stope" refers to a stope where excavation is carried out through caving. The terms "caving depression" and "caving stope" are used synonymously.

[0236] The term "undercut" refers to a void created within a rock mass for the purpose of initiating a collapse. "Undercut" also refers to the removal of a segment or cut within a rock mass to subsequently initiate a collapse.

[0237] "Active mining areas" are zones of significant and ongoing stress variation caused by mining activities. These are primarily, but not exclusively, extraction (recovery) zones. Pilot tunnels of developing tunnels are also active zones, but only to a localized extent. Active mining areas require continuous monitoring, ground condition surveillance, and attention to excavation supports. As mining progresses, active zones become passive zones, requiring reduced levels of supervision and monitoring, except for major transportation and frequently used infrastructure excavation.

[0238] The term "mining sequence" refers to the order in which mining activities are conducted. Taking into account operational factors, rock mechanics constraints, and other factors, this mining sequence should be followed to achieve the overall goal of extracting the ore body as completely as possible and conducting mining operations safely and economically.

[0239] The term "favorable stress environment" refers to a stress state that is controllable and does not require extensive and costly support measures for subsequent operations in the corresponding mining area. A favorable stress environment can be a stress-relief zone within the rock mass or a zone where the contact stress is confined or limited to a controllable range. A favorable stress environment helps create a favorable environment for subsequent raise construction and operations in the producing stope, and, where possible, for long-life mine infrastructure. The term "favorable stress condition" is used synonymously. Based on the above, the term "stress relief" refers to the process of creating a stress-relief environment, i.e., stress shadowing, within the rock mass.

[0240] The term "stress shadow" refers to a portion of a rock mass in which the stress is reduced in at least one direction compared to the pre-mined rock stress in the corresponding direction in the same portion of the rock mass.

[0241] The term "cave" refers to a vertical or inclined opening in a mine infrastructure that extends longitudinally.

[0242] The term "rock chute" refers to a steep, sloping passageway used in underground mining operations for transferring materials. Rock chutes are designed to utilize the gravity potential between levels to minimize transport distances and facilitate more convenient material handling systems. The term "ore chute" refers to a rock chute used solely for transporting ore. In deep mines, the common practice is to guide the ore to the deepest level of the mine, from where it is hoisted to the surface.

[0243] The terms “tunnel” and “lane” are used as synonyms in this article and refer to the same type of infrastructure.

[0244] The term "pretreatment" refers to techniques that increase in-situ fracturing of rock masses, making them more prone to collapse or fragmentation.

[0245] The term "pre-fracture" refers to a technique that can be used specifically in hard zones to restart caving and thus move through the zone with the stope.

[0246] The term "depletion" refers to the contamination or mixing of worthless rock masses with ores.

[0247] The term "caving point" refers to the excavation structure through which collapsed or broken rock mass is removed from the stope and / or caving bell.

[0248] The term "mineral clock" refers to an excavation structure that guides collapsed or fractured rock mass to at least one mineral dumping point.

[0249] The term "caving zone" refers to a caved or fractured rock mass zone that eventually reaches a specific caving point during gradual caving. A "separate caving zone" is a caving zone isolated from other caving zones due to ore discharge from a separate caving point. An "interactive caving zone" refers to a zone between separate caving zones that discharge ore simultaneously, causing the rock mass to flow towards the caving point and resulting in the expansion of the separate caving zones. The advantage of an "interactive caving zone" is reduced ore loss compared to a separate caving zone. Fractured ore in adjacent caving zones can migrate from one caving zone to another.

[0250] The term "mass flow" refers to the mechanism by which a large volume of fractured or collapsed rock moves uniformly downwards during ore discharge. The presence of an interactive ore discharge zone further facilitates mass flow, thus reducing the risk of dilution.

[0251] The caving operation requires a "mineral release strategy," in which the spatial and temporal release of minerals is planned for a given release point. This process requires operational control and can be called "mineral release control," which records the quantity and properties of minerals released from each release point. Observations from the mineral release control can then be used to adjust the applied mineral release strategy.

[0252] It should be noted that in this application document, the terms "ore flow", "material flow" and "fractured rock flow" are used synonymously.

[0253] Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following details and by practicing the invention. Although examples of the invention are described below, it should be noted that the invention is not limited to the specific details described. Attached Figure Description

[0254] To fully understand the present invention and its other objects and advantages, it should be noted in conjunction with the appendix. Figure 1 Please read the detailed description below. In the accompanying drawings, the same reference numerals in the various figures denote similar features, and in the accompanying drawings:

[0255] Figure 1 a to Figure 1 c schematically illustrates the basic principle of the ore-feeding bell development according to the present invention in a vertical cross-section;

[0256] Figure 1 The diagram illustrates the platform that descends into the well for drilling and loading activities;

[0257] Figure 1Figure b illustrates the platform stored at the top of the hoist frame for blasting;

[0258] Figure 1 Figure c shows the excavation after the blast, where the voids are filled due to the expansion of the blasted rock mass;

[0259] Figure 2 a to Figure 2 d schematically illustrates the invention as follows Figure 1 a to Figure 1 c shows a vertical cross-section of an example of a caving-initiated ore-pollution bell development.

[0260] Figure 3 a to Figure 3 d schematically illustrates a vertical cross-section of an example of caving initiation caused by the development of more than one ore-feeding bell according to the present invention;

[0261] Figure 4 a to Figure 4 c schematically illustrates a vertical cross-section of an example of a laterally enlarged caving mine according to the present invention;

[0262] Figure 5 a to Figure 5 d schematically illustrates a vertical cross-section of an example of the application of pretreatment measures according to the present invention;

[0263] Figure 6 a to Figure 6 e schematically illustrates a vertical cross-section of an example of the application of pre-fragmentation measures according to the present invention;

[0264] Figure 7 a to Figure 7 d schematically illustrates a vertical cross-section of an example of the application of pretreatment measures according to the present invention;

[0265] Figures 8a to 8c An isometric view schematically illustrating an example of an alternative to the ore-feeding bell configuration according to the invention;

[0266] Figures 9a to 9c An isometric view schematically illustrating an example of an alternative ore-feeding bell development configuration according to the present invention;

[0267] Figure 10 The illustration schematically depicts a horizontal cross-section of an example of the advance process of mining a deposit using the integrated riser caving mining method according to the present invention.

[0268] Figures 11a to 11e An isometric view schematically illustrating an example of implementing the method according to the invention;

[0269] Figures 12a to 12c A schematic diagram illustrates an example of a ore discharge point and ore discharge zone during production according to the method of the invention;

[0270] Figures 13a to 13b An example of the arrangement of isolated ore-discharge zones and interactive ore-discharge zones during production in the integrated riser mining method according to the present invention is illustrated schematically;

[0271] Figure 14 An integrated caving mining infrastructure is schematically illustrated, which includes automatic or semi-automatic instruments electrically connected to control circuitry.

[0272] Figure 15 The diagram illustrates a flowchart of an example of an integrated shaft collapse mining method;

[0273] Figure 16 The diagram illustrates another example of an integrated shaft collapse mining method; and

[0274] Figure 17 The illustration shows a control circuit suitable for operating an automatic or semi-automatic control system for an integrated riser mining infrastructure, configured to perform any example of the integrated riser mining method described herein. Detailed Implementation

[0275] Examples and embodiments of the integrated riser mining method, mine layout, and mining sequence according to the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0276] For the sake of simplicity, the rock mass is not shown in the accompanying drawings; instead, the risers, ore-drawing bells, and ore-drawing points developed within the rock mass are shown.

[0277] A key feature of the integrated riser caving mining method is the development of at least one caving bell from at least one riser and the continuous transition to the caving process above the caving bell.

[0278] Figure 1 a to Figure 1 c schematically illustrates a vertical cross-section of the principle of ore-running bell mining, also referred to herein as ore-running bell excavation, using mining equipment located inside the well. Figure 1 A schematic illustration depicts the development of a ore-running bell 100 by drilling and loading performed by mining equipment and machinery 120 positioned on a platform 103, which moves within a raise 102 using a shaft hoisting system 104. The platform 103 must be designed to allow movement within the raise 102 even in the event of rock deformation within the raise.

[0279] The shaft hoisting system 104 is located within a specially excavated infrastructure excavation section, the size and shape of which are adapted to the requirements of the hoisting system and / or rock mechanics factors. To keep the infrastructure excavation section of the hoisting system 104 small, a modular design of the platform 103 and / or the machinery 120 mounted on the platform is advantageous. The smaller infrastructure excavation section provides improved stability. The modular design allows for quick replacement of the machinery used.

[0280] The machinery 120 installed on platform 103 is adapted to the operational requirements. Possible types of machinery include, among others, machinery for drilling, machinery for loading, machinery for mounting supports, or machinery for hydraulic fracturing.

[0281] like Figure 1 As shown in Figure a, a ramp 102 has been developed from a tunnel in rock mass 10 using conventional techniques. Platform 103 and hoisting system 104 are installed after the ramp 102 is developed. The ore-feeding bell is gradually expanded upwards by excavation, making the top area of ​​the ore-feeding bell larger than the bottom area. The ore-feeding bell 100 is then blasted upwards in subsequent nearly horizontal rock slices. The length, orientation, and inclination of borehole 105 are adjusted so that the shape of each blasted slice is adjusted to form an ore-feeding bell with a specific predetermined shape. The borehole can be drilled horizontally or inclined downwards or upwards. Downward-inclined boreholes allow for better slope toe breaking. Borehole 105 is drilled at a specific distance from the top 118 of the existing ore-feeding bell. After drilling borehole 105 and loading it with explosives, platform 103 is retracted to the top and stored in a safe location, thus avoiding damage to platform 103 caused by blasting. Figure 1 b depicts the platform 103 that retracts and stores data.

[0282] In another embodiment of the invention, platform 103 can also be stored by removing platform 103 from the top of ceiling 102. Thus, the platform is configured to move to one side of the ceiling for storage in a storage location.

[0283] Blasting can be initiated using various options, including, among others, non-electric detonators, detonators initiated by electrical signals transmitted via cables, or detonators initiated wirelessly by means of communication through the rock mass.

[0284] In another embodiment of the invention, more than one slice can be detonated in a single blast. Therefore, an appropriate time delay is required between the individual slices.

[0285] Figure 1c schematically illustrates the falling of fractured rock mass 101 into the ore-feeding bell 100 due to blasting, requiring sufficient voids to absorb the expansion of the fractured rock caused by the blast. Sufficient fractured rock mass must be released from the ore-feeding bell before the next blast hole can be detonated. The fractured rock mass 101 is released through ore-feeding point 106. One or more ore-feeding points can be used to release the fractured rock mass 101 from the ore-feeding bell 100. However, only the expanded material is released from the ore-feeding bell, thus avoiding the formation of excessive voids.

[0286] Figure 1 c also shows that the ore-feeding bell 100 expands upward without increasing the length of the perimeter of the top of the ore-feeding bell, so that the ore-feeding bell obtains a section 125 provided with a horizontal cross-section having a constant or nearly constant area in the upward direction. For example, such a section can be used as a location for developing ore-feeding points into the ore-feeding bell.

[0287] In the accompanying drawings, it should be noted that the shapes of the ore-feeding bell and the caving stope are only schematic illustrations, and these illustrations are highly idealized for the purpose of simplification.

[0288] Furthermore, features such as excavation sections, main infrastructure, hoisting shafts, and ore processing facilities, which are required in all mining methods, are not shown.

[0289] Figure 2 a to Figure 2 d schematically illustrates a vertical cross-section of an example of caving initiation caused by the development of a ore-feeding bell according to the invention.

[0290] Figure 2 A ore-running bell 100 is shown, which is developed in the rock mass 10 by excavation through drilling blast holes in the rock mass 10 surrounding the well, by means of machinery 120 (machinery and platform not shown) arranged on a platform arranged inside the well. The blast holes are loaded with material through machinery 120, and then the rock mass is blasted by detonating explosives in these blast holes, causing a portion of the ore-running bell to be blasted. Excavation of this portion of the ore-running bell is carried out by blasting rock slices. Fractured rock mass 101 is released from the ore-running bell 100 at ore-running point 106. As drilling and blasting continue upwards, the shape of each blast slice is adapted to form the ore-running bell 100 with a specific shape. Local rock mass conditions, stress conditions, ore flow factors, and production requirements all influence the shape of the ore-running bell 100. Furthermore, the area of ​​the top 118 of the ore-running bell 100 gradually increases during the development of the ore-running bell by means of drilling and blasting. Figure 2 Figure b illustrates the relationship with Figure 2Compared to the previous method, the top area of ​​the ore-cutting bell is increased by 118. Furthermore, the gradual increase in the top area of ​​the ore-cutting bell is part of the undercutting process. At least a portion of the undercut is formed by gradually expanding the ore-cutting bell upwards and increasing its top area through excavation. Once the area of ​​the undercut rock mass exceeds a critical area, the undercutting process initiates a collapse within the rock mass. The critical area required for collapse initiation is a function of rock mass properties, stress conditions, and the shape of the undercut region. Figure 2 Figure b illustrates a caving bell 100 in which the top area of ​​the caving bell, corresponding to the undercut area in the provided example, has not yet exceeded the critical area required for caving initiation. However, a first fracture 107 is developed above the top of the caving bell 100 and / or a discontinuity is opened. Therefore, the rock mass within the region of fracture 107 enters a yielding state, and the rock mass properties subsequently deteriorate. Drilling and blasting designs can be adjusted at this stage to accommodate additional requirements caused by the yielding rock mass.

[0291] exist Figure 2 In step c, the top area of ​​the caving bell 100 has increased and exceeded the critical area required for caving initiation. Therefore, the caving process is initiated and proceeds upward. The rock mass above the caving bell collapses, forming a caving stope with a fractured rock mass zone 108 above the caving stope. This fractured rock mass zone 108 is characterized by the development of fractures and / or the opening of discontinuities within the rock mass. The primary rock mass properties, stress conditions, and mine layout significantly influence the extent and degree of fracture within the fractured rock mass zone 108. The rock mass yields in the fractured rock mass zone 108, eventually separates, and falls into the caving bell 100 as broken rock mass 101. The caving bell is provided with at least two caving points 106, which are developed into the caving bell at two different levels. The broken rock mass 101 is discharged from the caving bell through the caving points 106.

[0292] Therefore, a void 109 is created above the fractured rock mass 101. This void 109 is necessary for the collapse to proceed. Rock mass from the fractured rock mass zone 108 separates and falls into the void. The fractured rock mass 101 is smaller than the in-situ rock mass and / or the rock mass in the fractured zone 108. Furthermore, a further crushing process occurs in the fractured rock mass 101, which reduces the particle size as the fractured rock mass flows toward the ore discharge point 106.

[0293] Preferably, the caving bell 100 is configured to be oriented such that the infrastructure is advantageously positioned in relation to the primary stress conditions. However, in another alternative, the caving bell 100 is configured to be oriented such that caving initiation is facilitated by the primary stress conditions.

[0294] Figure 2c describes one possible caving mechanism. The caving mechanism shown is stress-driven, thus forming a fractured rock mass zone above the caving stope. However, other caving mechanisms may also be at play. Combinations of caving mechanisms can also occur.

[0295] Figure 2 The diagram illustrates that the caving has progressed further upwards, thereby forming a stope 110 above the caving bell 100. The caving bell has tunnels installed on additional levels located on the opposite side of the caving bell. These additional levels are raised above the bottom of the caving bell. Each level provides additional caving points 106, which are developed into the caving bell 100. The ore is then discharged from the stope 110 through the caving bell 110 at the caving points 106, increasing the size of the voids 109. The location of the caving points 106 is crucial for achieving a continuous caving process and for optimizing ore flow. Therefore, the additional caving points 106 have been developed into the caving bell 100 and into the stope 110 above the caving bell to stimulate material flow in both the caving bell and the caving stope. As shown, the additional caving points are developed into the caving bell from different directions, in this case on the opposite side of the caving bell. A sufficiently large void 109 corresponding to the caving portion 119 must be formed below the top of the stope to allow further rock mass to separate from the fractured rock mass zone 108. The fractured rock mass zone 108 is now located above the top of the stope 110. However, the void 109 must also be of reasonable size to avoid the risk of air blasts. The size of the void 109, the fractured rock mass 101, and / or the fractured rock mass zone can be monitored using a raise 102. Similarly, the caving progress and / or the caving direction, as well as the caving stope and / or the caving portion 119, can be monitored using monitoring devices arranged inside the raise. It is advantageous that the monitoring devices can also be lowered into the caving stope via the raise. As the fractured rock mass is continuously released from the stope, the caving continues upward. After the caving reaches the ore body boundary, waste rock mass from the surrounding rock strata and / or the overlying rock strata begins to caving into the stope. The stope is subsequently filled with waste rock mass as the remaining ore is released from it.

[0296] In another embodiment of the invention, the caving site may also be connected to a previously mined-out area or a surface that has caused subsidence.

[0297] Figure 3 a to Figure 3 Figure d schematically illustrates an example of a collapse initiation caused by the development of more than one ore-feeding bell in a vertical cross-section.

[0298] Figure 3A shows a mining bell 100a developed in rock mass 10. Mining bell 100a is developed using machinery 120 (not shown) operating inside a raise 102a, which is filled with fractured rock mass 101. Collapse does not begin above mining bell 100a.

[0299] Figure 3 Figure b illustrates the development of the second ore-feeding bell 100b from the well 102b.

[0300] exist Figure 3 In step c, ore-cutting bell 100b is fully developed. Ore-cutting bells 100a and 100b are developed adjacent to each other. Undercutting is performed using ore-cutting bells 100a and 100b. At least a portion of the undercut is created by gradually expanding the ore-cutting bells vertically upwards. The ore-cutting bells are excavated in both height and width. The tops of ore-cutting bells 100a and 100b are joined together to form a large unsupported area, i.e., the undercut, which is larger than the critical area required to initiate caving. Therefore, a fractured rock mass zone 108 is formed above the tops of ore-cutting bells 100a and 100b, and caving is initiated by undercutting. The rock mass separates from the fractured rock mass zone 108 and falls onto the fractured rock mass 101 located in ore-cutting bells 100a and 100b. A void 109 must exist below the fractured rock mass zone 108 to allow the rock mass to separate from the fractured rock mass zone 108 and for subsequent caving to proceed. The fractured rock mass 101 is released from the ore release bells 100a and 100b at the ore release point 106. The tunnels 115 and 116 are oriented in different directions and provide access to the ore release point 106.

[0301] Figure 3 d illustrates the subsequent collapse progression after collapse initiation, where collapse initiation occurs... Figure 3 It is described in c.

[0302] exist Figure 3 In step d, the caving proceeds upwards, thereby forming a continuous stope 110 located above caving bells 100a and 100b. To allow the caving to proceed, the fractured rock mass is released at caving points 106 developed into caving bells 100a and 100b. Roadways 115 and 116 are oriented differently and provide access to caving points 106. Thus, a void 109 is formed on top of the fractured rock mass 101 in stope 110 below the caving rear 119. Therefore, the rock mass can separate from the fractured rock mass zone 108 and fall into stope 110; and the caving proceeds upwards. Rafts 102a and 102b can be used for monitoring purposes or caving induction measures, such as different pretreatment or pre-fracture methods.

[0303] Figure 4 a to Figure 4c schematically illustrates a vertical cross-section of an example of a caving stop that expands laterally by means of an additional ore-feeding bell developed near the caving stop.

[0304] Figure 4 A caving stope 110 is shown, which is filled with fractured rock mass 101 and has two caving bells 100a and 100b. The caving proceeds upwards as the fractured rock mass is subsequently released through caving points 106 developed into the caving bells 100a and 100b, and as the rock mass 10 subsequently separates from the fractured rock mass zone 108 and falls into the void 109. Roadways 115 and 116 are oriented differently and provide access to caving points 106. All caving points 106 are operational, depending on availability, to facilitate the release of rock mass from the caving bells. To increase the lateral reach of stope 110, caving bells 100c are developed close to stope 110 by means of drilling and blasting using machinery 120 (not shown) operating in a raise 102c. Figure 4 In the middle, the development of the mining clock 100c has begun.

[0305] exist Figure 4 In step b, ore-running bell 100c is fully developed. A caving event is initiated above ore-running bell 100c, and a fractured rock mass zone 108 is formed accordingly above ore-running bell 100c. Furthermore, ore-running bell 100c is connected to the adjacent ore-running bell 100b.

[0306] Figure 4 c illustrates a later stage of the caving progression. As the caving bell 100c joins the caving stope, the existing undercut established from the caving bells 100a and 100b widens laterally. Due to the continuous release of fractured rock mass 101 at caving point 106, the caving proceeds vertically above the caving bells 100a, 100b, and 100c. Roadways 115 and 116 are oriented differently and provide access to caving point 106. Because the caving bells 100a, 100b, and 100c are adjacent and connected, a coherent stope 110 is formed above them. Rafts 102a, 102b, and 102c can be used for monitoring or caving induction measures.

[0307] As rock mass continues to be released through the ore-feeding bell, it caves into the waste rock mass, which begins to fill the stope. After an unacceptable amount of waste rock mass is reported to the ore-feeding point, the ore-feeding point and the corresponding ore-feeding bell cease operation and are abandoned. Therefore, the affected ore-feeding bell is referred to as depleted.

[0308] In another embodiment of the invention, adjacent ore-feeding bells may be configured such that they have different shapes and / or sizes, and / or that they are located at different heights.

[0309] like Figure 2 c. Figure 2 d、 Figure 3 c. Figure 3 d、 Figure 4 a, Figure 4 b、 Figure 4 As shown in c, the collapse direction is vertical. However, the collapse direction depends on several parameters, including, among others, the main rock mass properties, the spatial distribution of the rock mass, the main stress conditions, the presence of large faults or shear zones, the presence of previously mined areas, and the ore-running strategy implemented.

[0310] Figure 5 a to Figure 5 Figure d schematically illustrates a vertical cross-section of an example of applying pretreatment measures to cause the collapse of hard rock formations.

[0311] Figure 5 A diagram shows a caving bell 100 filled with fractured rock mass 101. The caving is initiated and proceeds vertically upwards. A fractured rock mass zone 108 lies above stope 110. At a certain distance above the caving bell, a predominantly hard rock mass stratum 111 exists. This hard rock mass stratum 111 is positioned such that it will become part of stope 110 as the caving progresses further. This hard rock mass stratum 111 is not easily caved due to its strength, and caving may cease. To reduce the risk of caving cessation, pretreatment measures can be selectively and as needed applied to the rock mass above the stope top. Figure 5 Figure a illustrates the application of such pretreatment measures. Holes 105 are drilled by machinery 120 (not shown) operating inside a raise 102d into a hard rock formation 111 in the area, which is subsequently to be breached. These holes 105 are then used to apply pretreatment measures, such as hydraulic fracturing and / or confined blasting. These pretreatment measures can be carried out from machinery located on a platform inside the raise 102d.

[0312] Figure 5 Figure b illustrates the further progression of the caving, with stope 110 expanding vertically. Furthermore, pretreatment measures were applied, creating a pretreatment zone 112. It should be noted that the pretreatment measures and the caving of stope 110 below the raise 102d can be performed in parallel. The term "parallel" means that pretreatment measures can be performed from the raise while caving occurs in the stope below. Pretreatment and caving can then be performed simultaneously at two different locations within the stope. Alternatively, the method steps can be performed alternately at two different locations within a short period. The pretreatment zone 112 is characterized by artificial fractures and / or natural discontinuities with reduced strength within the rock mass. Therefore, the strength of the rock mass in the pretreatment zone 112 is reduced compared to the strength of the rock mass before pretreatment. Figure 5 In b, the hard rock strata 111 are pretreated to promote further collapse.

[0313] Figure 5 c shows that the collapse has progressed into the previously hard rock mass stratum 111. The pre-treatment zone 112 and the fractured rock mass zone 108 overlap and are referred to as the pre-treatment and fractured rock mass zone 113.

[0314] Because of the pretreatment of a specific selected volume of rock mass, the rate of collapse can be maintained and / or increased in the hard zone, and the collapse can travel through the hard rock mass strata 111 without stopping.

[0315] Figure 5 d depicts the collapse proceeding completely through the hard rock strata 111. The fractured rock mass zone 108 lies above the stope 110, and the collapse continues to advance further.

[0316] Figure 5 b to Figure 5 The ore-feeding bell 100 and stope 110 shown in Figure d are also equipped with additional ore-feeding points arranged at different levels, however these additional ore-feeding points are not shown in the figure.

[0317] In the caving mining method according to the present invention, observations during development and operation within the raise can be used to identify hard rock formations requiring pretreatment. Furthermore, the raise allows access to key rock formations to selectively and as needed apply pretreatment measures. Due to the availability of the raise, pretreatment measures can be applied simultaneously to the development of the ore-running bell and / or the corresponding caving stope from the raise.

[0318] However, in another embodiment of the invention, pretreatment measures by mechanical applications operating inside the well can be used to increase the caving rate and thus increase the potential productivity of the mining area.

[0319] Figure 6 a to Figure 6 The figure shows a vertical cross-section of an example of applying pre-fracture measures to advance a caving stop through a highly hard rock strata located in a specific area of ​​the rock mass. Figure 6 a shows the collapse of stope 110 proceeding beneath a highly rigid rock mass stratum 150. The fractured rock mass zone 108 is located above the top of stope 110.

[0320] exist Figure 6 In step b, the top of stope 110 reaches the highly hard rock stratum 150. The fractured rock mass zone 108 above the top of stope 110 has collapsed and fallen into the stope below the rock stratum 150. Due to the strength of the highly hard rock stratum 150, the collapse has stopped, and the size of the voids 109 has increased significantly.

[0321] Figure 6 c depicts the application of a pre-fracking method to advance stope 110 through highly hard rock formation 150. The pre-fracking method can be performed by switching from caving to drilling and blasting within a limited timeframe using machinery operated within a raise 102e. Thus, nearly horizontal boreholes 105 are drilled from within the raise 102e into the highly hard rock formation within a portion of the stope using machinery 120 (not shown). These boreholes are then blasted piece by piece. Figure 6 Figure d illustrates a situation where some boreholes in borehole 105 have been blasted, and stope 110 has partially advanced through the highly hard rock strata 150. The size of void 109 decreases again. Finally, Figure 6 E shows that all boreholes 105 have been blasted, and stope 110 has fully advanced through the highly hard rock strata 150. Furthermore, caving has restarted. The fractured rock mass zone 108 lies above the top of stope 110, and caving continues. Figure 6 a to Figure 6 The ore-feeding bell 100 and stope 110 shown in Figure e are also equipped with additional ore-feeding points arranged at different levels, however these additional ore-feeding points are not shown in the figure.

[0322] However, in another embodiment of the invention, other pre-fragmentation measures besides drilling and blasting can be applied.

[0323] Figure 7 a to Figure 7 Figure d illustrates a vertical cross-section of an example of applying pretreatment measures to control the direction of collapse near weak rock mass strata.

[0324] Figure 7 The diagram illustrates stope 110, which proceeds vertically upwards by means of a caving. A fractured rock mass zone 108 exists above the top of stope 110. Furthermore, a weak rock mass stratum 114 is located above the top of stope 110. This weak rock mass stratum 114 is characterized by being less strong than the surrounding rock mass strata. Therefore, caving is more likely to proceed within and along this weak rock mass stratum 114. Consequently, as shown, the caving direction deviates from its planned direction. The fractured rock mass zone 108 extends into the weak rock mass stratum 114.

[0325] Figure 7Figure b illustrates the application of pretreatment measures to avoid significant deviations from the collapse's direction of travel. Therefore, nearly horizontal boreholes 105 are drilled by machinery operating inside the well 102f. These boreholes 105 are then used to apply pretreatment measures, such as hydraulic fracturing and / or confined blasting. These pretreatment measures can be carried out from machinery 120 (not shown in the figure) located on a platform 103 arranged inside the well 102f.

[0326] Figure 7 c illustrates the application of pretreatment measures and the formation of a pretreated rock mass zone 112. This pretreated rock mass zone 112 has reduced strength because artificial cracks are created or natural discontinuities are weakened. The reduced rock mass strength in the pretreated zone 112 facilitates caving along the planned direction.

[0327] Figure 7 d depicts the collapse having progressed through the weak rock mass 114 without significantly deviating into it. Appropriate ore-laying strategies are applied to release the fractured rock mass from the ore-laying points. Ore-laying strategies are crucial for controlling the direction of collapse. The presence and arrangement of multiple ore-laying points 106 located at several levels also facilitate the implementation of specific ore-laying strategies.

[0328] Figures 8a to 8c The illustration shows isometric views of different ore-running bell shapes. The integrated raise-caving mining method according to the present invention relies on developing ore-running bells from the raise. Therefore, the shape of the ore-running bell can be flexibly selected to meet requirements and the main mining environment.

[0329] Figure 8a A ore-drawing bell 200a is shown, constructed as an inverted pyramid with sidewalls having different inclinations. The ore-drawing bell 200a is developed from a vertical raise 202 and has an inclined ore-drawing bell top 201. The ore-drawing bell includes a bottom and a top joined by inclined sidewalls. If the ore-drawing bell widens upwards, it is constructed to have a top area larger than the bottom area. Therefore, the area of ​​the horizontal cross-section of the ore-drawing bell increases upwards. The inverted pyramidal shape of the ore-drawing bell 200a can be flexibly adapted to local requirements, such as rock mass properties, stress conditions, or ore flow factors. For example, Figure 8a The pyramidal ore-feeding bell 200a depicted in the figure has a floor area of ​​68 m × 68 m, a height of 50 m, and a wall inclination of 60°. In one embodiment of the invention, the upper end of the ore-feeding bell adjacent to the undercut can expand only in the upward direction. In this way, the section of the ore-feeding bell located directly below the undercut obtains an almost vertical wall (not shown in the figure).

[0330] Figure 8bA ore-feeding bell 200b is shown, designed to resemble a trough with sloping sidewalls of varying inclination. If the ore-feeding bell widens upwards, the top area is larger than the bottom area. The ore-feeding bell 200b is developed from a vertical raise 202, and the top 201 of the ore-feeding bell is flat. The trough shape of the ore-feeding bell 200b can be flexibly adapted to local requirements, such as rock mass properties, stress conditions, or ore flow factors. For example, Figure 8b The trough-shaped ore-feeding bell 200 depicted in the image has a floor area of ​​70 m × 40 m, a height of 40 m, and a wall inclination of 70°.

[0331] Figure 8c A ore-feeding bell 200c, constructed in the shape of an inverted cone, is shown, with its narrow conical end directed downwards. The inverted cone has sloping sidewalls, which can have different degrees of inclination. The ore-feeding bell 200c is developed from a vertical raise 202, and the top 201 of the ore-feeding bell 200c is flat. The conical shape of the ore-feeding bell 200c can be flexibly adapted to local requirements, such as rock mass properties, stress conditions, or ore flow factors. For example, Figure 8c The conical ore-feeding bell 200 depicted in the text has a floor area diameter of 60 m, a height of 50 m, and a wall inclination of 65°.

[0332] However, in other embodiments of the invention, the ore-feeding bell may have other shapes.

[0333] Figure 9a , Figure 9c Isometric views of the ore-feeding bells developed from the inclined footwell and more than one footwell are shown respectively. Figure 9b The illustration shows the vertical cross-section of the ore-feeding bell developed from the well.

[0334] Figure 9a A ore-feeding bell 200d, formed as an inverted pyramid, is shown. The ore-feeding bell 200d is developed from an inclined raise 202a, and the top 201 of the ore-feeding bell is inclined. The inclination of the top region may vary for different portions of the top. For example, the inclination of the raise is 70° relative to the horizontal plane. The inclined raise 202a is positioned offset from the center of the top 201 of the ore-feeding bell. Alternatively, the inclined raise may be positioned at or near the center of the top of the ore-feeding bell. In another embodiment of the invention, a vertical raise may also be positioned offset from the center of the top of the ore-feeding bell. Alternatively, the vertical raise may be positioned at or near the center of the top of the ore-feeding bell.

[0335] Figure 9bTwo ore-drawing bells 200e and 200f are shown. Ore-drawing point 206 is developed into ore-drawing bells 200e and 200f. Tunneling passages 204 and 207 are oriented in different directions and provide access to the ore-drawing point. A raise 202 is located on the inner periphery of the top of ore-drawing bell 200f and is used to develop ore-drawing bell 200f by means of drilling and blasting performed by machinery operating inside the raise 202. Furthermore, raise 202 is also used to develop ore-drawing bell 200e. Therefore, a borehole 205 is drilled from raise 202 above the top of ore-drawing bell 201b, and borehole 205 is subsequently blasted. Thus, ore-drawing bell 200e is developed through a raise located in the rock mass outside the periphery of the top of ore-drawing bell 201b.

[0336] Figure 9c The diagram shows a ore-feeding bell 200g designed to resemble a slot with sloping sidewalls. The ore-feeding bell 200g is developed and excavated from two vertical raises 202, and the top 201 of the ore-feeding bell is flat. Figure 10 The diagram schematically illustrates a horizontal cross-section during the advance of the caving mining method according to the present invention.

[0337] As the collapse progresses, the mined-out caving stope may provide stress shadows and favorable stress environments in specific sections of the rock mass. Infrastructure for further ore extraction and stope development, such as raises, tunnels, or ore extraction points, can be located within these stress shadows to protect them from high stress.

[0338] Stopes 310a, 310b, 310c, and 310d have been undercut and are in caving progress. The stopes are filled with fractured rock mass 301. In parallel, ore-running bells 300e and 300f are developed from raises 302e and 302f. Since the ore-running bells are not visible in the shown cross-section but are located at a predetermined height below the shown cross-section, they are shown as dashed lines. Therefore, the shaded lines indicate the development and location of ore-running bells 300e and 300f. Another raise 302g has also been developed for the subsequent development of the corresponding ore-running bell. Figure 10 Stress shadow 320 is also shown, thus creating a favorable stress environment near the mined stops 310a, 310b, 310c, and 310d. The actual distribution of stress shadow 320 and the favorable stress environment also depend on the main rock mass conditions, the magnitude and direction of the principal stresses, and the mine layout and mining sequence. This stress shadow 320 protects raises 302e and 302g from potentially high stresses that might exist at the locations of raises 302e and 302g without a stress shadow. This situation also applies to raise 302f, located at a location where no stress shadow exists. However, raise 302f can be protected by a specially designed stress-reducing excavation section (…). Figure 10(Not shown in the diagram) thus protected from high stress, the stress-reduced excavated section has the function of providing stress shadows, thereby providing a favorable stress environment for specific infrastructure. In summary, continuous mining can provide stress shadows at specific locations. The delayed infrastructure development in the caving mining method according to the invention allows for the strategic use of these stress shadows for infrastructure protection. Therefore, the stability of the infrastructure is improved, which in turn positively impacts the safety, economy, and extraction of the deposit.

[0339] Figures 11a to 11e An isometric view schematically illustrating an example of an integrated raise-and-cab mining method according to the present invention. The accompanying drawings show an example of the integration of the various steps of the method as described herein. The development of the ore-running bell from the raise, as well as the development infrastructure such as roadways and ore-running points, are shown. Furthermore, undercutting, caving initiation, and caving progress, and thus the mining of the caving stope, are depicted. It should be noted that the mining layout of the example of the integrated raise-and-cab mining method shown is highly flexible.

[0340] at last, Figures 11a to 11e The illustration shows an example of the mining sequence in an integrated well collapse mining method.

[0341] Figure 11aAn isometric view of the initial stage of the integrated raise-and-cave mining method is provided, showing the development of the infrastructure required for the first caving bell and the development of the first caving bell itself. The infrastructure includes roadway 407, caving point 406, and raises 402a and 402b. Roadway 407 has been developed at production level 431 and raise level 441. It should be noted that the terms "production level" and "caving level" are synonymous. Subsequently, raises 402a and 402b have been developed between production level 431 and raise level 441. Thus, raises 402a and 402b are developed to extend only a portion of the stope height above the caving bell. Raises can be developed by means of raise boring or other methods. The distance between production level 431 and raise level 441 is influenced, among other things, by the final caving bell height, the primary rock mass and stress conditions, and the applied mining sequence. The lift 402a is used to develop the first ore-running bell 400a by means of drilling and loading. At least a portion of the undercut is created by gradually expanding the ore-running bell upwards and increasing its top area through excavation. Therefore, machinery 120 (not shown) suitable for drilling and blasting operations within the lift is used. The ore-running bell 400a has not yet been developed to its final size and shape. This latter situation means that the top area of ​​the flat ore-running bell top 401a is still smaller than the final ore-running bell top size. Therefore, caving has not yet been initiated. After each blast, the blasted rock mass falls from the ore-running bell top 401a into the ore-running bell 400a. The blasted rock mass is unloaded from the ore-running bell 400a at the ore-running point 406. Therefore, a void is formed below the ore-running bell top 401a. This void is required for subsequent blasts to accommodate the expansion of the blasted rock mass. Due to the inverted pyramidal shape of the ore-feeding bell 400a, the blasting material inside the bell flows to the bottom, where it is loaded at ore-feeding points 406. The number, size, and spacing of the ore-feeding points 406 depend on the primary rock mass and stress conditions, as well as ore flow aspects such as the fragmentation of the fractured rock mass inside the bell, or the ore-feeding strategy applied. However, in another embodiment of the invention, the ore-feeding bell may also have other shapes, such as a trough shape or an inverted cone shape. After the material is loaded at the ore-feeding points 406, it is transported in a tunnel 407 to an ore processing system, which may be located inside or outside the active mining area (the ore processing system is not shown in the figures). Figure 11a The diagram illustrates the infrastructure required to develop a second ore-running clock in addition to the first ore-running clock 400a.

[0342] Figure 11b The method according to the invention provides a ratio Figure 11aAn isometric view of an example of later-stage ore-cutting bell and infrastructure development. Ore-cutting bell 400a has been developed to its predetermined height. Therefore, the top 401a of the ore-cutting bell has reached its final dimensions. Therefore, raise 402a is not required for further drilling and charging activities for ore-cutting bell 400a. However, raise 402a can still be used for monitoring purposes, such as monitoring the fractured rock mass inside the top 401a or ore-cutting bell 400a. Furthermore, raise 402a can still be used as needed for additional pretreatment and / or pre-fracture methods at specific locations in the rock mass above the top 401a of the ore-cutting bell. The size of the top 401a of the ore-cutting bell is still too small to initiate caving. To increase the size of the undercut and subsequently initiate caving, ore-cutting bell 400b is under development. Therefore, drilling and blasting are utilized in raise 402b. The blasted rock mass from the ore-cutting bell development is released from ore-cutting bell 400b at ore-cutting point 406 located at production level 431. The mining bell 400b has not yet reached its final size and shape.

[0343] also, Figure 11b A second production level 432 has been developed at a predetermined distance above the first ore-feeding level 431. Roadways 407 have been developed. Some of these roadways are located near the ore-feeding bell 400a. In later stages, additional ore-feeding points will be developed from said roadways 407 into the ore-feeding bell 400a.

[0344] Figure 11b A further extension of the method according to the invention is depicted. Tunnel 407 has been developed at the second shaft level 442, and tunnel 407 has been extended or newly developed at the ore-running level 431. Additionally, a third riser 402c has been developed between tunnel 407 at ore-running level 431 and tunnel 407 at riser level 442. Riser level 442 is located at a higher elevation than riser level 441. This is because a hard rock mass zone 411 exists near riser 402c and between riser levels 441 and 442. This hard rock mass zone requires pretreatment. Pretreatment measures can be performed by machinery 120 (not shown) operating inside riser 402c before ore-running bell development begins from riser 402c. However, in another embodiment of the invention, the pretreatment measures and ore-running bell development can be performed in parallel from the same riser. This means that these method steps can be performed simultaneously. Alternatively, pretreatment can be performed during the caving advance below the hard rock mass zone. Figure 11b This further demonstrates that the pretreatment measures can be selectively applied to the hard zone, since the well 402c intersects with the hard zone.

[0345] The hard rock mass zone 411 does not extend in the area above the raise level 441. No pretreatment of the area above the raise level 441 is required. For this reason, the raise level 441 is positioned closer to the ore-feeding level 431 used for ore-feeding bell development, thus reducing infrastructure development costs. Therefore, in the integrated raise-caving mining method, the location of the raise level and infrastructure can be adapted to local conditions.

[0346] Figure 11c An isometric view of an example of a stage of caving initiated by undercutting according to the method of the invention is provided. Additional infrastructure was developed for the additional caving bells and caving stopes. Caving bell 400b was fully developed. Thus, the tops 401a and 401b of caving bells 400a and 400b have been joined and connected. The area of ​​the connected tops of caving bells 400a and 400b exceeds the critical unsupported area required for caving initiation. Therefore, caving has been initiated and is progressing upwards. As caving progresses upwards, the volume of caving stops 410a and 410b increases. Since caving stops 410a and 410b are adjacent to each other, they form a larger, coherent caving stop. The caving rock mass in stops 410a and 410b is discharged at caving point 406 via caving bells 400a and 400b. Therefore, voids are formed at the top of the collapsed rock mass in stops 410a and 410b, allowing the rock mass to further separate from the collapsed portion, as the loading of the fractured rock mass is carried out through ore discharge point 406, thereby propelling the collapse. The collapse in stops 410a and 410b proceeds above the raise level 441. Therefore, there are no additional raises above the collapsed stops 410a and 410b available for monitoring, pretreatment, or pre-fracture measures.

[0347] Logging point 406 is located at production levels 431 and 432. The ore-laying point at production level 432, positioned above level 431, was developed with a delay. This means that ore-laying point 406 at production level 432 was developed into ore-laying bells 400a and 400b after the completion of the ore-laying bell development and after the caving initiation. This delayed development of the ore-laying point protects it from high stress during ore-laying bell development and associated undercutting and allows for the positioning of ore-laying point 406 based on local rock conditions and ore flow factors. Furthermore, ore-laying point 406 is developed into ore-laying bells 400a and 400b in different directions. Overall, from an ore flow perspective, the development of ore-laying point 406 at more than one ore-laying level offers the possibility of improved ore-laying point layout.

[0348] Figure 11cThe infrastructure at raise levels 441, 442 and production levels 431, 432 has been extended in preparation for extracting more portions of the ore body. The caving bell 400c has been fully developed. The top of the caving bell 401c connects to the caving stope 410b. Therefore, the undercut area has been increased, and a fractured rock mass zone is about to be developed in the rock mass 10 above the top of the caving bell 401c. However, caving has not yet been carried out above the top of the caving bell 401c. In addition to the caving bell 400c, the caving bell 400e is under development. Therefore, the raise 402e has been developed between production level 431 and raise level 441. The raise 402e can benefit from stress shadowing. Therefore, the caving stops 410a, 410b provide a favorable stress environment. The extent of this stress shadowing and its benefit to the raise 402e, among other things, depends on the primary stresses and rock mass conditions and the location of the raise 402e relative to the stops 410a, 410b.

[0349] Figure 11c This highlights that the infrastructure required to increase production area can be developed shortly before production begins in each area. Furthermore, according to the invention, the mining layout of the integrated riser caving method allows for parallel infrastructure development and increased production.

[0350] Figure 11d An isometric view is provided as an example of a stage of the method according to the invention, in which several caving bells are fully developed and caving is carried out in several stopes. Caving bells 400a, 400b, 400c, and 400e are fully developed and caving is carried out in stopes 410a, 410b, and 410c. So far, no caving has been carried out above caving bell 400e. However, the top 401e of caving bell 400e has been connected to stope 410a. Therefore, the size of the undercut zone is further increased. Furthermore, additional infrastructure has been developed. A raise 402d has been developed between raise level 442 and production level 431. Raise 402d intersects with a solid hard zone and allows for the planned application of pretreatment measures in the solid zone 411. Additionally, new roadways 407 have been developed on production levels 431 and 432.

[0351] Figure 11e An isometric view is provided as an example of continued infrastructure development and caving progress in the method according to the invention. The volumes of caving stops 410a, 410b, 410c, and 410e have been increased, and development of ore-feeding bell 400d has begun.

[0352] like Figure 11e As shown, an example of the invention also includes infrastructure and ore-feeding bells for two additional stopes located to the left of stope 410e, but in order to avoid Figure 11eFurther complicating the issue, these features are not shown.

[0353] In general, Figure 11a , Figure 11b , Figure 11c , Figure 11d , Figure 11e The diagram illustrates the principle and steps of the integrated riser mining method according to the present invention. The actual mine layout and mining sequence depend on several parameters, such as ore body geometry, ore body size, grade distribution, main rock mass properties, main stress conditions, and production output. Furthermore, the mine layout and mining sequence can be flexibly adapted to the conditions and circumstances encountered in a short time.

[0354] Figures 12a to 12c A vertical cross-section of an example of the method according to the invention is schematically illustrated. Figures 12a to 12c The development of ore-laying zones at each ore-laying point and interactive ore-laying zones is shown.

[0355] Figure 12a A vertical cross-section of an example ore-feeding bell 500 is provided, illustrating the effect of isolating ore-feeding points. Ore-feeding points 506 are developed into the ore-feeding bell 500. Access tunnels 507 and 508 are used as pathways to ore-feeding points 506. Releasing broken rock mass from ore-feeding points 506 maintains the flow of broken rock mass within the ore-feeding bell toward ore-feeding points 506. However, each ore-feeding point 506 only maintains the flow of broken rock mass in a certain area. This area is generally referred to as an isolating ore-feeding zone 501. Ore-feeding at ore-feeding points 506 means that ore is released one ore-feeding point at a time, and ore release from adjacent ore-feeding points only begins after a considerable period of time. Therefore, ore release is considered non-uniform in both time and space. The ore-feeding points 506 are arranged such that the isolating ore-feeding zones 501 of the ore-feeding points 506 do not contact or intersect each other. Thus, a relatively stationary band of material 504 is maintained between adjacent ore-feeding zones 501. The relatively static material zone 504 is characterized by fractured rock mass that does not flow at all or flows at a very slow rate compared to the material inside the isolation ore-discharging zone 501. The size and shape of the isolation ore-discharging zone 501 depend on several parameters, including, among others, the degree of fragmentation of the fractured rock mass, the size and shape of the ore-discharging point, and the main stress conditions within the fractured rock mass.

[0356] However, in another embodiment of the invention, the ore-laying points can be arranged such that the isolation ore-laying zones of the ore-laying points overlap at least in some areas. Therefore, there are relatively stationary bands of material between adjacent isolation ore-laying zones.

[0357] Figure 12bA vertical cross-section of an example ore-feeding bell 500 with four ore-feeding points 506 is shown, illustrating the effect of interactive ore-feeding at the ore-feeding points. Ore-feeding points are accessed from the entry tunnel 507. Isolation ore-feeding zones 501 are developed above the corresponding ore-feeding points 506 due to the release of rock mass. However, with… Figure 12a On the contrary, Figure 12b Ore is discharged interactively from ore discharge point 506. This interactive discharge is achieved by simultaneously or at short time intervals from adjacent ore discharge points. As ore is discharged interactively from ore discharge point 506, the isolation ore discharge zones of each ore discharge point begin to interact. Consequently, the broken rock mass between adjacent isolation ore discharge zones 501 also begins to move. Therefore, an interactive ore discharge zone 502 is developed near the isolation ore discharge zone 501. The size and shape of this interactive ore discharge zone 502 depend on several parameters, such as the applied ore discharge strategy, the arrangement of ore discharge points, or the fragmentation of the broken rock mass. The aim is to achieve uniform ore discharge from the ore discharge points in both time and space to expand the interaction within the interactive ore discharge zone. In general, the effect of the interactive ore discharge zone 502 is that the broken rock mass flow is maintained in a larger volume of broken rock mass compared to the volume of the isolation ore discharge zone 501. Furthermore, the raise 102 (not shown in the figure) used for developing the ore discharge bell can be used to monitor the fragmentation, the descent of the broken rock mass in the caving stope, the caving and / or the post-caving section. This monitoring information / data can then be used for ore dredging control and for ultimately adjusting the ore dredging strategy, enabling better interactive ore dredging. There may still be relatively static bands of material 504, especially near the sidewalls of the ore dredging bell.

[0358] Figure 12cA vertical cross-section of two ore-feeding bells 500a and 500b is provided, illustrating the effect of intermittently releasing fractured rock mass from adjacent ore-feeding bells. Ore-feeding point 506, developed from the entrance tunnel 507, is used to release fractured rock mass from the ore-feeding bells. Ore-feeding points 506 of each ore-feeding bell 500a and 500b release ore intermittently. Therefore, an isolation ore-feeding zone 501 corresponding to the ore-feeding point forms an interactive ore-feeding zone 502 in each ore-feeding bell 500a and 500b. The interactive ore-feeding zones 502 of ore-feeding zones 500a and 500b do not intersect or contact each other. As fractured rock mass is released from adjacent ore-feeding bells 500a and 500b within the same time period, the interactive ore-feeding zones 502 begin to interact, thereby forming an interactive ore-feeding zone spanning ore-feeding bell 503. Furthermore, the inclined sidewalls of the ore-feeding bells further facilitate subsequent interactions. Therefore, the interactive ore discharge in each ore discharge bell results in a larger ore discharge bell interaction zone that interacts across the ore discharge bells. The size and shape of this interactive ore discharge zone across ore discharge bell 503 depends on several parameters, such as the applied ore discharge strategy, the size and shape of adjacent ore discharge bells, or the arrangement of ore discharge points. Due to the development of the interactive ore discharge zone across ore discharge bell 503, a uniform mass flow of fractured rock mass is achieved across the ore discharge bells. A relatively static material zone 504 may still exist, especially near the sidewalls of the ore discharge bells.

[0359] However, in another embodiment of the invention, the ore-feeding bells can be arranged such that the interactive ore-feeding zones from the ore-feeding bells overlap at least in some areas.

[0360] Figure 13a A schematic diagram illustrates a horizontal cross-section of an example of the method according to the invention and shows the arrangement of isolated ore-feeding zones and interactive ore-feeding zones. Figure 13b A schematic diagram illustrating along Figure 13a The vertical section intercepted by line AA.

[0361] Figure 13a A coherent horizontal cross-section of the caving stope located above adjacent caving bells 500a and 500b is provided. The caving bells are indicated by dashed lines, with line 511 indicating the bottom of the caving bell and line 512 indicating the top. Caving bells 500a and 500b have a trough shape, and the caving point is developed into the caving bell. The location of the center of the caving point is indicated by a cross symbol 510. Figure 13a All ore-laying points interact with each other. For this reason, an isolated ore-laying zone 501 surrounding each ore-laying point creates an interactive ore-laying zone 502. In addition, an interactive ore-laying zone 503 is established across the ore-laying clock because ore-laying points from adjacent ore-laying clocks release ore within the same time period. Figure 13a The ore-laying points are arranged in a square layout of 520.

[0362] Figure 13bThe ore-feeding bells 500a, 500b, and others are shown. Figure 13a The diagram shows the arrangement of isolated and interactive ore-feeding zones.

[0363] However, in another embodiment of the invention, the ore-laying points may be arranged in other layouts, such as staggered or rectangular layouts. The actual arrangement of the ore-laying points depends on the local environment, such as the fragmentation of the rock mass, the size and shape of the ore-laying points, the size and shape of the ore-laying bells, or the ore-laying strategy applied.

[0364] Ore release strategies are considered important for controlling the course and direction of caving, as they govern the development of voids beneath the fractured rock mass zone and the fractured rock mass within the stope. Furthermore, information obtained from monitoring the caving subsidence and the fractured rock mass accumulation from the riser can be used to implement ore release strategies appropriately, flexibly, and quickly.

[0365] Figure 14 An integrated raise-and-fall mining infrastructure 902 is schematically illustrated, comprising an automatic or semi-automatic control system 901 electrically connected to a control circuit 900. The integrated raise-and-fall mining infrastructure 902 is configured for mining a deposit in a rock mass 10, and includes at least one raise 102 developed upward in a specific direction from a roadway 115 located in the rock mass 10. A ore-running bell 100 is developed in the rock mass 10, wherein at least a portion of the ore-running bell is connected to the at least one raise 102. The integrated raise-and-fall mining infrastructure 902 includes a bottom section UC, wherein at least a portion of the bottom section UC forms the top of the ore-running bell 100, and wherein said portion has been generated by gradually expanding the ore-running bell upward in an upward direction by means of excavation. The integrated riser caving mining infrastructure 902 also includes two ore release points 106 connected to the ore release bell 100, wherein the ore release points 106 are connected to roadways arranged at different levels, and the integrated riser caving mining infrastructure 902 includes a transport device 904 configured to gradually release fragmented rock from the ore release bell 100.

[0366] Alternatively, a caving stope (not shown) is positioned above the ore release bell 100. The ore release bell of the integrated riser caving mining infrastructure 902 may have a different shape than that shown in the figure.

[0367] The integrated raise caving mining infrastructure 902 may further include machinery 910, which may include drilling and / or loading equipment (not shown) configured for developing a raise 102 in the rock mass 10. Machinery 910 is configured to develop a caving bell 100 in the rock mass 10, wherein at least a portion of the caving bell is excavated from the raise by means of drilling and / or loading with the machinery 910, thereby initiating caving by undercutting. Machinery 910 is configured to develop the caving bell by gradually expanding it upwards by means of excavation, and is configured to develop at least two caving points 106 into the caving bell 100, wherein the caving points 106 are developed from roadways arranged at different levels. Machinery 910 may include transport equipment 904 configured to transport fractured rock from the caving bell 100 through the caving points 106.

[0368] The machine 910 can be configured to operate by an automatic or semi-automatic control system 901 in a remote control mode and / or an automatic control mode and / or a semi-automatic control mode.

[0369] Machinery 910 may be configured for drilling and / or loading rock mass from inside the well 102. Machinery 910 may include drilling and / or loading devices configured to initiate the collapse. Machinery 910 may include pretreatment devices. Machinery 910 may include drilling and / or loading equipment arranged on a movable platform capable of moving within the well 102 to a location for operating the drilling and / or loading equipment. Machinery 910 may include a platform configured to have a modular design. Machinery 910 may include a platform configured to be stored by removing the platform from the top of the well. Machinery 910 and / or devices arranged on the platform may be configured to have a modular design. Machinery 910 may be configured for installing rock supports and / or rock reinforcements, such as rock anchors, mesh, shotcrete, and cable anchors, from inside the well 102. Machinery 910 may be configured for hydraulically fracturing rock mass from inside the well 102. Machinery 910 may be configured for performing directional drilling. Machinery 910 can be configured to drill curved holes via directional drilling. Machinery 910 can be configured to initiate blasting of a loading hole. Machinery 910 can be configured to initiate blasting from inside the borehole 102. Machinery 910 can be configured to initiate blasting via wired detonators and / or remotely controlled detonators and / or non-electric detonators and / or wireless detonators. Machinery 910 can be configured to transport shattered rock 101 via continuous ore-feeding machinery with conveyors and / or trucks and / or loaders. Machinery 910 can be configured to be operated remotely. Machinery 910 can be configured to be semi-automatic or fully automated. Machinery 910 can be configured to be manually operated.

[0370] The integrated riser mining infrastructure 902 may also include a monitoring system 920 configured to monitor the integrated riser mining infrastructure 902 constructed for mining deposits in rock mass.

[0371] Monitoring system 920 includes monitoring devices configured to monitor the development of at least one riser 102, 102a to 102f, 202, 302a to 302g, 402a to 402e in rock mass 10. Monitoring system 920 includes monitoring devices configured to monitor the development of ore-running bells 100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e in rock mass 10, wherein at least a portion of the ore-running bell is connected to the at least one riser 102, 102a to 102f, 202, 302a to 302g, 402a to 402e. Monitoring system 920 includes monitoring devices configured to monitor the development of an undercut UC, the undercut UC being configured to initiate a collapse of the rock mass above the undercut, wherein the portion has been generated by gradually expanding the ore-running bell in an upward direction through excavation. Monitoring system 920 includes monitoring devices configured to monitor the initiation of a caving. Monitoring system 920 includes monitoring devices configured to monitor the development of at least two caving points 106, 206, 406, wherein caving point 106 is connected to roadways 115, 207, 407 arranged at different levels. Monitoring system 920 can be configured to monitor transport equipment 904 configured to gradually release fractured rock 101 from a caving bell. Monitoring system 920 can be configured to monitor caving progress and / or caving direction. Monitoring system 920 can be configured to monitor caving rock mass using remotely controlled monitoring equipment arranged inside a raise. Monitoring system 920 can be configured to remotely monitor the caving stope and / or the caving rear section 119 and / or the caving rock mass 101. Monitoring system 920 can be configured to monitor advancing faults and loosening zones located above the caving rear section. The monitoring system 920 can be configured to monitor the magnitude and / or stress in the deposit where the integrated caving mining infrastructure 902 is located. The monitoring system 920 can be configured to collect monitoring data, analyze monitoring data, store monitoring data, and / or transmit monitoring data via wireless communication devices to the automatic or semi-automatic control system 901 of the integrated caving mining infrastructure 902.

[0372] The monitoring system 920 includes, among other things, multiple monitoring devices, a central monitoring unit, a data collection unit, a data storage device, communication equipment, and / or data analysis tools. The monitoring system 920 can be configured to communicate with an automatic or semi-automatic control system 901 and to transmit data and information generated by the monitoring system to the automatic or semi-automatic control system 901. Monitoring devices include, for example, seismic monitoring systems, time-domain reflectometry, open aperture detectors, cavity scanners, sensors, markers, or seismic detectors.

[0373] Figure 15 The diagram illustrates a flowchart of an example of an integrated raise caving mining method. The method includes a first step 701 to begin the method. A second step 702 includes performing the exemplary method. A third step 703 includes stopping the method. The second step 702 may include: developing at least one raise in the rock mass; developing a caving bell in the rock mass, wherein at least a portion of the caving bell is excavated from the at least one raise by means of drilling, charging, and blasting with machinery arranged inside the at least one raise; initiating caving by undercutting, wherein at least a portion of the undercut is generated by gradually expanding the caving bell in an upward direction by means of excavation; developing at least two caving points into the caving bell, wherein the caving points are developed from roadways arranged at different levels; and gradually releasing fractured rock from the at least one caving bell through the caving points.

[0374] Figure 16 The diagram illustrates another example of an integrated riser mining method. The method steps indicated in the example can be performed in any order.

[0375] The method includes a first step 801 to begin the method. A second step 802 includes developing at least one foot in the rock mass. A third step 803 includes developing a caving bell in the rock mass, wherein at least a portion of the caving bell is excavated from the at least one foot by means of drilling and loading, and then blasting, using machinery arranged inside the at least one foot. A fourth step 804 includes excavation for developing a top area of ​​the caving bell that is larger than the bottom area of ​​the caving bell. A fifth step 805 includes initiating caving by undercutting, wherein at least a portion of the undercut is created by gradually expanding the caving bell in an upward direction by means of excavation. A sixth step 806 includes developing at least two caving points into the caving bell, wherein the caving points are developed from roadways arranged at different levels. A seventh step 807 includes gradually releasing fractured rock from at least one caving bell through the caving points. An eighth step 808 includes initiating caving when the area of ​​the undercut exceeds a critical area. A ninth step 809 includes caving the rock mass above the caving bell, thereby forming a caving stope. Step 10, 810, may include pre-treating the rock mass located above the top of the ore-drawing bell by operating machinery arranged inside the at least one raise. Step 11, 811, may include pre-fracture of the rock mass located above the top of the ore-drawing bell by operating machinery arranged inside the at least one raise. Step 12, 812, may include switching from caving to drilling and blasting for a specific area in the stope. Step 13, 813, may include stopping the method.

[0376] Figure 17 The illustration shows a control circuit 900 (such as a central control processor or other computer device) suitable for operating an automatic or semi-automatic control system 901 of an integrated caving mining infrastructure 902, which is configured to perform any of the exemplary integrated caving mining methods described herein. The control circuit 900 is configured to control any of the exemplary methods disclosed herein. The control circuit 900 includes a data medium configured to store a data program P. The data program P is configured (programmed) to control the automatic or semi-automatic control system 901 and / or to control machinery and / or to interact with… Figure 14 The monitoring system 920 communicates with the data medium. The data medium includes program code that can be read by the control circuit 900 to execute any of the exemplary methods described herein when the data medium is run on the control circuit 900.

[0377] Control circuit 900 is electrically connected to machinery (not shown), including drilling and / or loading equipment (not shown). Control circuit 900 is also configured to communicate with monitoring system 920 via wired and / or wireless communication systems to transmit and / or receive monitoring data. Control circuit 900 is configured to cause automatic or semi-automatic control system 901 and / or machinery to each perform the following methods: developing at least one foot in the rock mass; developing a ore-running bell in the rock mass, wherein at least a portion of the ore-running bell is excavated from the at least one foot by means of drilling, loading, and blasting operated by machinery arranged inside the at least one foot; initiating caving by undercutting, wherein at least a portion of the undercut is generated by gradually expanding the ore-running bell in an upward direction by means of excavation; developing at least two ore-running points into the ore-running bell, wherein the ore-running points are developed from roadways arranged at different levels; and gradually releasing fractured rock from at least one ore-running bell through the ore-running points.

[0378] The control circuit 900 can therefore also be configured to operate transport equipment such as remotely controlled loading equipment or continuous ore-feeding machinery (not shown) with conveyors in roadways. The control circuit 900 includes a computer and a non-volatile memory NVM 1320, which is a computer memory that retains stored information even when the computer is not powered.

[0379] The control circuit 900 also includes a processing unit 1310 and a read / write memory 1350. The NVM 1320 includes a first memory unit 1330. A computer program (which can be of any type applicable to any operational data) is stored in the first memory unit 1330 for controlling the functions of the control circuit 900. Furthermore, the control circuit 900 includes a bus controller (not shown) and a serial communication unit (not shown) that provides a physical interface through which information is transmitted separately in both directions.

[0380] The control circuit 900 may include any suitable type of I / O module (not shown) providing input / output signal transmission, and an A / D converter (not shown) for converting continuously changing signals from a sensor device (not shown) configured to determine the actual state of the machinery and / or the automatic or semi-automatic control system 901. The control circuit 900 is configured to determine the position of the machinery relative to drilling and the loading of explosive materials based on received control signals and other operational data, which is converted into binary code suitable for a computer.

[0381] The control circuit 900 also includes an input / output unit (not shown) for adjusting the time and date. The control circuit 900 includes an event counter (not shown) for counting the number of events that occur independently in the operation of the mechanical and / or automatic or semi-automatic control system 901.

[0382] In addition, the control circuitry 900 includes an interrupt unit (not shown) associated with a computer for providing multitasking performance and real-time computing. The NVM 1320 also includes a second storage unit 1340 for external sensor inspection of the sensor device.

[0383] The data medium used to store program P may include program routines for automatically adjusting the operation of mechanical and / or automatic or semi-automatic control system 901 based on operational data, for example, related to the actual state of the ore-feeding bell gradually expanding in the upward direction through digging.

[0384] The data medium for storing program P includes program code stored on the medium that can be read on a computer to cause control circuit 900 to perform the methods and / or method steps described herein.

[0385] The program P can also be stored in a separate memory 1360 and / or read / write memory 1350. In this embodiment, the program P is stored in an executable or compressed data format.

[0386] It is understood that when the processing unit 1310 is described as performing a specific function, the processing unit 1310 may execute a specific part of a program stored in a separate memory 1360 or a specific part of a program stored in read / write memory 1350.

[0387] Processing unit 1310 is associated with data port 1399, which is adapted to communicate electrical data signals via a first data bus 1315, which is configured to be connected to a mechanical and / or automatic or semi-automatic control system 901 for performing any of the exemplary method steps described herein.

[0388] Non-volatile memory (NVM) 1320 is adapted to communicate with processing unit 1310 via a second data bus 1312. Separate memory 1360 is adapted to communicate with processing unit 1310 via a third data bus 1311. Read / write memory 1350 is adapted to communicate with processing unit 1310 via a fourth data bus 1314. After the received data is temporarily stored, processing unit 1310 prepares the program code for execution according to the methods described above.

[0389] Preferably, the signals (received by data port 1399) include information about the operating status of the mechanical and / or automatic or semi-automatic control system 901.

[0390] Information and data can be manually fed to the control circuitry 900 by an operator via a suitable communication device such as a computer monitor or touchscreen. The exemplary methods described herein can also be partially executed by the control circuitry 900 by means of a processing unit 1310 that runs a program P stored in a separate memory 1360 or read / write memory 1350. When the control circuitry 900 runs program P, any of the exemplary methods disclosed herein will be executed.

[0391] The foregoing description of preferred embodiments is provided for illustrative and descriptive purposes. The foregoing description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the described variations. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Various embodiments have been selected and described to best explain the principles and practical applications, and thus enable those skilled in the art to understand the invention with respect to various embodiments and through various modifications suited to the intended use of the invention.

[0392] Of course, the present invention is not limited in any way to the examples described above, but many possible modifications or combinations of the described embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the basic concept defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. An integrated riser mining method for mining mineral deposits in rock masses, comprising: - Develop at least one well in the rock mass (10), - Develop ore-running bells (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e) in the rock mass (10), wherein at least a portion of the ore-running bells is excavated from at least one of the aforementioned footholes. - A caving initiation is achieved by undercutting, wherein at least a portion of the undercut is generated by gradually expanding the ore-drawing bell (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e) in an upward direction through excavation. The undercut is configured to initiate the caving of the rock mass above the undercut, wherein at least a portion of the undercut forms a part of the ore-drawing bell. - Develop at least two ore-laying points (106, 206, 406) into the ore-laying bell (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e), wherein the ore-laying points (106, 206, 406) are arranged at different levels. - The broken rock (101) is gradually released from at least one of the ore-release bells through the ore-release points (106, 206, 406).

2. The integrated riser caving mining method according to claim 1, comprising caving the rock mass located above the ore-running bell (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e) to form a caving stope (110, 310a to 310e, 410a to 410e).

3. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The portion of the ore-drawing bell (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e) is excavated by drilling blasting holes (105, 205) in the rock mass (10) surrounding the well by means of operating machinery (120) arranged inside the well, and by filling and detonating explosives in these blasting holes (105, 205) to blast the rock mass so that the portion of the ore-drawing bell is blasted.

4. The integrated shaft collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising pre-treating the rock mass above the top (118) of the ore-discharge bell by operating machinery (120) arranged inside at least one of the shafts.

5. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, At least a portion of the undercut is generated by gradually expanding the ore-feeding bell in an upward direction without increasing the length of the perimeter of the top of the ore-feeding bell.

6. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The complete set of ore-laying bells (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e) is developed by excavation from at least one of the said set.

7. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, At least one of the aforementioned raises was developed to extend only on a portion of the stope height above the ore-laying bells (400a, 400b, 400e).

8. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, At least one of the aforementioned wells is developed to extend across the entire mining height.

9. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 3, wherein, Blasting occurs in an unconstrained environment by releasing previously blasted rock (101) from the ore-feeding bell to create voids (109).

10. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 3, wherein, The blasting occurs in a semi-confined environment by releasing previously blasted rock (101) from the ore-feeding bell without creating voids.

11. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising switching from collapse to drilling and blasting as needed.

12. The integrated shaft caving mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising restarting the caving of the stope by means of pre-crushing through drilling, charging and blasting in a specific area (150) of a portion of the stope from inside the shaft when the caving has stopped.

13. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising controlling the collapse progress by executing control measures devices arranged from inside the well.

14. The integrated shaft caving mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising controlling the caving advance by operating machinery arranged inside the shaft and / or by a ore release strategy and / or ore release control.

15. The integrated caving mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising developing at least one additional ore release point (106, 406) into a ore release bell (100, 400a to 400e), and developing said at least one additional ore release point at the same level as a pre-existing ore release point or at a different level from a pre-existing ore release point to stimulate material flow in said ore release bell.

16. The integrated caving mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising developing at least one ore-discharge point (106, 406) into a stope (110, 410a to 410e) arranged above the ore-discharge bell.

17. The integrated riser caving mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising setting at least one ore-discharging bell to have a plurality of ore-discharging points distributed on at least two levels, and uniformly distributing the ore-discharging points to achieve a favorable ore-discharging point spacing, and allowing the ore-discharging points to discharge ore interactively to achieve interaction between isolated ore-discharging zones.

18. The integrated riser caving mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising engaging at least two ore-feeding bells and forming a continuous stope above the ore-feeding bells, and causing the continuous stope to cavitate.

19. The integrated caving mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising expanding the caving stop in a lateral direction by developing an additional ore-feeding bell at a location close to the caving stop and attaching the additional ore-feeding bell to the caving stop.

20. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising monitoring the collapsed rock mass by using a remote control monitoring device arranged inside the well.

21. The integrated shaft collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising monitoring the collapse mining area and / or the collapsed subsidence (119) and / or the collapsed rock mass through a remote control monitoring device, wherein the remote control monitoring device is lowered through the shaft and descends into the collapse mining area.

22. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising determining pretreatment requirements based on monitoring the spatial distribution and / or behavior of various strata and zones.

23. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The mine layout and infrastructure location are adapted to the production and / or ore body geometry and / or rock mechanics factors and / or ore flow factors and are determined by the production and / or ore body geometry and / or rock mechanics factors and / or ore flow factors.

24. The integrated well collapse mining method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The interaction between at least two adjacent stopes (310a to 310d, 410a to 410e) creates a regionally favorable stress environment for mining infrastructure.

25. An integrated riser mining infrastructure (902) configured for mining a deposit in a rock mass (10), said integrated riser mining infrastructure (902) comprising: - At least one patio, which is developed in the rock mass (10); - Ore-running bells (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e) are developed in the rock mass (10), wherein at least a portion of the ore-running bells is connected to the at least one drop; - Undercut (UC), the undercut (UC) is configured to initiate the collapse of the rock mass located above the undercut, wherein at least a portion of the undercut is formed as part of the ore-drawing bell (201, 401a to 401e, 118); wherein the at least a portion of the undercut has been generated by gradually expanding the ore-drawing bell in an upward direction by means of excavation; - At least two ore-feeding points (106, 206, 406), said ore-feeding points (106, 206, 406) connecting to said ore-feeding bells (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e), wherein said ore-feeding point (106) connects to roadways (115, 207, 407) arranged at different levels; and - Transport equipment (904), the transport equipment (904) is configured to gradually release the broken rock (101) from the ore discharge bell.

26. The integrated shaft collapse mining infrastructure (902) according to claim 25, wherein, A caving stope is located above the ore-feeding bells (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e).

27. A monitoring system (920) configured to monitor an integrated riser mining infrastructure (902) as described in claim 25 or 26, constructed for mining a mineral deposit in a rock mass, said monitoring system comprising: - A monitoring device for monitoring the development of ore-feeding bells (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e) developed in the rock mass (10), wherein at least a portion of the ore-feeding bell is connected to at least one of the wells; - A monitoring device for monitoring the development of an undercut (UC), the undercut (UC) being configured to initiate the collapse of a rock mass located above the undercut, wherein at least a portion of the undercut is formed as part of the ore-drawing bell; wherein the at least a portion of the undercut has been generated by gradually expanding the ore-drawing bell in an upward direction by means of excavation. - A monitoring device configured to detect the initiation of rockfall in the rock mass; - A monitoring device constructed for monitoring caving mining areas; and The monitoring system is configured to remotely control and monitor the collapsed portion and / or collapsed rock mass of the collapsed mining area and / or the fractured rock mass zone; and The monitoring system is configured to communicate with an automatic or semi-automatic control system and be operated by the automatic or semi-automatic control system in a remote control mode and / or an automatic control mode and / or a semi-automatic control mode; and The monitoring system is configured to collect, analyze, and store monitoring data, and transmit the monitoring data to the integrated well collapse mining infrastructure via wireless and / or wired communication devices, which is an automatic or semi-automatic control system.

28. The monitoring system (920) according to claim 27, wherein, The monitoring system is configured to monitor the collapsed rock mass by using remotely controlled monitoring equipment arranged inside the well.

29. The monitoring system (920) according to claim 27 or 28, wherein, The monitoring device is arranged inside the well to monitor the mining operation, and the monitoring device is lowered through the well into the collapse pit to monitor the collapsed part, fragmentation, and fault zone.

30. A machine (910) for an integrated shaft collapse mining infrastructure according to claim 25, comprising: - Portable platform (103) - Drilling and / or loading equipment, the mechanical configuration being used for: - Developing ore-running bells (100, 100a to 100c, 200a to 200g, 300a to 300f, 400a to 400e) in the rock mass (10), wherein at least a portion of the ore-running bell is excavated from the riser by means of drilling and / or loading with the aid of the machinery, thereby initiating caving by bottom cutting; - The ore-catching bell is developed by gradually expanding it upwards through excavation; and The machinery (910) is configured to drill and / or load the rock mass from inside the well, and the drilling and / or loading equipment is arranged on a movable platform (103) that is movable within the well to reach a position for operating the drilling and / or loading equipment, and the platform is movable within the well by being lowered to an operating position.

31. The machine according to claim 30, wherein, The drilling and / or loading equipment includes a borehole and / or loading device configured to initiate the collapse.

32. The machine according to claim 30 or 31, wherein, The machinery also includes a pretreatment device.

33. The machine (910) according to claim 30 or 31, wherein, The platform is constructed with a modular design.

34. The machine (910) according to claim 30 or 31, wherein, The machinery and / or devices arranged on the platform are configured with a modular design.

35. The machine (910) according to claim 30 or 31, wherein, The mechanical structure is configured to operate via remote control and / or manual control.

36. The machine (910) according to claim 30 or 31, wherein, The mechanical structure is configured to be semi-automatic or fully automated.

37. The machine (910) according to claim 30 or 31, wherein, The machinery (910) used for drilling is configured to perform directional drilling.

38. The machine (910) according to claim 30 or 31, wherein, The machine (910) used for drilling is configured to drill curved holes by directional drilling.

39. The machine (910) according to claim 30 or 31, wherein, The machine (910) is configured to initiate blasting by wired detonators and / or remotely controlled detonators and / or non-electric detonators and / or wireless detonators.

40. An automatic or semi-automatic control system (901) for an integrated shaft collapse mining infrastructure according to any one of claims 25 to 26, wherein, The automatic or semi-automatic control system (901) is electrically connected to a control circuit (900), the control circuit (900) being configured to control the integrated well collapse mining method according to any one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the control circuit (900) includes a data medium configured to store a data program (P) programmed to control the automatic or semi-automatic control system (901) and / or to control the machinery according to any one of claims 30 to 39 and / or to communicate with a monitoring system (920) according to any one of claims 27 to 29.

41. The automatic or semi-automatic control system (901) according to claim 40, wherein, The automatic or semi-automatic control system (901) includes the machinery (910), wherein the machinery (910) is configured to be operated by the automatic or semi-automatic control system (901) in a remote control mode and / or an automatic control mode and / or a semi-automatic control mode and / or a manual control mode.

42. A data medium configured to store a data program (P), the data program (P) being configured to control an automatic or semi-automatic control system (901) according to any one of claims 40 to 41 and / or configured to control machinery (910) according to any one of claims 30 to 39, the data medium comprising program code readable by a control circuit (900) for executing an integrated riser mining method according to any one of claims 1 to 24 when the data medium is run on the control circuit (900).

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