System and method for managing energy related stress in electrical systems

Abstract

A system and method for reducing / managing energy-related stress in an electrical system. The method includes processing electrical measurement data from or derived from energy-related signals captured by at least one intelligent electronic device in the electrical system to identify and track at least one energy-related transient in the electrical system. Quantifying an impact of the at least one energy-related transient on equipment in the electrical system and generating one or more transient-related alerts in response to its impact being proximate to, within, or above a predetermined range of a stress tolerance of the equipment. Assigning a priority to the transient-related alert based in part on at least one of the stress tolerance of the equipment, a stress associated with the one or more transient events, and a cumulative energy-related stress on the equipment. Taking one or more actions in the electrical system in response to the transient-related alert to reduce the energy-related stress on the equipment in the electrical system.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of the invention patent application filed on October 12, 2020, with application number 202011083282.8 and entitled "System and method for managing energy-related stress in electrical systems".

[0002] Cross-references to related applications

[0003] This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 914,207, filed on October 11, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0004] This disclosure generally relates to electrical or power systems, and more specifically, to systems and methods for analyzing, quantifying, and managing energy-related stresses in electrical systems. Background Technology

[0005] It is well known that transient overvoltages exceeding insulation ratings can stress electrical insulators, leading to gradual dielectric breakdown or sudden failure. Industrial facilities frequently experience numerous transients per hour, accompanied by voltage pulses exceeding five to ten times the nominal system voltage. Reducing the amplitude and duration of voltage transients can extend the life of equipment insulators, thereby extending equipment service life.

[0006] Because damage caused by transient voltages can be subtle, identifying the root cause of equipment failure is challenging and is often diagnosed as "unknown." Many integrated circuit and component failures are caused by voltage transients, and large equipment such as induction motors are also susceptible to costly voltage transient damage. It is estimated that billions of dollars worth of electronic equipment are lost globally each year due to voltage transients, and this loss is increasing annually with technological advancements. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This document describes systems and methods related to reducing / managing energy-dependent stresses in electrical systems, such as those caused by transient voltages and other energy-dependent transients. For example, an electrical system may be associated with at least one load, process, building, facility, vessel, aircraft, or other type of structure. In one aspect of this disclosure, a method for reducing / managing energy-dependent stresses in an electrical system includes processing electrical measurement data derived from or from an energy-dependent signal captured by at least one intelligent electronic device (IED) in the electrical system to identify and track at least one energy-dependent transient in the electrical system. The at least one energy-dependent transient may include, for example, at least one of voltage transients and current transients.

[0008] The method also includes quantifying the impact of the at least one energy-dependent transient on equipment in an electrical system (e.g., mechanisms, devices, and / or components associated with a particular application, multiple applications, and / or (multiple) processes). Each piece of equipment may have an associated stress tolerance to the at least one energy-dependent transient, which is used to quantify the impact of the at least one energy-dependent transient.

[0009] The method also includes generating one or more transient-related alarms in response to the effects of at least one energy-related transient being close to, within, or above the stress tolerance range of the equipment. In one embodiment, transient-related alarms are prioritized in part based on at least one of the equipment's energy-related stress tolerance, the energy-related stress associated with one or more transient events, and the cumulative energy-related stress on the equipment. Additionally, in one embodiment, one or more actions are taken in the electrical system in response to a transient-related alarm to reduce the energy-related stress on the equipment in the electrical system. It is well known that energy-related transients can generate or cause stresses (e.g., electrical, thermal, and mechanical stresses) that may shorten the lifespan of equipment in an electrical system. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the effects of energy-related transients and extend the operational life of the equipment. In some embodiments, the actions taken in response to a transient-related alarm are based on at least one of the priority and severity of the transient-related alarm to extend the operational life of the equipment. These actions may include, for example, at least one of the following: communicating the occurrence of a transient-related alarm associated with at least one energy-related transient, and controlling at least one component (e.g., equipment) in the electrical system, which will be further described below. It should be understood that the terms “stress” and “energy-related stress” are used interchangeably throughout the application and are considered to have the same meaning according to embodiments of this disclosure.

[0010] In some embodiments, the above method can be implemented on at least one IED. Additionally, in some embodiments, the above method can be implemented partially or entirely away from at least one IED, for example, in a gateway, cloud-based system, field software, remote server, etc. (which may also be referred to herein as a "head-end" or "edge" system). In some embodiments, at least one IED can be coupled to measure energy-related signals, receive electrical measurement data from or derived from energy-related signals at an input, and be configured to generate at least one or more outputs. These outputs can be used to indicate and / or analyze the effects of energy-related transients on equipment in an electrical system. Examples of at least one IED may include a smart power meter, a power quality meter, and / or another measuring device (or multiple measuring devices). For example, at least one IED may include a circuit breaker, a relay, a power quality correction device, an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), a filter, and / or a variable speed drive (VSD). Additionally, in some embodiments, at least one IED may include at least one virtual meter.

[0011] In some embodiments, the methods described above and other methods (and systems) described below may include one or more of the following features, individually or in combination with other features. For example, in some embodiments, the energy-related signal captured by at least one IED includes at least one of the following: a voltage signal, a current signal, and a derived energy-related value. In some embodiments, the derived energy-related value includes at least one of the following: an additional energy-related value calculated, derived, developed, interpolated, extrapolated, evaluated, or otherwise determined based on at least one of the voltage and current signals. Additionally, in some embodiments, the derived energy-related value(s) includes at least one of the following: active power, apparent power, reactive power, energy, harmonic distortion, power factor, harmonic power, harmonic voltage, harmonic current, interharmonic current, interharmonic voltage, interharmonic power, single-phase current, phase angle, impedance, sequence components, total voltage harmonic distortion, total current harmonic distortion, three-phase current, (multiple) phase voltages, (multiple) line voltages, or other similar parameters. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the derived energy-related values ​​include at least one energy-related characteristic, which includes amplitude, phase angle, duration, related frequency component, impedance, energy-related parameter shape, and attenuation rate. It should be understood that, for example, the energy-related signal may include (or utilize) substantially any electrical parameter (including voltage and current themselves) derived from at least one of the voltage and current signals.

[0012] In some embodiments, energy-related signals may be captured continuously or semi-continuously by at least one IED, and in response, transient-related alarms may be updated (e.g., generated / regenerated, evaluated / re-evaluated, prioritized / reassigned, etc.). For example, a transient-related alarm may initially be generated in response to at least one energy-related transient identified from an energy-related signal captured at a first time, and may be updated or modified in response to (e.g., including or incorporating) an energy-related transient identified from an energy-related signal captured at a second time. As energy-related transients are captured, transient-related alarms can be continuously updated (e.g., regenerated, re-evaluated, prioritized, etc.) based on the unique response of the electrical system.

[0013] In some embodiments, taking one or more actions in response to a transient-related alarm to reduce energy-related stress on equipment in an electrical system includes: identifying at least one means for reducing energy-related stress on equipment in the electrical system; selecting one or more of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress based on at least one of the priority and severity of the transient-related alarm; and applying the selected one or more means for reducing energy-related stress. In some embodiments, the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress is further selected based on the expected ability of the at least one means for reducing at least one of the amplitude and duration of at least one energy-related transient in the electrical system. Additionally, in some embodiments, the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress is further selected based on the economic cost associated with acquiring and / or applying the at least one means. In some embodiments, the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress includes at least one transient mitigation device. In some embodiments, the at least one transient mitigation device includes at least one of the following: a surge arrester, a surge arrester, a surge suppressor, a line reactor, a buffer, and a transient voltage surge suppressor.

[0014] In some embodiments, actions taken in response to transient-related alarms are automatically performed by a control system associated with the electrical system. The control system may be used, for example, to control one or more parameters associated with the electrical system in response to transient-related alarms (this is an example type of action taken). The control system may be an instrument, an IED (e.g., an IED within an IED), field / front-end / edge software (i.e., a software system), a cloud-based control system, a gateway, a system that routes data via Ethernet or some other communication system, etc. In embodiments where the control system is not at least one IED or does not include at least one IED, for example, the control system may be communicatively coupled to at least one IED. The control system may also be communicatively coupled to at least one of the following: a cloud-based system associated with the electrical system, field software, a gateway, and another front-end or edge system.

[0015] In some embodiments, the control system may automatically control at least one component in the electrical system in response to a transient-related alarm (this is another example type of action that can be taken). The at least one component may correspond to at least one piece of equipment for which a transient-related alarm has been generated in response to the effect of at least one energy-related transient approaching, being within, or exceeding a predetermined range of the equipment's energy-related stress tolerance. In some embodiments, the at least one component is controlled in response to a control signal generated by the control system, which indicates / provides adjustment of at least one parameter associated with the at least one component, other associated components / loads / equipment, or the electrical system.

[0016] In some embodiments, electrical measurement data derived from or derived from an energy-related signal captured by at least one IED is processed on at least one of: a cloud-based system, field or edge software, a gateway, and another front-end system associated with the electrical system. In these embodiments, for example, at least one IED may be communicatively coupled to at least one of: a cloud-based system, field or edge software, a gateway, and another front-end system on which electrical measurement data is processed, analyzed, and / or displayed.

[0017] In some embodiments, data associated with at least one energy-related transient is stored (e.g., stored in a storage device of at least one device or system associated with an electrical system) and / or tracked over a predetermined time period. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period is a user-configured time period.

[0018] In some embodiments, the impact of at least one energy-related transient on equipment is determined and quantified based on at least one of the following: the nature and source of the at least one energy-related transient, the equipment's sensitivity to the at least one energy-related transient, the effect of the equipment on the at least one energy-related transient, and the cost sensitivity of enterprise operations and / or infrastructure to the at least one energy-related transient. The effect of the equipment on the at least one energy-related transient can refer, for example, how the equipment and / or infrastructure attenuate or exacerbate the energy-related transient. Additionally, the cost sensitivity of enterprise operations and / or infrastructure to the at least one energy-related transient can refer, for example, the monetary impact of the transient's effect on enterprise operations and / or infrastructure.

[0019] In some embodiments, quantifying the impact of at least one energy-dependent transient includes classifying the effects and / or effects of the at least one energy-dependent transient on the equipment. In some embodiments, the effects of the at least one energy-dependent transient are classified as at least one of the following: intermittent interruption, chronic degradation, potential failure, and catastrophic failure. Definitions of these example types of classification (and other classifications) are provided in the Detailed Description section of this disclosure. It should be understood that intermittent interruption, chronic degradation, potential failure, and catastrophic failure are just a few of many possible ways to classify at least one energy-dependent transient, as will become apparent from this disclosure.

[0020] In some embodiments, the method further includes communicating transient-related alarms to, for example, end users, equipment manufacturers, service teams, and / or other interested individuals or parties. The communication may include at least one of, for example, reports, text, email, auditory, and screen / display interfaces (e.g., a computing device or display device associated with an electrical system). Reports, text, etc., may present the priority and severity of the transient-related alarm. Additionally, reports, text, etc., may provide feasible recommendations for responding to transient-related alarms. For example, a transient-related alarm notifies the end user, equipment manufacturer, and / or service team when equipment approaches and / or exceeds a predetermined threshold of voltage stress energy.

[0021] In some embodiments, the stress tolerance of equipment and the cumulative energy-related stress on the equipment can be used to predict the end of life (EOL) of the equipment. For example, it is well known that surge devices (which are an example type of equipment) may not have a defined cumulative stress life. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the EOL of surge devices (and other devices lacking a defined cumulative stress life) can be analytically predicted / estimated, for example, using accumulated energy-related stress data based on EOL data of similar products / equipment. In some embodiments, the mean time to failure (MTTF) can be used to predict the EOL of equipment (e.g., surge devices). In some embodiments, the MTTF is based on an assessment of at least the individual and cumulative effects of energy-related stress. In some embodiments, the equipment manufacturer may specify energy-related stress limits. Additionally, the end user (or other relevant party) may specify limits independently. In some embodiments, the approach EOL or EOL of the equipment can be communicated to, for example, the end user, the equipment manufacturer, and / or the service team. Similar to the communication of transient-related alarms, the communication of the approach EOL or EOL of the equipment may include, for example, at least one of the following: reports, text, email, audible, and screen / display interfaces. For example, in embodiments of equipment with a defined cumulative stress life (as opposed to the example surge equipment discussed above), when the cumulative energy-related stress approaches and / or exceeds the defined stress life, an indication can be transmitted to warn end users, equipment manufacturers, service teams, and / or other interested individuals or parties.

[0022] In some embodiments, the method further includes evaluating one or more characteristics of at least one energy-dependent transient to isolate and identify transient sources. Additionally, in some embodiments, the method further includes evaluating one or more characteristics of at least one energy-dependent transient to identify the sources and locations of at least one energy-dependent transient.

[0023] This document also provides a corresponding system for automatically classifying disturbances in an electrical system. Specifically, in one aspect of this disclosure, a system for reducing / managing energy-dependent stresses in an electrical system includes a processor and a storage device coupled to the processor. The processor and storage device are configured to process electrical measurement data derived from or from energy-dependent signals captured by at least one IED in the electrical system, to identify and track at least one energy-dependent transient in the electrical system. The processor and storage device are also configured to quantify the impact of the at least one energy-dependent transient on equipment in the electrical system. Each piece of equipment in the electrical system may have an associated energy-dependent stress tolerance for the at least one energy-dependent transient.

[0024] The processor and storage device are also configured to generate one or more transient-related alarms in response to the effect of at least one energy-related transient approaching, being within, or exceeding a predetermined range of the equipment's stress tolerance. The processor and storage device are also configured to prioritize transient-related alarms based in part on at least one of the equipment's stress tolerance, the stress associated with the one or more transient events, and the cumulative energy-related stress on the equipment. One or more actions in the electrical system may be taken by the processor and storage device (or other systems and devices in the electrical system) in response to the transient-related alarms to reduce energy-related stress on the equipment in the electrical system. In one embodiment, one or more actions are taken based on at least one of the priority and severity of the transient-related alarm.

[0025] In some embodiments, the system described above may correspond to a control system for monitoring or controlling one or more parameters associated with an electrical system. In some embodiments, the control system may be an instrument, an IED (e.g., an IED in at least one of at least one IED responsible for capturing energy-related signals), a programmable logic controller (PLC), field / front-end software (i.e., a software system), a cloud-based control system, a gateway, a system for routing data via Ethernet or some other communication system, etc.

[0026] As used herein, an IED is a computing electronic device optimized to perform a specific function or set of functions. Examples of IEDs include smart utility meters, power quality meters, microprocessor relays, digital fault recorders, and other metering devices. IEDs can also be embedded in variable speed drives (VSDs), uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), circuit breakers, relays, transformers, or any other electrical installations. IEDs can be used to perform monitoring and control functions in a variety of facilities. Installations may include utility systems, industrial facilities, warehouses, office buildings or other commercial complexes, campus facilities, computing colocation centers, data centers, power distribution networks, or any other structure, process, or load that uses electrical energy. For example, in the case of an IED that is a power monitoring device, it can be coupled to (or installed in) a transmission or distribution system and configured to sense / measure and store data as electrical parameters representing the operating characteristics of the power distribution system (e.g., voltage, current, waveform distortion, power, etc.). For example, users can analyze these parameters and characteristics to assess potential performance, reliability, and / or power quality related issues. An IED may include at least one controller (in some IEDs, the controller may be configured to run one or more applications simultaneously, serially, or simultaneously and serially), firmware, memory, a communication interface, and connectors for connecting the IED to external systems, devices, and / or components at any voltage level, configuration, and / or type (e.g., AC, DC). At least some aspects of the IED's monitoring and control capabilities may be embodied in computer programs accessible to the IED.

[0027] In some embodiments, the term "IED" as used herein may refer to a hierarchy of IEDs that operate in parallel and / or serially. For example, an IED may correspond to a hierarchy of energy meters, power meters, and / or other types of resource meters. This hierarchy may include tree-based hierarchies, such as binary trees, trees with one or more child nodes descending from each or more parent nodes, or combinations thereof, where each node represents a specific IED. In some cases, IED hierarchies may share data or hardware resources and may execute shared software. It is understood that hierarchies may be non-spatial, such as billing hierarchies, where IEDs grouped together may be physically unrelated.

[0028] In some embodiments, the metering devices (e.g., IEDs) and equipment / loads of the systems and methods described above and below are installed, positioned at different locations (i.e., multiple locations) or metering points in the electrical system, and / or derived from different locations (i.e., multiple locations) or metering points in the electrical system. For example, a particular IED (e.g., a second IED) may be located upstream (or upstream) of another IED (e.g., a third IED) in the electrical system, while simultaneously downstream (or downstream) of another IED (e.g., a first IED) in the electrical system.

[0029] As used herein, the terms “upstream” and “downstream” (sometimes also referred to as “upper” and “lower line”, respectively) are used to refer to electrical locations within an electrical system. More specifically, the electrical locations of “upstream” and “downstream” are relative to the electrical location of the IED that collects and provides this information. For example, in an electrical system comprising multiple IEDs, one or more IEDs may be located (or installed) in an upstream electrical location relative to one or more other IEDs in the electrical system, and one or more IEDs may be located (or installed) in a downstream electrical location relative to one or more other IEDs in the electrical system. A first IED or load located on a circuit upstream of a second IED or load may, for example, be electrically closer to the input or source of the electrical system (e.g., a generator or utility feeder) than the second IED or load. Conversely, a first IED or load located on a circuit downstream of a second IED or load may be closer to the end or termination of the electrical system than another IED.

[0030] In an embodiment, a first IED or load electrically connected in parallel (e.g., on a circuit) with a second IED or load can be considered an “electrically” uplink of the second IED or load, and vice versa. In an embodiment, multiple algorithms for determining the direction (i.e., uplink or downlink) of a power quality event are located (or stored) in the IED, the cloud, field software, gateways, etc. As an example, the IED can (e.g., by sampling the corresponding signal) record voltage and current phase information of an electrical event and communicate this information to a cloud-based system. The cloud-based system can then analyze the voltage and current phase information (e.g., instantaneous, root mean square (rms), waveform, and / or other electrical characteristics) to determine whether the source of the energy-related transient is an electrically uplink or electrically downlink where the IED is electrically coupled to the electrical system (or network).

[0031] It is understandable that there are various types of power quality events, and these types of power quality events have certain characteristics. For example, power quality events can include voltage transients. Below is a table from IEEE Standard 1159-2019 (Known Techniques), which defines various categories and characteristics of electromagnetic phenomena in power systems.

[0032]

[0033] a The quantity pu refers to each unit and is dimensionless. 1.0 pu corresponds to 100%. The nominal condition is generally considered to be 1.0 pu. In this table, the nominal peak value is used as the basis for transients, and the nominal RMS value is used as the basis for RMS changes.

[0034] b flicker severity index P st In IEC 61000-4-15:2010 and IEEE Std 1453 TM Defined in the Chinese.

[0035] It is understood that the table above is a way for a standards body (in this case, IEEE) to define / characterize power quality events. It is also understood that other standards define power quality categories / events, such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), etc., which may have different descriptions or power quality event types, characteristics, and terminology. Furthermore, it is understood that the types and descriptions of power quality events can change over time, and the systems and methods disclosed herein are intended to be applicable to the current and future types and descriptions of power quality events. According to embodiments of this disclosure, power quality events (e.g., transient voltage) may additionally or alternatively be custom power quality events (e.g., user-defined).

[0036] Transient voltages typically originate from one of two distinct sources: 1) lightning events and 2) switching events. Lightning events inject transient voltages into electrical systems through one of three mechanisms: 1) directly striking the circuit, 2) indirectly striking the circuit and inducing voltage and current in the circuit, and 3) generating a large grounding potential coupled to the grounding system of the electrical system. Lightning strikes the Earth approximately 6,000 times per minute; for example, in the Nashville area of ​​Tennessee alone, an estimated 63 strikes occur per square mile per year. In North America, lightning-related insurance losses exceed $1 billion annually.

[0037] A more common scenario for injecting transient voltages into electrical systems is through switching events. Powering large system loads (e.g., capacitor banks, transformers), powering demand-side loads (e.g., motors), opening / closing circuits, normal load operation (e.g., controlled rectifiers), and system faults (e.g., short circuits, arcing) are all associated with switching-related events. Switching events are inherent in the daily operation of typical electrical systems.

[0038] With the increasing prevalence of transient sources and the potential severity of their impacts, it is crucial for both source-side producers and demand-side consumers to have tools to help assess and resolve transient issues. Many metering system end-users are not energy experts (nor transient experts, of course); however, they need to understand and prioritize the numerous metering system alarms that constantly overwhelm them.

[0039] In the field of surge protection, an ongoing challenge is how to predict early failures of equipment and devices. An exemplary objective of this invention is to simplify the analysis of transient impacts and provide end-users with an "early warning system" that offers recommendations for installing transient protection and / or inspecting / testing existing transient protection to ensure it continues to operate within its design specifications. For example, it can leverage the high-end platform (HEP) metering capabilities of Schneider Electric's ION9000T (and CM4000T).

[0040] For example, the ability to prioritize transient-related alarms not only based on amplitude and duration, but also on energy / stress and accumulated energy / stress would allow end users to focus on the consequences of transient events.

[0041] In addition to other features, the present invention provides a novel energy stress alarm (for acute and chronic transient problems) that tracks energy stress to indicate impending failure of a mitigation device (SPD), assesses the ability of existing systems to mitigate transient energy and facilitates transient mitigation recommendations, and characterizes energy stress from transient events to help locate and identify transient sources.

[0042] It is understandable that the disclosed systems and methods have many other advantages, as will be apparent from the following discussion. Attached Figure Description

[0043] The foregoing features of this disclosure, and the disclosure itself, can be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0044] Figure 1 An example electrical system according to an embodiment of this disclosure is shown;

[0045] Figure 2 An example intelligent electronic device (IED) that can be used in an electrical system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown;

[0046] Figure 3 This is a flowchart illustrating an example implementation of a method for reducing / managing energy-related stresses in an electrical system according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0047] Figure 4 This is a flowchart illustrating another example implementation of a method for reducing / managing energy-related stresses in an electrical system according to embodiments of this disclosure;

[0048] Figure 5An example electrical system subjected to transient events is shown, and with respect to this example electrical system, it can be found that the systems and methods disclosed herein are suitable for reducing / managing energy-related stresses in electrical systems caused by transient events;

[0049] Figure 6 An electrical system (e.g., such as) is shown. Figure 1 and Figure 5 The accumulation of energy-related stress over a period of time for example components of the electrical system shown or example components associated with the electrical system; and

[0050] Figure 7 The expected lifetime of an example component of an electrical system, or an example component associated with the electrical system, is shown in relation to the duration of exposure of the example component to energy-related stresses. Detailed Implementation

[0051] The features and other details of the concepts, systems, and techniques sought to be protected herein will now be described in more specific detail. It will be understood that any specific embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as a limitation of this disclosure and the concepts described herein. Features of the subject matter described herein may be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the sought-protected concepts.

[0052] For convenience, this document compiles some introductory concepts and terms used in the specification (as well as those adopted from IEEE Standard 1159-2019).

[0053] As used herein, the term "aperiodic event" is used to describe electrical events that occur non-periodicly, arbitrarily, or without a specific time pattern. For the purposes of this paper, transients are considered aperiodic events (i.e., notch waves are considered harmonic phenomena).

[0054] As used herein, the term "transient" is used to describe deviations from nominal values ​​in voltage and / or current that typically last less than one cycle. Subcategories of transients include pulse (unidirectional polarity) and oscillatory (bidirectional polarity) transients.

[0055] In the embodiments, there are four general qualities that determine the impact of energy-related transient events:

[0056] 1. The nature and source of transients,

[0057] 2. The susceptibility of (multiple) systems, (multiple) processes, and / or (multiple) loads to (multiple) transients.

[0058] 3. The effects of transients on (multiple) systems, (multiple) processes, and / or (multiple) loads, and

[0059] 4. Cost sensitivity to this effect.

[0060] Because each facility is unique (even within a homogeneous market segment), it is difficult to assert the extent to which several (or even one) energy-related transient events will affect the operation of a facility. For example, an energy-related transient event may have a significant impact on the operation of one facility, while the same energy-related transient may have a small or no significant impact on the operation of another facility. The impact of an energy-related transient on one part of a facility's electrical system may also differ from its impact on another part of the same electrical system.

[0061] refer to Figure 1 An example electrical system according to an embodiment of this disclosure includes one or more loads (hereinafter referred to as loads 111, 112, 113, 114, 115) (sometimes also referred to herein as “equipment” or “device”) and one or more intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) (hereinafter referred to as IEDs 121, 122, 123, 124) capable of sampling, sensing, or monitoring one or more parameters (e.g., power monitoring parameters) associated with the loads. In embodiments, loads 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 and IEDs 121, 122, 123, 124 may be mounted on one or more buildings or other physical locations, or they may be mounted on one or more processing and / or loads within a building. These buildings may correspond to, for example, commercial, industrial, or institutional buildings.

[0062] like Figure 1 As shown, IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 are each coupled to one or more of loads 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 (in some embodiments, these loads may be located on the "upstream" or "downstream" of the IED). Loads 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 may include machinery or devices associated with a particular application (e.g., an industrial application), multiple applications, and / or (multiple) processes. For example, the machinery may include electrical or electronic equipment. The machinery may also include controls and / or auxiliary equipment associated with the equipment.

[0063] In some embodiments, IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 can monitor and, in some embodiments, analyze parameters (e.g., energy-related parameters) associated with the loads 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 coupled to them. In some embodiments, IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 may also be embedded within the loads 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115. Depending on the specifics, one or more of IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 can be configured to monitor power supply devices, including surge protection devices (SPDs), trip units, active filters, lighting, IT equipment, motors, and / or transformers (these are some examples of loads 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 and IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124), and can detect ground faults, voltage drops, voltage swells, brief interruptions, and oscillating transients, as well as cooling fan failures, temperature, arcing faults, phase-to-phase faults, short-circuited windings, blown fuses, and harmonic distortion (these are some example parameters that may be associated with loads 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115). IED121, 122, 123, and 124 can also monitor devices such as generators, including input / output (I / O), protective relays, battery chargers, and sensors (e.g., water, air, gas, steam, liquid level, accelerometer, flow rate, stress, etc.).

[0064] According to another aspect, IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 can detect overvoltage and undervoltage conditions (e.g., transient overvoltage), as well as other parameters such as temperature, including ambient temperature. According to yet another aspect, IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 can provide indications of monitored parameters and detected conditions, which can be used to control loads 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115, and other equipment in the electrical system on which loads 111, 112, 113, 114, and IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 are installed. Various other monitoring and / or control functions can be performed by IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124, and the aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 operating according to the examples described above.

[0065] It should be understood that IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 can take various forms and may each have associated complexities (or a set of functional capabilities and / or features). For example, IED 121 may correspond to a “basic” IED, IED 122 may correspond to an “intermediate” IED, and IED 123 may correspond to an “advanced” IED. In such embodiments, intermediate IED 122 may have more functionalities (e.g., energy measurement features and / or capabilities) than basic IED 121, and advanced IED 123 may have more functionalities and / or features than intermediate IED 122. For example, in one embodiment, IED 121 (e.g., an IED with basic capabilities and / or features) may be able to monitor instantaneous voltage, current energy, demand, power factor, average value, maximum value, instantaneous power, and / or long-duration root mean square variation, while IED 123 (e.g., an IED with advanced capabilities) may be able to monitor all additional parameters, such as voltage transients, voltage fluctuations, frequency slew rate, harmonic power flow, and discrete harmonic components, at a higher sampling rate. It is understood that this example is for illustrative purposes only, and similarly, in some embodiments, an IED with basic capabilities may be able to monitor one or more of the aforementioned energy measurement parameters indicated to be associated with an IED with advanced capabilities. It is also understood that in some embodiments, IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 each have independent functionality.

[0066] In the illustrated example embodiment, IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 are communicatively coupled to the central processing unit 140 via a “cloud” 150. In some embodiments, IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 may be directly communicatively coupled to the cloud 150, as in IED 121 in the illustrated embodiment. In other embodiments, IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 may be indirectly communicatively coupled to the cloud 150, for example, via an intermediate device such as a cloud-connected hub 130 (or gateway), as in IEDs 122, 123, and 124 in the illustrated embodiment. The cloud-connected hub 130 (or gateway) may, for example, provide IEDs 122, 123, and 124 with access to the cloud 150 and the central processing unit 140.

[0067] As used herein, the terms “cloud” and “cloud computing” are intended to refer to computing resources connected to the Internet or otherwise accessible via a communication network, such as IED121, 122, 123, 124, which may be wired or wireless, or a combination of both. Computing resources, including cloud 150, may be centralized in a single location, distributed across multiple locations, or a combination of both. Cloud computing systems may partition computing tasks among multiple racks, blades, processors, cores, controllers, nodes, or other computing units, depending on a specific cloud system architecture or programming. Similarly, cloud computing systems may store instructions and computational information in a centralized memory or storage device, or may distribute such information among multiple storage devices or storage components. Cloud systems may store multiple copies of instructions and computational information in redundant storage units (e.g., RAID arrays).

[0068] Central processing unit 140 may be an example of a cloud computing system or a cloud-connected computing system. In embodiments, central processing unit 140 may be a server located within a building where loads 111, 112, 113, 114, 115 and IEDs 121, 122, 123, 124 are installed, or it may be a remote, cloud-based service. In some embodiments, central processing unit 140 may include computing functional components similar to those of IEDs 121, 122, 123, 124, but may typically have a larger number and / or more powerful versions of components involved in data processing, such as processors, memory, storage devices, interconnect mechanisms, etc. Central processing unit 140 may be configured to implement various analytical techniques to identify patterns in measurement data received from IEDs 121, 122, 123, 124, as discussed further below. The various analytical techniques discussed herein also involve the execution of one or more software functions, algorithms, instructions, applications, and parameters stored on one or more sources of memory communicatively coupled to the central processing unit 140. In some embodiments, the terms “function,” “algorithm,” “instruction,” “application,” or “parameter” may also refer to a hierarchy of functions, algorithms, instructions, applications, or parameters operating in parallel and / or serially. A hierarchy may include a tree-based hierarchy, such as a binary tree, a tree with one or more child nodes descending from each parent node, or a combination thereof, where each node represents a specific function, algorithm, instruction, application, or parameter.

[0069] In this embodiment, since the central processing unit 140 is connected to the cloud 150, it can access additional cloud-connected devices or databases 160 via the cloud 150. For example, the central processing unit 140 can access the internet and receive information such as weather data, utility pricing data, or other data that may be useful in analyzing measurement data received from IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124. In this embodiment, the cloud-connected device or database 160 may correspond to a device or database associated with one or more external data sources. Additionally, in this embodiment, the cloud-connected device or database 160 may correspond to a user device from which a user can provide user input data. The user can view information about IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 (e.g., IED manufacturer, model, type, etc.) and data collected by IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124 using the user device (e.g., energy usage statistics). Furthermore, in this embodiment, the user can use the user device to configure IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124.

[0070] In this embodiment, by leveraging the cloud connectivity and enhanced computing resources of the central processing unit 140 relative to IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124, complex analyses can be performed on data retrieved from one or more IEDs 121, 122, 123, and 124, as well as on the aforementioned additional data sources, where appropriate. This analysis can be used to dynamically control one or more parameters, processes, conditions, or devices (e.g., loads) associated with the electrical system.

[0071] In this embodiment, parameters, processes, conditions, or equipment are dynamically controlled by a control system associated with the electrical system. In this embodiment, the control system may correspond to or include one or more of IEDs 121, 122, 123, 124, the central processing unit 140, and / or other devices internal or external to the electrical system.

[0072] refer to Figure 2 For example, applicable to Figure 1 The example IED 200 of the electrical system shown includes a controller 210, a storage device 215, a storage unit 225, and an interface 230. IED 200 also includes an input / output (I / O) port 235, a sensor 240, a communication module 245, and an interconnection mechanism 220 for communicatively coupling two or more IED components 210-245.

[0073] For example, storage device 215 may include volatile memory such as DRAM and SRAM. Storage device 215 may store programs and data collected during the operation of IED 200. For example, when IED 200 is configured to monitor or measure one or more loads in an electrical system (e.g., Figure 1 In an embodiment of one or more electrical parameters associated with 111 shown, storage device 215 may store the monitored electrical parameters.

[0074] Storage system 225 may include computer-readable and writable non-volatile recording media, such as disks or flash memory, storing signals that define a program to be executed by controller 210 or information to be processed by a program. Controller 210 may control data transfer between storage system 225 and storage device 215 according to known computing and data transfer mechanisms. In embodiments, electrical parameters monitored or measured by IED 200 may be stored in storage system 225.

[0075] I / O port 235 can be used to transfer loads (e.g., Figure 1 As shown in Figure 111), I / O port 235 is coupled to IED 200, and sensor 240 can be used to monitor or measure electrical parameters associated with a load. I / O port 235 can also be used to couple external devices such as sensor devices (e.g., temperature and / or motion sensor devices) and / or user input devices (e.g., local or remote computing devices) (not shown) to IED 200. External devices can be local or remote devices, such as gateways (or multiple gateways). I / O port 235 can be further coupled to one or more user input / output mechanisms, such as buttons, displays, acoustic devices, etc., to provide alarms (e.g., displaying visual alarms such as text and / or steady or flashing lights, or providing audio alarms such as beeps or prolonged sounds) and / or allow user interaction with IED 200.

[0076] The communication module 245 can be configured to couple the IED 200 to one or more external communication networks or devices. These networks can be private networks within a building where the IED 200 is installed, or public networks such as the Internet. In embodiments, the communication module 245 can also be configured to couple the IED 200 to a hub (e.g., a cloud connection associated with the electrical system including the IED 200) that is connected to the cloud. Figure 1 The 130 shown) or cloud-connected central processing unit (e.g., Figure 1 (140 shown).

[0077] IED controller 210 may include one or more processors configured to perform multiple specific functions of IED 200. The processors may be commercial processors, such as well-known Pentium™, Core™, or Atom™ processors available from Intel Corporation. Many other processors are also available, including programmable logic controllers. IED controller 210 may run an operating system to define the computing platform on which the applications associated with IED 200 can run.

[0078] In an embodiment, electrical parameters monitored or measured by IED 200 can be received as IED input data at the input of controller 210, and controller 210 can process the measured electrical parameters to generate IED output data or signals at its output. In an embodiment, the IED output data or signals can correspond to the output of IED 200. For example, IED output data or signals can be provided at I / O ports(235). In an embodiment, the IED output data or signals can be received by a cloud-connected central processing unit, for example, for further processing (e.g., identifying and tracking energy-related transients, as briefly discussed above), and / or can be received by equipment (e.g., a load) to which the IED is coupled (e.g., for controlling one or more parameters associated with the equipment, as discussed further below). In one example, IED 200 may include an interface 230 for displaying a visualization indicating IED output data or signals. In an embodiment, interface 230 can correspond to a graphical user interface (GUI).

[0079] The components of IED 200 can be coupled together via interconnection mechanism 220, which may include one or more buses, wiring, or other electrical connection devices. Interconnection mechanism 220 enables communication (e.g., data, instructions, etc.) to be exchanged between system components of IED 200.

[0080] It is understood that, according to various aspects of this disclosure, IED 200 is only one of many potential configurations of an IED. For example, an IED according to embodiments of this disclosure may include more (or fewer) components than IED 200. Additionally, in embodiments, one or more components of IED 200 may be combined. For example, in embodiments, memory 215 and storage device 225 may be combined.

[0081] refer to Figure 3 and Figure 4 Several flowcharts (or work diagrams) are shown to illustrate various methods (here, methods 300, 400) for reducing / managing energy-related stresses in electrical systems as disclosed herein. Rectangular elements (by...) can be referred to herein as "processing boxes". Figure 3Element 305 in the diagram represents computer software and / or IED algorithm instructions or instruction sets. The diamond-shaped element (represented by...) which may be referred to herein as a "decision block" is... Figure 3 Element 320 in the diagram represents computer software and / or IED algorithm instructions or instruction sets that affect the execution of computer software and / or IED algorithm instructions represented by the processing box. The processing box and decision box (and other boxes shown) may represent steps performed by a functionally equivalent circuit (such as a digital signal processor circuit or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)).

[0082] The flowchart does not depict the syntax of any particular programming language. Instead, the flowchart illustrates the functional information required by those skilled in the art to construct circuits or generate computer software to perform the processing required for a particular device. It should be noted that many common program elements, such as loops and variable initialization, and the use of temporary variables, are not shown. Those skilled in the art will understand that the specific order of the boxes described herein is illustrative only and can be changed unless otherwise indicated herein. Therefore, unless otherwise stated, the boxes described below are unordered; this means that these boxes can be executed in any convenient or desired order when possible, including boxes that can be executed sequentially, and vice versa. It will also be understood that in some embodiments, various features from the flowcharts described below can be combined. Therefore, unless otherwise stated, a feature of one of the flowcharts described below can be combined with other features of the flowcharts described below, for example, to capture the various advantages and aspects of the systems and methods associated with the automatic classification of disturbances in electrical systems for which this disclosure is sought. It will also be understood that in some embodiments, various features from the flowcharts described below can be separated. For example, although Figure 3 and Figure 4 The flowcharts shown are illustrated with many boxes, but in some embodiments, the methods illustrated by these flowcharts may include fewer boxes or steps.

[0083] refer to Figure 3 The flowchart illustrates an example method 300 for reducing and / or managing energy-related stresses in electrical systems. Method 300 can be used, for example, in at least one IED (e.g., Figure 1 The implementation is carried out on the processor of 121 shown and / or away from at least one IED implementation, for example, in at least one of the following: cloud-based system, field / edge software, gateway or other front-end system.

[0084] like Figure 3As shown, method 300 begins at block 305, wherein at least one IED (and / or control system) in the electrical system measures energy-related signals (or waveforms) and captures, collects, stores data, etc. The at least one IED may be installed or positioned at various metering points, for example, among multiple metering points in the electrical system. In some embodiments, the at least one IED may be coupled to one or more loads / equipment / devices in the electrical system, and the measured energy-related signals may be associated with the load to which the at least one IED is coupled.

[0085] The energy-related signal may include at least one of, for example, a voltage signal, a current signal, and a derived energy-related value. In some embodiments, the derived energy-related value includes at least one of, additional energy-related values ​​calculated, derived, developed, interpolated, extrapolated, evaluated, or otherwise determined from at least one of the voltage and current signals. It should be understood that many other derived energy-related values(s) are possible, for example, as discussed in the summary portion of this disclosure.

[0086] In block 310, electrical measurement data from or derived from an energy-related signal (e.g., voltage and / or current signal) is processed to identify and track at least one energy-related transient in the electrical system. In some embodiments, the at least one energy-related transient includes at least one of a voltage transient and a current transient. For example, at least one energy-related transient can be tracked over a predetermined time period, and data associated with the at least one energy-related transient can be stored over that predetermined time period. In some embodiments, the predetermined time period is a user-configured time period. More specifically, the user-configured time period may correspond to a time period configured by an end user or service team (e.g., via a mobile device), or a time period specified by the equipment manufacturer. Since each phase / energy path is “pressed” by voltage transient events over time, individual and cumulative energy associated with these events can be tracked, for example. It is understood that there are many different methods to “track” energy-related transients. For example, the accumulation of transient-related activity can be tracked by location, amplitude, duration, energy content frequency content, etc. These can also be tracked by individual events and / or by accumulating two or more individual events together. For example, measured or calculated energies from multiple events can be summed to determine the cumulative transient stress at a specific location of the IED. Additionally, one or more individual transient characteristics between two IED locations can be "interpolated," and this information can be tracked over time. In some embodiments, the "interpolation" of transient characteristics can occur during a quantization step (e.g., as described below in block 315).

[0087] In box 315, the impact of at least one energy-dependent transient on equipment in an electrical system is quantified. In some embodiments, quantifying the impact of at least one energy-dependent transient includes classifying the effects of the at least one energy-dependent transient on the equipment. For example, the effects of at least one energy-dependent transient may be classified as at least one of the following: intermittent interruption, chronic degradation, potential failure, and catastrophic failure.

[0088] Intermittent interruptions can occur, for example, when transient events are injected into data or control networks, resulting in data loss or corruption. This can lead to load or equipment lock-up, tripping, or misoperation. Factors affecting the ability to handle transient interference loads include semiconductor design and operating speed, system filters, grounding configuration, susceptibility to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI), and the configuration of data or control cables.

[0089] Chronic degradation can occur, for example, when repeated transient events reduce the integrity of exposed components (or multiple components). Equipment is generally known to have associated stress tolerances to energy-dependent transients. However, over time, typically days, weeks, or even months, the cumulative effects of energy-dependent transients (e.g., transient voltages) can eventually render vulnerable components inoperable. Because energy-dependent transients are frequent and relatively consistent in this case, it is possible to pinpoint their sources.

[0090] Latent failure is similar to chronic degradation, except that it is triggered by a major transient event that damages the component, but it does not cause the component to fail to perform its intended function. Over a period of time—also days, weeks, or even months—ordinary stresses from normal operation will eventually cause the component to malfunction. This mode is more difficult to troubleshoot because the root cause of the failure may have occurred at an uncertain point in the past.

[0091] Catastrophic failures caused by transient voltages are somewhat obvious because the affected components will immediately cease operation, and the damage may be visible. In this case, the peak amplitude or rate of rise of the transient voltage exceeds the component's rated threshold, thus creating a permanent open or short circuit within the component. In such cases, the likelihood of associating the component failure with power system disturbances is generally greater.

[0092] As described above, according to embodiments of this disclosure, the impact and classification of at least one energy-related transient can be based on the nature of the at least one energy-related transient and the sensitivity of the source and / or equipment to the at least one energy-related transient. According to embodiments of this disclosure, the impact and classification of at least one energy-related transient can additionally or alternatively be based on the effect of equipment or systems on the at least one energy-related transient and / or the cost sensitivity of enterprise operations and / or infrastructure to the at least one energy-related transient. For example, in some cases, equipment and / or infrastructure associated with the equipment can attenuate or exacerbate at least one energy-related transient (i.e., have an effect on at least one energy-related transient). In these cases, this effect can be used to classify at least one energy-related transient. In some cases, at least one energy-related transient may also have a monetary impact on enterprise operations and / or infrastructure (and reflected in the cost sensitivity of enterprise operations and / or infrastructure to at least one energy-related transient). In these cases, the monetary impact can be used to classify at least one energy-related transient.

[0093] It should be understood that, according to embodiments of this disclosure, there are many different ways to classify energy-related transients. Therefore, it should be understood that the above classifications (e.g., intermittent interruptions, chronic degradation, potential failures, and catastrophic failures) and classification factors are just a few of many possible ways to classify at least one energy-related transient. For example, as provided in the Summary of the Invention section of this disclosure, a table from IEEE Standard 1159-2019 classifies energy-related transients by type (pulse and oscillation) and by duration / frequency (low / medium / high), etc. However, it is understood that energy-related transients can also be classified as having / not having an impact on the load, for example, based on load changes associated with the transient event (as we do with voltage dips in other applications).

[0094] In box 320, it is determined whether the effect of at least one energy-dependent transient is above or below a predetermined range of the equipment's stress tolerance. As mentioned above, equipment typically has an associated stress tolerance to energy-dependent transients. The equipment's stress tolerance, as well as the cumulative energy-dependent stress on the equipment, can be an indication of an equipment's end-of-life (EOL). It is well known that equipment may fail (and reach its EOL) due to chronic degradation, potential failures, and / or catastrophic failures. According to embodiments of this disclosure, in embodiments where the equipment's EOL is unknown (e.g., for surge devices), the equipment's stress tolerance and the cumulative energy-dependent stress on the equipment can be used to predict the equipment's EOL. For example, in embodiments where the equipment includes at least one surge device that does not have a defined cumulative stress life, the EOL of at least one surge device can be predicted using cumulative energy-dependent stress data on at least one surge device, based on EOL data from similar products / equipment. For example, the Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) can be used to predict the EOL of the equipment (e.g., the surge device). For example, the MTTF can be based on an assessment of at least energy-dependent stress. In some embodiments, for example, the equipment's end-of-life (EOL) or near / approximate EOL can be communicated to the end user, equipment manufacturer, and / or service team. This allows the end user to schedule downtime to resolve the issue or replace the equipment accordingly.

[0095] Regarding surge protection devices, it is well known that these devices mitigate voltage transients by: 1) providing a low-impedance path for current during a voltage transient event, and 2) absorbing the inrush current associated with the voltage transient and diverting it to ground to protect loads / equipment from the effects of voltage transients (e.g., surges). These devices have a limited operational life and will fail over time when exposed to surge energy (e.g., the product of the square of the peak amplitude of the transient event and the duration of the transient voltage event) and / or energy stress (e.g., a region of transient voltage outside the nominal voltage signal). In some cases using older MOV (metal-oxide varistor) technology, the device may fail due to a short circuit leading to a faulty circuit. While newer versions of surge protection devices have integrated fuses that disconnect after this failure mode, it still presents the problem of not knowing when a fault occurs and the system not being protected (an example problem addressed by this disclosure). For the purposes of this disclosure, surge protection devices may include: surge dischargers, lightning arresters, surge suppressors, transient voltage surge suppressors, etc. Equipment such as surge devices (e.g.) has a fixed expected lifespan based on its exposure to said voltage transient events.

[0096] Returning to box 320, if it is determined that the effect of at least one energy-related transient falls outside a predetermined range of the equipment's stress tolerance (e.g., this could indicate an early failure of the equipment), the method proceeds to box 325. Alternatively, if it is determined that the effect of at least one energy-related transient does not fall outside the predetermined range of the equipment's stress tolerance, the method may return to box 305 (to further capture and process energy-related signals) or terminate. For example, in embodiments where it is desirable to continuously (or semi-continuously) capture energy-related signals and dynamically identify and track energy-related transients (and generate transient-related alarms, as described below), the method may return to box 305. Alternatively, in embodiments where it is desirable to characterize (and in response to) energy-related transients identified in a single set of captured energy-related signals, the method may terminate.

[0097] In box 325, one or more transient-related alarms may be generated in response to the effect of at least one energy-related transient approaching, being within, or exceeding a predetermined range of the equipment's stress tolerance, for example, for one or more phases or circuits (or remaining / computed paths). Transient-related alarms may, for example, notify end users, equipment manufacturers, and / or service teams when the equipment approaches and / or exceeds a predetermined threshold of voltage stress energy. These alarms may be for a single event on one or more phases (or energy paths), or for cumulative events on or through one or more phases (or energy paths).

[0098] In block 330 (optional in some embodiments), priority is assigned to transient-related alarms generated in block 325 (and, in some cases, previously generated transient-related alarms). According to some embodiments, priority for transient-related alarms is assigned in part based on at least one of the equipment's stress tolerance, the stress associated with one or more transient events, and the cumulative energy-related stress on the equipment. In embodiments where method 300 has been performed once or more, it is possible that one or more previously generated transient-related alarms may exist. In these embodiments, the priority assignment occurring in block 330 may take into account these previously generated transient-related alarms (and re-prioritize them). As an example, priority assignment may take into account the aging, severity, and / or (multiple) costs associated with these previously generated transient-related alarms, as well as the severity and / or costs associated with newly generated transient-related alarms. Prioritization of transient-related alarms may also be based on the importance of the system in which a transient (or appears to be occurring) is occurring. Additionally, if a surge device fails and the load equipment becomes directly exposed to energy-related stress, priority for transient-related alarms may be assigned based on their impact on the system.

[0099] In block 335, one or more actions may be taken in response to a transient-related alarm generated in block 325, for example, based on the priority of the alarm in block 330. For example, in some embodiments, taking one or more actions includes: identifying at least one means for reducing energy-related stress on equipment in an electrical system; selecting one or more of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress based on at least one of the priority and severity of the transient-related alarm; and applying the selected one or more means of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress. In some embodiments, one or more of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress includes adding at least one transient mitigation device. The at least one transient mitigation device may include at least one of, for example, a surge arrester, a surge suppressor, and a transient voltage surge suppressor.

[0100] In some embodiments, one or more of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress may be selected based on the expected ability of one or more of the at least one means to reduce at least one of the amplitude and duration of at least one energy-related transient in an electrical system. Furthermore, in some embodiments, one or more of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress may be selected based on the economic costs associated with acquiring and / or applying one or more of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress. For example, it may be based on the importance of protecting a particular system, subsystem, equipment, or component from the effects of energy transients.

[0101] In some embodiments, actions taken in response to a transient-related alarm may also include troubleshooting and / or installing / replacing / removing / supplementing (multiple) mitigation devices (i.e., at least one means for reducing energy-related stress). Over time, exposure to voltage stress due to transient events may indicate a need to purchase and install higher quality or more resilient surge protection devices (SPDs), or to mitigate (multiple) problems that generate transient events as much as possible. For example, the size / capacity of a recommended SPD may be indicated based on acute and chronic voltage transient exposure. An example type of SPD is a metal oxide varistor (MOV) SPD. MOV SPDs are known to be non-linear voltage-related components that can provide effective transient mitigation capabilities. When a high-voltage event (e.g., a voltage transient) is applied to (multiple) input terminals of an MOV), its impedance changes from effectively open to highly conductive. This provides a path for transient energy to flow through the MOV to neutral and / or ground. "Shunting" transient energy in this way helps protect nearby electrical equipment / infrastructure (e.g., conductors, transformers, loads, components, etc.) from absorbing transient energy and being damaged. While MOVs are an effective method for protecting electrical equipment / infrastructure from transient voltages, they can also be adversely affected by transient events. If the electrical stress on an MOV exceeds its rating (e.g., exposure to chronic or acute transient voltages), it may fail in short-circuit fault mode. It is recommended that a current-limiting fuse be installed with the MOV to ensure that the MOV (and the system) are protected in the event of a short-circuit fault.

[0102] According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the location or priority of the aforementioned SPD (MOV or other) can be determined based on the energy stress level measured from a favorable location in the system. When a piece of equipment is replaced, the invention allows an end user (etc.) to reset the accumulated energy stress level for at least one phase (or path) of the equipment being replaced. This resets the energy stress value of the newly installed equipment to zero. Alternatively, the invention can allow simultaneous tracking of a primary accumulated energy stress and a second accumulated energy stress, the primary accumulated energy stress being a lifetime accumulation and the second accumulated energy stress being a discrete accumulation of energy stress experienced by the new equipment. The latter is useful and relates to the lifetime of the new equipment, while the former is useful and generally relates to non-replaceable equipment and infrastructure (e.g., conductors, transformers, etc.). For the purposes of this application, a number of accumulated energy stress counters can be set up as needed. For example, two discrete SPDs may be replaced at different times. The lifetime exposure and / or accumulated values ​​of each SPD may be different from each other.

[0103] Other examples of actions that can be taken in response to a transient-related alarm include controlling at least one component (e.g., a piece of equipment) in an electrical system and communicating the transient-related alarm to the end user, equipment manufacturer, and / or service team. For example, at least one parameter associated with at least one component (e.g., on-off power state) can be controlled or adjusted in response to a transient-related alarm (e.g., to prevent or reduce damage to the electrical system equipment). For example, the parameter can be controlled in response to control signals received from at least one IED and / or from a control system. For example, the control system can be communicatively coupled to at least one IED and / or coupled to a cloud-based system, field software, gateway, and another front-end / edge system associated with the electrical system.

[0104] As described above, in some embodiments, transient-related alarms can be communicated to end users, equipment manufacturers, and / or service teams. According to embodiments of this disclosure, communication may include at least one of the following: reports, text, email, audio, and screen / display interfaces (e.g., computing devices or display devices associated with electrical systems). Reports, text, etc., may present the priority and severity of transient-related alarms. Additionally, reports, text, etc., may provide actionable recommendations in response to transient-related alarms. For example, a transient-related alarm notifies the end user, equipment manufacturer, and / or service team when equipment approaches and / or exceeds a predetermined threshold of voltage stress energy.

[0105] In some embodiments, the method may terminate after block 335. In other embodiments, the method may return to block 305 and repeat (for substantially the same reasons discussed above in conjunction with block 305). In some embodiments where the method terminates after block 335, the method may be restarted, for example, in response to user input and / or control signals.

[0106] It should be understood that in some embodiments, method 300 may include one or more additional blocks or steps. For example, in some embodiments, method 300 may include assessing / correlating / tending to transient energy-stress levels using characteristics of transient voltage events (or other transient events) to address transient problems. For example, assessing / correlating / tending to the frequency components associated with a transient voltage event may be useful for identifying the source and location of the transient voltage event. The presence of high-frequency components can indicate a local source because conductors and transformers inherently act as low-pass filters for higher frequencies. Higher frequencies are attenuated as the transient voltage source moves further away from the metering device. In this case, a transient voltage event that typically exhibits primarily lower-frequency components will indicate that the source is likely further away from the metering device capturing the data.

[0107] It is well known that transient sources may possess unique energy stress characteristics, such as shape, amplitude, duration, rate of rise, rate of decay, associated frequency components, periodicity, and shape. According to embodiments of this disclosure, using multiple linear regression techniques to correlate transient voltage characteristics can help isolate and identify transient sources. A well-known example is contactor bounce in a motor starter. The motor starter is a critical component for operating a motor. Bounced contacts shorten the starter's life and can directly or indirectly affect the motor. When the motor's magnetic contactor bounces, it generates an arc (transient) that damages the contact surfaces. Contactor failure can lead to single-phase operation of the motor or the contacts melting together, preventing the contactor from disconnecting. Contactor bounce also applies stress to the initial windings of the motor stator because it generates transients when it bounces. Another aspect of the invention is to identify the unique characteristics of contactor bounce so that remedial measures can be taken to mitigate these unique characteristics. For example, other exemplary aspects of the invention are described below in conjunction with method 400.

[0108] refer to Figure 4 The flowchart illustrates another example method 400 for reducing / managing energy-related stresses in electrical systems. Similar to method 300, method 400 can be implemented, for example, in at least one IED (e.g., Figure 1 The implementation is carried out on the processor of 121 shown and / or away from at least one IED implementation, for example, in at least one of the following: cloud-based system, field software / edge, gateway or other front-end system.

[0109] like Figure 4 As shown, method 400 begins at block 405, wherein a transient event is captured by at least one IED in the electrical system. In some embodiments, the transient event is captured from an energy-related signal (or waveform) measured by the at least one IED. The at least one IED may be mounted or located at a corresponding metering point among a plurality of metering points in the electrical system. In some embodiments, the at least one IED may be coupled to one or more loads / equipment in the electrical system, and the measured energy-related signal may be associated with the load to which the at least one IED is coupled.

[0110] In block 410, the transient event captured in block 405 is evaluated to determine the energy-dependent stress in the electrical system caused by the transient event. For example, as previously discussed in this disclosure, a transient event (or energy-dependent transient) may affect equipment in an electrical system, for example, causing intermittent interruptions, chronic degradation, potential failures, and / or catastrophic failures of the equipment and / or associated systems, processes, etc., in the electrical system. According to embodiments of this disclosure, similar to block 315 of method 300, the energy-dependent stress can be determined, for example, based on at least one of the following: the nature and / or source of at least one energy-dependent transient, the sensitivity of equipment to at least one energy-dependent transient, the effect of equipment on at least one energy-dependent transient, and the cost sensitivity of enterprise operations and / or infrastructure to at least one energy-dependent transient. In embodiments where the energy-dependent transient is a voltage transient, the energy-dependent stress can be quantified, for example, in volt-seconds.

[0111] In box 415, energy-related stresses may incrementally accumulate in at least one of the IED, edge computing device, gateway, cloud or other components and / or systems, and data associated with energy-related stresses and / or transients may be stored or otherwise recorded (e.g. in the IED, edge computing device, gateway, cloud or other components and / or systems).

[0112] In box 420, it is determined whether the accumulated energy-related stress is close to, equal to, or exceeds a predetermined range of the equipment's accumulated stress tolerance. As mentioned above, equipment typically has an associated stress tolerance to energy-related transients. If the accumulated energy-related stress is determined to be close to, equal to, or exceeds a predetermined range of the equipment's accumulated stress tolerance (e.g., this could indicate an early failure of the equipment), the method proceeds to box 425. Alternatively, if the accumulated energy-related stress is determined not to be close to, equal to, or exceeds a predetermined range of the equipment's accumulated stress tolerance, the method may return to box 405 (for further measurement of the energy-related signal to capture transient events) or terminate.

[0113] In box 425, in response to the determination that the accumulated energy-related stress is close to, equal to, or exceeds a predetermined range of the equipment's accumulated stress tolerance, an indication can be generated, for example, to warn end users and / or operators that equipment failure due to accumulated energy-related stress may be imminent. This indication may, for example, specify the type and location of the equipment in the electrical system, and the equipment's expected end-of-life (EOL) (i.e., providing a "warning" of failure). According to embodiments of this disclosure, the indication can take various forms, such as reports, text, email, audio, and screen / display interfaces.

[0114] In box 430, one or more actions are taken in response to the equipment's cumulative exposure to energy-dependent stress. For example, one or more actions may be taken in the electrical system to prevent the equipment from accumulating further energy-dependent stress. As an example, multiple sources of energy-dependent stress may be isolated and potentially removed from the electrical system (e.g., automatically, semi-automatically, or manually) to prevent the equipment from accumulating further energy-dependent stress.

[0115] One or more actions can also be taken at box 430 to repair and / or replace equipment. For example, an end user can plan downtime to resolve a problem or replace equipment accordingly. In some embodiments, multiple recommendations may be provided by the systems(s) or devices(s) implementing the method, for example, to reduce downtime and impact of the downtime. For example, the systems(s) or devices(s)(s) may identify and specify specific time periods during which planned downtime will have minimal impact on the operation of the equipment and / or the systems and / or processes(s) associated with the equipment.

[0116] Following block 430, in some embodiments, the method may terminate. In other embodiments, the method may return to block 405 and repeat (e.g., for dynamic transient event detection and response). In some embodiments where the method terminates after block 430, the method may be restarted, for example, in response to user input and / or control signals. Control signals may be received, for example, from a control system or other systems(s) or devices(s) implementing the method. Similar to the above combinations. Figure 3 As can be understood from the discussion of method 300, in some embodiments, method 400 may include one or more additional boxes or steps.

[0117] Because transient voltage events and other types of events that cause energy-related stress can cause significant damage to facility equipment and affect its operation, the features used to assess their impact and effects are crucial. This invention may lead to new service opportunities based on accumulated data indicating the need for action. For example, in conjunction with Schneider Electric's SPD product offerings, the various differentiating features provided by this invention can provide clues for engineering research and services, new products, additional product sales, and ultimately, stronger energy partnerships with customers.

[0118] refer to Figure 5 An example representation of an electrical system 500 that has already suffered a transient event is shown, and for this electrical system, it can be found that the systems and methods disclosed herein are suitable for reducing / managing energy-related stresses in electrical systems caused by transient events. According to some embodiments of this disclosure, electrical system 500 represents... Figure 1An example implementation of the electrical system 100 is shown. As shown, the electrical system 500 includes multiple metering devices (M1, M2, M3, etc.), multiple surge protection devices (SPD1, SPD2, SPD3, etc.), and multiple step-down transformers (T1, T2). In the illustrated embodiment, the SPDs are provided as MOV-type SPDs, which experience the inverse relationship between the voltage and impedance of the device (e.g., impedance decreases as voltage increases), as combined with... Figure 3 In more detail. As a voltage transient is applied to the terminals of the MOV, the impedance of the MOV decreases significantly to allow energy from the transient event to be shunted to ground through the MOV. For example... Figure 5 As shown, distributing multiple MOVs in an electrical system helps to distribute the energy more efficiently as the energy of a transient event propagates throughout the system.

[0119] The propagation of a transient event is analogous to dropping a pebble into a pond, with the highest magnitude occurring at the point of energy injection (here, near metering device M3). Due to the inherent inductance of the electrical system (e.g., conductors, transformers, loads, etc.) creating voltage gradients within the system, the energy of the transient is dispersed; it becomes less severe as distance from the transient source increases (as shown by concentric circles around the transient source). For example, a system and method for determining where a transient event occurs at a known level are described in U.S. Patent No. 7,526,391, entitled “Method and Apparatus to Evaluate Transient Characteristics in an Electrical Power System,” which has been assigned to the same assignee as this disclosure and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0120] Now back Figure 5 In the illustrated embodiment, transformer #1 (i.e., T1) will also significantly impede the upstream transfer of transient energy (i.e., in addition to the dispersion provided by the MOV), despite the stress on the transformer's insulation. It is well known that stress on the transformer's insulation, as well as the insulation of other electrical equipment in the electrical system, can lead to dielectric breakdown and eventual failure of the electrical equipment.

[0121] refer to Figure 6 Graph 600 illustrates the accumulation of energy-related stress over a period of time, particularly the relationship between the magnitude, time, and fault threshold of the energy-related stress. According to embodiments of this disclosure, graph 600 may be for a piece of equipment (e.g., a motor stator, VSD), a component in the infrastructure of an electrical system (e.g., a conductor), an IED (e.g., a metering device), a protection device (e.g., an SPD), or an electrical system (such as...) Figure 1 and / or Figure 5Other components and / or aspects of the electrical system shown. In the example shown, the components and / or aspects are undergoing chronic / repeated exposure to energy-related stresses (e.g., transient voltage events). Over time, the components and / or aspects exposed to such energy-related stresses will degrade. The rate of degradation depends on many factors, including but not limited to the design of the component / aspect, the characteristics of the exposure to energy-related stresses (e.g., amplitude, duration, frequency, etc.), its location within the electrical system, other components / aspects (and their corresponding characteristics) surrounding the electrical system, the placement of the SPD, etc.

[0122] As shown in graph 600, the cumulative effect of energy-related stress over time (typically days, weeks, months, or even years) can lead to eventual failure of a component / assembly. According to embodiments of this disclosure, information related to the cumulative energy-related stress associated with a component / assembly (e.g., in...) Figure 4 Information collected in blocks 405, 410, 415, etc. of method 400 shown can be analyzed to determine whether a component / assembly failure is expected and / or imminent. As used herein, the term "expected failure" describes a failure with a high probability of occurring soon. Conversely, as used herein, the term "imminent failure" describes a failure with a reasonable probability of occurring soon. This does not mean that the failure will occur soon, nor that the failure may not have occurred yet, but rather that the failure is likely to occur. Both the imminent failure threshold and the expected failure threshold can be determined in various ways, including but not limited to:

[0123] -Derived from cumulative energy-related stress exposure and expected life cumulative failure threshold of (multiple) devices / components / elements

[0124] -Derived from the expected lifespan of (multiple) devices / components / elements,

[0125] - Determined based on the manufacturer's recommendations for the(multiple) devices / components / elements / aspects.

[0126] -Based on operational experience and / or requirements,

[0127] -arbitrarily determined, or

[0128] - Other feasible methods.

[0129] The derived, determined, based on, or arbitrarily determined thresholds can be obtained using statistical methods (e.g., a predetermined number of standard deviations, failure rates using a normal distribution, etc.), mean time between failures (MTBF) data, failure rate data, other manufacturer data, design standards, placement(s), or any other feasible approach. Each and any approach (and / or threshold) can be dynamically adjusted based on one or more internal and / or external environmental and / or parameter settings. For example, one approach might be to determine the impending failure threshold and the expected failure threshold using a simple assessment of the cumulative energy-related stresses on the equipment / component / element / aspect over its lifespan. Another approach might be to determine and / or derive the impending failure threshold and the expected failure threshold using the periodicity and / or magnitude of transient events. A third approach might be a combination of the two examples above, and so on. The expected failure threshold can be derived (partially or entirely) from the determined impending failure threshold, and vice versa. For example, if the expected failure value or threshold of (multiple) devices / components / elements / systems / processes / aspects has been determined, the impending failure value or threshold of (multiple) devices / components / elements / systems / processes / aspects can be selected as a percentage of the expected failure value or threshold (e.g., setting the impending failure threshold to 90% of the expected failure threshold).

[0130] As described above Figure 4 As discussed herein, for example, in response to determining that accumulated energy-related stress (e.g., due to a transient event) approaches, equals, or exceeds a predetermined range of the equipment's accumulated stress tolerance, an indication (e.g., in box 425) can be generated to indicate that equipment failure due to accumulated energy-related stress may be imminent. Additionally, one or more actions (e.g., in box 430) can be taken in response to the equipment's cumulative exposure to energy-related stress, for example, to reduce energy-related stress on the equipment or to address / mitigate exposure to transient energy. For example, using the systems and methods disclosed herein to reduce the magnitude, duration, and amount of energy-related stress can generally extend the life of the equipment insulators and the equipment itself. Figure 7 As shown in graph 700, for example, the expected lifespan of (multiple) devices / components / elements / aspects (i.e., equipment) is typically related to the probability of failure.

[0131] As described above, and as those skilled in the art will understand, the embodiments disclosed herein can be configured as a system, method, or combination thereof. Therefore, embodiments of this disclosure can include various components, including hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof.

[0132] It should be understood that the concepts, systems, circuits, and techniques sought to be protected herein are not limited to use in the example applications described herein (e.g., power monitoring system applications), but can be used in virtually any application where it is desirable to reduce / manage energy-related stresses in electrical systems. While specific embodiments and applications of this disclosure have been shown and described, it is to be understood that embodiments of this disclosure are not limited to the precise construction and composition disclosed herein, and various modifications, alterations, and variations may be apparent from the foregoing description without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure as defined in the appended claims.

[0133] Preferred embodiments of the various concepts, structures, and techniques that form the subject matter of this patent have been described. It will now be apparent to those skilled in the art that other embodiments combining these concepts, structures, and techniques can be used. Furthermore, elements of the different embodiments described herein can be combined to form other embodiments not specifically described above.

[0134] Therefore, it is considered that the scope of this patent should not be limited to the described embodiments, but should be defined only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for reducing / managing energy-related stresses in an electrical system, the energy-related stresses including electrical, thermal, and / or mechanical stresses on equipment caused by energy in the electrical system, the method comprising: Processing electrical measurement data from or derived from energy-related signals captured by at least one intelligent electronic device (IED) in an electrical system to identify and track at least one energy-related transient in the electrical system; Quantify the impact of the at least one energy-dependent transient on equipment in an electrical system, the equipment having associated stress tolerance to the at least one energy-dependent transient, the stress tolerance including tolerance for electrical, thermal and / or mechanical stresses on the equipment; One or more transient-related alarms are generated in response to the effect of the at least one energy-related transient approaching, being within or exceeding the stress tolerance range of the equipment. Prioritize the transient-related alarms in part based on at least one of the equipment’s stress tolerance, stress associated with one or more transient events, and cumulative energy-related stress on the equipment. as well as In response to the transient-related alarm, one or more actions are taken in the electrical system to reduce energy-related stress on the equipment in the electrical system, wherein the one or more actions are taken based on at least one of the priority and severity of the transient-related alarm.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, Taking one or more of the aforementioned actions includes: Identify at least one means for reducing energy-related stresses on said equipment in an electrical system; Based on at least one of the priority and severity of the transient-related alarm, select one or more of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress; and Apply one or more of the at least one means selected from the means used to reduce energy-related stress.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein, Further, based on the expected ability of one or more of the at least one means to reduce the amplitude and duration of at least one energy-related transient in the electrical system, one or more of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress are selected.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein, Further, based on the economic costs associated with acquiring and / or applying one or more of the at least one means, one or more means of reducing energy-related stress are selected.

5. The method according to claim 2, wherein, One or more of the at least one means for reducing energy-related stress include at least one transient mitigation device.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein, The at least one transient mitigation device includes at least one of the following: a surge arrester, a surge arrester, a surge suppressor, and a transient voltage surge suppressor.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The one or more actions are automatically performed by a control system associated with the electrical system, wherein the control system is communicatively coupled to the at least one IED, and / or a cloud-based system, field / edge software, gateway, and another front-end system associated with the electrical system.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein, Electrical measurement data derived from or derived from energy-related signals captured by the at least one IED are processed on at least one of a cloud-based system, field software, gateway, and another front-end system associated with the electrical system, wherein the at least one IED is communicatively coupled to at least one of the cloud-based system, field software, gateway, and another front-end system on which the electrical measurement data is processed.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein, Data associated with the at least one energy-related transient is stored and / or tracked over a predetermined time period.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein, The scheduled time period is a time period configured by the user.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The impact of the at least one energy-dependent transient on the equipment is determined based on at least one of the following: the nature and source of the at least one energy-dependent transient, the equipment's sensitivity to the at least one energy-dependent transient, the effect of the equipment on the at least one energy-dependent transient, and the cost sensitivity of enterprise operations and / or infrastructure to the at least one energy-dependent transient.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein, Quantifying the impact of the at least one energy-dependent transient includes classifying the effects of the at least one energy-dependent transient on the equipment.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein, The effects of the at least one energy-related transient are classified as at least one of the following: intermittent interruption, chronic degradation, potential failure, and catastrophic failure.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The effect of at least one energy-related transient is used to predict early failures of the equipment.

15. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The priority and severity of the transient-related alerts are displayed on the display device.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein, The display device is a display device of a computing device or system associated with the electrical system.

17. The method according to claim 1, wherein, When the equipment approaches and / or exceeds a predetermined threshold of voltage stress energy, the transient-related alarm notifies the end user, equipment manufacturer, and / or service team.

18. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The stress tolerance of the equipment and the cumulative energy-related stress on the equipment are used to predict the end-of-life (EOL) of the equipment.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: The equipment's end-of-life (EOL) or near-EOL communication is communicated to end users, equipment manufacturers, and / or service teams.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein, The equipment includes at least one surge device that does not have a defined cumulative stress life, and the EOL of the at least one surge device is predicted based on EOL data of other products / equipment using cumulative energy-related stress data on the at least one surge device.

21. The method according to claim 18, wherein, The mean time to failure (MTTF) is used to predict the end-of-life (EOL) of the equipment.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein, The MTTF is based on an assessment of at least energy-related stress.

23. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Evaluate one or more characteristics of the at least one energy-related transient to isolate and identify the transient origin.

24. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: Evaluate one or more characteristics of the at least one energy-dependent transient to identify one or more sources and one or more locations of the at least one energy-dependent transient.

25. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The energy-related transient is at least one of voltage transient and current transient.

26. The method according to claim 1, wherein, Prioritize the transient-related alarms based on the importance / criticality of the electrical location from which the at least one energy-related transient originates.

27. A system for reducing / managing energy-related stresses in an electrical system, the energy-related stresses including electrical, thermal, and / or mechanical stresses on equipment caused by energy in the electrical system, the system comprising: processor; A storage device coupled to the processor, wherein the processor and the storage device are configured as follows: Processing electrical measurement data from or derived from energy-related signals captured by at least one intelligent electronic device (IED) in an electrical system to identify and track at least one energy-related transient in the electrical system; Quantify the impact of the at least one energy-dependent transient on equipment in an electrical system, the equipment having associated stress tolerance to the at least one energy-dependent transient, the stress tolerance including tolerance for electrical, thermal and / or mechanical stresses on the equipment; One or more transient-related alarms are generated in response to the effect of the at least one energy-related transient approaching, being within or exceeding the stress tolerance range of the equipment. Prioritize the transient-related alarms in part based on at least one of the equipment’s stress tolerance, stress associated with one or more transient events, and cumulative energy-related stress on the equipment; as well as In response to the transient-related alarm, one or more actions are taken in the electrical system to reduce energy-related stress on the equipment in the electrical system, wherein the one or more actions are taken based on at least one of the priority and severity of the transient-related alarm.

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