Carbon dioxide Rayton cycle cogeneration system based on solid particle heat storage and release

Abstract

This invention relates to a carbon dioxide Brayton cycle cogeneration system and its control method. The cogeneration system includes: a carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set and a solar collector unit; a first gas-solid heat exchanger, in which heat from a heat transfer medium drawn from the solar collector unit is used to heat first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger, the first solid particles becoming second solid particles after being heated, and the heat transfer medium returning to the solar collector unit after releasing heat; a first storage device adapted to store the second solid particles; a heating unit for supplying heat; a second gas-solid heat exchanger, in which the second solid particles are adapted to exchange heat with first water to cool down into first solid particles, the first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger being heated to become hot water and / or steam entering the heating unit; and a particle conveying device for returning the first solid particles from the second gas-solid heat exchanger to the first gas-solid heat exchanger.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The embodiments of the present invention relate to the field of solar thermal power generation technology, and in particular to a carbon dioxide Reyton cycle cogeneration system based on solid particle heat storage and release, and a control method for a carbon dioxide Reyton cycle cogeneration system. Background Technology

[0002] Under the goal of carbon neutrality, my country's future power supply will be mainly based on new energy sources. Solar thermal power generation, as a clean, renewable, and more regulated power generation method, has enormous development potential. In recent years, research on the application of supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles in solar thermal power generation has attracted the attention of scholars both domestically and internationally. Compared to the steam Rankine cycle, supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle technology has higher thermal efficiency and smaller equipment size under the same conditions, making the system more compact and easier to modularly construct. Current research at home and abroad mainly focuses on the cycle characteristics of solar thermal CO2 Brayton cycles, including cycle optimization, parameter analysis, and... This study analyzes the efficiency of different cycle configurations and the system of indirect molten salt thermal storage. The solar thermal supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle exhibits high efficiency and high density at operating temperatures of 500–800℃. However, most current thermal storage media, such as air, water / steam, heat transfer oil, organic matter, molten salt, and liquid metals, suffer from poor heat transfer performance, high cost, low energy efficiency, and high-temperature corrosion within this temperature range. Solid particle thermal storage characteristics are suitable for solar thermal supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle power generation technology, but related research has not yet been conducted domestically or internationally.

[0003] Energy needs to provide a stable and reliable power supply while also meeting the heating demands of urban and rural areas. The total heating area of ​​buildings in northern my country is approximately 20.6 billion square meters. In January and February of 2022 alone, China's coal consumption for heating reached 98.13 million tons. With the continuous expansion of urbanization, heating demand will continue to grow. Solar thermal CO2 Brayton cycle power plants under the new power system will face heating challenges in northern my country.

[0004] The current technology has the following shortcomings:

[0005] 1. Solar thermal supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle power generation technology. Most thermal storage technologies suffer from problems such as poor heat transfer performance, high cost, low energy efficiency, and high-temperature corrosion.

[0006] 2. With the goal of carbon neutrality in mind, solar thermal CO2 Brayton cycle power plants under the new power system will face heating problems in northern my country. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This invention proposes a combined heat and power (CHP) technology based on solid particle heat storage and release, utilizing solar thermal CO2 Brayton cycle for cascade heating.

[0008] This invention is proposed to solve at least one aspect or point of the technical problems in the prior art.

[0009] According to one aspect of an embodiment of the present invention, a carbon dioxide Rayton cycle cogeneration system is provided, comprising:

[0010] Carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set and solar thermal collector unit;

[0011] The first gas-solid heat exchanger is adapted to heat the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger with the heat of the heat transfer medium drawn from the solar collector unit. After the first solid particles are heated, they become second solid particles. The heat transfer medium that has released heat returns to the solar collector unit.

[0012] A first storage device is adapted to store the second solid particles;

[0013] Heating unit, used for providing heat;

[0014] The second gas-solid heat exchanger is used to cool down the first solid particles from the first storage device to exchange heat with the first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger. The first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger is heated to become hot water and / or steam and enters the heating unit.

[0015] A particle conveying device is used to return first solid particles from a second gas-solid heat exchanger to the first gas-solid heat exchanger.

[0016] According to another aspect of the embodiments of the present invention, a control method for a carbon dioxide Rayton cycle cogeneration system is proposed, comprising the steps of:

[0017] In the first gas-solid heat exchanger, the heat of the heat transfer medium, which is the first fluid, drawn from the solar collector unit, heats the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger. After the first solid particles are heated, they become second solid particles. The first fluid, after releasing heat, returns to the solar collector unit.

[0018] The heated second solid particles are stored in the first storage device;

[0019] The stored second solid particles are introduced into the second gas-solid heat exchanger to heat the first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger. After heat exchange, the second solid particles become the first solid particles, and the first water is heated into steam and / or hot water.

[0020] The steam and / or hot water are introduced into the heating unit;

[0021] The first solid particles flowing out of the second gas-solid heat exchanger will return to the first gas-solid heat exchanger. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a carbon dioxide Reyton cycle cogeneration system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0023] Figure label:

[0024] 101. Solar collector unit; 102. Heat transfer medium; 103. Air heater or first heat exchanger; 104. High-temperature air; 105. Low-temperature particle storage tank; 106. High-temperature gas-solid mixing heat exchanger; 107. High-temperature particle storage tank; 108. High-temperature particles; 109. Medium-temperature air; 110. Medium-temperature heat exchanger; 111. Air after heat exchange; 112. Hot water; 113. Particle conveying device; 114. Low-temperature particles; 115. Gas-solid mixing multi-stage heat exchanger; 116. Hot air; 117. Steam; 118. Room temperature air; 119. Room temperature water; 120. Electricity; 200. Carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set; 300. Heating network or heating unit. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The following is a reference to the appendix. Figure 1 The description of the embodiments of the present invention is intended to explain the overall inventive concept of the present invention, and should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.

[0026] The present invention aims to address at least one of the shortcomings of the prior art by proposing a solar thermal CO2 Brayton cycle cogeneration system.

[0027] like Figure 1 As shown, a carbon dioxide Brayton cycle cogeneration system based on solid particle heat storage and release is proposed, including a carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set 200, a solar thermal collector unit 101, a heat transfer medium 102, an air heater 103, a low-temperature particle storage tank 105, a high-temperature gas-solid mixing heat exchanger 106, a high-temperature particle storage tank 107, a medium-temperature heat exchanger 110, a multi-stage gas-solid mixing heat exchanger 115, a particle conveying device 113, and connecting components.

[0028] In this invention, the heat storage medium is solid particles. The heat storage particles are selected from stable solid particles, such as quartz sand, alumina particles, iron oxide particles, and inert ash. Compared to using liquid, gaseous, or other easily phase-changeable working fluids (such as molten salt) for heat storage, using stable solid particles offers a wider operating temperature range, stable performance at high temperatures, and facilitates the staged coupling absorption and subsequent release of various energies. Furthermore, since it can operate at higher temperatures (above 900°C), the heat absorption by solid particles improves heat utilization efficiency, and the cost is low.

[0029] In this invention, the high-temperature solid particles have a temperature, for example, between 500-800°C.

[0030] Gas-solid heat exchangers can be gas-solid mixed structures such as fluidized beds, bubbling beds, moving beds, and air-flow beds.

[0031] The particle conveying device 113 may be in the form of a gas-solid conveying pump or other devices suitable for conveying solid particles.

[0032] As will be understood, in this invention, the high-temperature particle storage tank 107 is an insulated tank, so that even if the solid particles have been stored for a long time, such as 12 hours, they can still be kept at a high temperature.

[0033] After solid particles exchange heat in a gas-solid heat exchanger, the gas and solid particles can be separated by a dedicated gas-solid separator, or by bubbling fluidization to make the gas flow upward and the solid particles flow downward, thereby completing heat exchange and separation in the mixed flow. This will not be elaborated further here.

[0034] The heat transfer medium in this invention, namely the heat transfer medium generated in the solar collector unit 101, can be heat transfer oil or molten salt. After releasing heat, the heat transfer medium returns to the solar collector unit 101, thereby achieving heat storage by reducing the load of the carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set 200.

[0035] In this invention, such as Figure 1 As shown, a high-temperature solid particle heat storage unit is composed of a carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set 200, a solar thermal collector unit 101, a heat transfer medium 102, an air heater 103, a high-temperature gas-solid mixing heat exchanger 106, and a high-temperature particle storage tank 107. A gas-solid mixing multi-stage heat release unit is composed of a high-temperature particle storage tank 107, a high-temperature particle storage tank 107, a gas-solid mixing multi-stage heat exchanger 115, and a carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set 200.

[0036] A solar thermal CO2 Brayton cycle cogeneration system based on solid particle heat storage and release has met the heating quality requirements at different stages of winter and effectively improved the grid's peak-shaving capacity, based on continuous and stable operation.

[0037] Thermal storage process: During off-peak electricity demand, the surplus high-temperature heat transfer medium generated by the solar collector unit 101 enters the air heater 103 to generate high-temperature air. Solid particles enter the high-temperature gas-solid flow heat exchanger 106 from the cold particle storage tank 105, where they come into direct contact with the high-temperature air. Heat transfer is completed through mixing of the gas and solid phases. After heating, the particles (e.g., 400-600°C) enter the high-temperature particle storage tank 107 for storage. Through parameter control, the outlet air temperature of the high-temperature gas-solid mixing heat exchanger 106 (approximately 200°C) is used as the heat source for the subsequent medium-temperature heat exchanger 110 to produce hot water (55-65°C) for use in the heating network or heating unit 300. The air (65-75°C) after heat exchange is then added to the air heater 103.

[0038] Heat release process: High-temperature particles 108 pass through a multi-stage gas-solid mixing heat exchanger 115 in sequence, heating room-temperature water stage by stage, and then return to the low-temperature particle storage tank 105 via the particle conveying device 113, completing the heat release. In addition, the room-temperature air in the gas-solid mixing multi-stage heat exchanger 115 is heated due to series utilization, so the hot air at the outlet is added to the air heater 103 to realize waste heat utilization.

[0039] Cascade heating: ambient temperature water is heated step by step by high temperature particles to generate superheated steam. According to actual needs, the intermediate stage of the gas-solid mixing multi-stage heat exchanger can be controlled to stably provide hot water (80-90℃) to enhance heating. The outlet steam parameters of the heat exchanger can be controlled within the range of 250-280℃ to supplement heating and ensure heating quality during severe cold periods.

[0040] Based on the above, in the technical solution of the present invention, through the gas-solid mixed solid particle heat storage and multi-stage heat release, the system has three operation and control methods: heat storage, parallel heat storage and heat release, and heat release. (1) It realizes the flexible power generation and cascade heating capacity of the solar thermal CO2 Brayton cycle power plant, which not only realizes cascade heating and meets the heating quality requirements of different stages in winter, but also enhances the peak-shaving capacity of the power grid; (2) Through the utilization of waste heat in the heat storage and heat release process and flexible operation and control, it realizes the graded utilization of intermittent performance and improves the heat storage and heat release process. Utilize efficiency and operational flexibility.

[0041] Figure 1 This is an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention may have other variations.

[0042] For example, the low-temperature particle storage tank 105 may not be set up. That is, the high-temperature particles are directly returned to the gas-solid mixing heat exchanger 106 after releasing heat, which can form a cycle of heat absorption and release of solid particles. Alternatively, after the solid particles are placed in the gas-solid mixing heat exchanger 106 to absorb heat, they can be collected in the high-temperature particle storage tank 107 to start the heat release cycle when the heat of the high-temperature particles needs to be released.

[0043] For example, the air heater 103 may not be required; that is, the heat exchange medium 102 of the solar collector unit 101 can directly release heat to the low-temperature particles in the gas-solid mixing heat exchanger 106 and then return to the solar collector unit 101. In this case, the medium-temperature heat exchanger 110 may not be required.

[0044] In the cogeneration system of the present invention, the intermediate temperature heat exchanger 110 may not be required, thereby Figure 1 The medium-temperature air 109 can directly enter the air heater 103.

[0045] In the cogeneration system of the present invention, optionally, during the heat release process, the fluidizing air of the gas-solid mixing multi-stage heat exchanger 115 can be changed from ambient air 118 to heat-exchanged air 111, so as to realize the direct and efficient utilization of the waste heat of the heat-exchanged air.

[0046] In the cogeneration system of the present invention, optionally, the medium-temperature heat exchanger 110 and the air heater 103 may not be provided. In this case, the gas-solid mixing multi-stage heat exchanger 115 may not be supplied with ambient temperature air 118 or medium-temperature air 109, and the heating network 300 will only be supplied with hot water or steam by the gas-solid mixing multi-stage heat exchanger 115.

[0047] Based on the above, the present invention proposes the following technical solution:

[0048] 1. A carbon dioxide Rayton cycle cogeneration system, comprising:

[0049] Carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set and solar thermal collector unit;

[0050] The first gas-solid heat exchanger is adapted to heat the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger with the heat of the heat transfer medium drawn from the solar collector unit. After the first solid particles are heated, they become second solid particles. The heat transfer medium that has released heat returns to the solar collector unit.

[0051] A first storage device is adapted to store the second solid particles;

[0052] Heating unit, used for providing heat;

[0053] The second gas-solid heat exchanger is used to cool down the first solid particles from the first storage device to exchange heat with the first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger. The first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger is heated to become hot water and / or steam and enters the heating unit.

[0054] A particle conveying device is used to return first solid particles from a second gas-solid heat exchanger to the first gas-solid heat exchanger.

[0055] 2. The cogeneration system according to claim 1 further includes:

[0056] The second storage device, the particle conveying device is used to convey the first solid particles from the second gas-solid heat exchanger into the second storage device for storage, and the second storage device is connected to the first gas-solid heat exchanger to provide the first solid particles.

[0057] 3. The cogeneration system according to claim 1 further includes:

[0058] The first heat exchange device is used to heat the first air flowing through the first heat exchange device and then return to the solar collector unit. The first air becomes the second air after being heated by the first heat exchanger. In the first gas-solid heat exchanger, the second air is used to heat the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger. The first solid particles become the second solid particles after being heated, and the second air is used to be cooled by the first solid particles to become the third air.

[0059] 4. According to the cogeneration system described in 3, wherein:

[0060] The third air is suitable for direct introduction into the first heat exchange device.

[0061] 5. According to the combined heat and power system described in 3, wherein:

[0062] The combined heat and power system also includes a second heat exchange device. The third air is introduced into the second heat exchange device to heat the first water. The heated first water is supplied to the heating unit. The cooled third air is introduced into the first heat exchange device or the second gas-solid heat exchanger.

[0063] 6. The cogeneration system according to 1, wherein:

[0064] The fluid flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger includes the first air, which is heated by the second gas-solid heat exchanger and is then suitable for being introduced into the first heat exchange device.

[0065] 7. A control method for a carbon dioxide Rayton cycle cogeneration system, comprising the following steps:

[0066] In the first gas-solid heat exchanger, the heat of the heat transfer medium, which is the first fluid, drawn from the solar collector unit, heats the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger. After the first solid particles are heated, they become second solid particles. The first fluid, after releasing heat, returns to the solar collector unit.

[0067] The heated second solid particles are stored in the first storage device;

[0068] The stored second solid particles are introduced into the second gas-solid heat exchanger to heat the first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger. After heat exchange, the second solid particles become the first solid particles, and the first water is heated into steam and / or hot water.

[0069] The steam and / or hot water are introduced into the heating unit;

[0070] The first solid particles flowing out of the second gas-solid heat exchanger will return to the first gas-solid heat exchanger.

[0071] 8. The method according to 7 includes the following steps:

[0072] In the first heat exchange device, the first air is heated by the heat transfer medium drawn from the solar collector unit. After the first air is heated, it becomes the second air. The heat transfer medium that has released heat returns to the solar collector unit.

[0073] In the first gas-solid heat exchanger, the heat of the second air heats the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger. After the first solid particles are heated, they become the second solid particles. After releasing heat, the second air is cooled down and becomes the third air.

[0074] 9. The method according to 8 further includes the step of:

[0075] The third air flows through the second heat exchanger and exchanges heat with the first water flowing through the second heat exchanger. The third air is adapted to be cooled into fourth air, and the first water is adapted to be heated into second water. The second water is then supplied to the heating unit, and the fourth air is introduced into the first heat exchanger or the second gas-solid heat exchanger; or

[0076] This allows the third type of air to enter the first heat exchanger.

[0077] 10. According to the method described in 7, wherein:

[0078] The step of “returning the first solid particles flowing out of the second gas-solid heat exchanger to the first gas-solid heat exchanger” includes: conveying the first solid particles flowing out of the second gas-solid heat exchanger to the second storage device using a particle conveying device, and providing the first solid particles stored in the second storage device to the first gas-solid heat exchanger.

[0079] 11. The method according to any one of 7-10 further includes the step of:

[0080] When the load demand of the carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set decreases, the heat from the heat transfer medium drawn from the solar collector is used to heat the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger, and to store the second solid particles.

[0081] When the load demand of the carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set increases, the heat of the heat transfer medium of the solar collector unit is reduced or stopped to heat the first solid particles, and heat is released from the second solid particles to heat the first water entering the second gas-solid heat exchanger.

[0082] 12. The method according to 11 further includes the step of:

[0083] The parameters of the hot water or steam coming out of the second gas-solid heat exchanger are controlled by adjusting the particle flow rate, the heat exchange medium flow rate, and the heat exchange area.

[0084] In this invention, low-temperature particles refer to particles with a temperature below 100°C. High-temperature heat exchangers, on the other hand, have a temperature above 600°C.

[0085] In this invention, "medium temperature" refers to a temperature range of 150–250°C. "Normal temperature" refers to a temperature range of 20–50°C. "Hot water" refers to water with a temperature range of 50–95°C. "Hot air" refers to wind or air with a temperature range of 250–350°C.

[0086] In this invention, the numerical range, unless otherwise specified, includes endpoint values, and the numerical range also includes the midpoint value of the range.

[0087] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations and combinations of elements may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A carbon dioxide Reyton cycle cogeneration system, comprising: Carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set and solar thermal collector unit; The first gas-solid heat exchanger is adapted to heat the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger with the heat of the heat transfer medium drawn from the solar collector unit. After the first solid particles are heated, they become second solid particles. The heat transfer medium that has released heat returns to the solar collector unit. A first storage device is adapted to store the second solid particles; Heating unit, used for providing heat; The second gas-solid heat exchanger is used to cool down the first solid particles from the first storage device to exchange heat with the first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger. The first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger is heated to become hot water and / or steam and enters the heating unit. A particle conveying device is used to return first solid particles from a second gas-solid heat exchanger to the first gas-solid heat exchanger. The first gas-solid heat exchanger and the second gas-solid heat exchanger are gas-solid hybrid structures. The second heat exchange device is connected to the heating unit through the first gas-solid heat exchanger, and the hot water generated by the heat exchange of the second heat exchange device is fed into the heating unit. The heated water is used to enhance the heating capacity of the heating unit, and the steam generated from the heated water is used to supplement the heating capacity of the heating unit.

2. The cogeneration system according to claim 1 further includes: The second storage device, the particle conveying device is used to convey the first solid particles from the second gas-solid heat exchanger into the second storage device for storage, and the second storage device is connected to the first gas-solid heat exchanger to provide the first solid particles.

3. The cogeneration system according to claim 1 further includes: The first heat exchange device is used to heat the first air flowing through the first heat exchange device and then return to the solar collector unit. The first air becomes the second air after being heated by the first heat exchanger. In the first gas-solid heat exchanger, the second air is used to heat the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger. The first solid particles become the second solid particles after being heated, and the second air is used to be cooled by the first solid particles to become the third air.

4. The cogeneration system according to claim 3, wherein: The third air is suitable for direct introduction into the first heat exchange device.

5. The cogeneration system according to claim 3, wherein: The third air is introduced into the second heat exchange device to heat the first water. The heated first water is supplied to the heating unit, and the cooled third air is introduced into the first heat exchange device or the second gas-solid heat exchanger.

6. The cogeneration system according to claim 1, wherein: The fluid flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger includes the first air, which is heated by the second gas-solid heat exchanger and is then suitable for being introduced into the first heat exchange device.

7. A control method for a carbon dioxide Rayton cycle cogeneration system, comprising the following steps: In the first gas-solid heat exchanger, the heat of the heat transfer medium, which is the first fluid, drawn from the solar collector unit, heats the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger. After the first solid particles are heated, they become second solid particles. The first fluid, after releasing heat, returns to the solar collector unit. The heated second solid particles are stored in the first storage device; The stored second solid particles are introduced into the second gas-solid heat exchanger to heat the first water flowing through the second gas-solid heat exchanger. After heat exchange, the second solid particles become the first solid particles, and the first water is heated into steam and / or hot water. The steam and / or hot water are introduced into the heating unit; The first solid particles flowing out of the second gas-solid heat exchanger will return to the first gas-solid heat exchanger. in, The first gas-solid heat exchanger and the second gas-solid heat exchanger are gas-solid hybrid structures; The first gas-solid heat exchanger is connected to the heating unit through a second heat exchange device, and the hot water generated by the heat exchange of the second heat exchange device is fed into the heating unit. The heated water is used to enhance the heating capacity of the heating unit, and the steam generated from the heated water is used to supplement the heating capacity of the heating unit.

8. The method according to claim 7, comprising the steps of: In the first heat exchange device, the first air is heated by the heat transfer medium drawn from the solar collector unit. After the first air is heated, it becomes the second air. The heat transfer medium that has released heat returns to the solar collector unit. In the first gas-solid heat exchanger, the heat of the second air heats the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger. After the first solid particles are heated, they become the second solid particles. After releasing heat, the second air is cooled down and becomes the third air.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising the step of: The third air flows through the second heat exchanger and exchanges heat with the first water flowing through the second heat exchanger. The third air is adapted to be cooled into fourth air, and the first water is adapted to be heated into second water. The second water is then supplied to the heating unit, and the fourth air is introduced into the first heat exchanger or the second gas-solid heat exchanger; or This allows the third type of air to enter the first heat exchanger.

10. The method according to claim 7, wherein: The step of "returning the first solid particles flowing out of the second gas-solid heat exchanger to the first gas-solid heat exchanger" includes: conveying the first solid particles flowing out of the second gas-solid heat exchanger to the second storage device using a particle conveying device, and providing the first solid particles stored in the second storage device to the first gas-solid heat exchanger.

11. The method according to any one of claims 7-10, further comprising the step of: When the load demand of the carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set decreases, the heat from the heat transfer medium drawn from the solar collector is used to heat the first solid particles passing through the first gas-solid heat exchanger, and to store the second solid particles. When the load demand of the carbon dioxide Brayton cycle generator set increases, the heat of the heat transfer medium of the solar collector unit is reduced or stopped to heat the first solid particles, and heat is released from the second solid particles to heat the first water entering the second gas-solid heat exchanger.

12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising the step of: The parameters of the hot water or steam coming out of the second gas-solid heat exchanger are controlled by adjusting the particle flow rate, the heat exchange medium flow rate, and the heat exchange area.

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