Glass unit with electrically controllable optical properties with temperature-dependent switching behavior

Abstract

The invention relates to a glass unit with electrically controllable optical properties, comprising: - a composite pane (100) with a functional element (4) having electrically controllable optical properties, and - a control unit (10) which is electrically connected with the functional element (4), wherein the control unit (10) has a data set or a programmed function which assigns a voltage ramp to each temperature in a previously specified temperature range, wherein the control unit (10) is suitable for - determining the temperature, - selecting a voltage ramp from the data set or calculating a voltage ramp by means of the programmed function depending on the determined temperature, and - applying a voltage to the functional element (4) with the selected or calculated voltage ramp.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a glass unit having electrically controllable optical properties, its use, and a method for controlling said glass unit. Background Technology

[0002] Glass units with electrically controllable optical properties are known. These glass units comprise composite plates fitted with functional elements whose optical properties can be altered by an applied voltage. A voltage is applied by a control unit connected to two planar electrodes of the functional element, with the active layer of the functional element located between the two planar electrodes. An example of such a functional element is the SPD (suspended particle device), known for example from EP 0876608 B1 and WO 2011033313 A1. The transmission of visible light through the SPD functional element can be controlled by the applied voltage. Another example is the PDLC (polymer-dispersed liquid crystal) functional element, known for example from DE102008026339 A1. Here, the active layer comprises liquid crystal embedded in a polymer matrix. If no voltage is applied, the liquid crystal is oriented in a disordered manner, resulting in strong scattering of light passing through the active layer. When a voltage is applied to the planar electrodes, the liquid crystal aligns in a common direction, and the transmission of light through the active layer is increased. PDLC functional elements function by reducing the total transmittance through less scattering, thereby preventing free-viewing or ensuring anti-glare. Furthermore, electrochromic functional elements are known, for example, from US 20120026573 A1, WO 2010147494 A1, EP 1862849 A1, and WO2012007334 A1, where a change in transmission occurs due to an electrochemical process induced by the applied voltage.

[0003] For example, such a glass unit can be used as a vehicle dashboard, the light transmission behavior of which can then be electrically controlled. The glass unit can, for example, be used as a roof panel to reduce solar radiation or to reduce disruptive reflections. Such roof panels are known, for example, from DE 10043141 A1 and EP 3456913 A1. Windshields have also been proposed, in which electrically controllable sun visors are implemented via switchable functional elements to replace conventional mechanically foldable sun visors in motor vehicles. Windshields with electrically controllable sun visors are known, for example, from DE 102013001334 A1, DE 102005049081B3, DE 102005007427 A1 and DE 102007027296 A1.

[0004] It is also known that such a glass unit or switchable functional element is equipped with multiple segments, the optical properties of which can be switched independently of each other. Thus, one area of ​​the functional element can be selectively darkened or equipped with high light scattering, while other areas remain transparent. For example, glass units with independent segments and methods for manufacturing said glass units are known from WO 2014072137 A1. Furthermore, reference should be made to WO 2017157626 A1.

[0005] Optical properties can be controlled by applying voltage to individual segments. Therefore, animation schemes are also possible, where segments can be switched to dark, opaque, or transparent, for example, sequentially, randomly, or from outer segments to inner segments. However, the optical properties of the functional elements are temperature-dependent. Therefore, high temperatures, for example, above 50°C, can cause a significant increase in the resistance of the planar electrodes. If a voltage is subsequently applied to a specific segment at this high temperature, this subsequently results in an electric field being generated near the segment that is actually off. Thus, these segments change their optical state due to the electric field, not by targeted voltage application.

[0006] Another optical problem arises when the functional element is operated at exceptionally low temperatures, such as below 0°C. In this case, the switching time of the functional element can be drastically increased. If the duration between two optical states is typically less than one second, a duration of several minutes may occur at low temperatures until the transition from one optical state to the other is complete. This inevitably leads inexperienced users of the functional element to suspect that it is malfunctioning. A solution to this problem is disclosed in WO 2019111235 A1. The switching duration can be kept constant by means of a heating coating that heats the functional element at excessively low temperatures. However, this solution requires the use of a heating coating, which must be electrically operated. Therefore, additional space must be available, and an additional power supply must be guaranteed. WO 9837453 A1 discloses an electrochromic element in which a temperature-dependent voltage is applied to the electrochromic element to achieve the fastest possible color change. Temperature is determined by means of a temperature probe, which is preferably measured directly on the electrochromic functional element. A temperature-dependent voltage is applied to the electrochromic functional element by means of a temperature-independent and preferably linear voltage ramp to achieve color change of the functional element. Summary of the Invention

[0007] There is a need for glass units in which the switching behavior of their electrically controllable optical properties is improved. The objective of this invention is to provide such an improved glass unit and a method for controlling said glass unit.

[0008] According to the present invention, this task is accomplished by a glass unit having electrically controllable optical properties. The glass unit comprises: - A composite plate with functional elements, said functional elements having electrically controllable optical properties, and - Control unit, which is electrically connected to the functional elements.

[0009] The control unit has a data set or a programmed function that distributes a voltage ramp to each temperature within a predefined temperature range. The control unit is also suitable for... - Determine the temperature of the functional components. - The voltage ramp is selected from the data set based on the determined temperature or calculated using a programmed function, and - Apply voltage to the functional element using a selected or calculated voltage ramp.

[0010] This task is further solved by a method for controlling a glass unit with electrically controllable optical properties. The method is characterized by using a control unit... (a) Determine the temperature of the functional components, (b) Calculate the voltage ramp from the data set based on the determined temperature or using a programmed function, and (c) Apply voltage to the functional element with a selected or calculated voltage ramp.

[0011] The glass unit and method are described below together, with the preferred design schemes also relating to the glass unit and method. If preferred features are described in conjunction with the method, it is deduced that the glass unit is also preferably designed and suitable accordingly. Conversely, if preferred features are described in conjunction with the glass unit, it is deduced that the method is also preferably implemented accordingly. The glass unit is provided for use in vehicles or buildings. The composite panel is provided for separating interior spaces from the external environment in window openings (especially window openings in vehicles, but alternatively also window openings in buildings or rooms).

[0012] The present invention is based on the understanding that the switching behavior of a typical electrically controllable functional element is temperature-dependent. By determining the temperature and selecting a voltage ramp from a data set or calculating the voltage ramp using a programmed function, the switching behavior can be adapted to the temperature. Since the time required for transitioning between two switching states is temperature-dependent, depending on the temperature of the functional element, several minutes may have elapsed before a transition occurs between the two states, or it may last less than a second. According to the present invention, a voltage ramp can be calculated or selected based on the temperature of the functional element via a glass unit, and the voltage is applied to the functional element in stages with said voltage ramp, thereby accelerating or slowing down the duration of the transition between the two switching states.

[0013] "Specified temperature range" is the temperature range stored in the data set or constituting the defined range of the programmed function and must be specified before the functional element is used.

[0014] The specified temperature range preferably extends from -30°C to 120°C, particularly preferably from -25°C to 100°C, and especially from -20°C to 100°C. Within these temperature ranges, the time required for transitioning between the two switching states varies particularly for different temperatures. Furthermore, the temperature range refers to the typical temperature range found in natural environments (i.e., not purely laboratory conditions or exceptional conditions).

[0015] In the context of this invention, "applied voltage" also refers to a switching state from one where voltage is applied via a control unit to one where there is no voltage. The state of no voltage also describes the state of the equilibrium voltage in the case of, for example, an electrochromic functional element. No voltage therefore means much more than that voltage is applied via a voltage source.

[0016] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the functional element includes at least two switching states with different optical properties, and a temperature-dependent switching time is required to transition between the two switching states. Therefore, within each arbitrary temperature range, there exists a time t... max The temperature, the time corresponding to the longest possible required switching time. Wherein, the control unit causes each voltage ramp selected or calculated based on the determined temperature to result in a value greater than or equal to t. max Switching time t Schalt This allows us to determine the switching time t when a voltage is applied to the functional element. Schalt .

[0017] In other words, within every arbitrary temperature range, there exists a temperature-dependent switching rate v. minThe switching speed is the minimum switching speed within that temperature range. The control unit has a data set or a programmed function that assigns a voltage ramp to each temperature within a predefined temperature range, the voltage ramp resulting in a value less than or equal to v. min Switching speed v Schalt Here, with the help of the control unit (a) Determine the temperature of the functional components, (b) Select from the data set or calculate the voltage ramp using the programmed function based on the determined temperature, so that the switching speed v is obtained when the voltage is applied to the functional element. Schalt ,and (c) Applying a voltage to a functional element with a voltage ramp, such that a transition occurs between at least two switching states.

[0018] In the context of this invention, the phrase "arbitrary temperature range" preferably refers to the existence of at least one temperature within each considered temperature range, for which the transition between two switching states requires time t under otherwise constant conditions (voltage ramp, pressure, air humidity, etc.). max Therefore, it is irrelevant whether one considers temperatures, for example, -20°C to 50°C or 0°C to 100°C, within any given temperature range. Each of these two temperature ranges has at least one t with respect to it. max Applicable temperature. "Any temperature range" further refers to a temperature range extending at least 1°C, preferably at least 2°C, and especially at least 5°C. Therefore, any temperature range has a width of at least 1°C. Thus, a temperature range at least 1°C can, for example, be from 150°C to 151°C, or for example, from -50°C to -51°C. It does not simply mean a range from 0°C to 1°C.

[0019] Temperature (temperature value) can also refer to a non-integer. Temperature (temperature value) in a temperature range is preferably a real number with up to 10 decimal places, particularly preferably up to 5 decimal places, and especially up to 2 decimal places.

[0020] Depending on the temperature of the functional element, the required switching time between two switching states can range from less than a second to several minutes. This variable switching behavior is undesirable for users of glass units with such functional elements. In the case of such temperature-dependent switching times of the functional element, a lay user may quickly and inevitably develop the impression that the glass unit is not functioning as intended. This impression can worsen the user experience. This problem can be solved by having a control unit with a data set or a programmed function, and by determining the temperature through the control unit. The data set assigns a voltage ramp to each temperature within a predefined temperature range. The programmed function includes a set of definitions mapped at least through the defined temperature range, and calculates the voltage ramp (the voltage ramp is located in the target set) by means of the temperature. If a transition between two switching states is now required, the voltage required for the switching is applied with the voltage ramp selected from the data set or calculated by means of the programmed function. Here, the voltage ramp is selected according to the determined temperature, such that a switching speed v is applied between the two switching states. Schalt The transformation takes place. It goes without saying that the duration of the transformation from one switching state to the other corresponds to a duration t. max Or even longer durations. Therefore, for at least most switching processes, i.e., those with a small t... max All switching processes that are technically necessary to switch over are artificially extended to allow time for transitions between two switching states.

[0021] In the context of this invention, electrically controllable optical characteristics are understood in particular as characteristics that can be continuously controlled. Here, in the context of this invention, switching states can be represented by switching states between which functional elements can change, on a scale (Skala) ranging from a switching state with minimal change in optical characteristics (switching state 0% or minimum switching state) to a switching state with maximum change in optical characteristics (switching state 100% or maximum switching state). All switching states can be continuously achieved therebetween by appropriately selecting voltages. A 20% switching state, for example, corresponds to a 20% change in optical characteristics at the maximum change. The optical characteristics in particular relate to light transmission and / or scattering behavior. The switching time used to switch between switching states can be related to the percentage change in optical characteristics. The difference in this change is preferably directly proportional to the switching time, such that, for example, the change from 0% to 80% of the switching state preferably lasts four times longer than the change from 0% to 20% of the switching state. However, the switching time used to switch between switching states can also be independent of the percentage change in optical characteristics.

[0022] However, it is also conceivable in principle that electrically controllable optical properties can only be switched between two discrete switching states. Thus, there are only two switching states, namely 0% and 100%. Similarly, it is conceivable that electrically controllable optical properties can be switched between more than two discrete switching states.

[0023] AC or DC voltage can be applied to the functional element. If the functional element is a PDLC or SPD functional element, AC voltage is applied. If the functional element is an electrochromic functional element, DC voltage is applied.

[0024] If the functional element is an electrochromic functional element, then in the sense of this invention, voltage ramp refers to the linear voltage change over time, where the unit is Vs. -1 .

[0025] If the functional element is a PDLC or SPD functional element, the voltage ramp is not linear and is determined by means of an inverse function derived from the desired optical characteristics of the switching state. Because there is a nonlinear coherence between the voltage, i.e., the effective value of the AC voltage, and the optical characteristics of the functional element, an inverse function is used to determine the voltage ramp. In particular, the inverse function can be the inverse function of the characteristics of the switching state setting of the functional element. In other words, to achieve a specific switching state, the voltage (the effective value of the AC voltage) is applied to the functional element in stages, where each stage either decreases or increases the voltage depending on the type of functional element and whether a transparent switching state or a lower transparency switching state should be achieved. Preferably, the voltage is increased nonlinearly by means of the inverse function in stages. The inverse function is temperature-dependent, such that when the voltage ramp is not linear, the voltage ramp is preferably a component of the programmed function. Alternatively, all voltage values ​​applied in stages until the final voltage are stored in a data set for all temperatures within a specified temperature range. Here, each voltage value change is preferably performed within a specific time interval of at most one second.

[0026] The programmed function includes a voltage ramp as a function of temperature, the current switching state, and the controlled switching state. Therefore, the control unit can adjust the voltage ramp based on a determined temperature (e.g., 60°C). Schalt or t Schalt Determine the required voltage ramp and apply it to the functional element.

[0027] When the voltage ramp is linear, it is preferable to assign the voltage ramp value to each temperature value in the data set. For example, the data set can be created such that the individual points are known by measurement, and interpolation is performed between said points (e.g., linearly). However, it is also possible, in principle, for the data set to exist in a tabular format, where the voltage ramp is assigned to specific temperature ranges (e.g., 1°C to 2°C) or discrete temperature values ​​(e.g., exactly 1.0°C). The latter is less preferred because determining the measurement for all temperatures is significantly more time-consuming.

[0028] When switching from a state with higher transparency or light transmittance to a state with lower transparency or light transmittance (reduced switching state), rather than switching from a state with lower transparency or light transmittance to a state with higher transparency or light transmittance (increased switching state), the temperature-dependent switching time can be longer. This means that, for example, switching from a switching state with 40% transparency to a switching state with 70% transparency requires less switching time than switching in the opposite direction. Therefore, the switching time can be related to the direction of the controlled switching state. Therefore, it is preferable to select voltage ramps such that when a voltage is applied to the functional element, a switching time t is obtained not only for switching to the reduced switching state but also for switching to the increased switching state. Schalt Therefore, the data set preferably has a different voltage ramp assigned to each temperature within a predefined temperature range. If the control unit has programmed functions, the programmed functions preferably include functions for transitioning to an increasing switching state and functions for transitioning to a decreasing switching state.

[0029] Typically, at temperatures below 10°C, the necessary temperature-dependent switching time t max The switching time is significantly longer compared to temperatures above 10°C. In the case of common functional components, the limiting temperature is typically around 10°C. Temperatures below 10°C occur particularly seasonally and weather-dependently. Typically at 20°C, time t... max At 0.5 s or less. While at -10°C, time t... max Typically, this time difference is 5 seconds or more. This time difference may increase with decreasing temperature and depending on the functional element. Therefore, at least two switching states preferably have a longer time required for transitioning between the two switching states at lower temperatures compared to higher temperatures.

[0030] The functional element is preferably divided into at least two separate segments, each electrically connected to a control unit, so that a voltage can be applied to each segment independently of each other via a voltage ramp. The functional element may also be divided into more than two separate segments. Particularly preferably, the functional element is divided into three or more separate segments, very particularly preferably five or more, and especially ten or more separate segments. Dividing the element into different segments allows for control of the functional element in a manner adapted to specific needs. With independently controllable segments, the user can specify which areas of the glass unit should be transparent and which areas should be shaded, opaque, or equipped with a high level of light scattering (translucent). If the glass unit is used, for example, as a roof panel in a vehicle, excessive heating of the vehicle's interior space can be avoided by selectively controlling the individual segments according to the solar altitude. It is also possible to assign a segment above each vehicle occupant, such as the driver, front passenger, and left and right rear occupants.

[0031] In a particular embodiment of the invention, an animated approach is used to approximate the functional element, wherein voltage is first applied to the first segment of at least two separate segments and only during the switching time t. Schalt Subsequently, voltage is also applied to the other segment of the at least two separate segments. Therefore, the other segment transitions to the other switching state only after the switching process of the first segment is completed. Preferably, voltage is applied to the other segment immediately after the previous switching process is completed. In this regard, "immediately" preferably means a time of 1 second or less, particularly preferably 0.5 seconds or less, and especially 0.1 seconds or less. Here, at least two separate segments preferably transition to the same switching state. Other animation schemes are also possible. If the functional element is divided into more than two segments, adjacent segments can be switched sequentially in the manner previously described, where "switching" means transitioning from one switching state to another. However, it is also possible to switch the outer segments first, and then sequentially switch the adjacent inner segments. Needless to say, the reverse order is also possible.

[0032] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the functional element is used with another animation scheme, wherein voltage is simultaneously applied to all segments in at least two segments, such that all segments in at least two segments simultaneously transition to the desired switching state. Alternatively, the voltage is applied sequentially to all segments in at least two segments with a small time offset, preferably at most 5 seconds and particularly preferably at most 1 second, for transitioning the switching state.

[0033] The control unit is configured and adapted to control the optical characteristics of the functional element. The control unit is electrically connected on one hand to the functional element, or, if necessary, to individual segments of the functional element, and on the other hand to a voltage source. The control unit contains the necessary electrical and / or electronic components to apply the required voltage to the planar electrodes according to the switching state. Here, the switching state can be pre-given by the user (e.g., via an operating switch, button, or rotary or sliding adjuster), determined by a sensor, and / or transmitted via a digital interface of the vehicle's central control equipment (typically a LIN or CAN bus if the composite board is a vehicle board). If the composite board is a vehicle board, the switch, button, rotary, or sliding adjuster can be integrated, for example, into the vehicle's accessories. However, contact switch surfaces can also be directly integrated into the composite board, such as capacitive or resistive switch surfaces. Alternatively, the functional element can also be controlled by a contactless method, such as by recognizing gestures or based on the state of the pupil or eyelid determined by a camera and suitable evaluation electronics. The control unit may include, for example, an electronic processor, transformer, transistor, capacitor, diode, and other components.

[0034] When the functional element is an SPD or PDLC functional element, the voltage applied to the functional element is an AC voltage. If the functional element is an electrochromic functional element, a DC voltage is applied to the functional element.

[0035] It is possible that the functional element is a PDLC or SPD functional element, but the voltage source is a DC voltage source. This situation occurs, for example, in a vehicle if the composite board is a vehicle board and connected to the vehicle's voltage. Here, the control unit is preferably connected to the vehicle's electrical system, from which it obtains voltage and optionally information about the switching state to be set. The control unit is then equipped with at least one inverter for converting the DC voltage to AC voltage. In a first design, the control unit has a single inverter, which, if necessary, has inverter outputs with multiple independent output terminals for individually controlling segments of the functional element, each segment connected to one of the output terminals. Thus, each segment, or the functional element as a whole, is assigned to and electrically connected to one output terminal of the inverter. The respective output terminals are typically implemented via switches, where the inverter generates a voltage that is subsequently switched. These switches can be directly integrated into the inverter. However, alternatively, it is also possible that, strictly speaking, the inverter itself has only a single output terminal, and an external switch is connected to said output terminal to distribute the voltage across the segments of the functional element. In the sense of this invention, such an externally connected switch is also considered an output terminal of the inverter. In the second design, and for cases where the functional element has at least two segments, the control unit comprises multiple inverters, with each segment connected to its own inverter for individual segment control. Thus, each segment is electrically connected to one inverter. The first design has the advantages of being less expensive and more space-efficient. However, the first design has the disadvantage that if the functional element is divided into at least two segments, these segments can be controlled optically, albeit digitally. The segments cannot be equipped with different final switching states (arguably independently "dimmable"), which is possible without issue in the second design.

[0036] The one or more inverters can be operated to generate a true AC voltage, including its negative component relative to the supply voltage of the control equipment. However, this solution is technically costly because negative potentials are not available in the case of DC voltage sources, such as in vehicles. Alternatively, and generally preferred, is to simulate an AC voltage. Here, the control unit is equipped with two inverters, with the functional element electrically connected to both inverters. The inverter potentials are modulated using a variable function, such as a sinusoidal function, where the potential of the first inverter is in phase and the potential of the second inverter is phase-shifted relative to this, particularly with a 180° phase shift. The signal of the first inverter is then inverted relative to the signal of the second inverter. This produces a time-variable periodic potential difference with alternating positive and negative contributions, corresponding to an AC voltage. If the functional element is divided into at least two segments, each segment is electrically connected to two different inverters so that the AC voltage can be modulated for each segment. "Different inverters" here does not mean that the corresponding inverters cannot be connected to multiple segments.

[0037] The onboard voltage of a vehicle (e.g., 12 to 14 V) is typically insufficient for fully optically controlling the functional elements. For this reason, regardless of whether the functional element is a PDLC, SPD, or electrochromic element, the control unit is preferably equipped with a DC transformer adapted to increase the supplied feed voltage (primary voltage), i.e., convert it to a higher secondary voltage (e.g., 65 V). The control unit is connected to a DC voltage source and is supplied with the primary voltage by said DC voltage source. The primary voltage is converted to a higher secondary voltage via the DC transformer. In an advantageous design, the secondary voltage is 5 V to 70 V, and the AC voltage is 5 V to 50 V. If the functional element is not an electrochromic element, the secondary voltage is converted to an AC voltage (e.g., 48 V) via an inverter.

[0038] According to the invention, the temperature of the functional element is determined so that a voltage ramp can be selected or calculated based on this temperature, and a voltage can be applied using said voltage ramp. It is assumed here that the composite plate has a uniform temperature overall, i.e., the temperature of the functional element is consistent with the temperature of other areas of the composite plate, which is typically, at least approximately, the case. The determination of the temperature of the composite plate therefore corresponds at least approximately to the determination of the temperature of the functional element.

[0039] In an advantageous design, the composite panel is equipped with a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is connected to a control unit, allowing the control unit to determine the temperature of the composite panel and consequently, the functional elements. The measurement signal from the temperature sensor is thus transmitted to and evaluated by the control unit, enabling the control unit to determine the temperature of the composite panel. The temperature sensor can be integrated into the composite panel. Alternatively, the temperature sensor can be externally fastened to or distributed onto the composite panel. Here, the temperature sensor is preferably fastened to the surface of the composite panel facing the interior space (e.g., the interior space of a vehicle). The temperature sensor can also be arranged in the control unit itself or in a fastening element, which the control unit uses to fasten it to the composite panel. In principle, a temperature sensor that measures the temperature remotely without being directly fastened to or integrated into the composite panel, such as an IR sensor positioned in the environment of the composite panel and aligned with it, can also be used.

[0040] In another advantageous design, the control unit is suited to determine the impedance of a functional element and, from there, the temperature of that element. This is possible because impedance (the equivalent of classical ohmic resistance in the case of AC voltage) is temperature-dependent. In particular, there is an injective relationship between the real part of the impedance and the temperature of the functional element. In this way, a temperature can be assigned to each impedance. Specifically, the real part of the impedance as a function of temperature decreases strictly monotonically with increasing temperature. This design has the advantage of eliminating the need for a temperature sensor, which must be integrated as another component, thus complicating the structure and increasing manufacturing costs. The method is implemented such that the control unit determines the impedance of the functional element and, from there, determines or estimates the temperature. For this purpose, in particular, a voltage is applied and the resulting current is determined. The impedance can be calculated as the quotient of the voltage and the current. Impedance data, such as impedance curves or tables, is stored in the control unit, describing the temperature dependence of the impedance (more precisely, the real part of the impedance) (impedance as a function of temperature or temperature as a function of impedance). The control unit can approximate the temperature by comparing the measured impedance value with the impedance data.

[0041] Different implementations are possible when determining impedance, especially in the measurement of power consumption. If the control unit includes at least one inverter that converts the incoming DC voltage into the outgoing AC voltage, the output current of the inverter is measured. The problem here is that the current thus determined ("apparent current" or "total current") consists of two components: reactive current (figuratively speaking, caused by the "reciprocating movement" of electrons due to the AC voltage and capacitance of the functional elements) and active current (caused by parasitic losses in the leads and functional elements). However, only the active current is decisive for determining impedance (more precisely, its real part). Therefore, the active component (active current) of the measured current must be calculated from the total current by the control unit, for example, by determining the phase shift between the voltage and the apparent current.

[0042] If the functional element is a PDLC or SPD functional element, then in a particularly preferred variant, the impedance can be determined from a measurement of the inverter's current consumption. The control unit is suited for this determination. Since only DC voltage exists here, the reactive current disappears over time as long as each reactive current was not originally intercepted by the intermediate circuit capacitors in the inverter. Taking into account the loss factor in the inverter, the measured current can be directly used as a basis for determining the impedance. Another advantage is that this current measurement for fault identification (short circuit and overload) often already exists and does not require additional component costs.

[0043] An estimation algorithm can be used as another possibility for determining the temperature of a functional element. The estimation algorithm is preferably located on and executed at the control unit. The temperature of the functional element is estimated based on one or more measured signals. The signals used for temperature estimation can preferably be measurements of internal temperature, external temperature, thermal radiation (infrared, secondary thermal rays, and / or ultraviolet radiation), and / or, if the composite panel is used as a vehicle panel in a motor vehicle, measurements of speed. The signals can be measured by sensors that are typically located in the vehicle and transmitted to the control unit. Alternatively, sensors can be arranged in the environment of the composite panel specifically for temperature estimation purposes. In either case, the sensors are connected to the control unit. The temperature can be estimated based on the measured signals using an estimation algorithm. Here, temperature is a function of one or more signals; the signals are therefore a defined set, and the temperature is the target set. The temperature of the functional element can be determined by means of an estimation algorithm, regardless of whether the functional element is a PDLC functional element, an SPD functional element, or an electrochromic functional element.

[0044] In a preferred design, the functional element is a PDLC (polymer-dispersed liquid crystal) functional element. The active layer of the PDLC functional element contains liquid crystal embedded in a polymer matrix. If no voltage is applied to the planar electrodes, the liquid crystal is oriented randomly, resulting in strong scattering of light passing through the active layer (transparency). If a voltage is applied to the planar electrodes, the liquid crystal is oriented in a common direction, and the transmission of light through the functional element is increased (transparency). However, the liquid crystal can also exist in an ordered state without voltage, and correspondingly randomly when a voltage is applied. Other functional elements, whose optical properties are variable based on liquid crystal, such as PNLC (polymer-networked liquid crystal) functional elements, can also be used. When discussing the application of voltage in conjunction with the functional element as a PDLC functional element, it always refers to alternating current voltage (the effective value of the alternating current voltage, not the instantaneous voltage) in the sense of this invention.

[0045] In another preferred design, the functional element is an SPD (Suspended Particle Device). Here, the SPD functional element comprises suspended particles. The suspended particles alter the optical state of the functional element through light absorption by means of an applied voltage. The SPD functional element thus includes a switching state with transparent and opaque optical properties, as well as an intermediate level between transparency and opacity. When discussing the application of voltage in conjunction with the functional element as an SPD functional element, it always refers to alternating current voltage (the effective value of the alternating current voltage, not the instantaneous voltage) in the context of this invention.

[0046] In another preferred design, the functional element is an electrochromic functional element. In this case, the transmission of visible light through the functional element is related to the degree of ion embedding. Ions are released, for example, through an ion storage layer and embedded in the electrochromic layer. The transmission can be affected by a voltage applied to the functional element, which causes ion migration. A suitable electrochromic layer preferably comprises at least tungsten oxide or vanadium oxide. If the functional element is an electrochromic functional element, the control unit is preferably not equipped with an inverter and a DC voltage is applied to the functional element. However, depending on necessity, a DC transformer for achieving a voltage in the range of 1 V to 50 V, and preferably 10 V to 42 V, may be part of the control unit.

[0047] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the functional element is an SPD functional element or a PDLC functional element. If the functional element is operated by means of an AC voltage, the switching speed of the functional element can be significantly and better influenced by the voltage ramp. In particular, the functional element is a PDLC functional element. Studies based on experiments have shown that the technical effects of the present invention are particularly advantageous for PDLC functional elements.

[0048] The adjustable functional elements mentioned and their operation are known to those skilled in the art, so a detailed description is not required here.

[0049] The composite panel preferably includes at least one outer panel and an inner panel, which are connected to each other via a thermoplastic interlayer.

[0050] In the context of this invention, the inner panel represents the panel facing the interior space. The outer panel represents the panel facing the external environment. The outer panel and the inner panel each have an outer surface and an interior space side surface, as well as a surrounding side surface extending therebetween. In the context of this invention, the outer surface of the inner and outer panels represents the main surface configured to face the external environment in the mounting position. In the context of this invention, the interior space side surface of the inner and outer panels represents the main surface configured to face the interior space in the mounting position. The interior space side surface of the outer panel and the outer surface of the inner panel thus face each other and are interconnected by a thermoplastic interlayer.

[0051] A thermoplastic interlayer is used to connect the inner and outer panels, as is common in composite panels. Typically, a thermoplastic film is used and the interlayer is constructed from said thermoplastic film. In a preferred design, the interlayer consists of at least a first thermoplastic layer and a second thermoplastic layer, with functional elements arranged between the first and second thermoplastic layers. Thus, the functional elements are connected to the outer panel via regions of the first thermoplastic layer and to the inner panel via regions of the second thermoplastic layer. The thermoplastic layers preferably protrude around the functional elements. Where the thermoplastic layers are in direct contact with each other and are not separated by functional elements, the thermoplastic layers can be melted during lamination so that the original layers become unrecognizable in some cases, and instead, a homogeneous interlayer exists.

[0052] The thermoplastic layer can be constructed, for example, from a single thermoplastic film. The thermoplastic layer can also be composed of segments of different thermoplastic films, with the sides of the segments placed together.

[0053] In a preferred design, the functional element, more specifically, the sides of the functional element, is surrounded by a third thermoplastic layer. The third thermoplastic layer is framed with recesses in which the functional element is placed. The third thermoplastic layer can be formed from a thermoplastic film, into which the recesses have been incorporated by cutting. Alternatively, the third thermoplastic layer can also consist of multiple film segments surrounding the functional element. The intermediate layer is then composed of at least three planarly overlapping thermoplastic layers, with the intermediate layer having a recess in which the functional element is disposed. During manufacturing, the third thermoplastic layer is disposed between the first and second thermoplastic layers, wherein the sides of all thermoplastic layers preferably overlap. The third thermoplastic layer preferably has approximately the same thickness as the functional element. This compensates for local thickness differences introduced by the positionally constrained functional element, allowing glass breakage to be avoided during lamination and resulting in an improved visual appearance.

[0054] The intermediate layers are preferably constructed from the same material, but in principle they can also be constructed from different materials. The intermediate layer layers or films are preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), or polyurethane (PU). This means that the layer or film contains, in majority, the aforementioned materials (greater than 50% by weight) and may optionally contain other components, such as plasticizers, stabilizers, UV or IR absorbers. The thickness of each thermoplastic layer is preferably from 0.2 mm to 2 mm, particularly preferably from 0.3 mm to 1 mm. For example, films with standard thicknesses of 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm can be used.

[0055] The outer and inner panels are preferably made of glass, particularly soda-lime glass, as is common for window panels. However, these panels can also be made of other types of glass, such as quartz, borosilicate, or aluminosilicate glass, or of rigid, clear plastics, such as polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate. The panels can be clear or colored or stained. Depending on the application, limits can be set for the degree of coloring or staining: thus sometimes it is necessary to guarantee a specified light transmittance, for example, at least 70% light transmittance in the main perspective area A, according to Regulation 43 of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN / ECE).

[0056] The outer panel, inner panel, and / or intermediate layer may have suitable coatings known in themselves, such as anti-reflective coatings, anti-stick coatings, anti-scratch coatings, photocatalytic coatings, UV absorbing or reflective coatings, or IR absorbing or reflective coatings, such as shading coatings or low-emissivity coatings.

[0057] The thickness of the outer and inner panels can vary widely and can therefore be adapted to the requirements of individual cases. The outer and inner panels preferably have a thickness of 0.5 mm to 5 mm, and particularly preferably 1 mm to 3 mm.

[0058] Composite panels can be equipped with opaque masking prints, particularly in the surrounding edge areas, as is common in the vehicle industry, especially for windshields, rear window panels, and roof panels. The masking prints are typically made of enamel containing glass frit and pigments, particularly black pigment. The printing ink is typically applied by screen printing and then fired. This masking print is applied to at least one of the panel surfaces, preferably to the interior space side surface of the outer and / or inner panels. The masking prints preferably frame the central transparent area and, particularly, protect the adhesive used to attach the composite panel to the vehicle body via said adhesive. If the control unit is located on the interior space side surface of the inner panel, it is preferably located in the opaque area of ​​the masking print.

[0059] The composite panel according to the invention comprises functional elements having electrically controllable optical properties, said functional elements being disposed between an outer panel and an inner panel, i.e., embedded in an intermediate layer. The functional elements are particularly preferably disposed between at least two layers of thermoplastic material in the intermediate layer, wherein said functional elements are connected to the outer panel via a first layer and to the inner panel via a second layer. Alternatively, however, the functional elements may also be disposed directly on the surface of the outer or inner panel facing the intermediate layer. The sides of the functional elements are preferably completely surrounded by the intermediate layer, such that the functional elements do not extend to the sides of the composite panel and therefore do not come into contact with the surrounding atmosphere.

[0060] If the temperature sensor is integrated into the composite panel, this in the sense of the invention means that the temperature sensor is laminated between the outer panel and the inner panel. The temperature sensor is preferably embedded in the intermediate layer and particularly preferably disposed between at least two layers of the thermoplastic material of the intermediate layer. Here, the temperature sensor is preferably disposed adjacent to the functional element, such that the temperature sensor is 2 cm or less, particularly preferably 1 cm or less, from the functional element.

[0061] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the functional element includes at least one active layer and first and second planar electrodes disposed on either side of the active layer such that the active layer is disposed between the first and second planar electrodes. The planar electrodes and the active layer are typically arranged substantially parallel to the surfaces of the outer and inner plates. The active layer has variable optical properties, which can be controlled by a voltage applied to the active layer via the planar electrodes. Therefore, the active layer preferably includes at least liquid crystal in a polymer matrix in the case of a PDLC functional element, at least suspended particles in the case of an SPD functional element, and at least an ion storage layer and an electrochromic layer in the case of an electrochromic functional element.

[0062] The first planar electrode preferably has at least two electrode segments separated from each other by insulating lines. An insulating line is understood as a linear region where no material of the planar electrode exists, such that adjacent segments are materially separated from each other and therefore electrically insulated from each other. This means that there is no direct electrical connection between the electrode segments, although the electrode segments may be indirectly electrically connected to each other to some extent via an active layer in contact with them. The first planar electrode can be divided into multiple segments by multiple insulating lines. Each electrode segment represents a segment of a functional element. The number of electrode segments can be freely chosen according to the desired number of segments. In a preferred design, the insulating lines extend substantially parallel to each other and from one side of the planar electrode to the opposite side. However, any other geometry is conceivable. Using insulating lines to form the electrode segments of the functional element is a low-cost and simple method for manufacturing segments of the functional element. The second planar electrode and the active layer preferably constitute a coherent, continuous layer.

[0063] The insulating wires have a width, for example, from 5 μm to 500 μm, particularly from 20 μm to 200 μm. Preferably, the insulating wires are introduced into the planar electrode by means of laser radiation. The width of the segments, i.e., the distance between adjacent insulating wires, can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art according to the requirements of individual cases.

[0064] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the second planar electrode has insulating lines extending parallel to the first planar electrode, such that both the first and second planar electrodes have at least two electrode segments arranged overlappingly in a view through the composite plate. This arrangement prevents the so-called "crosstalk" effect between segments of the functional element. Crosstalk describes a change in the switching state of a segment that should actually be voltage-free, but whose switching state is altered due to voltage being applied to adjacent segments. However, it is also conceivable, in principle, that the second planar electrode is segmented to a smaller extent than the first planar electrode, i.e., having fewer insulating lines and electrode segments, such that multiple electrode segments of the first planar electrode are allocated to at least one electrode segment of the second planar electrode. This approach saves costs.

[0065] The electrode segments of the first planar electrode are electrically connected to the control unit independently of each other, so that a first potential (time-variable in the case of AC voltage) (independent of other electrode segments) can be applied to each electrode segment. The second planar electrode is also electrically connected to the control unit, so that a second potential can be applied to the second planar electrode overall. Therefore, a voltage ramp is applied between each electrode segment and the second planar electrode. If the second planar electrode is also divided into electrode segments, each electrode segment of the second planar electrode is also electrically connected to the control unit independently of each other. If the first potential and the second potential are the same, no voltage is applied between the electrodes in the corresponding segment (switching state 0%). If the first potential and the second potential are different, a voltage is applied between the electrodes in the corresponding segment, thereby producing the final switching state. For electrochromic functional elements, a balance voltage can also be set in the 0% switching state such that the first potential and the second potential are not the same. However, since almost no current flows under this balance voltage, the switching state only changes when a voltage is applied from the voltage source.

[0066] The planar electrode is preferably transparent, which in the sense of the invention means that the planar electrode has a light transmittance of at least 50%, preferably at least 70%, and particularly preferably at least 80% in the visible spectrum. The planar electrode preferably comprises at least one metal, metal alloy, or transparent conducting oxide (TCO). The planar electrode can be constructed, for example, based on silver, gold, copper, nickel, chromium, tungsten, indium tin oxide (ITO), gallium-doped or aluminum-doped zinc oxide, and / or fluorine-doped or antimony-doped tin oxide, preferably based on silver or ITO. The planar electrode preferably has a thickness of 10 nm to 2 μm, particularly preferably 20 nm to 1 μm, and very preferably 30 nm to 500 nm.

[0067] In an advantageous design, the functional element comprises two carrier films in addition to the active layer and the first and second planar electrodes, wherein the active layer and the planar electrodes are preferably arranged between the carrier films. The carrier films are preferably constructed of a thermoplastic material, such as based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, polyvinyl fluoride, or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, particularly preferably based on PET. The thickness of the carrier films is preferably from 10 μm to 200 μm. This functional element can advantageously be provided as a multilayer film, especially in a commercially available manner, cut to the desired size and shape and then laminated into a composite panel, preferably laminated together with the outer and inner panels via thermoplastic layers respectively. It is possible that even if the first and / or second planar electrodes are embedded in such a multilayer film, the first and / or second planar electrodes can be segmented by laser radiation. Laser processing can produce fine, visually inconspicuous insulating lines without damaging the carrier film typically located above them.

[0068] The surrounding sides of the functional element can be partially or completely sealed, for example, by a molten carrier layer or by a (preferably polymer) strip. This protects the active layer if necessary, and in particular prevents components of the intermediate layer (especially plasticizers) from diffusing into the functional element, which could lead to degradation of the functional element.

[0069] For electrical contact with the planar electrodes or segments, these electrodes or segments are preferably connected to so-called flat or thin-film conductors that extend from the intermediate layer beyond the sides of the composite plate. The flat conductors have a strip of metal as a conductive core, typically surrounded by a polymer insulating sheath except for the contact surfaces. Alternatively, so-called bus bars, strips of conductive films (e.g., copper films), or conductive embossed patterns can be arranged on the planar electrodes, with the flat or thin-film conductors connected to these bus bars. The flat or thin-film conductors are connected directly or via other conductors to the control unit.

[0070] In an advantageous design, the control unit is fastened to the inner space side surface of the composite panel, preferably to the surface of the inner panel opposite to the intermediate layer. The control unit can be, for example, directly adhered to the surface of the composite panel. In another advantageous design, the control unit is inserted into a fastening element, which in turn is fastened to the inner space side surface of the composite panel, preferably via an adhesive layer. Such a fastening element is also known in the vehicle industry as a "bracket" and is typically made of plastic. Directly mounting the control unit to the composite panel facilitates electrical connection of the control unit. In particular, long cables are not required between the control unit and the functional components.

[0071] However, alternatively, the control unit may not be fixed to the composite panel, but rather, if the composite panel is a vehicle panel, it may be integrated into the vehicle's electrical system or fixed to the vehicle body. The control unit is preferably arranged within the vehicle's interior space, making it invisible, for example, in the dashboard or behind a back panel.

[0072] The present invention also relates to a computer program product, which is mounted on the control unit of the glass unit according to the invention and is suitable for use with... - The control unit is instructed to determine the temperature of the functional element, wherein the control unit subsequently determines the temperature of the functional element. - The voltage ramp is selected from the data set based on the determined temperature or calculated using a programmed function, and - Instructs the control unit to apply voltage to the functional element with a voltage ramp, wherein the control unit then applies voltage to the functional element with a voltage ramp.

[0073] The present invention further relates to a method for controlling a glass unit having electrically controllable optical properties, wherein a glass unit according to the invention is provided, wherein... (a) The computer program product instructs the control unit to determine the temperature of the functional element, and subsequently determines the temperature. (b) The voltage ramp is selected from the data set by a computer program product based on the determined temperature, or calculated by means of a programmed function, and (c) The computer program product instructs the control unit to apply voltage to the functional element with a voltage ramp, and subsequently applies voltage with a voltage ramp.

[0074] The invention further includes the use of glass units according to the invention, and especially composite panels of glass units according to the invention, in buildings or in vehicles used for land, air or water transportation, preferably as window panels of vehicles, especially motor vehicles. For example, glass units or composite panels can be used as wind deflectors, roof panels, rear partitions, or side panels.

[0075] In a particularly preferred design, the glass unit or composite panel serves as a windshield for the vehicle. Here, the functional element is preferably used as an electrically controllable sunshade, arranged in the upper region of the windshield, while the majority of the windshield is unequipped with the functional element. Segments, if necessary, are preferably arranged substantially parallel to the upper edge of the windshield at increasing distances from it. Through independently controllable segments, the user can determine the size of the area adjacent to the upper edge based on the solar altitude; this area should be shaded or equipped with high light-scattering properties to avoid glare caused by the sun.

[0076] In another preferred design, the glass unit or composite panel is the roof panel of the vehicle. Here, functional elements are preferably arranged throughout the entire transparent area of ​​the composite panel. In a typical design, the transparent area comprises the entire composite panel minus a surrounding edge region equipped with an opaque masking print on at least one surface of the composite panel. The functional elements extend throughout the transparent area, with their sides arranged within the area of ​​the opaque masking print and thus invisible to the observer. Segments, if necessary, are preferably arranged substantially parallel to the front edge of the roof panel (the edge facing the windshield) at an increasing distance from said front edge. With independently controllable segments, the user can, for example, specify which areas of the roof panel should be transparent and which areas should be shaded or equipped with high light scattering according to the solar altitude to avoid excessive heating of the vehicle's interior space. It is also possible to assign a segment above each vehicle occupant, i.e., the driver, front passenger, and left and right rear passengers. Attached Figure Description

[0077] The invention is described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. The drawings are schematic and not to scale. The drawings do not limit the invention in any way. Wherein: Figure 1 A top view of one design of the glass unit according to the present invention is shown. Figure 2 Showing through Figure 1 The cross-section of the glass unit, Figure 3 Show Figure 2 A magnified view of region Z. Figure 4 Shown in circuit diagram Figure 1 Functional components, Figure 5A A graph showing the "on" state of the electrically controllable functional element at 23°C with switching time, as described in the preceding section. Figure 5B A graph showing the electrically controllable functional element described in the preceding section "turning off" at 23°C with a switching time is displayed. Figure 6A A graph showing the "on" state of the electrically controllable functional element as described in the preceding section at -20°C with switching time is presented, and Figure 6B A graph showing the electrically controllable functional element described in the preceding section "turning off" at -20°C with a switching time is displayed, and Figure 7 A diagram illustrating the method according to the present invention is presented using an animation scheme. Detailed Implementation

[0078] Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 Details of the composite plate 100 with electrically controllable optical properties according to the present invention are shown separately. Figure 1 A top view of the composite plate 100 according to the present invention is shown, while Figure 2 Using the cutting line X-X' to show Figure 1 The cross-sectional view of the composite plate shown. Figure 3 Show Figure 2 The magnified area Z of the cross-sectional view. The composite panel 100 is exemplarily configured as a roof panel of a passenger vehicle, the light transmission of which can be locally controlled electrically. The composite panel 100 includes an outer panel 1 and an inner panel 2 interconnected via an intermediate layer 3. The outer panel 1 and the inner panel 2 are composed of soda-lime glass, which may optionally be colored. The outer panel 1 has, for example, a thickness of 2.1 mm, and the inner panel 2 has a thickness of 1.6 mm.

[0079] The intermediate layer 3 comprises three thermoplastic layers 3a, 3b, and 3c, each constructed from a 0.38 mm thick PVB thermoplastic film. The first thermoplastic layer 3a is connected to the outer plate 1, and the second thermoplastic layer 3b is connected to the inner plate 2. The third thermoplastic layer 3c, located in between, has a notch into which the functional element 4, with electrically controllable optical properties, fits substantially precisely, i.e., roughly flush on all sides. The third thermoplastic layer 3c thus constitutes a passepartout or frame for the approximately 0.4 mm thick functional element 4, which is therefore encapsulated and protected by the thermoplastic material. The functional element 4 is, for example, a PDLC multilayer film that can switch from a turbid, opaque (semi-transparent) switching state of 0% to a clear, transparent switching state of 100%. The functional element 4 is a multilayer film consisting of an active layer 5 between a first planar electrode 8 and a second planar electrode 9, and two carrier films 6 and 7. The first carrier film 6 is in planar contact with the first planar electrode 8, and the second carrier film 7 is in planar contact with the second planar electrode 9. The active layer 5 comprises a polymer matrix having liquid crystals dispersed therein, which are oriented according to a voltage (AC voltage) applied to the planar electrodes 8 and 9, thereby allowing adjustment of optical properties. The carrier films 6 and 7 are composed of PET and have a thickness of, for example, 0.125 mm. The carrier films 6 and 7 are equipped with a coating made of ITO having a thickness of approximately 100 nm facing the active layer 5, which forms the planar electrodes 8 and 9. The planar electrodes 8 and 9 are connected to a cable 14 via a bus conductor (not shown, for example, constructed from strips of copper film), which establishes an electrical connection to the control unit 10.

[0080] The control unit 10 is exemplarily positioned on the interior space side surface of the inner panel 2, opposite to the intermediate layer 3. For this purpose, fastening elements (not shown) are bonded to the inner panel 2, and the control unit 10 is inserted into these fastening elements. However, the control unit 10 does not necessarily have to be directly mounted on the composite panel 100. Alternatively, the control unit may be mounted, for example, on the dashboard or vehicle body, or integrated into the vehicle's onboard electrical system.

[0081] The composite panel 100 has a surrounding edge region equipped with an opaque masking print 13. This masking print 13 is typically constructed of black enamel. The masking print is applied to the panel surface by screen printing using a printing ink containing black pigment and glass powder, and then fired into the surface. The masking print 13 is exemplarily applied to the inner space side surface of the outer panel 1 and also to the inner space side surface of the inner panel 2. The sides of the functional element 4 are masked by the masking print 13. The control unit 10 is arranged in this opaque edge region, i.e., adhered to the masking print 13 on the inner panel 2. There, the control unit 10 does not interfere with the view through the composite panel 100 and is visually inconspicuous. Furthermore, the control unit has a small distance from the sides of the composite panel 100, so that only a short cable 14 is needed for electrical connection of the functional element 4.

[0082] On the other hand, the control unit 10 is connected to the vehicle's onboard electrical system; for simplicity, this is... Figure 1 and Figure 2 Not shown in the diagram. The control unit 10 is adapted to apply voltage in a voltage ramp to the planar electrodes 8, 9 of the functional element 4 according to a signal for control, which is given in advance by the driver, for example by pressing a button, and the voltage ramp is required for the desired optical state (switching state) of the functional element 4.

[0083] Functional element 4 exemplarily has four independent segments S1, S2, S3, and S4, wherein the switching state of functional element 4 can be adjusted independently of each other by control unit 10. Segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 are arranged sequentially from the front edge to the rear edge of the roof panel. The front edge refers to the edge of the roof panel that is closest to the front of the vehicle at the installation position, and the rear edge refers to the edge that is closest to the rear of the vehicle at the installation position. By using segments S1, S2, S3, and S4, the driver of the vehicle can (e.g., depending on the sun's altitude) select to equip only one area of ​​the composite panel, rather than the entire composite panel 100, with a semi-transparent state, while other areas remain transparent.

[0084] To construct segments S1, S2, S3, and S4, the first planar electrode 8 is interrupted by three insulating wires 8', which are arranged substantially parallel to each other and extend from one side of the functional element 4 to the opposite side. The insulating wires 8' are typically introduced into the first planar electrode 8 by laser processing and divide the first planar electrode into four materially separated electrode segments 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4. Each electrode segment 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4 is connected to the control unit 10 independently of the other electrode segments. The control unit is adapted to independently apply voltage between each electrode segment 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4 of the first planar electrode 8 on one side and the second planar electrode 9 on the other side, thereby applying the required voltage to the section of the active layer 5 located therebetween to achieve the desired switching state.

[0085] like Figure 4 As illustrated in the equivalent circuit diagram, control unit 10 is connected to voltage source 15 via the vehicle's onboard electrical system. In the field of transportation, voltage source 15 typically provides a DC voltage in the range of 12 V to 14 V (vehicle onboard voltage). Control unit 10 is equipped with a DC transformer 11 that converts the onboard voltage (primary voltage) into a DC voltage with a higher value, such as 65 V (secondary voltage). The secondary voltage must be high enough to achieve 100% switching of functional element 4. Control unit 10 is further equipped with an inverter 12 that converts the secondary voltage into AC voltage. One pole of inverter 12 is connected to the second planar electrode 9. For the other pole, inverter 12 has multiple independent outputs, each of which is connected to electrode segments 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4 respectively, so that the switching state of the corresponding segment S1, S2, S3, S4 can be adjusted independently of other segments. In the 0% switching state, electrode segments 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 and the second planar electrode 9 always have the same potential, so no voltage is applied. In the switching states of segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 (greater than 0%), a voltage is applied between the respective electrode segments 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 and the second planar electrode 9. Due to the voltage, current flows through the corresponding segment of the active layer 5.

[0086] The switching speed and thus the switching time are temperature-dependent. In particular, lower temperatures starting from 10°C result in lower switching speeds for functional elements 4 or segments S1, S2, S3, S4 to transition between switching states. At temperatures above 10°C, this deceleration is generally absent or less pronounced. Therefore, in any temperature range, for example -20°C to 120°C, there is always at least one temperature that results in the required maximum switching time t.max In this embodiment, the temperature is -20°C. Therefore, when the functional element 4 has a temperature of -20°C, the required switching time for transitioning between the two switching states is the highest.

[0087] In addition to temperature, the switching speed is also defined by a voltage ramp, at which voltage is applied to segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 of functional element 4. According to the invention, this correlation of switching speed is fully utilized by applying voltage to planar electrodes 8 and 9 with a voltage ramp, wherein the voltage ramp is selected based on the temperature of functional element 4. For this purpose, a computer program product stored on control unit 10 instructs control unit 10 to first determine the temperature of composite plate 100 or functional element 4. Control unit 10 determines the temperature, and the computer program product selects a voltage ramp from a data set stored on control unit 10 based on the determined temperature, or calculates the voltage ramp by means of a function programmed on control unit 10, and instructs control unit 10 to apply voltage to one or more segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 of functional element 4 with the selected or calculated voltage ramp. The voltage is selected to achieve the desired switching state. The voltage ramp selected from the data set or calculated using a programmed function has different values ​​(linear or nonlinear voltage ramps) depending on the determined temperature, such that the switching speed between switching states is larger or smaller depending on the voltage ramp. Here, the voltage ramp is selected such that the switching time t is obtained for all determined temperatures within the temperature range. Schalt Used for changing the switching state. Switching time t Schalt For example, equal to the maximum switching time t max In this example, the maximum switching time is required for functional element 4 at a temperature of -20°C. In other words: the switching speed v between switching states. Schalt The same applies to all temperatures, and the extension is artificially applied to all temperatures except for -20°C.

[0088] However, for some functional elements 4 and at certain temperatures, the time required to increase and decrease the voltage is different. Therefore, when switching from a state with higher transparency or higher transmittance to a state with lower transparency or lower transmittance (decreasing switching state), rather than when switching from a state with lower transparency or lower transmittance to a state with higher transparency or higher transmittance (increasing switching state), the temperature-dependent time for switching can be longer. Therefore, the voltage ramp is, for example, selected or calculated such that when a voltage is applied to functional element 4, a switching time t is obtained not only for transitioning to the decreasing switching state but also for transitioning to the increasing switching state. SchaltIn other words, the value of the voltage ramp varies depending on whether the switching state is decreasing or increasing. From this, the switching speed v is derived. Schalt The same applies not only to the transition state to increase but also to the transition state to decrease.

[0089] To determine the temperature, the composite board 100 may be equipped with, for example, a temperature sensor that transmits the measured temperature to the control unit 10. If the temperature of the functional element 4 is estimated, for example, based on the impedance of the active layer 5, a temperature sensor may not be necessary. The applied voltage results in a current flowing through the active layer 5, the magnitude of which depends on the temperature-dependent impedance. If the current consumption is determined given the applied voltage, the current flowing through the active layer 5 or the impedance of the active layer 5 can be determined from it, and the temperature can then be approximately determined from it. For this purpose, impedance data is stored in the control unit 10, which correlates the impedance of the active layer 5 with the temperature.

[0090] Figure 5A , 5B 6A and 6B show graphs of transmittance based on the time used for the glass unit described in the preceding section. Figure 5A and Figure 6A This shows the transition from a switching state with lower transmittance to a switching state with higher transmittance (on). Figure 5B and Figure 6B This illustrates the transition from a switching state with higher transmittance to a switching state with lower transmittance (off). Transmittance indicates the percentage of light transmitted through the composite plate. Figure 5A and 5B In the middle, the composite board or functional component has a temperature of 23°C, while... Figure 6A and 6B The temperature is -20°C. The signal used to switch the state arrives after 5 seconds for all curves (in...). Figure 5A , 5B (Used as "switching" in 6A and 6B). At 23°C, the transition to another switching state (on and off) is completed in less than 1 second. Figure 6A and Figure 6B The switching behavior at -20°C differs from that at 23°C. Switching the functional element, i.e., transitioning from a switching state with approximately 20% transmittance to one with approximately 47% transmittance, requires approximately 5 seconds of switching time. Therefore, compared to... Figure 5ACompared to 23°, the switching time has increased to more than five times. This effect is more noticeable during shutdown. In this case, the transmittance decreases by only about 25% over a 100 s time interval, reaching approximately 32% transmittance within that time. Since the measurement ended after 105 s, therefore... Figure 6B The target state is switched if the percentage of those not reaching 20% ​​is not reached.

[0091] This temperature-dependent switching behavior, with switching times ranging from less than a second to several minutes, can confuse novice users of glass units and may trigger obvious assumptions that the glass unit is not functioning as intended.

[0092] Figure 7 A flowchart or process diagram illustrating an exemplary method according to the present invention is shown, wherein after a desired switching state of a functional element 4 having four segments S1, S2, S3, S4 is set in a first method step, a computer program product instructs a control unit 10 to determine the temperature of the functional element 4. The desired switching state is, for example, a switching state with the greatest change in optical properties, i.e., a transition from a minimum transparency switching state to a maximum transparency switching state. The temperature is determined, for example, by the control unit 10 using the temperature-dependent impedance properties of the functional element 4. In a second method step, a voltage ramp is selected, for example, from a data set stored on the control unit 10 by means of a computer program product based on the determined temperature. In a third method step, the computer program product instructs the control unit 10 to apply the required voltage at the selected voltage ramp to the first segment S1 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4 to achieve the desired switching state. From these three method steps, it is found that the switching time for segment S1 to transition to the desired switching state corresponds to a switching time t. Schalt Alternatively, the switching speed used to transition from the minimum switching state to the maximum switching state corresponds to the switching speed v. Schalt During the switching time t of the first segment S1 Schalt Upon expiration, the desired switching state is achieved, and voltage is applied to the second segment S2 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 with the selected voltage ramp. During the switching time t for the second segment S2... Schalt Upon expiration, the action is repeated with the third segment S3 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, and S4, and subsequently with the fourth segment S4. The same applies to the second, third, and fourth segments S2, S3, and S4; the switching time for each segment S2, S3, and S4 to transition to the desired switching state corresponds to the switching time t. SchaltAccording to functional element 4, the voltage is maintained even after the desired switching state has been achieved, or the system transitions to a state where no voltage is applied via the control unit. The glass cell shown here is for a PDLC functional element (such as...). Figures 1 to 4 In the method shown, after reaching the desired switching state, voltage is continued to be applied to the corresponding segments S1, S2, S3, and S4, for example. In the case of an electrochromic functional element, after reaching the desired switching state, the system transitions to a state where no voltage is applied through the control unit, i.e., no external voltage is applied.

[0093] In a first embodiment of the method according to the invention, at least the following steps are performed after the start.

[0094] Start: [Input the desired switching state for segments S1, S2, S3, and S4] This method begins by selecting the desired switching state for the four segments S1, S2, S3, and S4. (a): [Determine the temperature of functional element 4] The temperature of the functional element 4 of the glass unit is determined by the control unit 10 according to the instructions generated by the computer program product. (b): [Select the voltage ramp based on the determined temperature] The voltage ramp is selected from the data set stored on the control unit 10 or calculated by means of a programmed function based on the temperature determined from (a); (c1): [Apply voltage to segment S1 using a voltage ramp until the desired switching state is achieved.] The voltage ramp selected in (b) applies the necessary voltage to the first segment S1 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 to achieve the desired switching state. Even after the desired switching state is achieved, the voltage continues to be applied, keeping the first segment S1 in the desired switching state. (c2): [Apply a ramp voltage to segment S2 until the desired switching state is achieved.] During the switching time t of the first segment S1 Schalt After the expiration date, a voltage is applied to the second segment S2 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 using the voltage ramp selected in (b). Even after the desired switching state is reached, the voltage continues to be applied, keeping the second segment S2 in the desired switching state. (c3): [Apply a ramp voltage to segment S3 until the desired switching state is achieved.] During the switching time t of the second segment S2 SchaltUpon expiration, a voltage is applied to the third segment S3 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 using the voltage ramp selected in (b). Even after the desired switching state is reached, the voltage continues to be applied, keeping the third segment S3 in the desired switching state. (c4): [Apply a ramp voltage to segment S4 until the desired switching state is achieved.] During the switching time t of the third segment S3 Schalt After the expiration date, a voltage is applied to the fourth segment S4 of the four segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 using the voltage ramp selected in (b). Even after the desired switching state is reached, the voltage continues to be applied, keeping the fourth segment S4 in the desired switching state. End: The method has completed and is terminated.

[0095] Therefore, from the first segment S1 to the fourth segment S4, the four segments S1, S2, S3, and S4 are sequentially brought into the desired switching state. During the switching time t... Schalt Upon expiration, the desired switching state is reached. The sequence can also be different; for example, the fourth segment S4 can be brought to the desired switching state first, followed by the third segment S3, then the second segment S2, and finally the first segment S1. Fewer or more segments than the four segments S1, S2, S3, S4 shown here are also possible. Therefore, other numbers of segments can be used to implement the method in the same way. It is also possible to switch segments to different switching states.

[0096] List of reference numerals S1, S2, S3, S4: Segmentation of functional element 4 1 outer panel 2 Inner Panel 3. Thermoplastic interlayer 3a The first layer of intermediate layer 3 3b The second layer of intermediate layer 3 3c, the third layer of the intermediate layer 3 4 Functional Components 5. Active layer 6 First carrier film 7 Second carrier film 8 First planar electrode 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 Electrode segments of the first planar electrode 8 8' Insulation wire between the two electrode segments 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4 9 Second planar electrode 10 Control Unit 11 DC Transformer 12 Inverters 13. Covering up printed materials 14 Cables 15 Voltage Source / DC Voltage Source 100 composite board XX' Cutting Line Z is the magnified area.

Claims

1. A glass unit with electrically controllable optical properties, the glass unit comprising: - A composite plate (100) having a functional element (4), said functional element (4) having electrically controllable optical properties, and - Control unit (10), which is electrically connected to the functional element (4), The control unit (10) has a data set or a programmed function that assigns a voltage ramp to each temperature within a predefined temperature range, wherein the control unit (10) is suitable for... - Determine the temperature. - Select the voltage ramp from the data set based on the determined temperature, or calculate the voltage ramp using a programmed function, and - The voltage is applied stepwise to the functional element (4) with a selected or calculated voltage ramp, thereby allowing the duration of the transition between two switching states to be accelerated or slowed down. The functional element (4) includes at least two switching states with different optical properties, and a temperature-dependent switching time is required to switch between the two switching states, and therefore a time t exists in every arbitrary temperature range. max The temperature, and the time corresponding to the longest possible required switching time. Each voltage ramp selected or calculated based on a determined temperature results in a switching time t. Schalt The switching time is greater than or equal to t max This results in the switching time t when the voltage is applied to the functional element (4). Schalt , Any temperature range refers to a temperature range that extends over at least 1°C.

2. The glass unit according to claim 1, wherein any temperature range refers to a temperature range extending over at least 2°C.

3. The glass unit according to claim 2, wherein any temperature range refers to a temperature range extending over at least 5°C.

4. The glass unit according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the functional element (4) is divided into at least two separate segments (S1, S2, S3, S4) and each segment (S1, S2, S3, S4) is electrically connected to the control unit (10) such that the voltage can be applied to each segment (S1, S2, S3, S4) independently of each other with a selected or calculated voltage ramp.

5. The glass unit according to claim 3, wherein the control unit (10) is adapted to first apply the voltage to the first segment (S1) of the at least two separate segments (S1, S2, S3, S4), and is adapted to apply the voltage only during the switching time t. Schalt The voltage is then applied to another segment (S2) of the at least two separate segments (S1, S2, S3, S4).

6. The glass unit according to claim 5, wherein the at least two separate segments (S1, S2, S3, S4) are transformed to the same switching state.

7. The glass unit according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the transition between the two switching states takes a longer time t at the lower temperature than at the higher temperature. max .

8. The glass unit according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the functional element (4) is a PDLC functional element or an SPD functional element.

9. The glass unit according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composite plate (100) has an outer plate (1) and an inner plate (2), and the functional element (4) is arranged between the outer plate (1) and the inner plate (2).

10. The glass unit according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the functional element (4) has an active layer (5) between the first planar electrode (8) and the second planar electrode (9), and the electrically controllable optical properties of the functional element (4) are determined by the active layer (5).

11. The glass unit according to claim 10, wherein the first planar electrode and / or the second planar electrode (8, 9) are based on indium tin oxide (ITO).

12. A method for controlling a glass unit having electrically controllable optical properties, wherein the glass unit is provided according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the control unit (10) controls the glass unit. (a) Determine the temperature, (b) Select a voltage ramp from the data set based on the determined temperature or calculate the voltage ramp using a programmed function, and (c) Apply voltage to the functional element (4) with the selected or calculated voltage ramp.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the temperature of the functional element (4) is measured using a temperature sensor disposed on the composite plate (100).

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the impedance of the functional element (4) is determined by means of the control unit (10), and wherein the temperature of the functional element (4) is calculated by means of the impedance.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the control unit (10) is connected to a DC voltage source (15) and equipped with a DC transformer (11) that converts the primary voltage of the DC voltage source (15) into a higher secondary voltage, and is equipped with an inverter (12) that converts the secondary voltage into an AC voltage that is applied to the functional element (4), and wherein the control unit (10) determines the impedance of the functional element (4) from a measurement of the current consumption of the inverter (12).

16. A computer program product, said computer program product being mounted on a control unit (10) of a glass unit according to any one of claims 1 to 11 and adapted to perform the method according to any one of claims 12 to 15.

17. Use of a glass unit according to any one of claims 1 to 11 as a window panel of a vehicle.

18. The use according to claim 17, wherein the glass unit is used as a side window panel, a windbreak panel, a rear window panel, or a top window panel.

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