Optical modulator, substrate comprising electrodes, and smart glass

Abstract

Some embodiments are directed to an optical modulator comprising a transparent or reflective substrate, a plurality of electrodes applied to the substrate in a pattern across the substrate. A controller can apply electric potentials to the electrodes to obtain electromagnetic fields between the electrodes to provide electrophoretic movement of particles toward or away from the electrodes.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The currently disclosed subject matter relates to an optical modulator, a substrate, an optical modulator method, and a computer-readable matrix. Background Technology

[0002] U.S. Patent Application 11 / 041579, Publication No. US20050185104 A1, entitled "Optically Active Glass," discloses known optically active glasses and is incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] This known system comprises two parallel panels made of a transparent dielectric material, such as glass or plastic. The internal volume between the panels is subdivided into multiple small, independent volumes or individual units filled with a dielectric liquid. The liquid contains a particulate suspension of the dielectric material. Electrodes facing each other are located on the opposing surfaces of the two panels. These electrodes are connected to a power source associated with a control device.

[0004] The electrodes of each panel are formed by pairs of interlaced comb-like structures. The electrodes of the two interlaced comb-like structures can withstand voltages of the same or opposite polarities. When the electrodes are subjected to an appropriate voltage, particles can be concentrated at different locations between the electrodes, thus giving the system a transparent or opaque appearance.

[0005] There are many drawbacks associated with known systems. When the glass is transparent, the electrodes applied to the panel cause diffraction effects. These diffraction effects are undesirable for glass. In some cases, the presence of diffraction effects can also be detrimental to safety. For example, if this optically active glass is applied to a vehicle (such as a car), the presence of diffraction can confuse or distract the vehicle's operator.

[0006] In addition, the driving of known systems can be improved.

[0007] Another drawback of the known system is that in opaque configurations, a uniform appearance of the glass is desired. This aspect can also affect safety. For example, if the glass is configured in an intermediate state between opaque and transparent, the lack of uniformity can cause confusion or distraction.

[0008] Another drawback is that when the glass is transitioning from an opaque configuration to a transparent configuration, it is desirable for the transition process to occur at a uniform speed across the entire glass. Summary of the Invention

[0009] It would be advantageous to have an improved substrate on which two electrodes are distributed to address the aforementioned and other problems. The inventors have discovered that the electrode design in known systems leads to diffraction and also to an imperfectly uniform electric field. Addressing the first concern results in a substrate with less diffraction. Addressing the second concern contributes to the formation of a more uniform opacity state and a more uniform transition speed on the substrate.

[0010] Smart glass is an important application of transparent or reflective substrates with electrodes. A transparent or reflective substrate used for such applications (e.g., smart glass) may have two electrodes, each with multiple main lines. These lines are arranged alternately on the substrate, allowing an electric field to be established between subsequent or adjacent lines by providing a potential difference to the electrodes.

[0011] Multiple branch lines can extend from these main lines. Better uniformity and / or lower diffraction effects can be achieved by extending the branch lines to at least half the distance between two main lines. Furthermore, two subsequent branch lines extending into the same region between the first and second main lines can overlap in the second direction when projected in the first direction. These branch lines increase the number of angles found on the substrate, thereby reducing diffraction effects. For example, the angles can be chosen to be different from the vertical direction and / or can be varied to further reduce diffraction. Diffraction can also be reduced by changing the distance between the main lines and subsequent main lines on the substrate.

[0012] According to one embodiment, the substrate can be used in a light modulator (also known as an optical modulator). For example, two such substrates can be arranged opposite each other, such that charged particles suspended in a fluid between the substrates can be moved by applying a voltage to the electrodes. Typically, the electrode designs of the bottom and top substrates are identical, but this is not required. Similarly, the two electrode designs are typically aligned with each other, but this is also not required. The particles can absorb or reflect light. The reflection can be specular or diffuse, or somewhere in between. The particles can emit light, for example, phosphorescence or fluorescence.

[0013] Light modulators provide panels whose transparency or reflectivity can be altered. In one implementation, the color or color brightness can be changed. Light modulators can be used as lids, such as covers for containers (e.g., closets, cabinets, etc.). A particularly advantageous application is in smart glass. Smart glass is also known as smart windows.

[0014] In one embodiment, the controller is configured to apply a potential to electrodes on the substrate of the light modulator to obtain an electromagnetic field between the electrodes. This electromagnetic field provides electrophoretic motion of particles toward or from the electrodes. As the particle position changes, the optical properties of the panel also change, for example, the transparency or reflectivity of the panel changes. If the particles are colored, then the color of the panel also changes. By changing the pair of electrodes in which the field is established, the particles can move in a desired direction. The inventors have discovered that control of the light modulator is not necessarily limited to simply changing the field applied between the electrodes; it can also include changing the maximum amplitude. It should be noted that the use of alternating current is advantageous. For example, by driving with a lower maximum amplitude, the rate of change of the light modulator is changed. This is advantageous when driving toward, for example, a desired target transparency or target reflectivity, as the maximum amplitude can be reduced to avoid overshoot. The maximum amplitude can also be increased alternatively when driving toward the target transparency or target reflectivity begins. For example, the controller can be configured to obtain one of multiple transparency or reflectivity levels of the light modulator by using an alternating current of one of multiple maximum amplitudes. The above relationships can be expressed by algorithms, etc. The relationship between transparency or reflectivity levels and maximum amplitude can be controlled by a lookup table, for example, indicating a sequence of maximum amplitudes to drive transparency or reflectivity. It should be noted that alternating voltage can also be used.

[0015] In addition to changing the electrodes to which signals are applied, changing the maximum amplitude of the drive signal can also be used to improve balanced drive. For example, the power applied to some electrodes (e.g., the maximum amplitude) may differ from the power applied to other electrodes. For instance, a controller may be configured to apply a potential difference between subsequent electrodes on the same substrate and simultaneously apply a potential difference between opposing electrodes on opposite substrates.

[0016] In each embodiment, each substrate has at least two electrodes, but may also have more than two electrodes. For example, at least three electrodes may be used in at least one of the first and second substrates. For example, in one embodiment, the first substrate may have two electrodes and the second substrate may have three electrodes.

[0017] Systems where one substrate has at least two electrodes and another substrate has at least three electrodes offer various advantages. For example, such light modulators can be driven to reduce the so-called curtain effect. The curtain effect occurs during window closing, where it appears as if a curtain is being drawn between the electrodes. The curtain effect is a drawback, being noticeably distracting in itself, but it also increases diffraction. On the side with three electrodes, the electrodes are closer together than on the side with two electrodes, for example, less than 50 micrometers, more preferably less than 40 micrometers (e.g., 35 micrometers). This means a stronger electric field. Therefore, closing is faster, and the curtain effect is reduced. For a 2+2 panel, moving the electrodes closer together leads to a decrease in maximum transparency or maximum reflectivity. However, this can be avoided when additional electrodes are available. When open, some additional electrodes may not be used, so the loss of maximum transparency or maximum reflectivity is minimal. Additional electrodes on the substrate (e.g., more than two electrodes) can be configured not to attract particles when the panel is open, but to attract particles when the panel is closed. For example, each substrate in the panel can have at least two electrodes, for a total of at least four electrodes. The substrate in the panel may have at least 5 electrodes (e.g., 2+3 design); or at least 6 electrodes (e.g., 2+4, or 3+3 design); or at least 8 electrodes (e.g., 4+4 design); or 3 substrates stacked in two 2+2 designs, with each side of the middle substrate having two electrodes.

[0018] Another aspect of the invention is a building including a light modulator according to one embodiment. Another aspect of the invention is a vehicle including a light modulator according to one embodiment. For example, a vehicle and / or building may include a light modulator and a controller configured to control the transparency or reflectivity of the light modulator by controlling the voltage on the electrodes of the light modulator, the controller being electrically connected to or capable of being electrically connected to the light modulator.

[0019] Smart glass is an electronic device that can be powered by a power source, for example, under the control of a controller. For instance, the controller can instruct the power source to apply specific waveforms to specific electrodes to achieve various transparency or reflectivity effects or to erase those effects.

[0020] One embodiment of the method can be implemented on a computer as a computer-implemented method, or in dedicated hardware, or a combination of both. The executable code of this method embodiment can be stored on a computer program product. Examples of the computer program product include: memory devices, optical storage devices, integrated circuits, servers, online software, etc. Preferably, the computer program product includes non-transitory program code stored on a computer-readable medium for implementing one embodiment of the method when the program product is executed on a computer.

[0021] In one embodiment, the computer program includes computer program code that, when run on a computer, is adapted to perform all or part of the steps of one embodiment of the method. Preferably, the computer program is implemented on a computer-readable medium. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Further details, aspects, and embodiments will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. Elements in the drawings are shown for simplicity and clarity and are not necessarily drawn to scale. In the drawings, elements corresponding to those already described may have the same reference numerals. In the drawings:

[0023] Figure 1a An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0024] Figure 1b An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0025] Figure 1c An embodiment of the implementation scheme for the branch line is illustrated schematically.

[0026] Figure 1d An embodiment of an implementation in which the first and second electrodes are arranged across the substrate is schematically shown.

[0027] Figure 2a An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0028] Figure 2b An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0029] Figure 2c An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0030] Figure 3 An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0031] Figure 4a An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0032] Figure 4b An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0033] Figure 4c An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0034] Figure 5a Several embodiments of the substrate implementation are schematically illustrated.

[0035] Figure 5bEmbodiments of a substrate having two electrodes or three electrodes are schematically illustrated.

[0036] Figure 6a and Figure 6b A comparative embodiment of the substrate is schematically shown.

[0037] Figure 6c and Figure 6d An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0038] Figure 7a An embodiment of an optical modulator implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0039] Figure 7b An embodiment of an optical modulator implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0040] Figure 7c An embodiment of the vehicle implementation scheme is illustrated schematically.

[0041] Figures 8a to 8c An implementation scheme for an optical modulator is schematically shown.

[0042] Figure 9a An embodiment of the scheme for the logo and grid is illustrated schematically.

[0043] Figure 9b An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0044] Figures 9c to 9d An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated.

[0045] Figure 10 An embodiment of an optical modulator method for controlling an optical modulator is schematically illustrated.

[0046] Figure 11a A computer-readable medium is schematically illustrated, the writable portion of which includes a computer program according to one embodiment.

[0047] Figure 11b A representation of a processor system according to one embodiment is schematically shown.

[0048] Figures 12 to 37 An embodiment of an optical modulator implementation is illustrated schematically.

[0049] Reference Symbol List

[0050] The list of references and abbreviations provided below are for the convenience of understanding the accompanying drawings and should not be construed as limiting the claims.

[0051] 10. Optical modulator

[0052] 11 First substrate

[0053] 12 Second substrate

[0054] Electrodes 13, 13a, and 13b

[0055] Electrodes 14, 14a, 14b

[0056] 15 Fluid

[0057] 16 Controllers

[0058] 30 pieces

[0059] 20 cars

[0060] 21 Optical modulator

[0061] 40 Optical modulator

[0062] 41 First substrate

[0063] 42 Second substrate

[0064] 43 Third substrate

[0065] 46 Controller

[0066] 100 substrates

[0067] 101 First Direction

[0068] 102 Second Direction

[0069] 110 First Electrode

[0070] 120 Second Electrode

[0071] 111-113 Main Line

[0072] Main Line 121-123

[0073] Branch lines 131-134

[0074] Branch lines 141-144

[0075] Area 150

[0076] 151 The distance between the two subsequent main lines is half.

[0077] 152 Distance between two subsequent branch lines

[0078] 153 Distance between the two subsequent main lines

[0079] 161 protrusion

[0080] 162 Vertical straight road

[0081] 171-174 base plate

[0082] 200 substrates

[0083] 201-206 main lines

[0084] Distance between subsequent main lines 251-253

[0085] 221 Part One

[0086] 222 Connection Part

[0087] 223 Part Two

[0088] 231 Line gap

[0089] 232 Distance

[0090] 300 substrates

[0091] 301 Main Line

[0092] 310, 320 Sub-main lines

[0093] 311 connection

[0094] 321, 322 Sub-main lines

[0095] 400 substrate

[0096] 410, 420 main lines

[0097] 411 and 412 branch lines

[0098] 421, 422 branch lines

[0099] 450 substrate

[0100] Blocks 451-454 Detailed Implementation

[0101] While the subject matter disclosed herein may have many different embodiments, one or more specific embodiments will now be shown in the accompanying drawings and described in detail herein. It should be understood that the contents of this disclosure should be regarded as an example of the principles of the subject matter disclosed herein, and are not intended to limit the subject matter to the specific embodiments shown and described.

[0102] In the following description, for ease of understanding, the elements of the embodiments are described in operation. However, it will be apparent that the various elements are arranged to perform the functions described herein. Furthermore, the subject matter disclosed herein is not limited to the embodiments, but also includes combinations of each other feature described herein or recited in the mutually dependent claims.

[0103] Figure 1a An embodiment of the substrate 100 is schematically illustrated. At least two electrodes are arranged in a manner that spans the surface of the substrate 100. Figure 1a Two electrodes are shown on the same surface: a first electrode 110 and a second electrode 120. For example, more than two electrodes may be present on the same side of the substrate for finer control. Multiple electrodes may be used to facilitate segmentation of the substrate, for example, in a segmented optical modulator. For example, in a segmented optical modulator, certain regions may have different optical properties, such as different transparency or reflectivity. An embodiment with two electrodes is shown below, but additional electrodes may be added, for example, by replicating similar structures that are adjacent to each other.

[0104] The first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120 are applied to the same side of the substrate. These two electrodes are arranged across the substrate. For example, to facilitate the stacking of three or more substrates, one, two, or more electrodes may also be applied to the other surface of the substrate 100. The electrodes can be applied to the substrate by lithography (e.g., using a mask representing the electrode pattern). The electrodes can also be applied by embedding them into the substrate.

[0105] The first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120 each include multiple main circuits. For example... Figure 1a As shown, the first electrode 110 includes main lines 111, 112, and 113, while the second electrode 120 includes main lines 121, 122, and 123. Typically, each electrode will include three or more lines. The main lines extend along the substrate. Multiple main lines of the first and second electrodes are arranged alternately on the substrate. The main lines extend along the substrate in a first direction 101. When viewed from a second direction 102, the main lines from different main lines alternately meet, for example, the first and second multiple main lines from the first and second electrodes alternately meet. The first and second directions are at an angle to each other, typically the angle is substantially perpendicular. The first and second directions may each be parallel to the side of the substrate, but this is not mandatory.

[0106] One compelling application of substrates such as substrate 100 is in smart glass (e.g., light modulators), which can be used in homes, offices, green houses, automobiles, etc. The transparency or reflectivity level of the smart glass can be electronically adjusted. For example, in smart glass, two substrates such as substrate 100 are stacked such that the sides with two electrodes face each other. A fluid containing particles is confined between the two substrates. Embodiments of the smart glass will be discussed further below. In one embodiment, electrodes (e.g., two or more electrodes) are applied to one surface of each substrate. To facilitate, for example, stacking three or more substrates, one, two, or more electrodes can also be applied to the other surface of substrate 100.

[0107] Some embodiments described below illustrate examples of modulating transparency or reflectivity levels. The light modulator can be adjusted for other optical effects. For example, instead of modulating transparency, embodiments may modulate different levels of translucency if desired. In one embodiment, the type of particles used may vary (e.g., the particles absorb or reflect different wavelengths), and the degree of specular or diffuse reflection may differ. For example, in one embodiment, the light modulator may modulate different levels of reflection. The particles may also emit light. Stacking multiple optical layers further increases the possibilities.

[0108] Two sets of alternating main circuits are sufficient to provide electrically adaptable glass; due to the alternation of the two sets, the electric field of any part of the substrate can be controlled, because two opposing electrodes surround the part from two opposing sides. However, in practice, a simple straight main circuit without further modification leads to an undesirable high level of diffraction.

[0109] The diffraction effect can be altered by modulating the shape of the electrodes. Reducing the diffraction effect is particularly important for transparent substrates because it can be less noticeable in reflective displays, such as those used in e-readers. The inventors discovered that by orienting the electrode lines at multiple different angles, diffraction is diffused in space, thereby reducing the intensity of the strongest diffraction points and thus decreasing optical diffraction.

[0110] Figure 1a The main circuit according to one implementation scheme is schematically shown, without any embellishments. Figure 1a In order to make it clear, the so-called branch lines are not shown, but such branch lines can still exist.

[0111] Figure 1b An embodiment of one implementation of the substrate 100 is schematically shown. Figure 1bThe image shows two main lines of substrate 100 in more detail. Main lines 121 and 112 are shown. These main lines can pass through the main portion of the substrate, for example, substantially through the entire substrate.

[0112] like Figure 1b As shown, multiple branch lines are connected to the main line and extend from the main line. Figure 1b The diagram shows branch lines 131 to 134 included in electrode 121, and branch lines 141 to 144 included in electrode 112. These branch lines are attached to main lines and extend into the region between the main lines. Figure 1b A region 150 is shown between electrodes 121 and 112. Branch lines 131 and 132 of electrode 121 and branch lines 141 and 142 of electrode 112 extend into region 150 between electrodes 121 and 112. Similar to the main lines, the branch lines alternate. In particular, for example, when viewed from a first direction, the branch lines extending from the two different electrodes into the same region alternate. In this embodiment, branch lines 142, 132, 141, and 131 alternately belong to electrodes 112 and 121. Thus, in one embodiment, the main lines alternate when viewed from a second direction, while the branch lines alternate when viewed from a first direction. The branch lines are included in the first electrode or in the second electrode. Typically, the first and second electrodes, including the corresponding main and branch lines, are not directly electrically connected, allowing an electric field to be established between the first and second electrodes, including their main and branch lines.

[0113] For example, if a virtual line parallel to two subsequent main lines is drawn in the overlapping area, then the virtual line will alternately intersect with the branches of the first main line and the branches of the second main line.

[0114] Extending branch lines from the main line has several advantages. Even for a straight main line, branch lines can affect the diffraction of the substrate. On the other hand, branch lines increase the risk of disrupting the uniformity of the electric field. In particular, hot spots may be generated at locations close to the ends of the branch lines, while weaknesses may be generated at other locations. In one embodiment, at least one of two subsequent branch lines extending into the same region extends across half of said region. As a result, the opaque state can be more uniform, and the transitions between states can be faster and / or more uniform.

[0115] If a branch line is perpendicular to a main line, and the origin of the branch line on one main line (viewed from a second direction) is exactly opposite to the origin of the branch line on an adjacent main line, then these branch lines cannot overlap. In this case, a branch line originating from one main line is collinear with a branch line of the opposing main line, for example, such that extending a branch line would cause it to overlap with a branch line of the opposing main line. In this situation, there is a risk of hot spots being generated at locations close to the ends of the branch lines and weak spots being generated at other locations. This can be avoided, for example, by using an appropriate angle to achieve proper overlap. For example, the angle could depend on, for example, line width and line spacing.

[0116] To avoid hot spots, for example, on collinear branches, in one embodiment, perpendicular branches can be avoided, for example, by staggering the branches. For example, the originating points of branches on a main line can be offset from or staggered relative to each other. An angle can be selected such that one branch does not intersect with another. This staggering can be used to avoid collinear branches. In one embodiment, a branch is perpendicular to its main line and staggers with branches of subsequent main lines. In another embodiment, branches are perpendicular and may or may not stagger. In one embodiment, for example, the branch angle can be selected from a range (e.g., from about 5 degrees to about 85 degrees). For very large line gaps, the angle may be closer to perpendicular.

[0117] exist Figure 1b In the diagram, a dashed line is shown at the midpoint between electrode 121 and electrode 112. The distance 151 between electrode 121 and the midpoint line is half the distance between the subsequent two main lines 153. The dashed line is virtual and is not actually visible in one embodiment. Figure 1b As shown, branch lines 131 and 132 cover the dotted line extension, meaning they extend at least half of the entire region 150. For example, branch line 131 or branch line 132 can be projected onto the dotted line 162 in the second direction 102. The lengths of the projected branch lines 131 and 132 are greater than half the distance between electrodes 121 and 112. Branch lines on opposing main lines may or may not exceed half the distance between main lines; as... Figure 1b As shown, although tributaries 141 and 142 are not extended, they can be extended to cross the dotted center line.

[0118] In one implementation, the angle between the branch line and its electrode is significantly different from that of the orthogonal line, for example, at least 5 degrees (out of 180 degrees) different from the orthogonal line, such as at least 5% difference at right angles. Having different values ​​can reduce diffraction effects.

[0119] In one implementation, when projected in the first direction, two subsequent branch lines extending into the same area between the first and second main lines overlap in the second direction. For example... Figure 1b Two subsequent branches are shown: branch 141 and branch 131. The overlapping area of ​​these two branches is... Figure 1b The dashed ellipse in the figure indicates that when these two subsequent branches are projected onto the virtual line 162 extending in the second direction in the first direction, branches 131 and 141 overlap on the projection 161. Figure 5a Examples with less overlap and examples with more overlap are shown.

[0120] For example, successful simulations were performed for an implementation with branch lines penetrating into the region, with penetration amounts as follows: 60-50; 63-46; 64-45; 60-46; 65-61; 83-78; 95-95. Figure 1b The diagram illustrates a tributary with a penetration rate of 80-40% and an overlap rate of 20%, expressed as a percentage of the line gap. The figures refer to the percentage of the tributary's penetration through the line gap. Here, the length of the tributary is measured only along the second direction, for example, the length after projection in the first direction. In some embodiments, the overlap length in the second direction may be, for example, 10; 9; 9; 6; 26; 61, 95, etc. The overlap length is expressed as a percentage of the line gap.

[0121] In one implementation, the distance from the end of a tributary (e.g., tributary 131) to a subsequent main line (e.g., main line 112) is approximately equal to the distance between the tributary and the subsequent tributary, such as the distance between tributary 131 and tributary 141. For example, the larger of these two distances may be less than 110% of the smaller of these distances.

[0122] In one implementation, two subsequent tributaries from the same main line, extending into the same area between the first and second main lines, are much smaller than the line gap when measured in a first direction. For example, the distance between the tributaries may be only 5% or less of the line gap. Other implementations, however, have a greater distance, for example, 30% or more of the line gap. For example, tributaries 131 and 132 extend into the same area between main lines 121 and 112.

[0123] Generally, the beneficial effects of using branch lines are increased if, for example, branch lines are applied throughout the entire design. For instance, it is not necessary to apply branch lines to all parts of the substrate, but doing so ensures that the positive effects of the branch lines are realized in all parts. While there may be various reasons not to use branch lines in certain parts, for example, it may be desirable to have optical differences to visually distinguish a part, or a part may use different methods (e.g., waves) to avoid diffraction.

[0124] Figure 1c An embodiment of an implementation of a branch circuit in a substrate is schematically shown. Figure 1c Drawn to scale. In substrate 171, an embodiment is shown where the two subsequent branches do not overlap; as shown, there is a -5% gap. In substrate 172, an embodiment is shown where the two subsequent branches do not overlap but reach the same point in the region between the two main lines; as shown, there is a 0% gap. In substrate 173, an embodiment of the implementation is shown where the two subsequent branches have a 5% overlap. In substrate 174, an embodiment of the implementation is shown where the two subsequent branches have a 20% overlap. Substrate 174 shows that branches extending from either side into the same region can extend to more than half the line gap. Overlapping branches reduce the tendency for hot spots.

[0125] Two subsequent branches of different main lines may have the same length or different lengths. The aforementioned lengths compensate for the overlapping areas of the two branches.

[0126] For example, in one embodiment, the longer branch line may be at least 5% longer than the shorter branch line. For example, the longer branch line may be at most 50% longer than the shorter branch line. For example, the length of the longer branch line measured along, for example, the branch line may be 1.05 times the length of the shorter branch line measured along, for example, the branch line. In one embodiment, the longer branch line may be 4% to 40% longer than the shorter branch line.

[0127] For example, in one implementation, two subsequent branches of different main lines have the same length.

[0128] In one embodiment, the electrode includes multiple straight main lines extending from which branch lines extend. The main lines, also called center lines, may be parallel to each other. The distance between two branch lines is called the branch line gap (e.g., distance 152). The distance between two main lines is the line gap. The pitch can be one line gap plus one line width, which is the repeatable solid width.

[0129] For example, the distance between the originating points of branch lines on the main line can be called the branch line gap. For branches extending into the same region, the branch line gap can be constant. The branch line gap can vary, even along the main line. Branch lines can alternate or interweave; for example, they can be staggered with half the branch line gap in between. The advantage of branch lines is that they homogenize the distance between electrodes, thus enabling the establishment of an electric field between the electrodes. Simultaneously, the branch lines allow for the reduction of diffraction effects, for example, by perturbing the repeatability of the design.

[0130] In one embodiment, the width of the electrode lines is selected from about 1 micrometer to 50 micrometers. The line gap can be selected from about 50 micrometers to 100,000 micrometers. For example, the line gap can be 800 micrometers (i.e., in the range of 50 to 1000 micrometers), although larger line gaps are also possible. The presence of branch lines allows for larger line gaps while maintaining a uniform electric field. Increasing the line gap reduces diffraction effects associated with the main lines. In one embodiment, the line gap is at least 500 micrometers.

[0131] In one implementation, the length of the branch lines can be varied. For example, the length of the branch lines can vary alternately along the main line or follow a repeating sequence of branch line lengths. This allows the points of maximum electric field to be staggered. This is particularly advantageous for large line gaps, such as those exceeding 500 micrometers. For example, in one implementation, the lengths of subsequent branch lines can differ by up to 60%.

[0132] In one embodiment, multiple main lines of the first and second electrodes are arranged alternately relative to each other on a substrate. One method to achieve this alternating arrangement is to shape the first and second electrodes into a comb shape, wherein the fingers of the comb are the main lines. An interlaced pattern is obtained by staggering the fingers of two combs. Using a two-comb shape is not necessary. For example, Figure 1d An embodiment of an implementation of a first electrode and a second electrode is schematically shown, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged in a manner that spans the substrate. For simplicity, Figure 1a and Figure 1d Only the main circuit is shown, not the branch circuits. The resulting pattern ensures that there is no direct electrical contact between the two electrodes, guaranteeing a minimum distance between them.

[0133] The design of branch lines helps reduce diffraction because it increases the number of angles on the substrate. Furthermore, many parameters can be changed to enhance this effect. For example, the length of the branch lines, the angle of the branch lines, the distance between branch lines along the main line, and the line gap can be varied. Preferably, branch lines within the same region are at least locally parallel, such that the angle of a branch line to the right of a main line is the same as the angle of a branch line to the left of the next main line. If the line gap varies, the branch line distance can also vary, for example, the branch line distance can vary proportionally to the line gap; for example, the maximum electrode distance can be maintained between, for instance, two subsequent branch lines to ensure a minimum electric field strength.

[0134] Figure 2a An embodiment of the implementation of the substrate 200 is schematically shown. Figure 2a Four main lines are shown: main lines 201 to 204. For example, main lines 201 and 203 may be contained in a first electrode (e.g., electrode 110), while main lines 202 and 204 may be contained in a second electrode (e.g., electrode 120). A line gap 251 (e.g., the distance between main lines 201 and 202) is shown. A line gap 252 between main lines 202 and 203, and a line gap 254 between main lines 203 and 204 are also shown. In this embodiment, the line gap varies in a second direction. For example, line gap 251 differs from line gap 252, and line gap 252 differs from line gap 253. This variation in line gap helps reduce diffraction effects.

[0135] Figure 2b An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated. Main lines 201 to 206 are shown. The main lines have different portions, and the spacing between the lines may vary in these different portions. For example, portions or regions of the main lines may extend across the substrate in a second direction. Figure 2b The diagram shows two parts: part 221 and part 223. (See diagram for example.) Figure 2b As shown in the diagram, in section 221, the line gaps are in a ratio of 11:9:7:9:11, but in section 223, the line gaps are in a ratio of 7:11:9:9:11. Therefore, in this embodiment, the line gaps between the two subsequent main lines vary in the first direction and also in the second direction. A connecting section 222 connects the main lines of the two sections between the first section 221 and the second section 223. The line gaps in section 221 are selected to increase and decrease according to an alternating pattern. The line gaps in section 223 are randomly selected.

[0136] For example, in one embodiment, the line gap alternates between increasing toward a maximum distance and decreasing toward a minimum distance. For example, the line gap may be increased by a predetermined amount unit or a random amount unit until the maximum distance is reached, after which the line gap is decreased in a similar manner until, for example, the minimum line gap is reached. Various strategies are presented below to ensure an overall variation of the line gap.

[0137] For example, in one embodiment, the line gap is increased by 3% until a maximum value is reached, which is, for example, at most 20% above the initial value. For example, if x i is the line gap and x0 is the initial line gap, then x may be caused to i+1 =x i *1.03 until x i >1.2*x0. After this point, the line gap may be decreased in the same pattern or by the same percentage, or the value may be reset, after which the pattern restarts, and so on.

[0138] For example, in one embodiment, the line gap is alternately increased and decreased by a percentage of the previous value (e.g., 7%). If the spacing is below the initial value minus a certain value (e.g., 10 micrometers), the spacing may be reset. For example, it is possible to follow the rule x i+1 =1.07*x i and the rule x i+1 =0.93*x i alternately, until the point where x i <x0-10 is reached. After this point, the line gap may be decreased in the same pattern or by the same percentage. The above values may be modified.

[0139] Yet another option is to alternately increase and decrease, the amounts of which depend on the difference from the initial value. For example, it can be set as x i+1 =α(x i -x0). Also here, if the line gap exceeds the maximum value or is less than the minimum value, the line gap may be reset. Values of α greater than 1 and less than 1 may be used alternately; for example, it is possible to use x i+1 =α i (x i -x0), where α i >1 for even-numbered terms i, and α i <1 for odd-numbered terms i.

[0140] However, another option is to alternately use a high line gap value and a low line gap value. For example, the high value may be randomly selected from a high range, and the low value may be randomly selected from a low range. The high range and the low range may be different, or may also partially overlap.

[0141] The line gaps can vary randomly. For example, completely randomly, or randomly with additional criteria (e.g., alternating between high and low line gaps). For instance, odd-numbered line gaps can be drawn from one probability distribution, while even-numbered line gaps can be drawn from a different probability distribution. These two distributions have different high and low expected values, for example, the high expected value can be at least 10% or at least 20% higher than the low expected value, etc.

[0142] When line gaps are randomly selected or modified, additional criteria must still be met. As mentioned above, the maximum and minimum line gaps must be guaranteed. Another advantageous criterion is that the sum of the line gaps is between the minimum and maximum total distances. The benefit of this is that the connection portion 222 remains under control. This can be obtained by drawing from the joint distribution conditioned on the desired criteria. Alternatively, it can be obtained, for example, by first randomly selecting and then modifying the random option until the constraints are met.

[0143] For example, in one implementation, the line gap x can be selected. i , where min x ≤x i ≤max x And min S ≤∑x i ≤max S , where min x ,max x min S ,max s These are the boundaries of the line gaps and the sum of the line gaps. The line gaps may vary according to a predetermined pattern (e.g., as described above) or randomly (e.g., drawn from one or more distributions).

[0144] The line gap can vary in a first direction or in a second direction. In this case, the variation can be controlled to control the shape of the connection portion. For example, Figure 2c An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated. Two main circuits, 201 and 202, are shown. Figure 2c At the top, there is a line gap 231. Figure 2cAt the bottom, the line gap is changed. Main line 201 is a dashed line, indicating how the main line would continue if there were no shift. Distance 232 is the distance between main lines 201 and 202 (dashed lines) after the bottom shift in the figure. By keeping the percentage increase or decrease of distance 232 compared to line gap 231 below a threshold, the connection portion can be controlled, for example, so that the change is not too steep. For example, in one embodiment, distance 232 is less than 1.35 times the line gap 231. The change in line gap can also be controlled. Instead of controlling the size of the line gap, or in addition to controlling the size of the line gap, the angle formed by the connection portion in the main line, such as the connection portion of lines 201 and 202, can also be controlled, for example, below a threshold, to avoid the line becoming too steep. Another control method is to verify that subsequent connection portions do not become too close to each other.

[0145] Simulation experiments have confirmed that varying line gaps are more effective at reducing diffraction compared to constant line gaps. It has become apparent that the random nature of the line gap significantly reduces diffraction effects. While gradient patterns within the line gap can reduce diffraction, this is not as effective as random variations in the line gap. For example, diffraction reduction is greatest when the line gap alternates between random low and random high values. These diffraction effects can be further suppressed by using branch lines.

[0146] The selection of effective electrode modes can be achieved via computer. For example, a large number of electrode modes can be automatically generated, and diffraction parameters indicating the severity of the diffraction effect can be calculated for them. Other parameters can also be calculated, such as homogeneity parameters representing the uniformity of the electric field. Among the generated electrode modes, an effective mode can be selected based on computer parameters.

[0147] Figure 3 An embodiment of the implementation of the substrate 300 is schematically shown. Figure 3 The diagram illustrates a main line composed of a series of interconnected sub-main lines, from which branch lines extend. The sub-main lines can correspond to references. Figure 2b The parts mentioned are not required. For example, Figure 2b One part can include multiple sub-main lines.

[0148] Figure 3 The diagram shows a main line 301, which includes two sub-main lines 322 and 312, and a connecting portion 311. Dashed boxes 320 and 310 show a sub-main line and several branch lines. Such boxes can be selected as units, for example, as repeated units, or selected from multiple units (e.g., randomly).

[0149] Figure 3One advantage of modular design is that many parameters of the tributaries can be selected simultaneously. For example, tributaries extending on the same side of a sub-main line can be of equal length, and tributaries extending on the same side of a sub-main line can be parallel. Furthermore, the number of tributaries extending from either side of a sub-main line can be equal. Because fewer parameters need to be controlled, these options make it easier to choose a more efficient design. For example, a sub-main line and its tributaries selected in one location can be repeated in other locations.

[0150] On the other hand, Figure 3 The design still allows for significant variations. For example, tributaries extending from the same side of a sub-main line and tributaries extending from subsequent sub-main lines of the same main line can have different lengths and form different angles with the first direction. Both of these options are... Figure 3 As shown in the diagram. Different sub-main lines may also have different numbers of branch lines extending from one side of the sub-main line; this is not shown in the diagram. Figure 3 As shown in the diagram. The angle between the main line or a branch line in a sub-main line and the first direction can be randomly selected between a minimum and a maximum angle, such as between 45 degrees and 90 degrees, etc. It should be noted that sub-main lines 322 and 312 are shifted relative to each other in both the first and second directions. Fixing certain parameters within the dashed box significantly reduces the amount of selection work without significantly affecting the achievable results.

[0151] In one embodiment, the line width can be selected from the range of about 1 micrometer to 50 micrometers. The line spacing can be selected from the range of about 40 micrometers to 100,000 micrometers. For example Figure 3 The length of the sub-main line in, or for example Figure 2b The length of the portions within can be related to the line gap. For example, their lengths can be chosen such that the length measured from the first direction is 5 to 10 times the line gap. Different values ​​are also possible, but these options should be proven effective. Figures 2a to 2c Branch lines are not shown, but in one embodiment, they may be present. The number or portion of branches of the sub-main line may also vary, for example, from 3 to 10.

[0152] While varying line spacing without branch lines can reduce diffraction effects, combining the above options is preferable. In fact, it is possible to create substrates that do not use branch lines. One embodiment of such a substrate is a substrate (100) for smart glass, wherein a first electrode (110) and a second electrode (120) are applied to the same side of the substrate. Each of the first and second electrodes is arranged in a pattern spanning the substrate. Each of the first and second electrodes includes a first plurality and a second plurality of main lines (111-113, 121-123) extending across the substrate along a first direction (101). The first plurality of main lines and the second plurality of main lines of the first and second electrodes are arranged alternately on the substrate relative to each other. The distance between the main lines (201, 202, 203) and adjacent or subsequent main lines (202, 203, 204) on the substrate of the first electrode (201, 203) and the second electrode (202, 204) varies in a second direction and / or in the first direction. Due to the variation in line spacing, diffraction is reduced in this substrate. The substrate can be combined with the features described herein, particularly with features related to line spacing.

[0153] Most accompanying diagrams show the main line as a straight line or a combination of multiple straight sub-main lines. However, this is not necessary. For example, as shown in PCT / EP2020 / 052379, the main line can be wavy, such as sinusoidal. Figure 4a An embodiment of a substrate comprising multiple main lines is schematically illustrated, wherein the main lines are wavy. For example, as... Figure 1a As shown in Figure 1d, the main circuit is connected to two or more electrodes. Figure 4a The embodiments do not include branch lines, but branch lines can also be integrated into the wavy main line. In this case, managing the position, angle, and length of the branch lines becomes more challenging because the distance between the main lines is not fixed along the line. With increased design flexibility, diffraction can be further reduced. Figure 4b A schematic diagram of the substrate is provided, in which branch lines are combined with non-linear main lines, such as wavy lines. The branch lines do not necessarily have to be straight lines.

[0154] When using a wavy main line, even without overlapping branch lines, uniformity can be improved and hot spots can be reduced. An embodiment of this substrate is a substrate (100) for use in smart glass, wherein a first electrode (110) and a second electrode (120) are applied to the same side of the substrate, each of the first and second electrodes being arranged in a pattern spanning the substrate, each of the first and second electrodes including a plurality of main lines (111-113, 121-123) extending across the substrate in a first direction (101), the plurality of main lines of the first and second electrodes being arranged alternately on the substrate, a plurality of branch lines (131-134, 141-144) extending from the main lines to the region between the main lines, branch lines (142, 132, 141, 131) extending to the region (150) between the first main line (121) and the second main line (112) of the first and second electrodes, and the branch lines (142, 132, 141, 131) extending alternately from the first and second main lines, wherein one or more, or all of the main lines are wavy.

[0155] Figure 4c An embodiment of the substrate 450 is schematically illustrated, wherein the pattern of arrangement of the first and second electrodes is subdivided into blocks extending across the substrate in a first direction and a second direction. Each block includes a portion of the electrode pattern, such that larger patterns are established by combining the blocks. For example, each block may include multiple sub-lines of a portion of multiple main lines of the first electrode and multiple sub-lines of a portion of multiple main lines of the second electrode. The sides of the blocks may be, for example, between 1 mm and 10 mm. For example, a block may be 8 mm × 8 mm.

[0156] Blocks can be arranged in a conventional pattern, such as a chessboard pattern, but they can also be arranged in a very large scale, such as... Figure 4c The pattern arrangement is shown. The blocks can be rectangular. The advantage of using blocks is that they can be repeated multiple times on the substrate, for example, advantageous blocks with particularly low diffraction effects and / or particularly good uniform electric fields.

[0157] One or more of the blocks include patterns according to the implementation scheme, but some blocks may also include other patterns, for example, including such... Figure 4a The pattern shown is without branches. Some main lines in a block may be straight, some may be wavy. Some may have branches, some may not, and so on.

[0158] Interestingly, manipulating the shape of the circuit at the microscopic level, as illustrated in the various embodiments herein, can affect parameters such as diffraction and uniformity, but can also have significant optical effects even after perturbing the geometry of the design on a larger scale. Therefore, various electrode shapes produced as blocks can be combined at different levels. From a block construction perspective, blocks can be created at different levels, for example, at various randomization levels as the size of the pattern increases. In particular, although not mandatory, it is convenient if the number of lines in a block is a multiple of 2.

[0159] In one embodiment, the electrodes are driven by a circuit of a limited number of voltage sources (e.g., four voltage sources). In another embodiment, the number of voltage sources equals the number of electrodes, wherein the number of voltage sources on a given substrate may exceed two. In one embodiment, multiple lines on the substrate can be divided into more than two electrodes, or even more than four electrodes, or even more electrodes. Preferably, the number of main lines on each electrode is substantially equal. For example, in one embodiment, multiple segments are arranged on the substrate, each segment being controlled by at least two electrodes of the substrate, with at least four electrodes in a combination of at least two substrates. Different optical effects can be arranged on different segments by driving the corresponding electrodes. It is not necessary to confine the fluid to a segment, although this can be done when the segments are isolated from each other, so that different fluids can subsequently be supplied to each segment.

[0160] Figure 5a Several embodiments of an implementation of a substrate having an electrode pattern are schematically illustrated according to one embodiment. Figure 5a The implementation schemes shown are all scaled and can be extended to complete electrode patterns, such as staggered patterns.

[0161] Figure 5b Embodiments of a substrate with two or three electrode arrangements are schematically illustrated. Figure 5b On the left, the letters 'a' or 'b' indicate which main circuits belong to the same electrode. All circuits marked 'a' are electrically connected, although this is not explicitly stated on the left. Figure 5a or Figure 5b The electrode pattern is shown in detail; similarly, this applies to main line 'b'. Figure 5b On the right side, the letters 'a', 'b', or 'c' indicate which main circuits belong to the same electrode. All circuits marked with the same letter are electrically connected.

[0162] Figure 6a and Figure 6b A comparative embodiment of two substrates is schematically shown. Figures 6c to 6dExamples of two implementation schemes are shown. The diffraction modes have been simulated. Simulation of diffraction modes is known in the art.

[0163] The diffraction level was calculated according to the method cited by Murray et al. in "Numerical comparison of grid pattern diffraction effects through measurement and modeling with OptiScan software" published in SPIE on May 20, 2011 (doi:10.1117 / 12.883422). The method involves calculating the power spectrum of an image representing the electrode pattern, where the electrodes are drawn black on a white background. From the raw power spectrum, the diffraction level was calculated as the ratio of the maximum intensity of higher-order diffraction to the intensity of the zeroth-order diffraction.

[0164]

[0165] On the left Figure 6a A simple configuration consisting of only multiple straight main lines is shown. These main lines are connected together to form electrodes, for example, two electrodes arranged in an alternating pattern. Figure 6b The pattern has additional orthogonal straight lines to make it orthogonal. Note that rotating the pattern will not help, as doing so only rotates the diffraction pattern. Figure 6c and Figure 6d An embodiment of the substrate implementation is illustrated schematically. Figure 6c The system uses varying line gaps and angles, and the sub-main lines are shifted. Figure 6d A higher density of block variations was used, meaning there are more vertical blocks along the line. Figure 6c Three blocks are shown, and the main line changed direction three times. Figure 6d It has 10 blocks, and the main line changes direction 10 times. Note that the numerical values ​​of the maximum diffraction values ​​for 6c and 6d are... Figure 6a and Figure 6b Such a straight-line design is much cheaper.

[0166] Figure 6b The pattern not only exhibits unfavorable diffraction values, but also tends to show hot spots between opposing branches. The electric field is significantly higher in the region between the ends of opposing branches than elsewhere. As a result, an inhomogeneous appearance occurs in the opaque state, and the conversion rate is inconsistent.

[0167] Figure 4a The wavy line design provides a comparison with Figure 6cSimilar to the design parameters, it has been found that branch line design allows for faster and easier selection of advantageous options. Furthermore, compared to wavy line design, branch line design provides a more uniform electric field.

[0168] According to one embodiment, two substrates can be combined to form an optical modulator. This optical modulator is particularly suitable for glass. Below is an exemplary embodiment of an optical modulator.

[0169] Figure 7a An embodiment of a light modulator 10 applicable to smart glass is schematically shown.

[0170] Referring to patent application PCT / EP2020 / 052379, which is incorporated herein by reference, this application includes an advantageous design of an optical modulator, which is further improved, for example, by including electrodes and / or branches as explained herein.

[0171] The optical modulator 10 is capable of bidirectional electronic switching between a transparent state and an opaque state, or bidirectional electronic switching between a reflective state and an anti-reflective state. The optical modulator 10 includes a first substrate 11 and a second substrate 12 arranged opposite to each other. At least two electrodes are applied to the inner side of the first substrate 11: shown as electrodes 13a and 13b. These at least two electrodes are collectively referred to as electrode 13. At least two electrodes are applied to the inner side of the second substrate 12: shown as electrodes 14a and 14b. These at least two electrodes are collectively referred to as electrode 14.

[0172] A fluid 15 is disposed between the substrates. The fluid includes particles 30 (e.g., nanoparticles and / or microparticles), wherein the particles are charged or may be charged. For example, the surface of the particles may inherently carry a charge. For example, the particles may be surrounded by charged molecules.

[0173] Depending on the applied electric field, the electrodes are arranged to drive the particle 30 toward or away from the electrodes. Optical properties, particularly the transparency or reflectivity of the light modulator, depend on the position of the particle 30 in the fluid. For example, a connection can be provided for applying an electromagnetic field to the electrodes.

[0174] In one embodiment, substrates 11 and 12 are optically transparent outside the electrodes, typically with a transparency >95% for the relevant wavelengths, such as >99%. The transparency can be much lower, for example, 70%, when the electrodes are taken into account. The term "optical" can refer to wavelengths visible to the human eye (about 380 nm to about 750 nm) and can encompass a wider range of wavelengths, including, where applicable, the infrared (about 750 nm to 1 μm) and ultraviolet (about 10 nm to 380 nm) wavelength ranges, as well as sub-selections of the aforementioned wavelength ranges. In an exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the substrate material is selected from glass and polymers.

[0175] In another embodiment, the substrate, such as the bottom substrate 12, may be reflective or partially reflective, while the top substrate 11 is transparent. Optical properties, particularly the reflectivity of the light modulator, depend on the position of the particles 30 in the fluid. When the panel is in the (vertically driven) open state, the particles are mostly located between the opposing electrodes of the two substrates, allowing incident light to pass relatively unobstructed through the transparent top substrate and optical layer, and to be reflected or partially reflected on the bottom substrate.

[0176] The distance between the first substrate and the second substrate is typically less than 30 μm, such as 15 μm. In an exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the distance between the first substrate and the second substrate is less than 500 μm, preferably less than 200 μm, preferably less than 100 μm, and even more preferably less than 50 μm, such as less than 30 μm.

[0177] In one embodiment, the modulator can be provided in the form of a flexible polymer, and the remainder of the device can be provided in the form of glass. The glass can be rigid or flexible glass. If desired, a protective layer can be provided on the substrate. If more than one color is desired, more than one flexible polymer layer can be provided. The polymer can be polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (optionally having a SiN layer), polyethylene (PE), etc. In another embodiment, the device can be provided in the form of at least one flexible polymer. Therefore, the modulator can be attached to any surface, for example, by using an adhesive.

[0178] Particle 30 may be adapted to absorb light, thereby preventing the passage of certain wavelengths of light. Particle 30 may reflect light; the reflection may be specular, diffuse, or a mixture of specular and diffuse reflection. The particle may absorb certain wavelengths while reflecting others. The particle may also emit light, or alternatively, through methods such as phosphorescence or fluorescence. Even fluids may emit light, with their emissivity modulated by changing the position of the particles.

[0179] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the nanoparticles have a size of 20 nm to 1000 nm, preferably 20 nm to 300 nm, and more preferably less than 200 nm. In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the nanoparticles / microparticles may include a pigment coating and preferably include a core. In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the material forming the particle coating is selected from conductive and semiconductive materials.

[0180] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the particles are adapted to absorb light with wavelengths from 10 nm to 1 mm, such as light from 400 nm to 800 nm, 700 nm to 1 μm, and 10 nm to 400 nm, and / or to absorb a portion (filter) of light with wavelengths in the range of 10 nm to 1 mm, as well as combinations thereof.

[0181] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the particles are charged or may be charged. For example, the charge on the particles could be 0.1e to 10e per particle (5*10). -7 Up to 0.1C / m2).

[0182] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the fluid quantity present is from 1 g / m² to 1000 g / m², preferably from 2 g / m² to 75 g / m², more preferably from 20 g / m² to 50 g / m², such as from 30 g / m² to 40 g / m². A significant advantage is that, in the layout of the present invention, less fluid can be used, and similarly, fewer particles can be used.

[0183] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the amount of particles present is from 0.01 g / m² to 70 g / m², preferably from 0.02 g / m² to 10 g / m², such as from 0.1 g / m² to 3 g / m².

[0184] In one exemplary embodiment of the light modulator, the particles have a color selected from cyan, magenta, and yellow, as well as a color selected from black and white, and a combination of the above colors.

[0185] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the fluid includes one or more surfactants, emulsifiers, polar compounds, and compounds capable of forming hydrogen bonds.

[0186] Fluid 15 may be a polar fluid with a dielectric constant less than 15. In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, the relative permittivity εr of the fluid is less than 100, preferably less than 10, such as less than 5. In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, fluid 15 has a dynamic viscosity greater than 10 mPa·s.

[0187] Electrodes 13a, 13b and 14a, 14b are in fluid contact with the fluid. The fluid may contact the electrodes directly or indirectly, for example, the fluid may contact the electrodes with a second medium, such as through a porous layer. In one embodiment, the electrodes cover approximately 1% to 30% of the substrate surface. In one embodiment, the electrodes comprise a conductive material with a resistivity of less than 100 nΩm (for comparison, ITO, commonly used at 273 K, has a resistivity of 105 nΩm, which is similar to a conductivity >1*10 at 20 °C). 7 (S / m). In one embodiment, the optical modulator electrode comprises copper, silver, gold, aluminum, graphene, titanium, indium, and combinations thereof, preferably copper. The electrode may be embedded in a polymer substrate as a microwire (e.g., copper microwire).

[0188] A connection for applying an electromagnetic field to electrodes, wherein the electromagnetic field applied to the electrodes causes nanoparticles and microparticles to move from a first electrode to a second electrode, and from the second electrode to the first electrode. A connection for applying an electromagnetic field to the electrodes can be provided. For example, in an exemplary embodiment of an optical modulator, the current is between -100 μA and +100 μA, preferably between -30 μA and +30 μA, more preferably between -25 μA and +25 μA. For example, a power supply can be electrically connected to at least two electrodes. The power supply is adapted to provide waveform power. At least one of amplitude, frequency, and phase is adapted to provide different states for the optical modulator. For example, aspects of the power supply can be adjusted by a controller.

[0189] The optical modulator 10 may include one or more segments, each segment being a single optically switchable entity, the dimensions of which may be varied. The volume surrounded by the substrate may be a segment, or at least a portion of a segment.

[0190] This device may include a driving circuit that alters the appearance of a (single) segment by applying an electromagnetic field. Therefore, the appearance of the optical modulator, or one or more portions thereof, can also be altered. For example, the segment may be at least 1 mm long. 2 The area allows for stacking of this design to obtain more colors; for example, for full-color applications, stacking two or three modulators can provide most or all of the colors respectively.

[0191] Having one or more segments allows the light modulator to be locally controlled; this is advantageous for some applications, but not essential. For smart glass, the light modulator can be used with or without segments. For example, when applied to smart glass, transparency or reflectivity can be locally controlled, such as blocking sunlight without reducing the overall transparency or reflectivity of the window. Segments can be relatively large, for example, having a diameter of at least 1 millimeter or at least 1 centimeter.

[0192] In one exemplary embodiment of the optical modulator, substrates (11, 12) are aligned, and / or electrodes (13, 14) are aligned. For example, electrodes 13a, 13b and electrodes 14a, 14b may be aligned opposite each other. In the aligned substrates, electrodes on different substrates are connected to each other when viewed from a direction orthogonal to the substrates. When the optical modulator is removed, both substrates are arranged with the electrodes facing upwards, so the electrode patterns are mirror images of each other.

[0193] Aligning substrates can increase the maximum transparency or maximum reflectivity of an optical modulator. On the other hand, when there are more selection criteria for an optical modulator than just a range of transparency or reflectivity, misaligned or partially aligned substrates may be preferable. Optical modulators can be stacked. For example, two stacked optical modulators can be made from three substrates, with the middle substrate having electrodes on both of its surfaces. In embodiments of the optical modulator, optionally at least one substrate 11, 12 of the first optical modulator is identical to substrate 11, 12 of at least one second optical modulator. Again, for stacked modulators, alignment can increase maximum transparency or maximum reflectivity but may be detrimental to other considerations (e.g., diffraction).

[0194] Figure 7b An embodiment of an optical modulator 40 is schematically illustrated. The optical modulator 40 is similar to the optical modulator 10, except that it includes multiple optical layers; in the illustrated embodiment, it includes two optical layers. There may also be more than two optical layers. Each optical layer is disposed between two substrates. The optical modulator 40 can be viewed as a combination of two optical layers. Figure 7a The image shows a stack of dual-substrate optical modulators. As shown, the optical modulator 40 includes three substrates: a first substrate 41, a second substrate 42, and a third substrate 43. An optical layer is located between substrates 41 and 42, and another optical layer is located between substrates 42 and 43. These optical layers may be similar to those in the optical modulator 10. A controller 46 is configured to control the current to the electrodes of the substrates. For example, in… Figure 7b In this configuration, the controller 46 can be electrically connected to at least eight (4 times 2 equals 8) electrodes.

[0195] Interestingly, the particles in multiple optical layers can be different, allowing for the use of multiple optical layers to control more optical properties of the light modulator. For example, particles in different optical layers can absorb or reflect different wavelengths, and thus can have different colors. This allows different colors and / or different color intensities to be created on the panel via controller 46. For example, a quad-substrate panel can have three optical layers with particles of different colors (e.g., cyan, yellow, and magenta). By controlling the transparency or reflectivity of different colors, a broad color spectrum can be created.

[0196] For example, in one embodiment, the substrate surface facing another substrate may provide two or more patterns. For example, the outer substrates 41 and 43 may receive electrodes only on the inner side, while the inner substrate (e.g., substrate 42) may have electrodes on both sides.

[0197] Substrate 41 and substrate 42 can together serve as one embodiment of an optical modulator. Similarly, substrate 42 and substrate 43 can together serve as one embodiment of an optical modulator.

[0198] Figure 7c An embodiment of an implementation of a car 20 with smart glass window 21 is schematically shown. This is a particularly advantageous embodiment because the level of incident light changes frequently and rapidly during driving. The benefit of using smart glass in a car is that the light level can be maintained at a constant level by adjusting the transparency of the window. Furthermore, reduced diffraction effects improve safety because they reduce distractions to the driver. The car 20 may include a controller configured to control the transparency or reflectivity of the window 21.

[0199] Smart glass can also be used in other glass applications, especially where the amount of incident light is variable, such as in buildings, offices, homes, greenhouses, and skylights. Skylights are windows installed in the ceiling to allow sunlight into a room.

[0200] Figures 8a to 8b A schematic side view of an embodiment of an optical modulator in use is shown. Applying an electric field to electrodes on a substrate causes particles to be charged. Utilizing this effect, the particles can be moved, thus enabling the optical modulator to produce different states of transparency or reflectivity. A controller can control the electric field, for example, controlling the amplitude, frequency, and phase of the electric field. In one embodiment, the controller is connected to at least four electrodes: two for each substrate. However, more electrodes can be used and connected to the controller; for example, a substrate can use more than two electrodes to better fine-tune grayscale and drive it to a non-transparent or non-reflective state. Multiple electrodes can also be used to support multiple segments on the substrate.

[0201] Figure 8a An optical modulator without an applied electric field is shown. Figure 8a In the meantime, no electricity has been applied to the particles 30 suspended in the fluid 15.

[0202] exist Figure 8a In the configuration shown, the conductive electrode patterns arranged on the top substrate are completely or substantially aligned with the conductive electrode patterns on the bottom substrate. The conductive electrode patterns can be deposited on a transparent or (partially) reflective glass substrate, or embedded in a plastic substrate, etc.

[0203] Alignment between the top and bottom electrode patterns helps to expand the range of achievable transparency or reflectivity levels. However, alignment is unnecessary, as a similar effect can be achieved without alignment. A certain range of transparency or reflectivity can also be obtained without alignment.

[0204] Please note that in these embodiments, the referenced top and bottom substrates refer to the substrates that are higher or lower on the page. The same substrates may also be referred to as, for example, the front and rear substrates, because in glass applications, the substrates are arranged vertically rather than horizontally.

[0205] Figure 8b A light modulator is illustrated, in which, for example in example P1, a potential of +V1 is applied to each microwire electrode on the top substrate, while a negative voltage, such as -V1, is applied to each microwire electrode on the bottom substrate. Thus, in this case, the same positive potential is applied to all electrodes 13, and the same negative potential is applied to electrode 14. This potential difference causes negatively charged particles to flow towards the vicinity of the electrodes on the top substrate, where the particles will substantially align with the top electrodes. As a result, if both the top and bottom substrates are transparent, the transparency of the light modulator 10 is increased. Similarly, if, for example, the top substrate is transparent and the bottom substrate is reflective, the reflectivity of the light modulator 10 is increased. If the solution contains positively charged particles, they will flow towards the vicinity of the electrodes on the bottom substrate, where these particles will substantially align with the bottom electrodes.

[0206] In the second example P2, similar transparency or reflectivity can be achieved when the voltages of the top and bottom electrodes are reversed compared to example P1. In example P2, the voltage of each electrode on the top substrate is now provided with a negative potential -V1, while the voltage of the electrodes arranged on the bottom substrate is provided with a positive potential. This state is similar to... Figure 8b The state shown is different, except that the top substrate is swapped with the bottom substrate. Also in this configuration, the transparency or reflectivity of the light modulator 10 is very high.

[0207] Interestingly, by using the top substrate electrode (e.g., Figure 8b The positive potential of electrode 13 (and the negative potential of electrode 14) shown in the figure are different from those of the bottom substrate electrode (e.g., Figure 8b Switching between positive potentials of electrode 14 (shown in the diagram) can maintain transparency or reflectivity while reducing corrosion damage to the electrode. This alternating electric field can be achieved by applying alternating potentials to the top and bottom electrodes.

[0208] The applied waveform is optional and is an effective measure to increase the lifetime of the optical modulator by reducing corrosion. For example, when using copper electrodes, corrosion may occur because copper ions are dissolved in the ion fluid of one substrate and flow towards the electrode on the opposite substrate, where they deposit. By applying the waveform, the direction of copper ion transport is frequently reversed, thereby reducing corrosion damage. Between two instances P1 and P2, the corrosion current between the two substrates is balanced, or substantially balanced, for example, >95% balanced, for example, with the corrosion rate of the top electrode, and between each time instance, in, for example, P1 or P2, the bottom electrode has balanced copper deposition. Therefore, particles continuously switch or migrate between the top and bottom electrodes, and the optical modulator or smart window is always open, while the dynamic electrolytic current between the top and bottom electrodes is constant, so there is no net loss or negligible net loss of electrode material on the top and bottom substrates.

[0209] Figure 8c This demonstrates how a reduced transparency state, or a reduced reflectivity state, can be obtained by applying alternating voltages to the same substrate. Figure 8c As shown, for example, in one embodiment, a potential of +V2 is applied to the first electrode, and the next adjacent electrode has the opposite potential of -V2, etc. This can be achieved by applying a potential of +V2 to electrode 13a and the opposite potential of -V2 to electrode 13b. On opposing substrates, a potential of +V2 can be applied to electrode 14a, and the opposite potential of -V2 can be applied to electrode 14b. For example, the electrodes can be arranged such that the electrodes on the substrates are aligned; electrodes on the top substrate have opposing electrodes on the bottom substrate, and vice versa. For example, to reduce transparency or reflectivity, opposing electrodes can receive the same potential, while adjacent electrodes receive opposite potentials. Figure 8c One embodiment is shown, in which four electrodes are indicated by reference numerals 13a, 13b, 14a, and 14b, while the other electrodes continue to alternate.

[0210] By using this AC drive cycle between the top and bottom substrates, diagonal and lateral electric fields are generated between the two substrates, causing random diffusion of particles and thus establishing the off state of the optical modulator. As a result of this configuration, particles migrate diagonally and laterally between the top and bottom substrates, and the diffusion of particles toward the visible aperture of the optical modulator contributes to the off, opaque state of the optical modulator.

[0211] As for Figure 8b The transparent state shown allows a waveform to be applied to the electrodes, such that, for example... Figure 8b The electrode with a positive potential shown becomes a negative potential, and the electrode with a negative potential becomes a positive potential. For example... Figure 8bAs shown, applying a waveform, for example, between electrodes 13a and 13b and between electrodes 14a and 14b can reduce corrosion damage to the electrodes.

[0212] By using a combination of Figure 5, Figures 6a to 6d The staggered circuit configuration of the top and bottom electrodes shown in the planar diagram can realize the AC drive cycle.

[0213] Figure 8b and Figure 8c The degree to which transparency or reflectivity increases or decreases depends on the voltage difference and frequency difference. By changing the voltage difference, the amount of increase or decrease in transparency or reflectivity can be controlled separately. For example, a curve of transmittance relative to voltage can be determined (e.g., measured). To obtain a specific level of transmittance (e.g., a specific transparency, a specific grayscale level), a corresponding voltage (e.g., alternating voltage) can be applied. By interpolating a transparent state signal or a non-transparent state signal, a level between transparent and non-transparent can be obtained. Similarly, a curve of light reflection relative to voltage can be determined (e.g., measured). To obtain a specific level of reflectivity, a corresponding voltage (e.g., alternating voltage) can be applied. By interpolating a reflective state signal or a non-reflective state signal, a level between reflective and non-reflective can be obtained.

[0214] Different electrode patterns can be used for optical modulators. Each electrode pattern can provide a grayscale range (e.g., the level of transparency or reflectivity achievable by the optical modulator). However, the specific grayscale range of any particular electrode pattern may differ from other electrode patterns. In other words, although different patterns can provide enhanced transparency or reflectivity or enhanced opacity, the exact response to the driving signal depends on many factors, including the specific pattern used. Variations in the optical properties of the optical modulator can have high resolution (e.g., resolution below 1 mm). It should be noted that different optical patterns (e.g., signs) visible in the optical modulator can be achieved without pixelating the optical modulator.

[0215] This effect can be achieved by embedding a visible image into the light modulator by locally altering the electrode patterns on the light modulator substrate. For example, due to the different electrode patterns, local grayscale values ​​can be achieved, which have grayscale values ​​permanently offset from each other. For example, by locally altering the electrode patterns or their pitch, the maximum transparency or maximum reflectivity can be changed.

[0216] As a result, regions on the light modulator have different grayscale intensities, for example, different grayscale values, or colors. However, these regions may have the same color point. In one embodiment, these regions can switch together with other parts of the window, despite the different speeds. For example, even if the same voltage is applied to the electrodes in two different regions, they will cause different transparency states (e.g., different transmission levels) due to the different electrode patterns. For example, the curve representing transmittance relative to voltage can be shifted. For example, if the voltage control is changed in the same way for both regions, the light transmission in the two regions can change, but the amount of change will be different. A region can also reduce its response to the drive signal by reducing the density of electrodes; in particular, a region can remain completely unswitched, for example, by not applying electrodes in that region.

[0217] This effect can be used to embed signs in optical modulators. For example, Figure 9a An embodiment of a sign and grid is illustrated schematically. (As shown) Figure 9a As shown, the first group of grid blocks intersects with the marker, while the second group of grid blocks does not. For the intersecting first group, a different electrode pattern can be used compared to the second group of grid blocks. Figure 9b An embodiment of the substrate implementation is schematically illustrated. The region indicated by the first set of grid blocks may have different electrode patterns embedded compared to the region indicated by the second set of grid blocks (e.g., Figure 7a In the first and second substrates of the substrate. Figure 9b As shown, these two regions have different transmittance.

[0218] Figures 9c to 9d An embodiment of an optical modulator implementation is schematically illustrated. For example... Figure 9c As shown, the substrate is in a non-transparent configuration; in the area indicating the markings, the electrode pattern is adjusted to provide lower darkening efficiency for the light modulator. (As shown...) Figure 9d As shown, the same substrate is in a more transparent configuration. It should be noted that, despite the different scale, the transmittance of both the marked and non-marked areas is increased. Figure 9d In the image, the area marked is still visible, although its transmittance is now closer to that of other areas.

[0219] Interestingly, this effect can be achieved simply by different modes (e.g., by changing the electrode pitch and / or design). Unlike other regions, the waveform / current / voltage / power in this region does not need to be altered.

[0220] Embedding images in light modulators, especially smart glass, has numerous applications. For example, content such as logos and branding can be embedded. Textures can be embedded into the glass. Contrast can be embedded into the glass. Other options include emergency exit signals, such as arrows.

[0221] For example, for shop / restaurant windows: a completely dark window can indicate that the shop is closed, while a sign or other designated design is visible when the shop is open. The pattern can be a sign, etc., but this is not mandatory. An embedded image can be a pattern that prevents passersby from looking into the window while still providing sufficient interior light. In particular, the embedded image does not need to contain readable information. For car windows, the glass can be completely dark when the car is closed (e.g., parked), while a sign, such as the manufacturer's logo, appears when the car is open.

[0222] By adjusting design parameters, specific local optical differences compared to the background can be made visible without changing the electric drive. Electrode mode parameters affecting optical performance include:

[0223] -Electrode line gap

[0224] -Electrode line thickness

[0225] -Electrode circuit shape

[0226] -Electrode circuit direction

[0227] - Local variations in cell spacing, such as variations in the distance between substrates.

[0228] - Distribution of branch line lengths.

[0229] For example, the gaps, thickness, shape, and orientation of electrode lines affect local transparency levels and response times; the gap / width of electrode lines also affects local diffraction levels, leading to local optical differences. Variations in cell gaps will alter the level of darkness, thereby changing maximum transparency or reflectivity and response time. Another option is to modify the diffraction effect between two regions. For example, regions that are predominantly glass can have electrode patterns with low diffraction effects, while regions with embedded images can have electrode patterns with intentionally high diffraction effects.

[0230] Optical properties (including transparency or reflectivity) can also be altered by changing the electrode material; for example, selecting electrode materials with different optical and / or conductive properties. Electrode materials can affect light diffusion, reflection, and diffraction, leading to additional optical effects. Local variations in the conductivity of the electrode material will affect the potential at that location, thus affecting the electric field and consequently the level of transparency or reflectivity.

[0231] For example, electrode materials can be copper, aluminum, gold, indium tin oxide (ITO), etc. ITO is transparent, while copper / aluminum is reflective; therefore, using different electrode materials can yield different appearances regardless of the driving voltage. Similarly, different materials have different resistances, which induce different electric fields. For example, even when driven by the same voltage, ITO will have a smaller electric field.

[0232] Another method to achieve varying transparency or reflectivity is to locally modify the spacers applied between the first and second substrates. For example, different spacers can have different optical properties and densities. For instance, spacers with different transparency and different sizes can be used. The density of the spacers can also vary. In one embodiment, the density of the spacers can even be increased by 1000x, which would impart a significantly different appearance. The increase can also be less than 1000x. The spacers can also be adapted to intentionally change the distance between the substrates, thereby altering the appearance of the substrates.

[0233] The ability to locally alter the appearance of a region of a light modulator without changing the drive within that region can be applied to light modulators with a single layer (e.g., a fluid layer and two substrates), but also to light modulators with multiple layers (multiple fluid layers and more than two substrates). The latter can be used to produce a variety of colors.

[0234] The arrangement of the first and second electrodes is subdivided into multiple sections. There can be two sections, each with different optical properties, for example, due to different electrode patterns; or there can be multiple sections. For example, this can be used to apply images with multiple levels of gray, rather than just black and white.

[0235] For embedding the logo, the use of a substrate according to one embodiment is not necessary. For example, an advantageous substrate that can be used for smart glass includes a first electrode and a second electrode, which are applied to the same side of the substrate. Each of the first and second electrodes is arranged in a pattern spanning the substrate, each including multiple main lines extending across the substrate along a first direction, the multiple main lines of the first and second electrodes being arranged alternately relative to each other on the substrate. The pattern in which the first and second electrodes are arranged can be subdivided into multiple portions, wherein at least one of the electrode line spacing, electrode line thickness, electrode material, electrode line shape, and electrode line direction differs in said multiple portions, resulting in differences in maximum transparency or reflectivity or saturation.

[0236] Such a substrate (with or without branches) with embedded markings, or an optical modulator including such a substrate, can be combined with other features described herein.

[0237] Figure 10An embodiment of a method for controlling an optical modulator according to one embodiment is schematically illustrated. Method 500 can be implemented by a computer. Method 500 includes:

[0238] - Select one amplitude (510) of an alternating current from a plurality of maximum amplitudes, the alternating current corresponding to one of a plurality of transparency levels in an optical modulator.

[0239] - The alternating current is applied to the electrodes (520) to obtain an electromagnetic field between the electrodes, which provides the particles with electrophoretic motion toward or from the electrodes.

[0240] There are many different ways to perform the method, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the steps may be performed in the order shown, but the order may also be changed, or some steps may be performed in parallel. Furthermore, steps of other methods may be inserted between the steps. As described herein, the inserted steps may represent an improvement to the method, but may also be unrelated to the method. For example, some steps may be performed at least partially in parallel. Moreover, a given step may not be fully completed before the next step begins.

[0241] The electrodes can be driven using a signal with a selected maximum amplitude, the signal corresponding to one of multiple transparency or reflectivity levels of the optical modulator. The signal can be an alternating current or an alternating voltage.

[0242] Implementations of the method can be executed using software, which includes instructions for causing a processor system to execute method 500. The software may include only those steps taken by a specific sub-entity of the system. The software may be stored on a suitable storage medium (such as a hard disk, floppy disk, memory, optical disk, etc.). The software may be transmitted as a signal via wired or wireless means, or using a data network (e.g., the Internet). The software is downloadable and / or available for remote use from a server. Implementations of the method can be executed using a bitstream configured to configure programmable logic, such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), to execute the method.

[0243] It is understood that the currently disclosed subject matter also extends to computer programs, particularly computer programs on or in a carrier, suitable for implementing the currently disclosed subject matter. The program may be in the form of source code, object code, intermediate source code, and the object code may be in a partially compiled form, or any other form suitable for implementing embodiments of the method. Embodiments relating to a computer program product include computer-executable instructions corresponding to each processing step of the at least one method described. These instructions may be subdivided into subroutines and / or stored in one or more files, which may be statically or dynamically linked. Another embodiment relating to a computer program product includes computer-executable instructions corresponding to each device, unit, and / or part of the at least one system and / or product described.

[0244] Figure 11a A computer-readable medium 1000 with a writable portion 1010 is shown. The medium 1000 includes a computer program 1020, which includes instructions for causing a processor system to perform an optical modulator method according to one embodiment. For example, the processor system may be connected to an optical modulator panel. The computer program 1020 may be implemented on the computer-readable medium 1000 as a physical mark or by magnetization of the medium. However, any other suitable implementation is conceivable. Furthermore, it is understood that although the computer-readable medium 1000 is shown herein as an optical disc, it may be any suitable computer-readable medium, such as a hard disk, solid-state storage, flash memory, etc., and may be non-recordable or recordable. The computer program 1020 includes instructions for causing a processor system to perform the optical modulator method.

[0245] Figure 11b A processor system 1140 is illustrated schematically according to an embodiment of a controller for an optical modulator. The processor system includes one or more integrated circuits 1110. Figure 11bThe architecture of one or more integrated circuits 1110 is schematically illustrated. Circuit 1110 includes a processing unit 1120 (e.g., a CPU) for running computer program components to perform methods according to an embodiment and / or to perform modules or units of an embodiment. Circuit 1110 includes a memory 1122 for storing programming code, data, etc. A portion of the memory 1122 may be read-only. Circuit 1110 may include a communication element 1126 (e.g., an antenna, a connector, or an antenna and connector, etc.). Circuit 1110 may include an application-specific integrated circuit 1124 for performing some or all of the processing defined in the method. Processor 1120, memory 1122, application-specific IC 1124, and communication element 1126 may be interconnected via internal connections 1130 (e.g., a bus). Processor system 1110 is arranged for contact communication and / or contactless communication by respectively using antennas and / or connectors.

[0246] For example, in one embodiment, the processor system 1140, such as the device, may include processor circuitry and memory circuitry, the processor being configured to execute software stored in the memory circuitry. For example, the processor circuitry may be an Intel Core i7 processor, an ARM Cortex-R8, etc. In one embodiment, the processor circuitry may be an ARM Cortex M0. The memory circuitry may be ROM circuitry or non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory). The memory circuitry may also be volatile memory (e.g., SRAM memory). In the latter case, the device may include a non-volatile software interface (e.g., hard disk, network interface, etc.) configured to provide the software.

[0247] A controller for an optical modulator, such as a controller for controlling the voltage applied to electrodes, may include processor circuitry, but may also include or alternatively include a state machine.

[0248] Figures 12 to 37 An embodiment of an optical modulator implementation is schematically illustrated. In these figures, the voltages that can be applied to the electrodes are indicated by reference voltages V1, V2, ... to indicate the voltages that can be applied to the electrodes. The voltages indicated by different reference voltages are generally different, although they can also be equal. The electrodes can be driven using a signal with a selected maximum amplitude. Using different voltages for one, or some or all, of the electrodes will result in visible differences in the panel, particularly resulting in different optical properties of the panel that depend on specific, for example, different transparency. For example, the signal amplitude can be selected from multiple maximum amplitudes to achieve one of a variety of transparencyes. The signal can be an alternating current or an alternating voltage.

[0249] A positive or negative sign indicates whether the voltage is positive or negative relative to the zero voltage. Another embodiment of the same scheme can be obtained by replacing all positive signs with negative signs, and vice versa.

[0250] As one embodiment, different reference voltages can be equal (except for the sign), except for a correction applied to account for manufacturing errors (e.g., slightly different electrodes, uneven substrates, etc.). As one embodiment, the differences in the different reference voltages create intermediate transparency (e.g., different grays, or different colors or color intensities). As one embodiment, intermediate voltages can be used to promote particle dispersion or collection. While using different reference voltages is advantageous, advantageous embodiments of optical modulators can still be obtained by selecting all or some of the reference voltages to be equal (except for the sign).

[0251] Typically, the electrodes are driven by, for example, an AC signal applied without being driven by a DC neutral point. In this respect, the reference voltage can be considered as the maximum amplitude of the AC signal, while the positive and negative signs indicate the phase of the signal.

[0252] Therefore, the voltage sign (indicated by the positive / negative sign) applies only to a specific time period; the voltage sign for each electrode can be reversed in the next time period. These diagrams are not strictly to scale; for example, the substrate electrodes are not necessarily equidistant. The arrows in the diagrams indicate the main electric field lines.

[0253] The figure shows an optical modulator comprising a first substrate and a second substrate, with an optical layer between the two substrates. Multiple electrodes are applied to the inner sides of the substrates, each electrode comprising multiple main circuits. For clarity, the first and second substrates will also be referred to as the top substrate and the bottom substrate in the figure. However, it should not be noted that the substrates can be in any position, such that the top and bottom can be, for example, the front and the back. The electrodes in these figures do not show reinforcements such as branch lines, although such reinforcements can be applied.

[0254] A controller can be connected to the optical modulator shown to control the voltage generated on the electrodes (e.g., the voltage indicated by a reference voltage).

[0255] Please note that the various improvements described herein, such as branch lines, substrates with more than two electrodes, etc., are particularly advantageous when used in combination; for example, branch lines reduce diffraction, but this effect is amplified when multiple electrodes reduce the curtain effect. However, these enhancements, as described below and elsewhere herein, also have untimely advantages, such as the lack of a controller configured to obtain one of multiple levels of transparency or reflectivity in the optical modulator by using an alternating current with one of multiple maximum amplitudes. The embodiments described below can be adapted to a controller that cannot be driven with alternating currents of different maximum amplitudes by selecting a voltage equal to the indicated reference voltage.

[0256] Figures 12 to 15 An embodiment of an optical modulator is schematically shown, wherein the optical modulator applies two electrodes on each substrate.

[0257] The device has at least four independent electrodes (e.g., wires), i.e., at least two electrodes arranged on each substrate, which can modulate the electric field direction as shown in the figure. It should be noted that the potential level of each electrode can be modulated. A simplified optical modulator can be obtained by using a single reference potential.

[0258] Figure 12 An embodiment of driving a light modulator to increase transparency is shown.

[0259] Figure 13 An embodiment of driving a light modulator to reduce transparency is shown. Note that the diagonal is created to increase the dispersion speed of the particles. Furthermore, the particles disperse more towards the center of the light modulator, reducing the curtain effect.

[0260] Figure 13 and Figure 14 This illustrates two different ways to drive the state towards a darker color. Figure 14 An embodiment of a driving light modulator is shown, in which both vertical and lateral electric fields are enhanced. Which of the vertical and lateral electric fields is stronger, thus driving the pigment, depends on the dimensions of the design (e.g., cell gaps and line gaps). If the distance between the electrodes is reduced, the electric field will be stronger, and the particles will move towards the region of strongest electric field. If the difference between the vertical and lateral electric fields is not strong enough in this case, then the light modulator will exhibit a mid-on state if the design is uniform along the substrate.

[0261] When there are design variations in the optical modulator, and the distances between electrodes within the same substrate and between substrates are not constant along the modulator's path, the region of highest electric field—the location where charged particles locally accumulate—changes, leading to optical differences. In some regions, the optical modulator may become more transparent, while in others, even with uniform electric actuation, it may become less transparent. This effect is difficult to achieve with other actuation methods, such as... Figure 13 As shown. This effect can be used, for example, to embed identifiers in optical modulators.

[0262] Figure 15 An embodiment using an alternating current of one of several maximum amplitudes is schematically illustrated. The first electrode on the top substrate is driven with a reference voltage of +V, while the second electrode on the top substrate is driven with a reference voltage of +V / 2. The opposing electrodes on the bottom electrode are driven with -V / 2 and -V, respectively. It should be noted that the voltage difference between the opposing electrodes is + / -1.5V, while the voltage difference between adjacent electrodes is + / -0.5V. As a result, most of the particles will respond to the vertical field and align themselves to increase transparency; however, this effect will be relatively small.

[0263] Figure 16 and Figure 17 An embodiment of the implementation is schematically illustrated, in which one substrate has two electrodes and the other has three electrodes. In one embodiment, at least one of the first and second substrates has at least three electrodes, while the other substrate has at least two electrodes.

[0264] When additional electrodes are available, additional voltage combinations can be obtained. For example, this provides more control over grayscale. For instance, with five electrodes instead of four, addressing modes that are not feasible in a four-electrode system become possible.

[0265] The substrate has at least three electrodes that reduce the curtain effect (e.g., the visual effect of a curtain closing between the electrodes) instead of making the transparency increase or decrease uniformly and gradually. For example, one or more additional electrodes on one of the substrates could be used to close (reduce transparency) instead of to open (increase transparency). The curtain effect itself is obviously distracting but also increases diffraction.

[0266] The advantage of having at least three electrodes on a substrate is that the electrodes can be closer together without reducing maximum transparency or reflectivity. For example, in one embodiment, the electrodes on a substrate with at least three electrodes can be spaced 35 micrometers apart, while the electrodes on an opposing substrate (e.g., with two electrodes) can be spaced 70 micrometers apart. These are exemplary figures; actual figures may vary upon request.

[0267] Closely spaced electrodes collectively provide a stronger electric field, thus enabling faster closing and reducing the curtain effect. On the other hand, when open, if the additional electrodes are configured not to attract particles, the loss of maximum transparency or reflectivity is minimal.

[0268] In one embodiment, the additional electrode may be made of a material different from the other electrodes (e.g., a transparent material). For example, the four electrodes may be made of copper, while the additional fifth electrode may be made of ITO.

[0269] Figure 16 and Figure 17 An embodiment is shown in which the distance between subsequent main lines of a plurality of electrodes in a first substrate is greater than the distance between subsequent main lines of a plurality of electrodes in a second substrate. For example, as shown, the former distance can be twice that of the latter. For example, the former distance can be at least 2 times, at least 1.5 times, or at least 1.2 times that of the latter, etc.

[0270] Figure 16 and Figure 17 An example of driving to reduce transparency is shown.

[0271] Figures 18 to 19 An embodiment of an implementation of an optical modulator having three electrodes on each substrate is schematically shown.

[0272] With at least three electrodes on each side, the advantages of having five electrodes are enhanced. Electrodes can now be placed closer together on both sides without reducing transparency, because not all electrodes need to be turned on. Furthermore, the six electrodes can be arranged symmetrically, with three electrodes on each substrate.

[0273] Figures 20 to 23 An embodiment of an optical modulator is schematically illustrated, having four electrodes on one substrate and two electrodes on another. With a greater number of electrodes, transparency can be further modulated, and this transparency can be controlled by design rather than solely by particle movement. Figure 20 As explained, the light modulator region can be configured to diffuse particles in the visible area, while other parts can be configured to aggregate particles in the vertical region. This allows the design to control grayscale. Figure 21 , Figure 22 and Figure 23 Other embodiments are shown, in which potential correlation exists between two and four electrodes to modulate grayscale.

[0274] Figures 24 to 29 An embodiment of an optical modulator with four electrodes on each substrate is schematically illustrated. These embodiments allow for further control over grayscale.

[0275] Figure 30 An embodiment of an optical modulator implementation is illustrated schematically. Figure 30 The optical modulator in the design has two electrodes on each side, but it can also be implemented with more than two electrodes.

[0276] Figure 30 The optical modulator shown also has a secondary electrode parallel to the primary electrode. For example, the primary electrode can be a main line or a branch line, etc. Figure 30 In the figure, the primary electrode is indicated by reference numeral 3001, and the secondary electrode is labeled by reference numeral 3002. As shown, the secondary electrode runs along each primary electrode, but this is not mandatory.

[0277] In one embodiment, the secondary electrode is connected to the primary electrode via a semiconductor layer, which is electrically connected to the primary electrode circuitry via the semiconductor layer, such that current flows through the primary electrode only when the voltage is above a threshold. Therefore, voltage switching can be achieved using potential.

[0278] Accordingly, the primary electrode, or a portion thereof, can be locally interconnected with the secondary electrode. By interconnecting layers of semiconductor material, the transparent electrode will only show a potential when a minimum potential is applied to it. This can form a voltage switch on the surface, controlled by the potential. The second electrode can be transparent. The size of the second electrode can be the same as or similar to that of the primary electrode, or even larger.

[0279] In one embodiment, the second electrode includes a capacitor arranged to locally retain charge. This can be used to increase power. To arrange the extended electrode as a capacitor, a semiconductor layer is not required.

[0280] In one embodiment, the secondary electrode comprises a photovoltaic semiconductor material and supplies power to the primary electrode circuit.

[0281] Figures 31 to 33 An embodiment of a substrate with two electrodes is schematically illustrated, wherein the two electrodes extend in two dimensions but are offset in a third dimension. These figures show a top view. Two electrodes are arranged on a plane, but the planes are offset relative to each other. The electrodes may be etched, for example.

[0282] At the intersection of the first and second electrodes, an insulator can be placed between them to prevent electrical connection. This structure improves electrode reliability because each electrode can partially overlap. This allows the electrode lines to be combined not just through staggering, but in a grid-like manner. Where the electrodes do not overlap, they remain in contact with the fluid.

[0283] This structure facilitates the fabrication and reliability of interleaved electrodes. It enables (e.g., using certain transparent electrodes) the creation of new localized electric field regions to better distribute particles, such as pigments, onto the surface. It can also locally create new electric field regions through certain transparent electrodes to better diffuse particles (such as pigments) onto the surface.

[0284] The staggered pattern of electrodes on each substrate allows the light modulator to be set to a particle dispersion state (typically a dark state). An electric field parallel to the substrate provides a high level of uniformity. The electric field distribution along the vertical axis, i.e., the axis from substrate to substrate, promotes particle concentration through the field lines. This can be considered less uniform, and this physical non-uniformity can be used to more easily create grayscale.

[0285] Offset between electrodes on the same substrate allows for angles between staggered main lines to reduce diffraction levels. Complementary lines can be created to further reduce diffraction problems and / or parallax. In one implementation, a passive matrix design is used.

[0286] Offsetting two electrode patterns by an angle can be applied between a substrate and an opposing substrate, but it can also be applied between different patterns on different substrates. For example, electrode patterns on different substrates can be offset by an angle. For instance, in one embodiment, two or more staggered electrodes can be applied to two parallel substrates, wherein the main lines of the two substrates are not parallel, but rather form an angle relative to each other.

[0287] Figure 34 An embodiment of an optical modulator is schematically illustrated, wherein electrodes on a first substrate are arranged in at least part of the same pattern as second electrodes on a second substrate, wherein the patterns of the first and second electrodes are shifted relative to each other.

[0288] In the embodiment described, a misalignment based on a 6-electrode system is shown. This misalignment reduces parallax effects caused by manufacturing alignment tolerances. A specific manner in which the system is driven is illustrated in the figure.

[0289] Specific misalignment can be applied globally to the device or only locally. For example, specific misalignment can be used at edges to prevent unwanted particle movement toward said edge, a movement also known as pigment migration. In one embodiment, alignment at specific locations can be modified to better accommodate future bending of the light modulator. Combining mode misalignment and mode alignment between substrates can improve optical effects such as diffraction and / or parallax.

[0290] For example, in one embodiment, two or more staggered electrodes may be applied to two parallel substrates, wherein the main lines in the two substrates are parallel but shifted relative to each other.

[0291] Figure 35 An embodiment of an optical modulator is schematically illustrated, wherein each substrate of the optical modulator has four electrodes. In one embodiment, different materials can be combined for the electrodes to reduce parallax.

[0292] For example, on each substrate, one of the two electrodes can be made metallic or transparent (e.g., ITO), or have different optical properties. The electrodes on the opposite substrate will be made of a different type of material; for example, a transparent material can be opposite a non-transparent material.

[0293] For example, in Figure 35 In the eight-electrode system shown, the circled electrode can be made transparent (e.g., ITO), while the other electrodes can be metallic (e.g., copper) and opaque. This reduces the impact of alignment tolerances on parallax, even though the shape of the horizontal electrode is designed to require perfect alignment between the bottom and top substrates. Manufacturing variations have a smaller impact.

[0294] Figures 36 to 37 An embodiment of an optical modulator is schematically illustrated, the optical modulator having different geometries along a substrate. For example, the geometry of the electrodes may differ on at least one of a first substrate and a second substrate, for example, in one or more of the electrode thickness, width, shape, area, and volume.

[0295] Different electrode geometries can be combined with any kind of electrode structure.

[0296] In one embodiment, the electrodes do not have the same electrode height. Modifying the electrode height will affect both the electric field distribution and the liquid flow. Similarly, the electrode shape parallel to the substrate can be formed in any form. The electrode shape on the vertical plane can also have different shapes compared to the substrate, such as rectangles, triangles, trapezoids, etc., with or without rounded corners.

[0297] Figure 36 Examples of electrodes with different heights on a substrate are shown. Figure 36 Embodiments with opposite electrodes of different heights on different substrates are also shown.

[0298] Figure 37 Examples of electrodes with different shapes on a substrate are shown. Figure 36 Embodiments with opposite electrodes of different shapes on different substrates are also shown.

[0299] The advantage of a higher electrode height is that it is less susceptible to corrosion.

[0300] The following numbered clauses include contemplated, non-limiting embodiments:

[0301] 1. A light modulator, comprising:

[0302] - A first substrate and a second substrate, the inner sides of the first substrate and the second substrate being arranged opposite to each other, a plurality of electrodes (110, 120) being applied to the inner side of each of the first substrate and the second substrate, each of the plurality of electrodes being arranged in a pattern spanning the substrate, each of the plurality of electrodes comprising:

[0303] - Multiple main lines extending across the substrate along a first direction, wherein the multiple main lines of the multiple electrodes are arranged alternately on the substrate;

[0304] - An optical layer between the first substrate and the second substrate, the optical layer comprising:

[0305] - A fluid comprising particles, wherein the particles are charged or may be charged;

[0306] - A controller configured to apply a potential to the plurality of electrodes to obtain an electromagnetic field between the plurality of electrodes, thereby providing the particle with electrophoretic motion toward or from one of the plurality of electrodes, resulting in modulation of optical properties of the optical modulator, the controller being configured to obtain one of a plurality of transparency levels or reflectivity levels of the optical modulator by using an alternating current or voltage of one of a plurality of maximum amplitudes.

[0307] 2. The optical modulator according to Clause 1, wherein the controller is configured to apply a potential difference between subsequent electrodes on the same substrate and simultaneously apply a potential difference between opposing electrodes on opposite substrates.

[0308] 3. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 2, wherein

[0309] - At least three electrodes are applied to at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, or

[0310] - At least three electrodes are applied to the first substrate and the second substrate.

[0311] 4. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the distance between subsequent main lines of the plurality of electrodes in the first substrate is greater than the distance between subsequent main lines of the plurality of electrodes in the second substrate.

[0312] 5. A light modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 4, having a transparent state and a non-transparent state, or having a reflective state and a non-reflective state, said light modulator being configured to

[0313] - Switching to a non-transparent state or a non-reflective state is achieved by creating an alternating voltage on at least one of the first and second substrates, and applying an alternating current between at least the first and second electrodes on the first substrate and / or between the first and second electrodes on the second substrate.

[0314] - By creating an alternating voltage between the first substrate and the second substrate, and applying an alternating current between the first electrode on the first substrate and the first electrode on the second substrate and / or between the second electrode on the first substrate and the second electrode on the second substrate, the system switches to a transparent state or a reflective state.

[0315] 6. The optical modulator according to any one of 1 to 5, wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes in each substrate comprises at least a first electrode and a second electrode, each of the first electrode and the second electrode comprising:

[0316] - Multiple main lines extending across the substrate along a first direction, wherein the multiple main lines of the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged alternately on the substrate.

[0317] - Multiple branch lines extending from the main line to the region between the main lines, branch lines extending to the region between the first main line and the second main line of the first electrode and the second electrode extend alternately from the first main line and the second main line, and at least one of two subsequent branch lines extending into the same region extends across at least half of the region along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.

[0318] 7. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 6, wherein when projected in the first direction, two subsequent branches extending into the same region between the first main line and the second main line overlap in the second direction.

[0319] 8. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 7, wherein two subsequent branches extending into the same region between the first main line and the second main line have different lengths, and the longer branch is at least 5% longer than the shorter branch.

[0320] 9. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 8, wherein the distance between the main line and subsequent main line on the substrates of the first electrode and the second electrode varies in a second direction and / or in a first direction.

[0321] 10. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 9, wherein the distance between the main lines is...

[0322] - Alternate between increasing towards the maximum distance and decreasing towards the minimum distance, and / or

[0323] - Increase or decrease random amounts within the maximum and minimum distances, and / or

[0324] -The distance sequence between the main lines in the second direction varies randomly along the substrate, wherein the sum of the distances is between the minimum and maximum total distance.

[0325] 11. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the main line and the branch lines extending from the main line are established as a series of sub-main lines extending from the branch lines, wherein the sub-main lines in the series are connected to form the main line, wherein

[0326] - Branch lines extending from the same side of the sub-main line are of equal length, and / or

[0327] - Branch lines extending from the same side of the sub-main line are parallel, and / or

[0328] - The number of branch lines extending from either side of the main sub-line is equal.

[0329] 12. The optical modulator according to Clause 11, wherein a branch extending from the same side of a sub-main line and a branch extending from a subsequent sub-main line of the same main line.

[0330] -Having different lengths, and / or

[0331] - at a different angle from the first direction, and / or

[0332] - A varying number of branch lines extend from one side of the main sub-line.

[0333] 13. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 11 to 12, wherein the angle between the branch line and the first direction in the sub-main line is randomly selected between 45 degrees and 90 degrees.

[0334] 14. An optical modulator according to any one of clauses 11 to 13, wherein sub-main lines in the same main line and subsequently connected sub-main line routes are shifted relative to each other in both a first direction and a second direction.

[0335] 15. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 14, wherein the pattern in which the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged is subdivided into groups of blocks extending across the substrate in the first direction and the second direction, each block comprising a plurality of sub-lines of a portion of a plurality of main lines of the first electrode and a plurality of sub-lines of a portion of a plurality of main lines of the second electrode, wherein at least one of the blocks is repeated multiple times on the substrate.

[0336] 16. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 15, wherein

[0337] - In some blocks, the sub-main line electrode includes multiple branch lines, and in other blocks, the electrode does not include multiple branch lines, and / or

[0338] - In some blocks, the sub-main line is a straight line, and in some blocks, the sub-main line is a wavy line.

[0339] 17. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the pattern in which the electrodes are arranged is subdivided into a plurality of portions, wherein at least one of the electrode line gap, electrode line thickness, electrode line width, electrode material, electrode line shape, and electrode line orientation is different in the plurality of portions, thereby resulting in an optical effect.

[0340] 18. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 17, wherein the geometry of the electrodes is selected from the group consisting of different thicknesses, widths, shapes, areas and volumes on at least one of the first and second substrates.

[0341] 19. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 18, wherein the primary electrode is at least partially connected to another secondary electrode parallel to the primary electrode, wherein

[0342] - The secondary electrode is connected to the primary electrode via a semiconductor layer, and the secondary electrode is electrically connected to the primary electrode circuitry via the semiconductor layer, wherein the semiconductor layer ensures that current flows through the primary electrode only when the voltage is above a threshold, and / or

[0343] -The secondary electrode is transparent, and / or

[0344] - The secondary electrode includes a capacitor arranged to maintain local charge, and / or

[0345] - The secondary electrode comprises a photovoltaic semiconductor material and supplies power to the primary electrode circuit.

[0346] 20. The optical modulator according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein a plurality of electrodes extend across a substrate in two dimensions, at least a first electrode of the plurality of electrodes and at least a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes are disposed separately in a third latitude, and optionally an insulator is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode.

[0347] 21. The optical modulator according to any one of clauses 1 to 20, wherein an electrode on a first substrate is arranged in at least a portion to have the same pattern as a second electrode on a second substrate, wherein the patterns of the first electrode and the second electrode are shifted relative to each other.

[0348] 22. A substrate for use in an optical modulator, wherein a plurality of electrodes are applied on the same side of the substrate, each of the plurality of electrodes being arranged in a transverse pattern across the substrate, and at least a first electrode and a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes each comprising:

[0349] - Multiple main lines extending across the substrate along a first direction, wherein the multiple main lines of the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged alternately on the substrate.

[0350] - Multiple branch lines extending from the main line to the region between the main lines, branch lines extending to the region between the first main line and the second main line of the first electrode and the second electrode extend alternately from the first main line and the second main line, and at least one of the two subsequent branch lines extending into the same region extends across at least half of the region along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.

[0351] 23. A method for an optical modulator, comprising:

[0352] An optical modulator is provided, comprising:

[0353] - A first substrate and a second substrate, the inner sides of the first substrate and the second substrate being arranged opposite to each other, a plurality of electrodes being applied to the inner side of each of the first substrate and the second substrate, each of the plurality of electrodes being arranged in a transverse pattern across the substrate, each of the plurality of electrodes comprising:

[0354] - Multiple main lines extending across the substrate along a first direction, wherein the multiple main lines of the multiple electrodes are arranged alternately on the substrate;

[0355] - An optical layer between the first substrate and the second substrate, the optical layer comprising:

[0356] - A fluid comprising particles, wherein the particles are charged or may be charged;

[0357] Choose one of the multiple maximum amplitude alternating currents or voltages, corresponding to one of the multiple transparency or reflectivity levels of the optical modulator;

[0358] The alternating current is applied to the electrodes to obtain an electromagnetic field between the electrodes, providing electrophoretic motion of the particles toward or from the electrodes, resulting in modulation of the optical properties of the light modulator.

[0359] 23. A temporary or non-temporary computer-readable medium comprising data representing instructions that, when executed by a processor system, cause the processor system to perform the method described in accordance with clause 22.

[0360] It should be noted that the above-described implementation schemes are illustrative of the currently disclosed subject matter and not limiting; those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative implementation schemes.

[0361] In the claims, any reference signs enclosed in parentheses should not be construed as limiting the claims. The use of the verb "comprising" and its variations does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those stated in the claims. The article "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. Expressions such as "at least one," when placed before a list of elements, represent the selection of all elements or any subset of elements from that list. For example, the expression "at least one of A, B, and C" should be understood to include: only A, only B, only C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A, B, and C. The subject matter currently disclosed can be implemented by hardware comprising several different elements and by a suitably programmed computer. In device claims enumerating several parts, several of these parts can be embodied by the same piece of hardware. The fact that certain measures are applied in disparate dependent claims does not imply that combinations of these measures cannot be used to exert an advantage.

[0362] In the claims, references enclosed in parentheses refer to reference symbols of exemplary embodiments in the figures or embodiments of the formulas, which improves the comprehensibility of the claims. These references should not be construed as limiting the claims.

Claims

1. A light modulator, comprising: - A first substrate and a second substrate, the inner sides of the first substrate and the second substrate being arranged opposite to each other, a plurality of electrodes (110, 120) being applied to the inner side of each of the first substrate and the second substrate, the plurality of electrodes of at least one substrate including at least a first electrode and a second electrode, each of the plurality of electrodes being arranged in a pattern spanning the substrate, each of the plurality of electrodes including: - Multiple main lines extending across the substrate along a first direction, wherein the multiple main lines of the multiple electrodes are arranged alternately on the substrate, each of the first electrode and the second electrode comprising: - Multiple branch lines extending from the main line to the region between the main lines, branch lines extending to the region between the first main line and the second main line of the first electrode and the second electrode extend alternately from the first main line and the second main line, at least one of two subsequent branch lines extending to the same region extends across at least half of the region along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, wherein branch lines extending from the same side of a sub-main line and branch lines extending from subsequent sub-main lines of the same main line have different lengths and are at different angles to the first direction, and wherein the angle between the branch line in the sub-main line and the first direction is randomly selected between 45 degrees and 90 degrees; - An optical layer between the first substrate and the second substrate, the optical layer comprising: - A fluid having particles, wherein the particles are charged or can be charged; - A controller configured to apply a potential to the plurality of electrodes to obtain an electromagnetic field between the plurality of electrodes, thereby providing the particles with electrophoretic motion toward or from one of the plurality of electrodes, resulting in modulation of the optical properties of the optical modulator. The controller is configured to obtain one of a plurality of transparency or reflectivity levels of the optical modulator by using an alternating current or voltage of one of a plurality of maximum amplitudes, wherein the distance between subsequent main lines is: - Alternate between increasing towards the maximum distance and decreasing towards the minimum distance, and / or - Increase or decrease random amounts within the maximum and minimum distances, and / or - Wherein the distance sequence between the main lines in the second direction varies randomly along the substrate, wherein the sum of the distances in the sequence is between the minimum and the maximum total distance.

2. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to apply a potential difference between subsequent electrodes on the same substrate and simultaneously apply a potential difference between opposing electrodes on opposing substrates.

3. The optical modulator according to claim 1, wherein... - At least three electrodes are applied to at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, or - At least three electrodes are applied to the first substrate and the second substrate.

4. The optical modulator according to claim 1, wherein the distance between the subsequent main lines of the plurality of electrodes in the first substrate is greater than the distance between the subsequent main lines of the plurality of electrodes in the second substrate.

5. The optical modulator according to claim 1, having a transparent state and a non-transparent state, or having a reflective state and a non-reflective state, wherein the optical modulator is configured as follows: - By creating an alternating voltage on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, and applying an alternating current between at least the first electrode and the second electrode on the first substrate and / or between the first electrode and the second electrode on the second substrate, a non-transparent state or a non-reflective state is switched. - By creating an alternating voltage between the first substrate and the second substrate, and applying an alternating current between the first electrode on the first substrate and the first electrode on the second substrate and / or between the second electrode on the first substrate and the second electrode on the second substrate, the system switches to a transparent state or a reflective state.

6. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein when projected in the first direction, two subsequent branches extending into the same region between the first main line and the second main line overlap in the second direction.

7. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein two subsequent branches extending into the same region between the first main line and the second main line have different lengths, and the longer branch is at least 5% longer than the shorter branch.

8. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein the distance between the main line and subsequent main line on the substrate of the first electrode and the second electrode varies in a second direction and / or in a first direction.

9. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein the main line and the branch lines extending from the main line are established as a series of sub-main lines extending from the branch lines, the sub-main lines in the series being connected to form the main line, wherein... - Branch lines extending from the same side of the sub-main line are of equal length, and / or - Branch lines extending from the same side of the sub-main line are parallel, and / or - The number of branch lines extending from either side of the main sub-line is equal.

10. The optical modulator of claim 9, wherein the branch lines extending from the same side of the sub-main line and the branch lines extending from subsequent sub-main lines of the same main line... - Has different lengths, and / or - at a different angle from the first direction, and / or - There are varying numbers of branch lines extending from one side of the main sub-line.

11. The optical modulator of claim 9, wherein the sub-main lines and subsequently connected sub-main line routes in the same main line are shifted relative to each other in both the first and second directions.

12. The optical modulator of claim 9, wherein the pattern in which the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged is subdivided into groups of blocks extending across the substrate in the first direction and the second direction, each block comprising a plurality of sub-lines of a portion of a plurality of main lines of the first electrode and a plurality of sub-lines of a portion of a plurality of main lines of the second electrode, wherein at least one block is repeated multiple times on the substrate.

13. The optical modulator according to claim 1, wherein - In some blocks, the sub-main line electrode includes multiple branches, and in other blocks, the electrode does not include multiple branches, and / or - In some blocks, the sub-main line is straight, and in some blocks, the sub-main line is wavy.

14. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein the pattern in which the electrodes are arranged is subdivided into a plurality of portions, wherein at least one of the electrode line gap, electrode line thickness, electrode line width, electrode material, electrode line shape, and electrode line direction is different in the plurality of portions, thereby resulting in an optical effect.

15. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein the geometry of the electrodes is selected from the group consisting of different thicknesses, widths, shapes, areas, and volumes on at least one of the first and second substrates.

16. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein the primary electrode is at least partially connected to another secondary electrode parallel to the primary electrode, wherein - The secondary electrode is connected to the primary electrode via a semiconductor layer, and the secondary electrode is electrically connected to the primary electrode circuitry via the semiconductor layer, wherein the semiconductor layer ensures that current flows through the primary electrode only when the voltage is above a threshold, and / or - The secondary electrode is transparent, and / or - The secondary electrode includes a capacitor arranged to maintain local charge, and / or - The secondary electrode comprises a photovoltaic semiconductor material and supplies power to the primary electrode circuit.

17. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein a plurality of electrodes extend across a substrate in two dimensions, at least a first electrode of the plurality of electrodes and at least a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes are separated in a third latitude, and optionally an insulator is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode.

18. The optical modulator of claim 1, wherein the electrodes on the first substrate are arranged in at least a portion to have the same pattern as the second electrodes on the second substrate, wherein the patterns of the first and second electrodes are shifted relative to each other.

19. A substrate for use in an optical modulator, wherein a plurality of electrodes are applied on the same side of the substrate, each of the plurality of electrodes being arranged in a transverse pattern across the substrate, and at least a first electrode and a second electrode of the plurality of electrodes each comprising: - Multiple main lines extending across the substrate along a first direction, wherein the multiple main lines of the first electrode and the second electrode are arranged alternately on the substrate. - Multiple branch lines extending from the main line to the region between the main lines, branch lines extending to the region between the first and second main lines of the first and second electrodes extending alternately from the first and second main lines, at least one of two subsequent branch lines extending into the same region extending across at least half of the region along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, wherein branch lines extending from the same side of a sub-main line and branch lines extending from subsequent sub-main lines of the same main line have different lengths and form different angles with the first direction, and wherein the angle between the branch lines in the sub-main line and the first direction is randomly selected between 45 degrees and 90 degrees; and wherein the distance between subsequent main lines is: - Alternate between increasing towards the maximum distance and decreasing towards the minimum distance, and / or - Increase or decrease random amounts within the maximum and minimum distances, and / or - Wherein the distance sequence between the main lines in the second direction varies randomly along the substrate, wherein the sum of the distances in the sequence is between the minimum and the maximum total distance.

20. A method for an optical modulator, comprising: An optical modulator is provided, comprising: - A first substrate and a second substrate, the inner sides of the first substrate and the second substrate being arranged opposite to each other, a plurality of electrodes being applied to the inner side of each of the first substrate and the second substrate, the plurality of electrodes of at least one substrate including at least a first electrode and a second electrode, each of the plurality of electrodes being arranged in a transverse pattern across the substrate, each of the plurality of electrodes comprising: - Multiple main lines extending across the substrate along a first direction, wherein the multiple main lines of the multiple electrodes are arranged alternately on the substrate, each of the first electrode and the second electrode comprising: - Multiple branch lines extending from the main line to the region between the main lines, branch lines extending to the region between the first and second main lines of the first and second electrodes extending alternately from the first and second main lines, at least one of two subsequent branch lines extending into the same region extending across at least half of the region along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, wherein branch lines extending from the same side of a sub-main line and branch lines extending from subsequent sub-main lines of the same main line have different lengths and form different angles with the first direction, wherein the angle between the branch lines in the sub-main line and the first direction is randomly selected between 45 degrees and 90 degrees, and wherein the distance between subsequent main lines is: - Alternate between increasing towards the maximum distance and decreasing towards the minimum distance, and / or - Increase or decrease random amounts within the maximum and minimum distances, and / or - Wherein the distance sequence between the main lines in the second direction varies randomly along the substrate, wherein the sum of the distances in the sequence is between the minimum and the maximum total distance; - An optical layer between the first substrate and the second substrate, the optical layer comprising: - A fluid having particles, wherein the particles are charged or can be charged; Choose one of the multiple maximum amplitude alternating currents or voltages, corresponding to one of the multiple transparency or reflectivity levels of the optical modulator; The alternating current is applied to the electrodes to obtain an electromagnetic field between the electrodes, thereby providing the particles with electrophoretic movement toward or from the electrodes, resulting in modulation of the optical properties of the light modulator.

21. A temporary or non-temporary computer-readable medium comprising data representing instructions that, when executed by a processor system, cause the processor system to perform the method of claim 20.

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