A wideband self-biased isolator

Abstract

This invention provides a broadband self-biased isolator, comprising: a pair of stepped waveguides, a circular waveguide, a pair of film-coated ceramic cones, ferrite, and an absorber. The pair of stepped waveguides are correspondingly mounted on opposite sides of the circular waveguide. One end of each pair of film-coated ceramic cones is correspondingly mounted within the pair of stepped waveguides. The ferrite and absorber are both mounted within the circular waveguide, with the absorber sleeved on the outside of the ferrite. The other ends of each pair of film-coated ceramic cones are correspondingly connected to opposite sides of the ferrite. The absorber eliminates high-order modes excited during overmode transmission of electromagnetic waves in the ferrite dielectric waveguide, preventing loss spikes. The film-coated ceramic cones facilitate smooth conversion of electromagnetic waves from the rectangular cavity within the stepped waveguide to the ferrite dielectric waveguide. These multiple components together constitute a radio frequency transmission system, enabling electromagnetic wave transmission. This meets the requirements of terahertz waves, millimeter waves, and high-frequency microwaves for full bandwidth, high isolation, and high frequency in isolators.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of isolator technology, and more particularly to a broadband self-biased isolator. Background Technology

[0002] Ferrite isolators are among the most widely used passive non-reciprocal devices in modern microwave / millimeter-wave / terahertz systems. They enable unidirectional signal transmission and provide isolation in the reverse direction, and are often used to isolate reflected signals and protect signal sources. When the frequency band reaches tens of GHz or higher, the normalized saturation magnetization of ferrite decreases significantly compared to the microwave band. This results in narrow bandwidths and low isolation for microstrip or stripline ferrite isolators commonly used in the microwave band, as well as junction or differential phase-shift waveguide ferrite isolators. However, at higher frequencies, the bandwidth of Faraday isolators is independent of the normalized saturation magnetization, exhibiting full bandwidth and high isolation, thus meeting the requirements of some special systems for miniaturization, wide bandwidth, high isolation, and high frequency isolators.

[0003] The broadband capability of isolators improves the system's anti-interference ability, increases the accuracy of target detection and measurement, and enhances the accuracy of target identification. The miniaturization of isolators facilitates system integration, reduces weight, and improves system mobility. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a broadband self-biased isolator in order to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art.

[0005] The technical solution of the present invention to solve the above-mentioned technical problems is as follows: A broadband self-biased isolator includes: a pair of stepped waveguides, a circular waveguide, a pair of film-coated ceramic cones, a ferrite, and an absorber. The pair of stepped waveguides are installed on both sides of the circular waveguide. The film-coated ceramic cone is divided into a cylinder and a cone, and the cylinder and the cone are connected. The cones of the pair of film-coated ceramic cones are installed in the pair of stepped waveguides. The ferrite and the absorber are both installed in the circular waveguide. The absorber is sleeved on the outside of the ferrite. The cylinders of the pair of film-coated ceramic cones are connected to both sides of the ferrite.

[0006] The beneficial effects of adopting the technical solution of this invention are as follows: The absorber is used to eliminate the high-order modes excited during the overmode transmission of electromagnetic waves in the ferrite dielectric waveguide, avoiding loss spikes. The film-coated ceramic cone is used to achieve a smooth conversion of electromagnetic waves from the rectangular cavity in the stepped waveguide to the ferrite dielectric waveguide. The stepped waveguide, circular waveguide, film-coated ceramic cone, ferrite, and absorber together constitute the radio frequency transmission system to realize the transmission of electromagnetic waves. This meets the requirements of terahertz waves, millimeter waves, and high-frequency microwaves for full bandwidth, high isolation, and high frequency in isolators.

[0007] Furthermore, the pair of stepped waveguides, the circular waveguide, the pair of film-coated ceramic cones, the ferrite, and the absorber are all coaxially arranged.

[0008] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solutions is that it facilitates the achievement of good electrical performance of the isolator.

[0009] Furthermore, cuboid cavities are respectively provided in the middle of both sides of the stepped waveguide, and the cuboid cavities in the middle of both sides of the stepped waveguide are connected, and the included angle between the cuboid cavities in the middle of both sides of the stepped waveguide is 11.25 degrees.

[0010] The advantages of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are: it facilitates the transmission of electromagnetic waves and improves the compactness of the structure. The included angle between the cuboid cavities located in the middle of both sides of the stepped waveguide is 11.25 degrees, realizing electromagnetic wave polarization rotation.

[0011] Furthermore, the ferrite forms a dielectric waveguide and employs an overmode transmission design.

[0012] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are: the ferrite adopts a mode transmission design, and an absorber is built into the middle of the cavity to eliminate the high-order modes excited by electromagnetic waves during the mode transmission of the ferrite dielectric waveguide, thus ensuring the good electrical performance of the device.

[0013] Furthermore, the ceramic cone with a resistive film is a ceramic cone with a resistive film along the axial direction, and the included angle of the resistive films of a pair of ceramic cones with a resistive film is 45 degrees.

[0014] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are: the resistive film has a significant impact on device performance, especially isolation. When an electromagnetic wave is input in the forward direction, the electric field polarization direction is perpendicular to the resistive film, and the resistive film generates almost no loss, enabling signal transmission. However, when an electromagnetic wave is input in the reverse direction, the electric field polarization direction is parallel to the left end of the resistive film, generating loss, which is converted into heat, thus achieving signal isolation.

[0015] Furthermore, the ferrite is a self-biased ferrite.

[0016] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are: the ferrite itself is self-biased, and the Faraday rotation effect can be generated without the need for an external bias permanent magnet to supply magnetism, thereby improving the compactness of the structure.

[0017] Furthermore, support rings are installed on both sides of the absorber, and the other ends of the pair of ceramic cones with film are connected to both sides of the ferrite through the support rings.

[0018] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution is that the support ring realizes the positioning support of the film ceramic cone and ferrite.

[0019] Furthermore, the thickness of the support ring is less than 0.15 mm.

[0020] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution is that it reduces the influence of the support ring on the electromagnetic field while ensuring the support.

[0021] Furthermore, both the stepped waveguide and the circular waveguide are cylindrical structures. The stepped waveguide has threaded holes, vias, and pins installed on both sides, and the circular waveguide has threaded holes and pin holes installed on both sides. The sidewall of the circular waveguide is provided with potting holes.

[0022] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are as follows: the circular waveguide has a cylindrical shape, and threaded holes and pin holes are respectively provided on the left and right end faces for precise positioning and connection with the stepped waveguides at the left and right ends. Potting holes are provided on the curved surface for bonding the absorber.

[0023] Furthermore, the tip diameter of the ceramic cone with film is less than 0.15 mm.

[0024] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are: the diameter at the tip of the cone is controlled within 0.15mm, ensuring a good conversion of electromagnetic waves from the rectangular inner cavity in the stepped waveguide to the ferrite dielectric waveguide.

[0025] The advantages of additional aspects of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0026] Figure 1 This is one of the structural schematic diagrams of a broadband self-biased isolator provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 2 This is a second schematic diagram of the structure of the broadband self-biased isolator provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 3 Simulation curves of the broadband self-biased isolator provided in the embodiments of the present invention in the 60-90GHz range.

[0029] The following are the symbols and their meanings: 1. Stepped waveguide; 2. Circular waveguide; 3. Ceramic cone with film; 4. Support ring; 5. Ferrite; 6. Absorber; 7. Cuboid cavity; 8. Resistive film; 9. Potting hole. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The principles and features of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The examples given are only for explaining the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0031] like Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, this embodiment of the invention provides a broadband self-biased isolator, comprising: a pair of stepped waveguides 1, a circular waveguide 2, a pair of film-coated ceramic cones 3, a ferrite 5, and an absorber 6. The pair of stepped waveguides 1 are installed one-to-one on both sides of the circular waveguide 2. The film-coated ceramic cone 3 is divided into a cylinder and a cone, with the cylinder and cone connected. The cones of the pair of film-coated ceramic cones 3 are installed one-to-one in the pair of stepped waveguides 1. The ferrite 5 and the absorber 6 are both installed in the circular waveguide 2. The absorber 6 is sleeved on the outside of the ferrite 5. The cylinders of the pair of film-coated ceramic cones 3 are connected one-to-one to both sides of the ferrite 5.

[0032] The beneficial effects of adopting the technical solution of this invention are as follows: The absorber is used to eliminate the high-order modes excited during the overmode transmission of electromagnetic waves in the ferrite dielectric waveguide, avoiding loss spikes. The film-coated ceramic cone is used to achieve a smooth conversion of electromagnetic waves from the rectangular cavity in the stepped waveguide to the ferrite dielectric waveguide. The stepped waveguide, circular waveguide, film-coated ceramic cone, ferrite, and absorber together constitute the radio frequency transmission system to realize the transmission of electromagnetic waves. This meets the requirements of terahertz waves, millimeter waves, and high-frequency microwaves for full bandwidth, high isolation, and high frequency in isolators.

[0033] In this process, electromagnetic waves are transmitted unidirectionally from one side of the broadband self-biased isolator to the other.

[0034] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, further, the pair of stepped waveguides 1, the circular waveguide 2, the pair of ceramic cones with films 3, the ferrite 5, and the absorber 6 are all coaxially arranged.

[0035] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solutions is that it facilitates the achievement of good electrical performance of the isolator.

[0036] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, further, cuboid cavities 7 are respectively provided in the middle of both sides of the stepped waveguide 1, and the cuboid cavities 7 located in the middle of both sides of the stepped waveguide 1 are connected, and the included angle between the cuboid cavities 7 located in the middle of both sides of the stepped waveguide 1 is 11.25 degrees.

[0037] The advantages of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are: it facilitates the transmission of electromagnetic waves and improves the compactness of the structure. The included angle between the cuboid cavities located in the middle of both sides of the stepped waveguide is 11.25 degrees, realizing electromagnetic wave polarization rotation.

[0038] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the ferrite 5 further forms a dielectric waveguide and adopts an overmode transmission design.

[0039] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are: the ferrite 5 adopts a mode transmission design, and the absorber 6 is built into the middle of the inner cavity of the circular waveguide 2 to eliminate the high-order modes excited by electromagnetic waves during the mode transmission of the ferrite 5 dielectric waveguide, thus ensuring the good electrical performance of the device.

[0040] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the ceramic cone 3 with a film is further described as having a resistive film 8 along its axial direction, and the included angle of the resistive films 8 of a pair of ceramic cones 3 is 45 degrees.

[0041] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are: the resistive film has a significant impact on device performance, especially isolation. When an electromagnetic wave is input in the forward direction, the electric field polarization direction is perpendicular to the resistive film, and the resistive film generates almost no loss, enabling signal transmission. However, when an electromagnetic wave is input in the reverse direction, the electric field polarization direction is parallel to the left end of the resistive film, generating loss, which is converted into heat, thus achieving signal isolation.

[0042] The resistive film is located in the middle of the ceramic cone with film.

[0043] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the ferrite 5 is further described as a self-biased ferrite.

[0044] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solutions are: the ferrite itself is magnetically biased, and the Faraday rotation effect can be generated without the need for an external bias permanent magnet to supply magnetism, thereby improving the compactness of the structure.

[0045] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, further, support rings 4 are installed on both sides of the absorber 6, and the other ends of the pair of film-coated ceramic cones 3 are connected to both sides of the ferrite 5 through the support rings 4.

[0046] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution is that the support ring realizes the positioning support of the film ceramic cone and ferrite.

[0047] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the thickness of the support ring 4 is less than 0.15 mm.

[0048] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution is that it reduces the influence of the support ring on the electromagnetic field while ensuring the support.

[0049] like Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, both the stepped waveguide 1 and the circular waveguide 2 are cylindrical structures. The stepped waveguide 1 has threaded holes, through holes and pins installed on both sides, and the circular waveguide 2 has threaded holes and pin holes installed on both sides. The sidewall of the circular waveguide 2 is provided with potting holes 9.

[0050] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution are as follows: the circular waveguide has a cylindrical shape, and threaded holes and pin holes are respectively provided on the left and right end faces for precise positioning and connection with the stepped waveguides at the left and right ends. Potting holes are provided on the curved surface for bonding the absorber.

[0051] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the tip diameter of the ceramic cone 3 with film is less than 0.15 mm.

[0052] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further technical solution is that the diameter at the cone tip is controlled within 0.15mm, ensuring a smooth conversion of electromagnetic waves from the rectangular inner cavity in the stepped waveguide to the ferrite dielectric waveguide.

[0053] Example 1

[0054] A broadband self-biased isolator, which can be a broadband miniaturized self-biased isolator, includes a cavity, which is composed of a stepped waveguide 1 and a circular waveguide 2 on the same axis.

[0055] The stepped waveguide 1 is cylindrical in shape, with threaded holes, through holes, and pins on its left and right end faces, respectively. The inner cavity consists of two cuboid cavities 7 with an included angle of 11.25°. The two stepped waveguides 1 have completely identical structures.

[0056] The circular waveguide 2 is cylindrical in shape, with threaded holes and pin holes on its left and right end faces for precise positioning and connection with the stepped waveguides 1 at the left and right ends. A potting hole 9 is provided on the curved surface for bonding the absorber 6. The ferrite 5 employs a mode-passing transmission design, with the absorber 6 embedded in the center of the circular waveguide 2's inner cavity to eliminate high-order modes excited during electromagnetic wave transmission through the ferrite dielectric waveguide, ensuring good electrical performance. (Ferrite dielectric waveguide mode-passing transmission.)

[0057] Ferrite 5 is a self-biased, high-internal-field hexagonal ferrite material, coaxial with the circular waveguide 2. A ceramic cone 3 with a film is bonded to each end of ferrite 5, extending from the end face of ferrite 5 into the cavity of the stepped waveguide 1, achieving a smooth conversion of electromagnetic waves from the rectangular cavity of the stepped waveguide 1 to the ferrite 5 dielectric waveguide. A resistive film 8 is provided along the length of the ceramic cone 3. The resistive film planes of the two ceramic cones 3 form a 45° angle and are parallel to the wide side of their respective stepped waveguide 1 cavities.

[0058] The resistive film significantly affects device performance, especially isolation. Preferably, the absorber can be made of ferric hydroxide, and the resistive film can be made of tantalum. The dielectric constant of the ceramic cone material with film is close to that of ferrite, ensuring low reflection.

[0059] Using materials with low dielectric constants, such as epoxy resin or polyimide, as support rings ensures the positioning and support of the film-coated ceramic cone and ferrite while reducing the impact on electromagnetic wave transmission.

[0060] The hexagonal ferrite (ferrite) is magnetically biased by itself and can generate the Faraday rotation effect without the need for an external bias permanent magnet.

[0061] To meet the requirements of some special systems for isolators in terms of high isolation, broadband and high frequency.

[0062] The device was achieved by optimizing the material formulation, size, and surface roughness of the ferrite, the size and surface roughness of the cone, and the resistive film. Miniaturization was achieved using self-biased hexagonal high-saturation ferrite material and stepped waveguides, resulting in a broadband self-biased isolator. For example... Figure 3 As shown, the device achieves the following performance in an application example simulation design in the E-band (60-90GHz): within the full bandwidth, the return loss is better than 16.2dB, the transmission loss is less than 2.8dB, the isolation is better than 27.6dB, and the size is less than Φ12mmx15.05mm. Figure 3 In the diagram, the horizontal axis represents frequency (GHz), and the vertical axis represents the S-parameters (dB). Of the four parameters, S... 11 and S 22 For return loss, S 21 For transmission loss, S 12 For isolation. Broadband self-biased isolators enable unidirectional transmission of electromagnetic waves.

[0063] The working principle of a broadband self-biased isolator is as follows:

[0064] Electromagnetic waves are input to the left-hand stepped waveguide 1, transmitting TE. 10 The electric field polarization direction is perpendicular to the left-end resistive film. It is transferred to the ferrite 5 via the left-end ceramic cone 3, where it is converted to HE. 11 Hybrid dielectric mode over-mode transmission is employed. The circular waveguide 2 incorporates an absorber 6 to eliminate unnecessary higher-order modes generated during mode conversion, preventing loss spikes. The electromagnetic wave then passes through the Faraday effect of the ferrite 5, causing its electric field polarization direction to deflect at 45°, perpendicular to the right-end resistive film. It then transitions through the right-end ceramic cone with film 3 to the right-end stepped waveguide 1, transforming into a TE wave. 10Modular output. During this process, the electric field polarization direction is perpendicular to the resistive film, and the resistive film generates almost no loss, enabling signal transmission. However, when the electromagnetic wave is input in the opposite direction, the electric field polarization direction is parallel to the left-end resistive film, generating loss, which is converted into heat, thus isolating the signal.

[0065] Example 2

[0066] This embodiment is a further improvement on Embodiment 1, wherein the absorber 6 has support rings 4 adhered to both sides. A hole is drilled in the center of the support ring 4 to allow the ceramic cone 3 with film to pass through. Adhesive is applied to the inner hole of the support ring 4 to provide positioning support for the ceramic cone 3 with film and the ferrite 5. The support rings can be made of materials with low dielectric constants, such as epoxy resin or polyimide.

[0067] The ferrite 5 is a self-biased, high-internal-field, high-saturation hexagonal ferrite material. Its length is minimized while ensuring a 45° Faraday rotation angle is generated, in order to reduce device size, lower transmission loss, and reduce interference from external stray fields.

[0068] Multiple components work together to form a radio frequency transmission system, enabling the transmission of electromagnetic waves.

[0069] The roughness of the inner cavities of stepped waveguide 1 and circular waveguide 2 is controlled, and the surfaces are gold-plated to reduce the conductor loss of electromagnetic waves.

[0070] Example 3

[0071] Based on Example 2, a specific embodiment is given for the 60–90 GHz frequency band. The stepped waveguide 1 and circular waveguide 2 are made of copper with gold plating. The ceramic cone 3 with a film is made of alumina ceramic material with low loss and dielectric constant matching that of the ferrite. The diameter at the cone tip is controlled within 0.15 mm to ensure good matching. The support ring 4 is made of polyimide, with a thickness controlled within 0.15 mm to ensure support while reducing its influence on the electromagnetic field. The ferrite 5 is made of M-type hexagonal high-saturation ferrite material, and a nanowire array structure can be used instead of the traditional cylindrical structure. M-type hexagonal ferrite material belongs to the hexagonal crystal system, with spontaneous magnetization preferentially oriented hexagonal crystal axes, resulting in a high remanence ratio; at the same time, the material adopts a nanowire array structure, which has extremely high shape anisotropy, resulting in a lower demagnetizing field and further improving the remanence ratio. The absorber 6 is a 1 mm thick hydroxyl iron ring.

[0072] The isolator simulation performance in this embodiment is as follows: Figure 3 As shown. From Figure 3 As can be seen from the data, the product in this embodiment has a full E-band operating bandwidth, dimensions of Φ12mm x 15.05mm, return loss better than 16.2dB, transmission loss less than 2.8dB, and isolation better than 27.6dB.

[0073] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A broadband self-biased isolator, characterized in that, include: A pair of stepped waveguides, a circular waveguide, a pair of film-coated ceramic cones, ferrite, and an absorber are provided. The stepped waveguides are installed one-to-one on both sides of the circular waveguide. The film-coated ceramic cones consist of a cylinder and a cone, with the cylinder and cone connected. The cones of the pair of film-coated ceramic cones are installed one-to-one in the pair of stepped waveguides. The ferrite and the absorber are both installed in the circular waveguide, with the absorber sleeved on the outside of the ferrite. The cylinders of the pair of film-coated ceramic cones are connected one-to-one to both sides of the ferrite. The stepped waveguides, the circular waveguides, the pair of film-coated ceramic cones, the ferrite, and the absorber are all coaxially arranged. A cuboid cavity is provided in the middle of each side of the stepped waveguide, and the cuboid cavities in the middle of the two sides of the stepped waveguide are connected. The included angle between the cuboid cavities at the center of both sides is 11.25 degrees; the ferrite forms a dielectric waveguide and adopts an overmode transmission design; the film-coated ceramic cone is a film-coated ceramic cone with a resistive film along the axial direction, and the included angle between the resistive films of a pair of film-coated ceramic cones is 45 degrees; the ferrite is a self-biased ferrite; support rings are respectively installed on both sides of the absorber, and the other ends of a pair of film-coated ceramic cones are connected to the two sides of the ferrite through the support rings; the thickness of the support ring is less than 0.15 mm; the stepped waveguide and the circular waveguide are both cylindrical structures, the stepped waveguide has threaded holes, through holes and pins installed on both sides, the circular waveguide has threaded holes and pin holes installed on both sides, and the sidewall of the circular waveguide has potting holes; the cone tip diameter of the film-coated ceramic cone is less than 0.15 mm; electromagnetic waves are transmitted unidirectionally from one side of the broadband self-biased isolator to the other; the resistive film is located in the middle of the film-coated ceramic cone; the two stepped waveguides have identical structures; the ferrite employs an overmode transmission design; the ferrite is a self-biased high-inner-field hexagonal ferrite material; the absorber is made of ferric hydroxide, and the resistive film is made of tantalum; the dielectric constant of the film-coated ceramic cone material is close to that of the ferrite, ensuring low reflection; the ferrite is magnetically biased itself, eliminating the need for an external bias permanent magnet to generate the Faraday rotation effect; the device is miniaturized using a self-biased hexagonal high-saturation ferrite material and stepped waveguides; the electromagnetic wave is input to the left-end stepped waveguide, transmitting the TE10 mode, and the electric field is polarized. The electromagnetic wave is perpendicular to the left-end resistive film; it is transmitted to the ferrite core via a left-end ceramic cone with a film, and then converted to HE11 mixed dielectric mode for overmode transmission; the circular waveguide has an internal absorber to eliminate unnecessary higher-order modes generated during mode conversion, thus avoiding loss spikes; the electromagnetic wave then passes through the Faraday effect of the ferrite core, causing its electric field polarization direction to deflect at 45°, perpendicular to the right-end resistive film; it then passes through the right-end ceramic cone with a film to the right-end stepped waveguide, converting to TE10 mode output; during this process, the electric field polarization direction is perpendicular to the resistive film, and the resistive film generates almost no loss, enabling signal transmission. However, when the electromagnetic wave is input in the opposite direction, the electric field polarization direction is parallel to the left-end resistive film, resulting in loss. The system utilizes heat generation and signal isolation; the inner hole of the support ring is coated with adhesive to position and support the ceramic cone with film and the ferrite; the support ring is made of epoxy resin or polyimide with a low dielectric constant; the ferrite is a self-biased, high-internal-field, high-saturation hexagonal ferrite material; its length is minimized while ensuring a 45° Faraday rotation angle to reduce device size and transmission loss, while also reducing interference from external stray fields; the roughness of the stepped waveguide and circular waveguide cavities is controlled, and the surfaces are gold-plated to reduce electromagnetic wave conductor loss; the stepped waveguide and circular waveguide are made of copper and gold-plated; the ceramic cone with film is selected based on its dielectric constant and ferrite. The system employs a well-matched, low-loss alumina ceramic material; the diameter at the cone tip is controlled within 0.15 mm to ensure good matching; the support ring is made of polyimide, with a thickness controlled within 0.15 mm to ensure support while reducing its influence on the electromagnetic field; the ferrite material is an M-type hexagonal high-saturation ferrite material, and a nanowire array structure is used instead of the traditional cylindrical structure; the M-type hexagonal ferrite material belongs to the hexagonal crystal system, with spontaneous magnetization preferentially oriented hexagonal crystal axes, resulting in a high remanence ratio; simultaneously, the material uses a nanowire array structure, which has extremely high shape anisotropy, resulting in a lower demagnetizing field and further improving the remanence ratio; the absorber is a 1 mm thick hydroxyl iron ring.

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