Extrusion and / or pultrusion apparatus and method

Abstract

A method and an extrusion or pultrusion device (1) for forming a profile product (2) made of a plastically deformable material and / or a viscoplastic material in a production direction (Y), the device comprising a rotating die (3) extending in a radial (R) direction and a width direction (X) and having two opposite first and second side walls (5, 6) and a peripheral surface (4) extending between the first and second side walls (5, 6) in the width direction (X), the rotating die (3) comprising a first side portion (23) connecting the first side wall (5), a second side portion (25) connecting the second side wall (6) and an intermediate portion (22) extending between the first and second side portions (23, 25); and a profile defining zone (7) having a longitudinal direction (Y) overlapping the production direction (Y), a height direction (Z) and a width direction (X) perpendicular to the height direction (Z), and comprising a straight through passage (8) comprising a first passage portion (9) and a second passage portion (10) downstream of the first passage portion (9) with reference to the production direction; wherein the rotating die (3) is rotatable about an axis extending across the production direction (Y) and is arranged to allow the peripheral surface (4) to exert pressure onto a surface of the material while the rotating die (3) is rotating when passing through the profile defining zone (7).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to an extrusion and / or pultrusion apparatus for forming profile products made of a plastically deformable material in a production direction, the apparatus comprising:

[0002] A rotary mold extending along a radial direction and a width direction, and having two opposing first and second sidewalls and an outer peripheral surface extending along the width direction between the first and second sidewalls, wherein the rotary mold comprises: a first side portion connected to the first sidewall; a second side portion connected to the second sidewall; and an intermediate portion extending between the first and second sidewalls; and

[0003] A profile defining region has a longitudinal direction, a height direction, and a width direction perpendicular to the height direction, overlapping the production direction; and includes a through channel, the through channel including a first channel portion and a second channel portion subsequently downstream of the first channel portion with reference to the production direction; wherein the rotary mold is rotatable about an axis extending across the production direction and is configured to allow pressure to be applied to a surface of the material as the outer peripheral surface passes through the profile defining region while the rotary mold is rotating;

[0004] The first channel portion is defined by one or more circumferential walls; and

[0005] The second channel portion is defined circumferentially as follows:

[0006] The outer peripheral surface of the rotating mold, and

[0007] A channel portion, the channel portion comprising,

[0008] A reverse bearing, opposite to the rotating mold, and

[0009] The first channel portion sidewall and the second channel portion sidewall are located between and opposite to the rotating mold and the reverse bearing.

[0010] The present invention also relates to a method for producing profile products using such an apparatus. Background Technology

[0011] In the field of extrusion and / or pultrusion equipment, it is known to use a rotary die immediately downstream of more conventional extrusion and / or pultrusion units that use fixed or static walls. This type of extrusion using a rotary die is referred to below as 3D extrusion and involves the rotary die operating in a pressure zone, as opposed to the more conventional extrusion and / or pultrusion sections of the unit, which differs from calendering 3D extrusion. The combination of a static wall in the first channel section and a rotary die in the second channel section provides the ability to produce profile products at very high speeds while maintaining high-quality shape and imprint. Therefore, it is an efficient and relatively inexpensive production method that can be used for most materials that can be extruded, i.e., any material, from plastics to aluminum.

[0012] In PCT / SE2020 / 050451, the advantages of optimizing the first and second channel sections for minimum side leakage are discussed. Summary of the Invention

[0013] However, referring to the background art, when extruding materials undergoing plastic deformation, improvements and optimizations are needed along the profile-defined regions (i.e., the first channel portion and the second channel portion). This is achieved by designing the corresponding first and second channels, and controlling the material load rate in the first channel by referencing the load rate in the second channel.

[0014] The protected apparatus includes both static and moving parts and operates under high productivity and high pressure, sometimes even high temperature and high pressure. The setup of the apparatus depends on the materials and profiles to be produced. Experiments conducted over a long period have shown that materials undergoing plastic deformation possess unique characteristics / properties, which must be considered in order to produce high-quality profile products in the protected apparatus while designing the apparatus to withstand high forces during operation. The following limitations are introduced to provide the reader with information on suitable setups for such materials and apparatus.

[0015] Plastic Deformation Materials

[0016] Some materials, such as metals, will permanently deform when subjected to sufficiently large forces. Permanent deformation is often referred to as plastic deformation, and materials exhibiting this type of deformation are named "plastic deformable materials." The deformation behavior of plastic deformable materials depends on the magnitude of the force applied to the material and is usually described by a so-called "stress-strain curve." Typically, plastic deformable materials exhibit the following deformation behaviors.

[0017] When a material is subjected to a small force, it undergoes elastic deformation because the stress in the material increases the distance between atoms without affecting their alignment. Therefore, when the stress is removed, the material linearly returns to its original dimensions. Thus, within this stress region, the material exhibits linear elastic deformation behavior.

[0018] If a greater force is applied to a material, the stress within it increases. When the stress exceeds the so-called elastic limit, the atomic planes in the material begin to slide against each other. If the stress is removed, thus achieving permanent deformation of the material, this effect is not reversed. Therefore, in this stress region, the material exhibits plastic deformation behavior.

[0019] If the stress increases further, it will exceed the material's fracture limit, and the material will eventually fracture.

[0020] Viscoplastic materials

[0021] Viscoplasticity is a theory that describes materials that behave as solids below a critical stress value but flow like a viscous liquid at higher stress values. For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is a macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism related to dislocation movement within the grains, exhibiting a superposition effect of intergranular slip. This mechanism typically becomes dominant at temperatures approximately one-third above the absolute melting temperature. Therefore, these materials become viscoplastic above this critical temperature.

[0022] The main difference between viscoplastic and non-viscoplastic materials lies in the fact that viscoplastic materials exhibit rate-dependent deformation behavior in the force region of plastic deformation. That is, viscoplastic materials not only undergo permanent deformation after the application of force, but also continue to experience creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied force. This creep flow causes further deformation of the material.

[0023] viscoelastic materials

[0024] Viscous materials, such as glycerol, oil, or water, resist shear flow and strain that varies linearly with time when stress is applied. In purely viscous fluids, deformation is irreversible due to molecular rearrangement. Elastic materials deform under tension and immediately return to their original state once the stress is removed.

[0025] A material is called viscoelastic if it has both an elastic (recoverable) component and a viscous (non-recoverable) component. When a load is applied to a viscoelastic material, the elastic deformation is instantaneous, while the deformation of the viscous component occurs over time.

[0026] Because viscoelastic materials possess both elastic (recoverable) and viscous (non-recoverable) properties, they are said to exhibit strain that varies over time, meaning they deform over time through what is known as creep. Viscoelastic materials may also be strain rate-dependent, meaning they deform differently depending on the rate at which a load is applied.

[0027] Examples of viscoelastic materials are polymers, whose viscoelastic behavior can be explained by the entanglement and deentanglement processes at the molecular level of polymer chains.

[0028] Referring to the foregoing limitations, the present invention relates to an apparatus for extruding and / or pultruding materials, wherein the materials do not undergo any recoverable, or only a very small portion, i.e., elastic, rebound from a deformed state to a less deformed state, but are limited to plastically deformable materials. A non-exhaustive list of examples of such materials includes: aluminum, ceramics, alloys, etc.

[0029] This invention relates to an extrusion and / or pultrusion apparatus for forming profile products made of malleable and / or viscoplastic materials in a production direction, the apparatus comprising:

[0030] A rotary mold extending along a radial direction and a width direction, and having two opposing first and second sidewalls and an outer peripheral surface extending along the width direction between the first and second sidewalls, wherein the rotary mold comprises: a first side portion connected to the first sidewall; a second side portion connected to the second sidewall; and an intermediate portion extending between the first and second sidewalls; and

[0031] A profile defining area has a longitudinal direction, a height direction, and a width direction that overlaps with the production direction; and includes a through channel, the through channel including a first channel portion and a second channel portion subsequently downstream of the first channel portion with reference to the production direction;

[0032] The rotary mold is rotatable about an axis extending across the production direction and is configured to allow pressure to be applied to a surface of the material as the outer peripheral surface passes through the profile definition area while the rotary mold is rotating.

[0033] The first channel portion is defined by one or more circumferential walls; and

[0034] The second channel portion is defined circumferentially as follows:

[0035] The outer peripheral surface of the rotating mold, and

[0036] A channel portion, the channel portion comprising,

[0037] A reverse bearing, opposite to the rotating mold, and

[0038] The first channel portion sidewall and the second channel portion sidewall are located between and opposite to the rotating mold and the reverse bearing;

[0039] The first channel portion is configured to plastically deform the material into a main profile, the main profile having a maximum height and a minimum cross-sectional area having a first maximum height in the first channel portion, depending on a predetermined material supply rate;

[0040] Furthermore, the second channel portion is configured to further deform the material into a final profile with a minimum height by means of the rotating die, the rotating die being configured to apply increased pressure against the reverse bearing on the main profile as it leaves the first channel portion;

[0041] The rotary mold is configured at a minimum distance between the rotary mold and the reverse bearing, the minimum distance depending on the maximum permissible pressure applied by the rotary mold at the minimum distance, wherein the maximum permissible pressure corresponds to the height difference between the main profile and the final profile, and depends on the pattern of the outer peripheral surface of the rotary mold.

[0042] The advantage here is that the maximum permissible pressure is controlled in both the first and second channels, which allows the extrusion and / or pultrusion apparatus to be designed according to the material to be processed and the processing speed. Controlling the maximum permissible pressure according to the material to be processed enables high-quality output productivity and reduces risks such as cracking due to excessive stress on the material, and further reduces the risk of damage to the apparatus.

[0043] According to one example, the rotary die includes a pattern having at least one indentation, wherein the rotary die is configured at a maximum distance between a bottom of the indentation and the reverse bearing, depending on a minimum permissible pressure applied by the rotary die at the maximum distance position to achieve plastic deformation of the material in the indentation.

[0044] The pattern in the rotary mold produces a corresponding opposite pattern in the final profile; that is, when the pattern in the rotary mold includes indentations, it produces a corresponding opposite pattern in the final profile that includes protrusions.

[0045] The rotary die is therefore positioned at the maximum distance between the rotary die and the reverse bearing, depending on the minimum permissible pressure applied by the rotary die at the minimum distance, where the minimum permissible pressure corresponds to the height difference between the main profile and the final profile, and depends on the pattern of the outer peripheral surface of the rotary die to achieve the required plastic deformation in the indentation, the minimum pressure depending on the material to be extruded and / or pultruded.

[0046] It should be noted that the pattern in the rotary die can be arranged such that the device simultaneously presents both minimum and maximum distances, if the pattern is arranged such that the indentation is located in the outer peripheral surface and the surrounding portion is located around the device. At least in the width direction, the outer peripheral surface does not include the indentation when facing the directional bearing. Alternatively, the pattern includes multiple indentations distributed in the width direction, with the non-indentation portions between them simultaneously facing the reverse bearing. Here, at least during short time intervals during the rotation of the rotary die, the rotary die applies maximum pressure in the non-indentation portions due to the minimum distance, and minimum pressure in the indentation portions due to the minimum distance. The design selection of maximum and minimum pressures further allows for optimized form variations of the material from the main profile to the final profile, such that the material in the indentation fills the indentation and simultaneously partially deforms the material between the outermost layers, and in the radial direction, the pressure of the rotary die does not exceed the maximum allowable pressure of the material and / or the design of the extrusion and / or pultrusion device. It should also be noted that some materials exhibit characteristics that allow for easy filling of the indentation due to the initial pressure difference between the inside and outside of the indentation. When the indentation is filled, a steady-state condition with respect to the pressure difference is achieved within a short time. Under these steady-state conditions, the pressures in the material are balanced and the pressure difference is minimized. For some materials, during operation in the portion where the indentation faces the reverse bearing and the indentation is filled, the pressures in the indentation and the surrounding non-indented portion may be equal or substantially equal.

[0047] Referring to, but not limited to, the above limitations, it is believed that a minimum pressure is required to achieve plastic deformation. For example, it is believed that aluminum has a minimum pressure level that is particularly temperature-dependent, and the higher the temperature, the lower the required pressure. However, excessive pressure and excessive temperature may cause the aluminum to liquefy, thus losing the advantage of plastic deformation. The temperature rise of the material is achieved at least partially in the first channel section, where the minimum cross-sectional area forces the material to change shape, applying pressure to the material in all directions in the first channel section, and the shape change increases the temperature. In the second channel section, the rotary die continues to change the shape of the main profile into the final profile by applying balanced pressure within minimum and maximum limits. If the rotary die includes a pattern with one or more indentations, the minimum pressure is also crucial for filling the indentations with sufficient pressure to achieve plastic deformation within the indentations. At the same time, since the distance between the rotary die and the reverse bearing is less than the distance between the bottom of the indentation and the reverse bearing, the rotary die section lacking indentations applies higher pressure to the main profile. Therefore, when the rotating die includes indentations, i.e. patterns, both minimum and maximum pressures become particularly important, and thus the corresponding maximum and minimum distances between the rotating die and the reverse bearing become particularly important.

[0048] To facilitate explanation of the device, the rotary mold is typically described using a cylindrical coordinate system, and the three-dimensional space of the device is typically described using an orthogonal Cartesian coordinate system. Therefore, the rotary mold is described as having a width direction from one end to the other overlapping with a centerline, i.e., an axis of rotation about which the rotary mold rotates, and a thickness in the radial direction orthogonal to the width direction. The outer peripheral surface further extends about the axis in a rotational direction perpendicular to the width direction. Here, rotational symmetry refers to the symmetrical arrangement or rotational equilibrium arrangement of the material in the rotary mold about the axis of rotation. A general device, such as a profile defining area, i.e., the first and second channel portions, is described as having a width direction, a height direction, and a longitudinal direction, wherein the longitudinal direction overlaps with the general production direction. The rotary mold is arranged to be rotatable about an axis, and the axis may be stored directly or indirectly in and rotatably connected to the sidewalls of the first and second channel portions.

[0049] Referring to the coordinate system mentioned above, it should be noted that the axis of the rotating mold can be arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal direction, that is, usually perpendicular to the production direction of the device, or it can be arranged at a certain angle.

[0050] According to one example, the axis of the rotary mold is substantially perpendicular to the production direction, and the outer peripheral surface extends through the production direction in its width direction.

[0051] According to one example, the axis of the rotating mold substantially overlaps with the width direction of the device, and the width direction of the rotating mold substantially overlaps with the width direction of the device. The longitudinal direction aligns with the production direction, i.e., the primary direction of material movement during production.

[0052] According to one example, the axis of the rotary mold generally does not overlap with the width direction of the device, but the axis of the rotary mold and the width direction of the rotary mold are set at an angle of less than or greater than 900° to the longitudinal direction. However, the axis of the rotary mold is arranged such that the outer surface extends across the production direction in its width direction.

[0053] Referring to either of the two examples above, the normal to the axis of the rotary mold typically overlaps with the height direction of the device. Here, the normal coincides with the radial direction of the rotary mold. Here, the axis of the rotary mold is typically perpendicular to the normal of the production direction, regardless of whether the axis of the rotary mold overlaps with the width direction of the device. However, according to one example, the normal to the axis of the rotary mold can typically be arranged at an angle to the height direction of the device. However, the axis of the rotary mold is arranged such that the outer peripheral surface extends across the production direction in its width direction, but at an angle to the production direction.

[0054] According to one example, one or more walls define a first cross-section at the end of a first channel portion, and a second channel portion defines a second cross-section at a location where the distance between the outer peripheral surface and the reverse bearing is minimized. As described above, the geometry of the first channel portion differs from that of the second channel portion, such that material passing through the first channel portion changes shape upon entering the second channel portion. This change in shape is essential for increasing or maintaining the pressure level to a sufficient degree so that it can overcome the internal resistance (shear stress) of the material quickly enough to fill the second cross-section, including the rotating mold.

[0055] According to one example, the minimum distance in the height direction between the outer peripheral surface in the second section and the reverse bearing is less than the maximum distance in the height direction in the first section. This has the advantage that the material entering the second channel section will be compressed in the second channel section, such that the pressure increases or is maintained at a level where the material will transform quickly enough to saturate the second channel section, including the imprint of the rotating mold.

[0056] Therefore, the pressure is increased or maintained to a level where the material will transform quickly enough to permeate the second channel portion, including the imprint of the rotating die. This pressure is achieved through a combination of patterned embossing depth on the outer peripheral surface and the Poisson effect, and / or a combination of shape transformation due to the geometric difference between the first and second cross-sections and the Poisson effect.

[0057] According to one example, the geometry of the first channel portion differs from that of the second channel portion, such that material passing through the first channel portion changes form upon entering the second channel portion, wherein the main profile has a first cross-sectional area geometry corresponding to the first section, and wherein the final profile has a second cross-sectional area geometry defined by the second section, wherein at any given comparable location, the first cross-sectional area geometry differs from the second cross-sectional area geometry, and wherein the maximum pressure and minimum distance in the second channel portion depend on the difference between the cross-sectional area geometry of the main profile and the cross-sectional area geometry of the final profile.

[0058] This has the advantage that the second channel section can be optimized based on the level of material transition from the main profile to the final profile.

[0059] According to one example, the rotary die is configured to change shape during the final profile formation process based on a maximum permissible pressure prior to the formation of the profile product, wherein the reverse bearing is configured to change shape during the forming process of the profile product based on a maximum permissible pressure prior to the forming of the profile product.

[0060] This has the further advantage that the rotary die can be configured to change shape from the start-up procedure to steady-state operating conditions due to heat and pressure during the production process, thereby providing a predicted shape for the final profile. This has the further advantage that the reverse bearing can be configured to change shape due to heat and pressure during the production process, similarly providing a predicted shape for the final profile.

[0061] According to one example, the first channel section includes sidewalls in the form of a top pre-bearing and an opposing bottom pre-bearing. The top pre-bearing is arranged above the opposing bottom pre-bearing in the height direction and is advantageously positioned in or at least near the transition point between the first channel section and the second channel section. One advantage here is that the top and / or bottom pre-bearings can be optimized to allow a specific main profile cross-sectional geometry to be released into the second channel section.

[0062] According to one example, the top pre-bearing and / or bottom pre-bearing can also be configured in a similar manner to the rotary mold and / or reverse bearing to operate from the start-up process to the steady-state change form.

[0063] According to one example, the maximum pressure in the second channel section and therefore the minimum distance depends on the total supply rate of material in the first channel section, the type of material, and the temperature of the material when it enters the second channel section.

[0064] This has the advantage of allowing for optimization of the second channel section based on manufacturing speed and materials.

[0065] According to one example, the maximum permissible pressure applied by the rotating mold at the position of minimum distance depends on the friction between the material in the second channel section and the reverse bearing.

[0066] This has the advantage that the pattern in the final profile can be optimized based on the shear stress applied from the reverse bearing in the second channel section due to friction.

[0067] According to one example, the cross-sectional area of ​​the second channel portion is configured to determine its size with respect to the shrinkage effect of the final profile cooling to the profile product having the final height.

[0068] According to one example, the pattern in the rotary mold is configured to determine the size with respect to the shrinkage effect of the final profile cooling to the profile product.

[0069] According to one example, the rotary die is configured with a pattern having at least one indentation, wherein each indentation includes a release angle depending on the radius of the rotary die, the desired pattern in the final profile, the configuration of the reverse bearing, and the travel speed of the final profile to obtain the desired profile product. As material is pressed into the cavity, the release angle in the indentation is arranged relative to the release angle in the corresponding height produced in the final profile. Because the rotary die rotates, and considering that the rotation and release angle affect the shape of the protrusion as it is released from the indentation in the final profile, the indentation can be arranged in a shape different from the shape in the profile product in the production direction.

[0070] The advantage of doing this is that the pattern in the final profile can be optimized based on the design of the pattern in the rotary mold.

[0071] According to one example, the device is configured to supply friction material between a reverse bearing and a final profile and / or to supply friction material between a rotary die and a final profile. An advantage here is that the friction pads can be used to define and thus predict friction between materials in either the first and / or second channel portions. The friction material can be solid, liquid, or gas and can be introduced into the device in any suitable manner. For example, the friction material can be introduced by supplying material to the rotary die and / or reverse bearing via separate channels arranged to connect to the first and / or second channel portions. Alternatively, the friction material can be introduced into the rotary die before the rotary die rotates into the second channel portion, i.e., the friction material moves with the material in the second channel portion along with the rotary die. Alternatively, the friction material can be introduced into the material before entering the first channel portion, i.e., the friction material travels with the material to be extruded and / or pultruded. If the friction material is solid, it can be introduced as a sheet or in any suitable form that allows the friction pads to define friction between any materials in the first and / or second channel portions. If the friction material is liquid, it can be introduced by dripping or injecting liquid according to any or a combination of the examples above, but is not limited to the examples. If the friction material is a gas, it can be introduced by injecting gas according to any one or a combination of the examples above, but is not limited to these examples.

[0072] The material supplied to the apparatus to form the profile product can be a homogeneous material or a mixture of two or more materials, and / or layered materials. These materials can be mixed in different proportions and can be blended into a homogeneous mixture or a mixture with gradients within the material. One material can be solid while the other can be plastic, such as stone drill bits and rubber. The material can also be a layered material comprising two or more layers of the same or different materials. The material may include a string or multiple strings of solid material throughout the extrusion or pultrusion process, such as electrical wires or other reinforcing materials.

[0073] According to one example, the width of the first channel portion is at least a portion along its length and at least a portion along its height less than the distance between the two opposing sidewalls of the rotary mold. Therefore, the width of the first channel portion should be at least less than the distance between the opposing first and second channel portion sidewalls in the second channel portion. The width difference between the first and second channel portions depends on the characteristics of the first and second side portions and the tolerances between the rotary mold and the corresponding opposing first and second channel portion sidewalls. The width of the first channel portion should be less than the distance between the opposing first and second channel portion sidewalls minus the sum of the tolerances, i.e., the sum of the gaps between the rotary mold sidewall and the corresponding opposing first and second channel portion sidewalls in the second channel portion. If the first and second side portions include flanges, see the further explanation below, then the width of the first channel portion is at least a portion along its length and at least a portion along its height less than the distance between the two flange portions.

[0074] The advantage here is that, due to the geometric differences between the first and second channel portions, local pressure reduction is achieved associated with the first and second outer edge portions.

[0075] According to one example, due to the geometric differences between the first channel portion and the second channel portion, as well as the wake effect downstream of the first channel portion associated with the first and / or second side portions, local pressure reduction is achieved in the first and / or second side portions.

[0076] According to one example, the first channel portion includes a third side extending in the width direction, wherein the third side is arranged relative to the first side such that the pressure in the material to be extruded is less when connected to the first side than when connected to the third side, and / or;

[0077] The first channel portion includes a fourth side extending in the width direction, wherein the fourth side is arranged relative to the second side such that the pressure in the material to be extruded connected to the second side is less than the pressure connected to the fourth side. An advantage is that the third and fourth side portions generate a wake effect, thus reducing local pressure downstream of the third and fourth side portions, which further reduces local pressure in the first and second side portions of the rotary die.

[0078] According to one example, the first channel portion includes a leeward device connected to the third and / or fourth side, the leeward device being arranged to reduce the space of the first channel portion in the height direction perpendicular to the width direction.

[0079] According to one example, the first channel portion includes a leeward device connected to the third and / or fourth side, the leeward device being arranged to reduce the space of the first channel portion in the width direction. Combinations of the leeward devices are also possible.

[0080] According to one example, the leeward device is positioned at a height facing the straight passageway. The protrusion can be arranged from top to bottom in the first passageway segment, or it can be set in one or more sections along the distance from the top to the bottom of the first passageway segment. The leeward device is advantageously positioned to connect with the first and second sides of the rotating mold.

[0081] The advantage of the leeward device is that the third and fourth sides further reduce the local pressure associated with the recesses and / or flanges in the first and second sides of the rotating mold, as described below.

[0082] According to one example, the second channel portion is arranged relative to the first channel portion, and a predetermined second distance is formed between the outermost radial portion of the circumferential surface of the rotating mold and the reverse bearing in the channel portion, which is less than a predetermined first distance between the farthest separated portions of the first channel portion truncated in the height direction consistent with the radial direction, and / or wherein:

[0083] The second channel portion is arranged relative to the first channel portion, and the innermost and narrowest portions of the channel portions have a predetermined fourth distance in the width direction that is greater than the predetermined third distance between the sidewalls of the first channel portion taken in the width direction at the exit area of ​​the first channel portion.

[0084] The advantage is that, due to the wider second channel portion, the narrower first channel portion generates a wake effect downstream of the first channel portion and connects to the first and second side portions of the rotating mold.

[0085] As an example, the outer peripheral surface includes a textured portion. The entire outer peripheral surface can be textured, but alternatively, only a portion can be textured.

[0086] According to one example, the outer peripheral surface is either textureless or has a micro-pattern that leaves only tiny, visible or invisible marks on the profile product.

[0087] According to one example, the channel portion includes a second rotary die arranged opposite to the first rotary die described above. The second rotary die may replace the entire reverse bearing or be part of a static reverse bearing. The second rotary die may be arranged in a similar manner to the first rotary die described above to form the same or different patterns on both sides of the profile product. The second rotary die may include recessed and / or flanged portions, which may be arranged to cooperate with the recessed and / or flanged portions of the first rotary die.

[0088] According to one example, the channel portion includes a third rotating mold arranged at an angle to the first rotating mold. The rotating mold completely or partially replaces the opposite sidewalls of the first or second channel portion. The third rotating mold may be arranged only with the first rotating mold or with both the first and second rotating molds.

[0089] According to one example, the channel portion includes a fourth rotary mold disposed opposite to the third rotary mold. The third rotary mold may be arranged only with the first rotary mold or with both the first and second rotary molds, and the third and / or fourth rotary molds may be arranged in a manner similar to that of the first rotary mold described above to form the same or different patterns on both sides of the profile product. The second rotary mold may include recessed and / or flanged portions, which may be arranged to cooperate with the recessed and / or flanged portions of the first rotary mold.

[0090] According to one example, two or more rotating dies are synchronized. This has the advantage of feeding material at the same speed. However, asynchronous rotating dies can also be used to generate friction and / or special patterns and / or compensate for material differences, or to obtain curved profiles that follow the radius rather than a straight line at the exit of the rotating die.

[0091] In all the examples above, a combination of textured and untextured rotating molds can be used.

[0092] The present invention also relates to a method for producing profile products using the apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method comprises:

[0093] The material is supplied to the first channel section and formed into the main profile in the first channel section.

[0094] The material is further supplied to the second channel section and formed into the final profile in the second channel section.

[0095] The final profile is converted into the profile product.

[0096] According to one example, the final profile and / or profile product is stretched to achieve the same distance in the pattern along the production direction, that is, to achieve equal distances between protrusions and / or recesses in the pattern along the production direction.

[0097] According to one example, the distance between indentations in the pattern on the rotary die is less than the distance between indentations in the corresponding pattern on the profile product in the production direction, wherein the traction and stretching device is configured to stretch the final profile and / or profile product, thereby achieving high precision in the distance between features on the profile by adjusting the stretching.

[0098] Furthermore, extrusion involves a process in which material is fed under pressure into a first channel portion to form in a first channel portion and a second channel portion. Pultrusion involves feeding the material to be formed into the apparatus and pulling it through the positions of the first and second channel portions. It should be noted that the apparatus can be configured for extrusion alone, pultrusion alone, or a combination of both.

[0099] Furthermore, profile products refer to products with three dimensions: length, width, and height. The cross-sections of profile products taken in the width and height planes may be similar along the entire length or may vary depending on the length's location. The cross-section can have any suitable two-dimensional shape, such as circular, elliptical, or spherical, i.e., two sides, wavy, three or more sides, or combinations thereof. One or more sides can be patterned, i.e., have a texture with one or more patterns. Patterns / textures are created by rotating a die.

[0100] It should be noted that the invention may vary within the scope of the claims, and the examples described above and below should not be considered as limiting the invention.

[0101] For example, the first channel section can be defined circumferentially by a static wall or can be provided with one or more dynamic walls, as long as the material can be compressed or pultruded using the device according to the invention. The advantage of static walls is that they are inexpensive and robust.

[0102] According to one example, the first channel portion can be centrally arranged relative to the second channel. This has the advantage of a uniform distribution of material flow entering the second channel. The first and second side portions can also be centrally arranged relative to the first channel portion, which has the advantage of a uniformly distributed pressure reduction on the rotating die.

[0103] For example, the apparatus may include multiple rotating devices arranged side-by-side, i.e., the rotating devices may include two or more rotating devices with a common axis of rotation. Different rotating devices may be arranged in separate second channels or in a common single channel. Different rotating devices may have the same or different textures to produce the same or different patterns on the profile product. Therefore, the profile product may include one or more internal profiles extending along the production direction and produced by different rotating devices. Different strands may separate into individual products at predetermined separation lines, which may overlap with the separation of different rotating devices. However, a single rotary die may include patterns / textures with similar or different patterns, such that the molded product includes one or more internal profiles extending along the production direction. Also here, the strands in the molded product may be separable.

[0104] According to one example, the rotary die and / or reverse bearing includes a cooling device that cools the material during the formation of the final profile. This has the advantage of achieving a predetermined temperature for the material to achieve optimal material properties for the profile product. For some materials, the material temperature during extrusion and / or pultrusion is critical to the quality of the profile product. Temperature is also important due to the frictional properties between the material and the rotary die and / or reverse bearing. The cooling device may, for example, be arranged in the form of a cooling circuit in which a gas or liquid fluid conductor is arranged within the rotary die and / or reverse bearing; and / or an external device for cooling the rotary die and / or reverse bearing; and / or a liquid or gaseous fluid added to the rotary die and / or reverse bearing; or a combination of such devices or any other suitable cooling device.

[0105] According to one example, the rotary die is configured to be cooled on a surface such that the temperature of the rotary die surface is below a predetermined allowable temperature for the extruded material.

[0106] According to one example, the rotating mold is cooled on a surface such that the temperature of the rotating mold surface is at least 10 degrees Celsius lower than the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the material.

[0107] According to one example, the rotary die is cooled on its surface such that the temperature of the rotary die surface is at least 50 degrees Celsius lower than the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the material, thereby enabling higher extrusion speeds.

[0108] The apparatus may be further arranged for co-extrusion and / or co-extrusion with one or more inlet channels connected to the first channel section. Thus, one or more materials may be supplied to the first channel section via a single channel, but two or more materials may be supplied to the first channel section via one inlet channel or multiple inlet channels. The number of multiple inlet channels may be the same as the number of materials, or if two or more materials are supplied via a single inlet channel, the number of multiple inlet channels may be less than the number of materials.

[0109] Two or more materials can be fed into the first channel section and / or the second channel section through one or more inlet channels. The number of multiple inlet channels may be the same as or more than the number of materials, or if two or more materials are supplied via one inlet channel, the number of multiple inlet channels may be less than the number of materials.

[0110] The present invention also relates to a co-extrusion apparatus and / or an extrusion apparatus comprising an extrusion and / or pultrusion apparatus according to the foregoing. The co-extrusion apparatus and / or extrusion apparatus includes at least two inlet channels directly or indirectly connected to a second channel portion, wherein each of the at least two inlet channels is configured to supply one or more materials at a predetermined distance upstream of the second channel portion, or to connect to a junction of the at least two inlet channels at the transition point between the first and second channel portions.

[0111] One advantage is that co-extrusion and / or up-extrusion allow the manufacture of layered profile products and / or profile products with different materials and / or profile products with a core embedded in the surrounding material, such as wires, toothed strips, etc.

[0112] According to one example, the apparatus according to any of the above examples includes a traction and tensioning device disposed downstream of the second channel section and configured to traction material along the production direction as it leaves the second channel section to transform the final profile into a profile product.

[0113] In one example, the distance between indentations in the pattern on the rotary die is less than the distance between protrusions in the corresponding pattern along the production direction of the profile product. A traction and stretching device is used to stretch the final profile and / or profile product, thereby achieving high precision in the profile feature spacing by adjusting the stretching. The distance between indentations in the rotary die is taken from the rotation direction, i.e., along the outer peripheral surface of the rotation direction.

[0114] One advantage is that the traction and stretching device can dynamically stretch the material during the transition from the final profile to the profile product, for example, to obtain an equidistant pattern in the production direction of the profile product. The traction and stretching device can also be used to guide the final product in the width and / or height directions to control bending during the transition from the final product to the profile product.

[0115] The traction and tensioning device can be any type of device, including means for clamping material and means for traction. According to one example, the traction and tensioning device includes a control device for controlling the traction force applied to the material. The control device may include one or more sensors and / or may be connected to one or more sensors that monitor the state of the final profile and / or material during the transformation from the final profile to the profile product. The sensors include means for sending analog and / or digital information to the control device. The information relates to the state of the material, and the control device is configured to process the information to control the traction and tensioning device.

[0116] This allows for good precision in the distances between the three-dimensional longitudinal features of the profile, such as the teeth in a pinion rack, making it possible to stretch the profile and thus enabling high equidistant precision between the teeth in a pinion rack or toothed belt.

[0117] This also makes it possible to design rotary molds, resulting in profile products with intentionally shorter distances between three-dimensional features before stretching, and providing space for stretching / pulling calibration. Attached Figure Description

[0118] The invention will now be described with reference to some accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0119] Figure 1 The device according to an example of the present invention is illustrated schematically. Figure 2 Section AA is a cross-sectional view viewed from below.

[0120] Figure 2 A cross-sectional perspective side view of the device according to the invention is shown schematically.

[0121] Figure 2A It schematically shows the relationship with Figure 2 A similar view, but including processed materials.

[0122] Figure 2B The diagram illustrates the following based on an example. Figure 1 The side view of section BB in the figure.

[0123] Figure 2C The diagram illustrates the following based on an example. Figure 1 The side view of section BB in the figure.

[0124] Figure 2D The diagram illustrates the following based on an example. Figure 1 The side view of section BB in the figure.

[0125] Figure 3A A front view of a rotating mold according to an example is shown schematically.

[0126] Figure 3B A perspective view of a rotating mold according to an example is shown schematically.

[0127] Figure 4 The reinforcing section of the rotary mold is schematically shown. Figure 2B-2D The final profile in any one of them.

[0128] Figure 4A schematically shown Figure 4 The reinforcement portion of the final profile.

[0129] Figure 4B schematically shown Figure 4 The reinforcing part of the rotating mold.

[0130] Figure 5 A cross-sectional side view of an apparatus according to an example of the invention is shown schematically.

[0131] Figure 6 A perspective rear view and outlet of an apparatus according to an example of the invention are schematically shown.

[0132] Figure 7 This schematically illustrates an example in Figure 5 The cross section of the main profile taken from the first section and in Figure 5 The final profile section taken from the second section.

[0133] Figure 8 This schematically illustrates the pattern in the final profile when the rotary die has already imprinted the pattern, and when the rotary die has not imprinted the pattern in the final profile. Figure 5 The second section of the final profile is taken from the second section.

[0134] Figure 9 A schematic view of the rotary die assembly, which includes three rotary dies, and the outlet are shown.

[0135] Figure 10 It schematically shows according to Figure 9 A three-dimensional diagram of the components.

[0136] Figure 11 A schematic rear view of a rotary die assembly comprising four rotary dies and an outlet is shown.

[0137] Figure 12 It schematically shows the following based on Figure 11 A 3D view of the components.

[0138] Figure 13-18 The illustration shows, including, according to Figure 1-12 The co-extrusion device and / or extrusion device of any of the following devices.

[0139] Figure 13 A cross-sectional side view of a co-extrusion device and / or extrusion device according to an example is shown schematically.

[0140] Figure 14 A perspective view of a co-extrusion apparatus and / or extrusion apparatus according to an example is shown schematically.

[0141] Figure 15 A cross-sectional side view of a co-extrusion device and / or extrusion device according to an example is shown schematically.

[0142] Figure 16 A cross-sectional side view of a co-extrusion device and / or extrusion device according to an example is schematically shown, wherein the device includes two opposing rotating dies.

[0143] Figure 17A cross-sectional side view of a co-extrusion device and / or extrusion device, including an example of a rotating die, is schematically shown.

[0144] Figure 18 Examples of continuous solid material in the form of a first inlet channel conveyor line, and of material being extruded or pultruded in the first and second channel sections, are schematically shown.

[0145] Figure 19 The illustration shows the use of according to the combination Figure 1-18 A flowchart describing the method for producing profile products using the described apparatus. Detailed Implementation

[0146] The invention will now be described in conjunction with several accompanying drawings. The same features will be indicated by the same numerals throughout all the drawings.

[0147] Here, the front view with the inlet and the rear view with the outlet serve as orientation for the reader in terms of the production direction, where the material to be processed is inserted into the inlet, and the profile product leaves the device through the outlet after being formed inside the device.

[0148] In some diagrams, the production direction is represented by an arrow pointing in the production direction, labeled PD.

[0149] Figure 1 The device according to an example of the invention is shown schematically along... Figure 2 Section AA in the diagram, that is, the view below in the height direction Z, and Figure 2 schematically shown Figure 1 A three-dimensional cross-sectional view of the device. Figure 1 and Figure 2 Extrusion or pultrusion forming apparatuses 1 and 1a for extruding or pultruding profile product 2 in the production direction Y are shown. See [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 2A-2D and Figure 4 , 4A 4B, 7 and 8 are made of malleable and / or viscoplastic materials.

[0150] The device includes:

[0151] A rotating mold 3 extends in the radial direction R and the width direction X, having two opposing first and second sidewalls 5 and 6, and an outer peripheral surface 4 extending in the width direction X between them. The rotating mold 3 includes a first side portion 23 connected to the first sidewall 5, a second side portion 25 connected to the second sidewall 6, and an intermediate portion 22 extending between the first and second side portions 23 and 25.

[0152] A profile defining region 7 having a longitudinal direction Y overlapping with the production direction Y, a height direction Z, and a width direction X perpendicular to the height direction Z, includes a through channel 8, which includes a first channel portion 9, followed by a second channel portion 10 downstream of the first channel portion 9 with reference to the production direction, wherein the rotary mold 3 is rotatable about an axis extending through the production direction Y, and is arranged to allow the outer peripheral surface 4 to apply pressure to the surface of the material as the material is fed through the profile defining region 7 while the rotary mold 3 is rotating;

[0153] The first passage section 9 is defined by one or more walls 11 along the circumference.

[0154] in,

[0155] The second channel section 10 is defined circumferentially as follows:

[0156] The outer peripheral surface 4 of the rotating mold 3, and

[0157] Channel section 13 includes,

[0158] like Figure 2 The reverse bearing 14 shown is opposite to the rotating mold 3, and

[0159] The opposing first and second channel sections 15, 16 between the rotating mold 3 and the reverse bearing 14.

[0160] According to an exemplary embodiment, Figure 1 , 2 Figures 2A-2D schematically show a first channel portion 9 configured to deform material into a main profile 36, having a maximum height H1 depending on a predetermined feed rate of the material and a minimum cross-sectional area in the first channel portion 9 having a first maximum height D1. As the main profile 36 leaves the first channel portion 9, a second channel portion 10 is configured to further deform the material into a final profile 37 having a minimum height H2 by a rotary die 3, which is configured to apply increased pressure against a reverse bearing 14 on the main profile 36. The rotary die 3 is configured such that a minimum distance D2 between the rotary die 3 and the reverse bearing 14 depends on a maximum permissible pressure applied by the rotary die 3 at that minimum distance D2, where the maximum permissible pressure corresponds to the maximum height difference between the main profile 36 and the final profile 37, and depends on a pattern 38 in the outer peripheral surface 4 of the rotary die 3.

[0161] The advantage here is that the maximum load is controlled in both the first and second channel sections, which makes it possible to design the extrusion and / or pultrusion unit according to the material to be processed and the processing speed. Controlling the maximum load according to the material to be processed enables high-quality output productivity and reduces risks such as material breakage due to excessive stress.

[0162] Figure 2A It schematically shows the relationship with Figure 2 A similar view, and the material is formed into the main profile 36 in the first channel section 9, and then directly into the final profile 37 in the second channel section 10. Figure 2A It is also shown that, due to the further pressure on the main profile 36 in the second channel section 10, the final profile 37 has a height H1 that is less than the height H2 of the main profile 36. Figure 2A It is also shown that, due to shrinkage during cooling from the final profile 37 to the product profile 2, the height H3 of the product profile 2 is less than the height H1 of the final profile 36. Figure 2A In the middle, the rotating mold did not have the same Figure 2B-2D The indentation 38 is shown. Figure 2B-2D and Figure 2A By comparison, it can be seen that Figure 2A Rotating mold 3 in the middle, such as Figure 2B As shown, it is rotating so that the portion of the rotating mold 3 that presses the material against the reverse bearing 14 has no dents 38, and thus applies maximum pressure to the material.

[0163] Figure 2B Schematic illustration along Figure 1 Side view of section BB and similar to Figure 2A However, the rotating device rotates, causing the part of the rotating mold 3 that presses against the material against the reverse bearing 14 does not include the dent 38. Figure 2C and 2D Showing with Figure 2B Similar devices 1, 1a, but the rotating mold 3 rotates so that the indentation 38 with the bottom 44 faces the reverse bearing 14.

[0164] Figure 2B An initial zone A is schematically shown, in which material is pressed into a first channel portion 9 by a device (not shown), or by external pressure applied in the production direction by a device (not shown), i.e., extrusion, and / or by dragging material through the first channel 9 by a device (not shown) that drags the material in the production direction PD, i.e., pultrusion. Zone A of the device includes a funnel-shaped opening 43, in which the material changes shape from an initial shape having a cross-section larger than that of the first channel portion 9. However, the shape of the opening can vary depending on the material, temperature, and the device used to extrude the material.

[0165] Figure 2B The diagram schematically shows a zone B arranged immediately following zone A, where zone B corresponds to the first channel portion 9, wherein the main profile 36 is formed due to the pressure exerted on the material from the sidewall 11 in the first channel portion 9 as the material moves through the first channel portion 9, causing the material to change shape.

[0166] Figure 2BThe diagram schematically shows a zone C arranged immediately following zone B, where zone C corresponds to the second channel portion 10, wherein the final profile 36 is formed due to the material changing shape caused by pressure applied to the material at least from the rotating mold 3 in the second channel portion 10 and the opposing reverse bearing 14 as the material moves through the second channel portion 9.

[0167] Figure 2B Zone D, located directly after zone C, is schematically shown. Zone D corresponds to the production line section after the second channel section 10, where the material begins to cool and the final profile 36 begins to change shape due to shrinkage caused by the temperature drop. In zone D, the final profile 37 can be subjected to various production measures to obtain the desired material properties. For example, cooling, heating, stretching, compression, etc., to transform the final profile 37 into a profile product 2 with the desired material properties.

[0168] The length of zone D depends on the material properties and the working environment surrounding the material in zone D. Material properties include heat dissipation and the mass of the material being cooled. For example, thinner materials cool faster than thicker materials. The working environment refers to factors such as ambient temperature and humidity. For example, a warmer environment slows down the cooling process compared to a cooler one.

[0169] Figure 2B Zone E, arranged after zone D, is schematically shown. Zone E corresponds to a part of the production line where the material has been cooled to a predetermined temperature, which represents the temperature at which the final shape of the product profile is formed and where no or infinitesimal changes in form will continue. Figure 2B The height H3 of the display profile product in zone E is less than the height H2 of the final profile 37. In the same manner, due to cooling, the pattern 39 of the final profile 37 has shrunk to the pattern 40 in zone E.

[0170] Figure 2B An example is shown in which the apparatus 1, 1a according to any of the above examples includes a traction and tensioning device 54 arranged downstream of the second channel section 10 and configured to traction material along the production direction PD as it leaves the second channel section 10 to transform the final profile 37 into the profile product 2.

[0171] One advantage is that the traction and stretching device can dynamically stretch the material during the transition from the final profile to the profile product, for example, to obtain an equidistant pattern in the production direction of the profile product. The traction and stretching device can also be used to guide the final product in the width and / or height directions to control bending during the transition from the final product to the profile product.

[0172] According to one example, the distance between the indentations 38 in the pattern 38 on the rotary mold 3 is less than the distance between the protrusions 40 in the corresponding pattern 38 along the production direction on the profile product 2, wherein the traction and stretching device 54 is used to stretch the final profile 37 and / or profile product 2, thereby achieving high precision in the profile feature spacing by adjusting the stretching.

[0173] The traction and tensioning device can be any type of device, including means for clamping the material and means for pulling. According to one example, the traction and tensioning device includes a control device 55 for controlling the tensile force applied to the material. The control device 55 may include one or more sensors and / or may be connected to one or more sensors 56, which monitor the state of the final profile and / or material during its transformation from the final profile to the profile product. The sensors include means for sending analog and / or digital information to the control device. The information relates to the state of the material, and the control device is configured to process this information to control the traction and tensioning device. Figure 2B In this configuration, the rotary die 3 and / or the reverse bearing 14 include a cooling device 57 that cools the material during the formation of the final profile 37. This has the advantage of achieving a predetermined temperature for the material to achieve optimal material properties for the profile product. For some materials, the material temperature during extrusion and / or pultrusion is critical to the quality of the profile product. Temperature is also important due to the frictional characteristics between the material and the rotary die and / or the reverse bearing. The cooling device can be arranged, for example, in the form of a cooling circuit, wherein a gas or liquid fluid conductor is arranged within the rotary die and / or the reverse bearing; and / or an external device for cooling the rotary die and / or the reverse bearing; and / or a liquid or gaseous fluid added to the rotary die and / or the reverse bearing; or a combination of such devices or any other suitable cooling device. It should be noted that the rotary die 3 can be configured to... Figure 2B The cooling device 57 operates as shown in the example. Figure 2C-2D .

[0174] According to one example, the rotary die 3 is configured to be cooled on its surface such that the temperature of the rotary die surface is below the predetermined allowable temperature of the extruded material.

[0175] According to one example, the rotating mold is cooled on a surface such that the temperature of the rotating mold surface is at least 10 degrees Celsius lower than the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the material.

[0176] According to one example, the rotary die is cooled on its surface such that the temperature of the rotary die surface is at least 50 degrees Celsius lower than the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the material, thereby enabling higher extrusion speeds.

[0177] Figure 2B-2DThe rotating mold 3 is schematically shown to include a pattern 38, which includes at least one recess 38 in the outer peripheral surface 4. Figure 2B-2D In this design, pattern 38 includes four indentations, but the number of indentations is merely an illustrative example, and the pattern unfolding on the rotary die in a predetermined design may have more or fewer indentations, depending on the characteristics of the desired profile product 2. The indentations can have any suitable shape, such as elliptical, circular, polygonal, or a combination of these or other shapes. Indentation 38 has a bottom 44 at its maximum depth, and the indentations may have different or similar depths. Between indentations 38, the rotary die includes a portion where the rotary die 3 and the reverse bearing 14 have a minimum distance D2 when facing the reverse bearing 14. When facing the reverse bearing, the indentation 38 with the maximum distance between the bottom 44 and the reverse bearing 14 forms a maximum distance D22 between the rotary die 3 and the reverse bearing 14, see [reference]. Figure 2C and 2D .

[0178] According to one example, in the second section 17, the minimum distance D2 between the outer peripheral surface 4 and the reverse bearing 14 in the height direction Z is less than the maximum distance D1 in the height direction in the first section 12.

[0179] Figure 2C and 2D It schematically shows the relationship with Figure 2B The same side view has the area described above, but the rotating mold 3 rotates so that a notch 38 faces the reverse bearing 14.

[0180] Figure 2C and 2D The rotary die 3 is schematically positioned at the maximum distance D22 between the bottom 44 of the indentation 38 and the reverse bearing 14, depending on the minimum permissible pressure applied by the rotary die at the position of the maximum distance D22 to achieve plastic deformation of the material in the indentation 38.

[0181] Figure 2B-2D As schematically shown, the model 38 in the rotary mold 3 is configured to determine the dimensions with respect to the shrinkage effect of the final profile 37 cooled to the profile product 2.

[0182] It should be noted that the pattern 38 in the rotary die 3 can be arranged such that, if the pattern 38 is arranged, the devices 1 and 1a simultaneously present a minimum distance D2 and a maximum distance D22, such that the indentation is located in the outer peripheral surface 4, and the surrounding portion of the outer peripheral surface 4, at least in the width direction X, does not include the indentation when facing the reverse bearing 14. Alternatively, the pattern 38 includes a plurality of indentations 38 scattered in the width direction X, the non-indentation portions between them simultaneously facing the reverse bearing 14. Here, the rotary die 3 applies maximum pressure in the non-indentation portions due to the minimum distance D2 and minimum pressure in the indentation portions due to the minimum distance D22 for at least a short time interval. The design selection of the maximum and minimum pressures further allows for optimized form changes of the material from the main profile to the final profile, such that the material in the indentation fills and deforms the indentation, while the material between the outermost parts of the rotary die does not exceed the maximum pressure allowed by the material and / or design for the extrusion and / or pultrusion device in the radial direction. It should also be noted that some materials exhibit characteristics that allow for easy filling of the indentation due to the initial pressure difference between the inside and outside of the indentation. When the indentation is filled, a steady-state condition with respect to the pressure difference is achieved within a short period. Under this steady-state condition, the pressures in the material are balanced and the pressure difference is minimized. For some materials, during the operation in the portion where the indentation faces the reverse bearing and is filled, the pressures in the indentation and the surrounding non-indented portion may be equal or substantially equal.

[0183] It should also be noted that the circumferential distance between the indentations 38 of the rotary die may differ from the circumferential distance given in the finished profile product. If it is rolled up around the rotary die, it allows for compensation and adjustment of the distance between features, for example, by stretching the final profile after extrusion to obtain high precision in the finished profile product.

[0184] Figure 2C The top 41 of the wall 11 in the first channel section 9, also referred to below as the pre-bearing 41, is schematically shown, with its height level in the Z direction higher than the maximum height level of the bottom 44 of the recess 38 when the recess 38 is facing the reverse bearing 14. Figure 2D The diagram schematically shows that when the indentation 38 faces the reverse bearing 14, the top 41 of the wall 11 in the first channel portion 9 is arranged at a height level in the Z direction lower than the maximum height level of the bottom 44 of the indentation 38. The height level of the top 41 can vary depending on the material and the pattern 38 in the rotary mold 3, as well as how the material changes shape to fill the indentation 38 through plastic deformation.

[0185] Figure 2A , 2B Figures 2C and 2D schematically show the first channel portion 9 including sidewalls 11 in the form of a top pre-bearing 41 and an opposing bottom pre-bearing 42. The top pre-bearing 41 is arranged above the opposing bottom pre-bearing 42 in the height direction Z.

[0186] According to one example, the cross-sectional area A1 of the second channel portion 10 is configured to determine the size with respect to the shrinkage effect of the final profile 37 cooling to the profile product 2 having the final height H3.

[0187] According to an exemplary embodiment, Figure 1 The width D3 of the first channel portion 9 is schematically shown to be less than the distance D4 between the walls 5 and 6 of the rotating mold 3, at least a portion of its length and at least a portion of its height. Therefore, the width of the first channel portion 9 should be at least less than the distance between the opposing first and second channel portion sidewalls 15 and 16 in the second channel portion 10. The width difference between the first channel portion 9 and the second channel portion 10 depends on the characteristics of the first and second side portions 23 and 25 and the difference between the rotating mold 3 and the corresponding opposing first and second channel portion sidewalls 15 and 16. The width D3 of the first channel portion 9 should be less than the distance D4, which is the sum of the distances between the opposing first and second channel portion sidewalls 15 and 16 minus the tolerances, i.e., the sum of the gaps between the rotating mold sidewalls 5 and 6 and the corresponding opposing first and second channel portion sidewalls 15 and 16 in the second channel portion 10. If the first and second side portions include flange portions 18 and 19, as further explained below, the width D3 of the first channel portion 9 is at least a portion of its length and at least a portion of its height less than the distance D4 between the two flange portions 18 and 19.

[0188] One advantage is that the geometric differences between the first and second channel portions 9, 10 enable localized pressure reduction associated with the first and second outer edge portions 5, 6. This localized pressure reduction lowers the material flow rate, eliminating leakage problems between the first sidewall 5 and the first and first channel portion sidewall 15; and between the second sidewall 6 and the second channel portion sidewall 16. This will be explained further below, in conjunction with other leakage protection strategies. Figure 1 An additional example was shown. Figure 5 Another example of a leakage current protection strategy is shown. Different examples can be combined, which will be explained further below.

[0189] It should be noted that the rotary mold 3 can be cylindrical or non-cylindrical, and can be textured or untextured depending on the required profile of the profile product.

[0190] according to Figure 3A and 3B As shown in one example, prior to forming the profile product 2, the rotary die 3 can be configured to change shape according to the maximum permissible pressure during the formation of the final profile 37. Figure 3A and 3BIn this process, at least the middle portion 22 of the circumferential surface 4 of the rotary mold 3 is convex to allow bending, at least due to forces and temperatures during steady-state production, so that the predicted pattern 39 can be realized in the final configuration file 37 during steady-state operation. Here, steady-state operation refers to stable operating conditions after the program is started.

[0191] According to one example (not shown), the reverse bearing 14 is configured to change shape during the forming process of the forming profile 2 according to the maximum permissible pressure before forming the profile 2. According to one example (not shown), the top pre-bearing 41 and / or the bottom pre-bearing 42 can also be configured in a similar manner to change from the start-up process to steady-state operation.

[0192] according to Figure 4 , 4A As shown in example 4B, the rotary die 3 is configured with a pattern 38 having at least one recess 38 with a bottom 44, wherein each recess 38 includes a release angle α2 compared to the release angle α1 of the corresponding height in the pattern 39 in the final profile 37. The release angles α1 and α2 depend on the radius of the rotary die 3, the intended pattern 39 in the final profile 37, the construction of the reverse bearing, and the travel speed of the final profile 37. However, α1 is greater than α2 depending on the radius of the rotary die 3 and the type of pattern 38 in the rotary die 3.

[0193] Figure 4 , 4A The recess 38 in the pattern 38 shown in 4B has a height D23, or depth, in the radial direction R from the bottom 44 of the recess 38 to the recess demarcation portion in the outer peripheral surface 4 of the rotating mold 3. Figure 2B The height D23 plus the distance D2 equals Figure 2C and 2D The maximum distance D22 in the groove 38 is therefore related to the minimum allowable pressure for achieving plastic deformation of the material in the groove 38. Figure 4A Further, it is shown that the pattern 39 in the final profile has a height of H4, which corresponds to the depth D23 between the bottom 40 of the indentation 38 and the outermost circumference of the rotating mold 3.

[0194] exist Figure 1 In the middle portion 23, the first side portion 23 includes a first flange portion 18 extending in the radial direction R, which extends beyond at least a portion of the radial extension of the middle portion 22, and wherein the second side portion 25 includes a second flange portion 19 extending in the radial direction, which extends beyond at least a portion of the radial extension of the middle portion 22.

[0195] The first flange portion 18 and the second flange portion 19 are arranged to prevent material from moving outside the rotating mold 3 in the direction toward the opposing first and second channel portion sidewalls 15, 16.

[0196] At least in Figure 2B-2D The rotary mold 3 shown in 4, 4A and 4B can be arranged without a flange portion.

[0197] Figure 5 A cross-sectional side view of a device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is schematically shown, and Figure 6 schematically shown Figure 5 Rear view of the device and its outlet. Figure 5 In the first channel portion 9, one or more walls 11 define a first cross section 12 at the end of the first channel portion 9, and the second channel portion 10 defines a second cross section 174 at the position of the distance between the circumferential surfaces and the reverse bearing 14 is minimized, wherein the geometry of the first channel portion 9 is different from that of the second channel portion 10, such that the material passing through the first channel portion 9 changes shape when entering the second channel portion 10.

[0198] Figure 7 This schematically illustrates an example in Figure 5 The section of the main profile 36 cut from the first section 12 and in Figure 5 The final profile 37 section cut from the second section 17;

[0199] Also refer to Figure 1-2D , Figure 7 The cross-sections of the main profile 36 and the final profile 37 are schematically shown when using a non-textured rotary die, i.e., without the pattern 38 having the indentation 38 as described above.

[0200] Figure 8 This schematically shows the main profile 36 when the rotary die 3 has been imprinted. Figure 5 The section cut from the first section 12 and the final profile 37 are in Figure 5 The pattern 39 of the final profile is cut from the second section 17, and when the rotary die 3 does not imprint the pattern 39 in the final profile, Figure 5 The second section of the final profile 37 is taken from the second section 17;

[0201] Also refer to Figure 1-2D , Figure 8 The diagram schematically illustrates the cross-sections of a main profile 36 and a final profile 37 with a pattern 38 having indentations 38 as described above, when a textured rotary die is used. The pattern 38 in the rotary die produces a corresponding opposite pattern 39 in the final profile; that is, when the pattern 38 in the rotary die 38 includes indentations 38, it results in a corresponding opposite pattern 39 including protrusions 39 in the final profile 37. Figure 8 In the case where the final profile has a rise 39 caused by the indentation 38, the cross-section of the final profile 37 is represented as 37a. Figure 8In the case where the final profile lacks the protrusion 39 caused by the outer peripheral surface 4 of the rotating mold 3 in the space between the indentations 38, the cross section of the final profile 37 is represented as 37b.

[0202] refer to Figure 1-2D as well as Figure 7 and 8 The main profile 36 has a first cross-sectional area geometry A1 corresponding to the first section 12, and the final profile 37 has a second cross-sectional geometry A2 defined by the second section 17, wherein the first cross-sectional geometry A1 differs from the second cross-sectional geometry A2 at any given comparable location, and wherein the maximum pressure and minimum distance D2 in the second channel portion 10 depend on the difference between the cross-sectional geometry A1 of the main profile 36 and the cross-sectional geometry A2 of the final profile 37.

[0203] Figure 5 The display wall 11 is stationary and defines a first section 12 at the end of the first channel portion 9, wherein the second channel portion 10 defines a second section 17 at the position where the distance D2 between the circumferential surface 4 and the reverse bearing 14 is minimum, and wherein the geometry of the first channel portion 9 is different from that of the second channel portion 10, such that the material passing through the first channel portion 9 changes shape when entering the second channel portion 10.

[0204] In the second section 17, the minimum distance D2 between the outer peripheral surface 4 and the reverse bearing 14 in the height direction Z is less than the maximum distance D1 in the height direction in the first section 12. This has the advantage of forcing the material to change shape and begin to flow in different directions, depending on the shape and form of the rotary mold 3 and the shape and form of the reverse bearing 14 opposite to the rotary mold 3.

[0205] Due to the geometric difference between the first channel segment 9 and the second channel segment 10, the pressure in the second channel segment 10 is increased or maintained to a level where the material will transform quickly enough to saturate the second channel segment, including the imprint of the rotating mold.

[0206] Figure 7 and 8 The geometric variations of the main profile 36 and the final profile 37 are related to all the examples discussed above and below. It should be noted that the first channel portion 9 and the second channel portion 10 can be formed with different cross-sectional geometries, such as elliptical, circular, polygonal, wavy, or a combination of one or more shapes.

[0207] refer to Figure 1-2D The second channel portion 10 is advantageously arranged relative to the first channel portion 9 at a predetermined second distance D2, such as Figure 5As shown, the reverse bearing 14 in the outermost radial portion of the outer peripheral surface 4 of the rotating mold 3 and in the channel portion 13 is less than a predetermined first distance D1, such as... Figure 5 As shown, the first channel portion 9 is between the farthest portions intercepted along the height direction Z, which is consistent with the radial direction;

[0208] And / or among them:

[0209] The second channel section 10 is arranged relative to the first channel section 9 at a predetermined fourth distance D4, such as... Figure 1 As shown, the distance between the innermost and narrowest portions of channel portion 13 in the width direction X is greater than a predetermined third distance D3, as... Figure 1 As shown, between the sidewalls of the first channel portion cut along the width direction X at the exit area of ​​the first channel.

[0210] This change in height and width forces the material to reform, and the narrower first channel section provides locally reduced pressure when entering the channel section because the first and second side sections are in the wake, i.e., behind the sidewalls in the first channel.

[0211] In addition, refer to Figure 1 The first and second sidewalls 5 and 6 are positioned relative to the first and second channel portion sidewalls 15 and 16, such that the first and second sidewalls 5 and 6 are rotatably connected to the first and second channel portion sidewalls 15 and 16, with tolerances set according to the product material and the geometry between the first and second channel portions 9 and 10.

[0212] The outer peripheral surface 4 may include a textured portion 30 that covers all rotating molds except for the annular recessed portion, or the first side portion 4 may include a non-textured portion 31 extending between the first flange portion 18 and the textured portion 30, and the second side portion 25 may include a non-textured portion 32 located between the second flange portion 19 and the textured portion 30.

[0213] The non-textured portions 31 and 32 advantageously have radii smaller than the imprint depth of the textured portion 30, particularly in the annular recess 19 portion.

[0214] However, according to one example (not shown), the circumferential surface 4 can be untextured but have a smooth surface or a micro-patterned surface. The untextured rotary mold can have a cylindrical or wavy shape.

[0215] Figure 9 The rear view and outlet of a component comprising a rotary mold 3, which includes three rotary molds 3, 33, and 34, are schematically shown. Figure 10 It schematically shows the following based on Figure 9 A 3D view of the components. (Reference) Figure 1 , 5And 6, the channel portion 13 includes a second rotating mold 33 arranged opposite to the first rotating mold 3, to replace Figure 1 , 5 The second rotating mold 33 can completely replace the reverse bearing 14 or can be a part of the stationary reverse bearing 14 (not shown). The second rotating mold 33 can be arranged in a similar manner to the first rotating mold 3 described above to form the same or different patterns on both sides of the profile product. The second rotating mold 33 may include an annular recess and / or flange portions, which can be arranged to mate with the annular recess 29 and / or flange portions 18, 19 of the first rotating mold 3.

[0216] according to Figure 9 and 10 As shown in the example, channel section 13 (e.g.) Figure 1 , 5 As shown in Figure 6, a third rotating mold 34 is arranged at an angle to the first rotating mold. The rotating mold completely or partially replaces the opposing first or second channel portion sidewalls 15, 16. The third rotating mold 34 may be arranged only with the first rotating mold or with both the first and second rotating molds. Therefore, the above arrangement having the first rotating mold 3 and the second opposing rotating mold 33 can be assembled without the third rotating mold 34.

[0217] Figure 11 The diagram schematically shows a rear view of a rotary die assembly comprising four rotary dies and an outlet, and in which... Figure 12 It schematically shows according to Figure 19 A 3D view of the components. Figure 11 and 12 Display channel section 13 (e.g.) Figure 1 , 5 (As shown in Figure 6) includes a fourth rotary mold 35 arranged opposite to the third rotary mold 34. The fourth rotary mold 34 may alternatively be arranged only with the first rotary mold 3 or with the first and second rotary molds 3, 33.

[0218] The third and / or fourth rotary dies 34, 35 may be arranged in a similar manner to the first rotary die 3 described above, to form the same or different patterns on both sides of the profile product. The third and / or fourth rotary dies 34, 35 may include annular recesses and / or flange portions, which may be arranged to mate with the annular recesses 29 and / or flange portions 18, 19 of the first rotary die 3.

[0219] As one example, two or more rotating dies are synchronized. This has the advantage of feeding material at the same speed. However, asynchronous rotating dies can also be used to create friction and / or special patterns and / or compensate for material differences.

[0220] The device can be configured with a combination of textured and non-textured rotating molds 3; 33; 34; 35.

[0221] Figure 13-19 The diagram schematically illustrates a co-extrusion apparatus 1a and / or extrusion apparatus 1a including an extrusion and / or pultrusion apparatus 1 according to any of the above examples, wherein the apparatus 1a includes at least two inlet channels 45, 46, 47 directly or indirectly connected to the second channel portion 10, wherein each of the at least two inlet channels 45, 46, 47 is configured to supply one or more materials at a predetermined distance upstream of the second channel portion 10, or to be connected to the junction of the at least two inlet channels 45, 46, 47 at the point where the first channel portion 9 transitions to the second channel portion 10.

[0222] Here, co-extrusion refers to the process of at least two material streams together to form a main profile and then to process into a final profile, or the process of at least two material streams together to form a final profile. Here, extrusion refers to a position where at least two material streams are positioned in a layered manner by being processed together to form a main profile and then entering the final profile, or by converging at least two material streams into a main profile at a joint point, and then processing at least two material streams together to form the final profile in the second channel portion 10.

[0223] Figure 13 A cross-sectional side view of the devices 1, 1a, 1a according to the present invention is shown schematically. Figure 13 The display profile defining area 7 includes a first inlet channel 45 in the form of a first channel portion 9 and a second inlet channel 46 in the form of a third channel portion 46 connected to the profile defining area 7 upstream of the second channel portion 10 for supplying additional material to the second channel portion 10 to form a laminated profile product 2 using material from the first channel portion 9.

[0224] According to one example, the third channel portion 46 is an extrusion or pultrusion channel similar to the first channel portion 9, which is arranged to process material. According to one example, the third channel portion 46 is a conveying unit configured to transport material to the profile defining area 7.

[0225] Figure 14 A perspective view of the device according to the invention is shown schematically. Figure 15 A cross-sectional side view of the device according to the invention is shown schematically. Figure 13-15 The devices 1, 1a, 1a are shown in different ways, including a rotating device 3 as described above and two material streams gathered together via the first and third channel portions 9, 46.

[0226] Figure 16A schematic cross-sectional side view of the device according to the invention is shown, wherein the device comprises two opposing rotating molds 3, 33. Figure 16 The further display device 1, 1a includes a first inlet channel 45 in the form of a first channel portion and a second inlet channel 46 in the form of a third channel portion 46 connected to a profile defining area 7 upstream of the second channel portion 10 for supplying additional material to the second channel portion 10 to form a laminated profile product 2 using material from the first channel portion 9. Figure 16 The device further shows that it includes a third inlet channel 47 in the form of a fourth channel portion 47 for supplying a third material to the profile defining region 7.

[0227] According to one example, the fourth channel portion 47 is an extrusion or pultrusion channel similar to the first channel portion 9, which is arranged to process material. According to one example, the fourth channel portion 47 is a fourth channel portion configured as a conveying unit for conveying material to the profile defining area 7.

[0228] Figure 17 A schematic cross-sectional side view of the device 1 according to the invention is shown, which includes a rotating mold 3 and first, third, and fourth channel portions 9, 44, and 45, according to... Figure 16 The relevant discussion content is used to supply three different materials to the profile limiting area 7.

[0229] It should be noted that, in Figure 13-17 In this context, the first inlet channel 45 can be either the first channel section 9 or the inlet channel 45 that transports materials to the first channel section 9.

[0230] Figure 17 An example is shown in which a first inlet channel 45 conveys solid material 50, such as connecting wires to a first channel portion 9, and wherein second and third inlet channels 46, 47 introduce one or more materials to be extruded or pultruded into the first channel portion 9 and the second channel portion 10. One or more materials may be stacked on or surrounding the solid material.

[0231] Figure 18 An example of a continuous solid material in the form of a conveyor line, such as the first inlet channel 45, is schematically shown, as well as material being extruded or pultruded in the first and second channel sections 9, 10. Figure 18 In this configuration, a first entrance channel 45 and a second entrance channel 46 are arranged such that material from the second entrance channel 46 surrounds and encapsulates the solid material 50. Figure 18In this configuration, the second inlet channel 46 includes a pressurized chamber 51 upstream of the first channel portion 9 for forming material around the solid material 50. The pressurized chamber 51 includes a rear wall 52 defining the pressurized chamber. The second inlet channel 46 includes a feed channel 53 leading to the pressurized chamber 51 for feeding material into the chamber 51. The rear wall 52 includes a first inlet channel 45 that conveys the solid material 50 and acts as a stop for leakage of material from the chamber through the first inlet channel 45. Here, pressurization means that the material in the second inlet channel 46 is under pressure because the material is forced into the second inlet channel 46 and deforms in a similar manner to that described above with respect to the first channel portion 9. Figure 18 In the first and second channel portions 9 and 10, the material is plastically deformed in a manner similar to that described above. Plastic deformation can also occur in the pressure chamber, but is not limited to this type of deformation. Therefore, the material in the pressure chamber can be formed to surround a solid material without undergoing plastic deformation.

[0232] refer to Figure 13-19 Different materials are gathered together before the second channel section 10, and then processed in the second channel section as described above. The present invention is not limited to three inlet channels 45, 46, 47 or three channel sections 9, 46, 47, but more inlet channels and channel sections are possible in order to manufacture profile products having the same or different materials in different layers.

[0233] According to any of the foregoing examples, the material supplied to the apparatus to form the profile product is a homogeneous material or a mixture of two or more materials and / or layered materials. These materials can be mixed in different proportions and can be mixed into a homogeneous mixture or a mixture with gradients within the material. One material can be solid while another can be malleable, such as stone drill bits and rubber. The material can also be a layered material comprising two or more layers of the same or different materials. The material may include a string or multiple strings of solid material throughout the extrusion or pultrusion process, such as metal wires surrounded by deformable material or other reinforcing materials.

[0234] Here, solid material refers to material that does not undergo any deformation within the defined area of ​​the profile. A non-exhaustive list of examples of solid materials includes: flexible wires, rigid rod-shaped elements, metal mesh and / or fabrics and / or composite materials and / or other suitable combinations of such solid materials, etc.

[0235] According to one example, the maximum permissible pressure applied by the rotating mold 3 at the position of minimum distance D2 depends on the friction between the material and the reverse bearing 14 in the second channel section 10.

[0236] According to one example, devices 1, 1a are configured to supply friction material 48 between the reverse bearing 14 and the final profile 37 and / or are configured to supply friction material 48 between the rotating mold 3 and the final profile 37.

[0237] According to one example, friction material 48 is conveyed by first and / or second and / or third inlet channels 45, 46, 47 at least during device startup in order to control friction associated with the rotary mold 3 and / or the reverse bearing 14. According to one example, friction material 18 is conveyed by first and / or second and / or third inlet channels 45, 46, 47 during part or all of the manufacturing process in order to control friction associated with the rotary mold 3 and / or the reverse bearing 14.

[0238] According to one example, friction material 48 is directly supplied to the rotating mold 3, such that the friction material rotates with the rotating mold from a position before the second channel portion 10 to the second channel portion. Figure 2A The apparatus 1, 1a is schematically shown to include an external friction material 48 supply device 49 for supplying friction material 48 to the rotating mold 3. As described above, the friction material 18 supply device 49 can be any one of the first, second, or third inlet channels 45, 46, 47 (not shown). Furthermore, the friction material 48 can be a solid material, a liquid, a gas, or a combination thereof.

[0239] The invention is not limited to the examples described above, but can vary within the scope of the appended claims. For example, the maximum pressure and minimum distance D2 in the second channel section 10 depend on the total feed rate of the material in the first channel section 9, the material type, and the temperature of the material when it enters the second channel section 10.

[0240] Figure 19 The illustration shows the use of according to the combination Figure 1-18 A flowchart describing a method for producing profile products using an apparatus is provided, wherein the method includes:

[0241] The steps shown in box 101

[0242] The material is supplied to the first channel section 9 and formed into the main profile 36 in the first channel section 9.

[0243] and the steps shown in box 102,

[0244] The material is then further supplied to the second channel portion 10, and the same formation is performed in the second channel portion 10.

[0245] And the steps in box 103,

[0246] Convert the final profile 37 into profile product 2.

[0247] According to one example, the method further includes the steps in block 104.

[0248] The final profile 37 and / or profile product 2 are stretched to achieve the same distance in the pattern along the production direction, that is, to achieve equal distance between the protrusions and / or recesses in the pattern 40 along the production direction.

[0249] According to one example, the distance between the indentations in the pattern on the rotary mold is less than the distance between the indentations in the corresponding pattern on the profile product in the production direction. The traction and stretching device is used to stretch the final profile and / or profile product, thereby achieving high precision in the distance between profile features by adjusting the stretching.

Claims

1. An extrusion or pultrusion apparatus (1) for forming a profile product (2) made of a malleable material and / or viscoplastic material in a production direction (Y), said apparatus comprising: A rotary mold (3) extends along a radial (R) direction and a width direction (X), and has two opposing first and second sidewalls (5, 6) and an outer peripheral surface (4) extending along the width direction (X) between the first and second sidewalls (5, 6), wherein the rotary mold (3) comprises: a first side portion (23) connected to the first sidewall (5); a second side portion (25) connected to the second sidewall (6); and an intermediate portion (22) extending between the first and second side portions (23, 25); and A profile defining region (7) has a longitudinal direction (Y), a height direction (Z) overlapping the production direction (Y) and a width direction (X) perpendicular to the height direction (Z); the profile defining region (7) includes a through channel (8), the through channel (8) including a first channel portion (9) and a second channel portion (10) downstream of the first channel portion (9) with reference to the production direction. wherein The rotary mold (3) is rotatable about an axis extending across the production direction (Y) and is configured to allow the outer peripheral surface (4) to apply pressure to a surface of the material as the rotary mold (3) rotates while the material passes through the profile defining area (7); The first channel portion (9) is circumferentially defined by one or more walls (11); and The second channel portion (10) is defined circumferentially by the following: The outer peripheral surface (4) of the rotating mold (3), and A channel portion (13), said channel portion (13) includes, A reverse bearing (14) is opposite to the rotating mold (3), and Between the rotating mold (3) and the opposing first channel portion sidewall and the second channel portion sidewall (15, 16), the first and second sides (23, 25) of the rotating mold (3) respectively include a first flange portion and a second flange portion (18, 19) extending in a radial direction (R), the first and second flange portions (18, 19) extending radially beyond at least a portion of the intermediate portion (22) of the rotating mold (3), wherein the first and second flange portions (18, 19) are configured to prevent the material from moving outside the rotating mold (3); The rotating mold (3) includes a pattern (38) in the outer peripheral surface (4), the pattern (38) including at least one indentation (38). Its features are: The first channel portion (9) is configured to deform the material into a main profile (36), the main profile having a maximum height (H1) and a minimum cross-sectional area having a first maximum height (D1) in the first channel portion (9) depending on a predetermined supply rate of the material; The second channel portion (10) is configured to further deform the material into a final profile (37) with a minimum height (H2) by the rotating mold (3), the rotating mold (3) being configured to apply increased pressure against the reverse bearing (14) on the main profile (36) when the main profile (36) leaves the first channel portion (9). The rotary mold (3) is configured such that there is a minimum distance (D2) between the rotary mold (3) and the reverse bearing (14), depending on a maximum permissible pressure applied by the rotary mold (3) at the minimum distance (D2) position; wherein the maximum permissible pressure corresponds to the maximum height difference between the main profile (36) and the final profile (37), and depends on the pattern (38) in the outer peripheral surface (4) of the rotary mold (3); The second channel portion (10) is located directly downstream of the first channel portion (9); The extrusion or pultrusion apparatus further includes an initial zone (A) containing a funnel-shaped opening (43) directly upstream of the first channel portion (9) and configured to change the shape of the material from an initial shape having a cross-section larger than that of the first channel portion (9). The one or more walls (11) define a first cross section (12) at the end of the first channel portion (9); the second channel portion (10) defines a second cross section (17) at a position where the distance between the outer peripheral surface (4) and the reverse bearing (14) is minimal; the geometry of the first channel portion (9) is different from that of the second channel portion (10), such that material passing through the first channel portion (9) changes shape when entering the second channel portion (10); The rotary mold (3) is configured to apply pressure against the reverse bearing (14) to the main profile (36), the pressure reaching a level that allows the material to change sufficiently quickly to permeate the second channel portion (10), including the at least one indentation (38). The pressure is achieved by a combination of pattern embossing depth on the outer peripheral surface and the Poisson effect, and / or by a combination of shape transformation caused by the geometric difference between the first section (12) and the second section (17) and the Poisson effect.

2. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The main profile (36) has a first cross-sectional area geometry (A1) corresponding to the first section (12), wherein the final profile (37) has a second cross-sectional area geometry (A2) defined by the second section; wherein at any given comparable location, the first cross-sectional area geometry (A1) is different from the second cross-sectional area geometry (A2); wherein the maximum pressure and the minimum distance (D2) in the second channel portion (10) depend on the difference between the cross-sectional area geometry (A1) of the main profile (36) and the cross-sectional area geometry (A2) of the final profile (37).

3. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein: The rotating mold (3) is positioned at a maximum distance (D22) between a bottom (44) of the indentation (38) and the reverse bearing (14), depending on the minimum permissible pressure applied by the rotating mold at the maximum distance (D22) position to achieve plastic deformation of the material in the indentation (38).

4. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 2, wherein: The minimum distance (D2) between the outer peripheral surface (4) in the second section (17) and the reverse bearing (14) in the height direction (Z) is less than the maximum distance (D1) in the height direction in the first section (12).

5. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The rotary mold (3) is configured to change shape during the forming process of the profile product (2) according to the maximum permissible pressure and / or according to the maximum permissible pressure before the reverse bearing (14) is constructed into the profile product (2).

6. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: When entering the second channel section (10), the maximum pressure and minimum distance (D2) in the second channel section (10) depend on the total supply rate of material in the first channel section (9), the type of material, and the temperature of the material.

7. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The maximum permissible pressure applied by the rotating mold (3) at the position of minimum distance depends on the friction between the material and the reverse bearing (14) in the second channel section (10).

8. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The cross-sectional area (A1) of the second channel portion (10) is configured to be sized according to the shrinkage effect of the final profile (37) being cooled to the profile product (2) having a final height (H3).

9. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The pattern (38) in the rotary mold (3) is configured to determine the size based on the shrinkage effect of the final profile (37) as it cools to the profile product (2).

10. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The rotary mold (3) is configured to have a pattern (38) with at least one indentation (38), wherein each indentation (38) includes a demolding angle (a2) depending on the radius of the rotary mold (3), the intended pattern in the final profile, the configuration of the reverse bearing, and the travel speed of the final profile (37).

11. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The device (1) is configured to supply friction material (48) between the reverse bearing (14) and the final profile (37) and / or to supply friction material (48) between the rotating mold (3) and the final profile (37).

12. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The device (1) includes a traction and stretching device (54) disposed downstream of the second channel portion (10) and configured to pull the material out of the second channel portion (10) to transform the final profile (37) into the profile product (2).

13. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The device includes a traction and stretching device (54), wherein the distance between multiple indentations (38) in the pattern (38) on the rotary mold (3) is less than the distance between multiple protrusions (40) in the pattern (38) on the profile product along the production direction (Y); wherein the traction and stretching device (54) is used to stretch the final profile (37) and / or the profile product (2), thereby achieving high precision in the distance between features on the profile by adjusting the stretching.

14. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The rotary die (3) includes a cooling device for cooling the outer surface of the rotary die (3) so that the temperature of the surface of the rotary die (3) is lower than a predetermined allowable temperature of the extruded material.

15. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 14, wherein: The surface of the rotating mold (3) is cooled such that the temperature of the surface of the rotating mold is at least 10 degrees Celsius lower than the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the material.

16. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 14 or 15, wherein: The surface cooling of the rotary die (3) makes the surface temperature of the rotary die at least 50 degrees Celsius lower than the glass transition temperature or melting temperature of the material, thereby enabling a higher extrusion speed.

17. The apparatus (1) as claimed in claim 1, wherein: The material of the profile product (2) formed by feeding into the device can be a homogeneous material or a mixture of two or more materials or a layered mixture.

18. A method for producing a profile product (2) by using the apparatus (1, 1a) as described in claim 1, wherein the method comprises: A material is supplied to a first channel section (9), and the material is formed into a main profile (36) in the first channel section (9). The material is further conveyed to the second channel portion (10), and the material is formed into a final profile (37) in the second channel portion (10); and The final profile is converted into the profile product (2).

19. The method of claim 18, wherein: The final profile (37) and / or the profile product (2) are stretched to achieve equal distances between convexities and / or recesses in the pattern along the production direction (Y).

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