Radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance

Abstract

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques and apparatus for determining transmission power based on a mode and / or future conditions of a transmission while maintaining radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance. An example method generally includes obtaining a mode associated with one or more first transmissions, determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the mode and a RF exposure limit, and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to the following: U.S. Application No. 17 / 454,614, filed November 11, 2021, which claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 113,488, filed November 13, 2020; U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 141,834, filed January 26, 2021; U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 152,773, filed February 23, 2021; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 175,464, filed April 15, 2021, each of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] Various aspects of this disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more specifically to determining transmission power while maintaining radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance. Background Technology

[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunications services, such as telephone, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. Modern wireless communication devices (such as cellular phones) are typically required to meet radio frequency (RF) exposure limits set by national and international standards and regulations. To ensure compliance, such devices currently undergo extensive certification processes before being released to the market. Various technologies have been developed to ensure that wireless communication devices meet RF exposure limits, enabling the assessment of RF exposure from the device and the adjustment of the device's transmission power accordingly. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The systems, methods, and apparatuses of this disclosure each have several aspects, none of which is solely responsible for their desired properties. Without limiting the scope of this disclosure as set forth in the appended claims, some features will now be briefly discussed below. After considering this discussion, and especially after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description,” one will understand how the features of this disclosure provide advantages including desired transmission power that meets radio frequency (RF) exposure limits.

[0006] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication by a user equipment (UE). The method generally includes acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit; and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0007] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a memory, a processor, and a transmitter. The processor is coupled to the memory such that the processor and the memory are configured to acquire a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions and to determine a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit; the transmitter is configured to transmit one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0008] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes components for acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; components for determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit; and components for transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0009] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure may be implemented in a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon for: acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit; and transmitting one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0010] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor and memory are configured to acquire a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determine a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit, and transmit the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0011] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor and memory are configured to acquire data for transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission, determine a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions, and transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0012] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor and memory are configured to select a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the apparatus to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission, and to transmit a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0013] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes acquiring data for a transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0014] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from a wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission; and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0015] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a computer-readable medium storing instructions for: acquiring data for a transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0016] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a computer-readable medium storing instructions for: selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from a wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission; and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0017] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method of wireless communication by a wireless device. The method generally includes acquiring data for a transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0018] Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication by a wireless device. The method generally includes selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission; and transmitting a signal indicative of the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0019] To achieve the foregoing and related objectives, one or more aspects include the features fully described below and specifically pointed out in the claims. The following description and drawings illustrate certain illustrative features of one or more aspects in detail. However, these features indicate only a few of the various ways in which the principles of each aspect can be employed. Attached Figure Description

[0020] To gain a more detailed understanding of the foregoing features of this disclosure, reference can be made to a more specific description of the aspects briefly summarized above, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. However, it should be noted that the drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and should therefore not be considered as limiting its scope, as the description may allow for other equally valid aspects.

[0021] Figure 1 This is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example wireless communication network according to certain aspects of this disclosure;

[0022] Figure 2 It is a block diagram that conceptually illustrates an example design of a base station (BS) and user equipment (UE) according to certain aspects of this disclosure;

[0023] Figure 3 This is a block diagram of an example radio frequency (RF) transceiver based on certain aspects of this disclosure;

[0024] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a combination of normalized specific absorptivity (SAR) distribution and normalized power density (PD) distribution according to certain aspects of this disclosure.

[0025] Figure 5A , Figure 5B and Figure 5CThis is a graph showing an example of the transmission power over time that conforms to certain aspects of this disclosure and meets RF exposure limits.

[0026] Figure 6 This is a flowchart illustrating example operations for wireless communication according to certain aspects of this disclosure.

[0027] Figure 7A , Figure 7B , Figure 8A , Figure 8B and Figure 9A This is a graph illustrating an example pattern for determining one or more transmission powers over time, according to certain aspects of this disclosure.

[0028] Figure 9B This illustrates the basis of certain aspects of this disclosure. Figure 9A The pattern shown is used to apply the curve of the upper limit of transmission power.

[0029] Figure 10A and Figure 10B This is a flowchart illustrating example operations for wireless communication according to certain aspects of this disclosure.

[0030] Figures 11A-11C The graphs 1100A-1100C(P(t)) are based on certain aspects of this disclosure and show the time-averaged pattern of using dynamic reserve power.

[0031] Figure 12 A communication device (e.g., a UE) according to certain aspects of this disclosure is shown, which may include various components configured to perform operations using the techniques disclosed herein.

[0032] For ease of understanding, the same reference numerals are used where possible to denote common elements shared by the figures. It is anticipated that elements disclosed in one aspect may be usefully applied to other aspects without specific description. Detailed Implementation

[0033] Various aspects of this disclosure provide apparatus, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable media for ensuring radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance based on one or more modes and / or future conditions.

[0034] In some cases, time averaging of RF exposure can be performed to ensure compliance with RF exposure limits within a specified time window. Multimode / multiband wireless communication devices have multiple transmit antennas that can be configured to transmit simultaneously in one or more sub-6 GHz bands and / or one or more greater than 6 GHz bands, such as mmWave (e.g., FR2) or FR3 bands. As described herein, RF exposure in sub-6 GHz bands can be assessed based on specific absorption rate (SAR), while RF exposure in greater than 6 GHz bands can be assessed based on power density (PD). Due to regulations on simultaneous exposure, wireless communication devices can limit the maximum transmit power in sub-6 GHz bands and / or greater than 6 GHz bands.

[0035] Various aspects of this disclosure provide enhanced techniques for ensuring RF exposure compliance, for example, based on one or more patterns and / or future conditions. The patterns may include transmission power patterns (e.g., instantaneous transmission power as a function of time) associated with past transmissions over various time periods (such as the past few minutes, one (or more) hours, or one (or more) days), and / or application patterns indicating periodic traffic bursts that applications (e.g., voice or video call applications) may generate. In some aspects, the pattern may be used to identify when an upcoming transmission will occur, and the pattern may be associated with various characteristics associated with the upcoming transmission, such as transmission time, transmission power over time, antenna switching, network conditions, sensor information, etc.

[0036] For example, if the pattern indicates that the upcoming transmission may have a relatively long transmission time (e.g., a transmission time longer than the time window associated with RF exposure limits) and / or that there may be consistent uplink transmission within that time window, the transmitter can allocate a lower power level (e.g., P) to the upcoming transmission. limit , where P limit <P max If the pattern indicates that the transmission duration of an upcoming transmission may be relatively short (e.g., the transmission duration is less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit) and / or the transmission may be discontinuous (e.g., it may be bursty and / or intermittent), then the transmitter may allocate a higher instantaneous power (e.g., higher than P) to the upcoming transmission in accordance with the RF exposure limit. limit ).

[0037] In some aspects, the UE can consider future conditions (such as transmission time and / or radio conditions) when determining the RF transmission power for exposure compliance. Various aspects of this disclosure provide techniques and apparatus for switching between various transmission modes (e.g., as described herein) based on transmission time associated with data and / or radio conditions while ensuring RF exposure compliance. In some aspects, the transmission time can be derived from the size associated with the data (e.g., data buffer size) and the current data rate. For example, if the data buffer size is large (e.g., the transmission time is greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit), the transmitter can operate in peak mode to enable transmission at the maximum average power level (e.g., P). limit Continuous transmission is performed. If the data buffer size is small (e.g., the transmission time is less than a time window associated with RF exposure limits), the transmitter can operate in time-averaged mode and transmit at maximum power to complete the transmission if sufficient reserve power margin is available for high-power transmission. Transmission time can be determined based on data buffer size and radio conditions. For example, the signal or communication environment can limit or indicate the throughput or amount of data that can be transmitted in an instant or within an upcoming time period. In some aspects, the determined transmission time can be based on actual or measured values. For example, radio conditions can be determined based on measured RSRP. In some aspects, the determined transmission time can be based on predicted values, such as based on one or more patterns. For example, radio conditions can be determined based on path loss that a user might experience at a certain time of day or location, as indicated by a pattern.

[0038] The various techniques described in this article for ensuring RF exposure compliance can achieve the desired transmission power for data transmission. Desired transmission power can provide desired uplink / sidelink performance, such as desired data rate, carrier aggregation, and / or connectivity at the cell edge.

[0039] The following description provides examples of RF exposure compliance in communication systems and does not limit the scope, applicability, or examples set forth in the claims. Changes may be made to the function and arrangement of the elements discussed without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Various processes or components may be appropriately omitted, substituted, or added to the various examples. For example, the described methods may be performed in a different order than described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Furthermore, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, any number of aspects set forth herein may be used to implement an apparatus or practice. Furthermore, the scope of this disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus or method practiced using structures, functions, or structures and functions other than those set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of this disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of the claims. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as more preferred or advantageous than other aspects.

[0040] Typically, any number of wireless networks can be deployed in a given geographical area. Each wireless network can support a specific Radio Access Technology (RAT) and can operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT can also be referred to as a radio technology, air interface, etc. A frequency can also be referred to as a carrier, subcarrier, frequency channel, tone, subband, etc. Each frequency can support a single RAT in a given geographical area to avoid interference between wireless networks using different RATs, or it can support multiple RATs.

[0041] The techniques described herein can be used in a variety of wireless networks and radio technologies. While terms commonly associated with 3G, 4G, and / or newer radio technologies (e.g., 5G NR) may be used to describe aspects herein, aspects of this disclosure can be applied to communication systems based on other generations and / or wireless technologies such as 802.11, 802.15, etc.

[0042] NR access can support a variety of wireless communication services, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) targeting broadband (e.g., 80 MHz or higher), millimeter wave (mmWave) targeting high carrier frequencies (e.g., 24 GHz to 53 GHz or higher), massive machine-type communication (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC technology, and / or mission-critical services targeting ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). These services can have specific latency and reliability settings. They can also have different transmission time intervals (TTIs) to meet corresponding quality of service (QoS) settings. Furthermore, these services can coexist in the same subframe. NR supports beamforming, and the beam direction can be dynamically configured. It can also support precoded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission and multi-layer transmission. Aggregation of multiple cells can be supported.

[0043] Figure 1 An example wireless communication network 100 in which various aspects of this disclosure may be implemented is shown. For example, the wireless communication network 100 may be an NR system (e.g., a 5G NR network), an evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) system (e.g., a 4G network), a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) (e.g., a 2G / 3G network), or a code division multiple access (CDMA) system (e.g., a 2G / 3G network), or may be configured for communication in accordance with one or more IEEE standards such as the 802.11 standard.

[0044] like Figure 1 As shown, the wireless communication network 100 may include multiple BSs 110a-z (each also individually referred to herein as BS 110 or collectively as BS 110) and other network entities. BS 110 may provide communication coverage for a specific geographic area (sometimes referred to as a "cell"), which may be fixed or mobile depending on the location of the mobile BS 110. In some examples, BS 110 may interconnect with each other and / or interconnect to one or more other BSs or network nodes (not shown) in the wireless communication network 100 using any suitable transport network via various types of backhaul interfaces (e.g., direct physical connection, wireless connection, virtual network, etc.). Figure 1 In the example shown, BS 110a, 110b, and 110c can be macro BSs for macro cells 102a, 102b, and 102c, respectively. BS 110x can be a pico BS for pico cell 102x. BS 110y and 110z can be femto BSs for femto cells 102y and 102z, respectively. A BS can support one or more cells.

[0045] BS 110 communicates with UEs 120a-y (each also referred to individually as UE 120 or collectively as UE 120) in the wireless communication network 100. For example... Figure 1 As shown, according to various aspects of this disclosure, UE 120a includes an RF exposure manager 122, which determines transmission power for transmissions to receiving entities (such as BS 110a or another UE 120) based on various modes and / or future conditions. UEs 120 (e.g., 120x, 120y, etc.) may be distributed throughout the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be fixed or mobile. The wireless communication network 100 may also include relay stations (e.g., relay station 110r), also referred to as relays, which receive transmissions of data and / or other information from upstream stations (e.g., BS 110a or UE 120r) and transmit such transmissions of data and / or other information to downstream stations (e.g., UE 120 or BS 110), or relay transmissions between UEs 120 to facilitate communication between devices.

[0046] Network controller 130 can communicate with a group of BSs 110 and provide coordination and control (e.g., via backhaul) for these BSs 110. In some cases, such as in a 5G NR system, network controller 130 may include centralized units (CUs) and / or distributed units (DUs). In various aspects, network controller 130 can communicate with core network 132 (e.g., a 5G core network (5GC)) which provides various network functions such as access and mobility management, session management, user plane functions, policy control functions, authentication server functions, unified data management, application functions, network exposure functions, network repository functions, network slice selection functions, etc.

[0047] Another wireless device in the wireless communication network 100 may alternatively or additionally include an RF exposure manager. For example, one or more BS 110s may be configured as customer premises equipment (CPE), and the RF exposure manager configured as described herein may be implemented in the BS or CPE.

[0048] Figure 2 BS 110a and UE 120a are shown as examples of BS 110a and UE 120a that can be used to implement various aspects of this disclosure. Figure 1 Example components of a wireless communication network 100.

[0049] At BS 110a, the transmission processor 220 can receive data from the data source 212 and control information from the controller / processor 240. The control information can be for the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH), Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), Group Common PDCCH (GC PDCCH), etc. The data can be for the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), etc. A Media Access Control (MAC) Control Element (MAC-CE) is a MAC layer communication structure used for exchanging control commands between wireless nodes. The MAC-CE can be carried in shared channels such as the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), or Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH).

[0050] Processor 220 can process (e.g., encode and symbol map) data and control information to acquire data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmission processor 220 can also generate reference symbols, such as reference symbols for the primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS). Transmission (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 can perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding, if applicable) on data symbols, control symbols, and / or reference symbols, and can provide output symbol streams to modulators (MODs) in transceivers 232a-232t. Each modulator in transceivers 232a-232t can process the corresponding output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to acquire an output sample stream. Each in transceivers 232a-232t can further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and up-convert) the output sample stream to acquire a downlink signal. Downlink signals from transceivers 232a-232t can be transmitted via antennas 234a-234t respectively.

[0051] At UE 120a, antennas 252a-252r can receive downlink signals from BS 110a and can provide the received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 254a-254r respectively. Each of transceivers 254a-254r can adjust (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) the corresponding received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator in transceivers 254a-254r can further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. MIMO detector 256 can obtain received symbols from all demodulators in transceivers 254a-254r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols (if applicable), and provide the detected symbols. Receiver processor 258 can process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for UE 120a to data sink 260, and provide decoding control information to controller / processor 280.

[0052] On the uplink, at UE 120a, transmission processor 264 can receive and process data from data source 262 (e.g., for the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) and control information from controller / processor 280 (e.g., for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)). Transmission processor 264 can also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., for Sounding Reference Signals (SRS)). Symbols from transmission processor 264 can be pre-encoded by TX MIMO processor 266 (if applicable), further processed by modulators (MODs) and other components in transceivers 254a-254r (e.g., for SC-FDM, etc.), and transmitted to BS 110a. At BS 110a, uplink signals from UE 120a can be received by antenna 234, processed by modulators and other components in transceivers 232a-232t, detected by MIMO detector 236 (if applicable), and further processed by receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information transmitted by UE 120a. Receiver processor 238 can provide the decoded data to data sink 239 and the decoded control information to controller / processor 240.

[0053] Memory 242 and 282 can store data and program code for BS 110a and UE 120a, respectively. Scheduler 244 can schedule UEs for data transmission on downlink and / or uplink.

[0054] Antenna 252, processors 266, 258, 264 and / or controller / processor 280 of UE 120a, and / or antenna 234, processors 220, 230, 238 and / or controller / processor 240 of BS 110a, can be used to perform the various techniques and methods described herein. Figure 2 As shown, according to the aspects described herein, the controller / processor 280 of UE 120a has an RF exposure manager 281 that determines the transmission power for transmissions to a receiving entity (such as BS 110a) based on various modes and / or future conditions. Although shown at the controller / processor, other components of UE 120a and BS 110a can be used to perform the operations described herein.

[0055] NR can utilize Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on both the uplink and downlink. NR can support half-duplex operation using Time Division Duplex (TDD). OFDM and Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing (SC-FDM) divide the system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, which are often referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. Modulation symbols can be transmitted using OFDM in the frequency domain and SC-FDM in the time domain. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers can depend on the system bandwidth. The system bandwidth can also be divided into multiple subbands. For example, a subband can cover multiple resource blocks (RBs).

[0056] Although about Figure 1 and Figure 2 UE 120a is described as communicating with the BS and / or within the network, but UE 120a can be configured to communicate directly with / transmit directly to another UE 120, or to communicate with / transmit to another wireless device without network relay communication. In some respects, Figure 2 The BS 110a shown and described above is an example of another UE 120.

[0057] Example RF transceiver

[0058] Figure 3This is a block diagram of an example RF transceiver circuit 300 according to certain aspects of this disclosure, which can be used in any of the wireless devices described above. The RF transceiver circuit 300 includes at least one transmit (TX) path 302 (also referred to as a transmit chain) for transmitting signals via one or more antennas 306 and at least one receive (RX) path 304 (also referred to as a receive chain) for receiving signals via antennas 306. When the TX path 302 and RX path 304 share antenna 306, these paths can be connected to the antenna via an interface 308, which can include any of a variety of suitable RF devices, such as switches, duplexers, antenna sharing devices, and multiplexers.

[0059] Receiving in-phase (I) or quadrature (Q) baseband analog signals from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 310, the TX path 302 may include a baseband filter (BBF) 312, a mixer 314, a driver amplifier (DA) 316, and a power amplifier (PA) 318. The BBF 312, mixer 314, and DA 316 may be included in one or more radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the PA 318 may be external to the RFIC(s).

[0060] BBF 312 filters the baseband signal received from DAC 310, and mixer 314 mixes the filtered baseband signal with the transmission local oscillator (LO) signal to convert the baseband signal of interest to a different frequency (e.g., up-converting from baseband to RF). This frequency conversion process produces a sum and difference frequency between the LO frequency and the frequency of the baseband signal of interest. The sum and difference frequencies are called beat frequencies. Beat frequencies are typically in the RF range, such that the signal output from mixer 314 is typically an RF signal, which can be amplified by DA 316 and / or PA 318 before transmission through antenna 306. Although one mixer 314 is shown, several mixers can be used to up-convert the filtered baseband signal to one or more intermediate frequencies, and then up-convert the intermediate frequency signal to the frequency used for transmission.

[0061] The RX path 304 may include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 324, a mixer 326, and a baseband filter (BBF) 328. The LNA 324, mixer 326, and BBF 328 may be included in one or more RFICs, which may or may not be the same RFIC that includes the TX path components. The RF signal received via antenna 306 may be amplified by the LNA 324, and the mixer 326 mixes the amplified RF signal with a received local oscillator (LO) signal to convert the RF signal of interest to a different baseband frequency (e.g., down-conversion). The baseband signal output from the mixer 326 may be filtered by the BBF 328 before being converted into digital I or Q signals for digital signal processing by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 330.

[0062] Some systems can use a frequency synthesizer with a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate a stable, tunable LO with a specific tuning range. Therefore, the transmit LO can be generated by the TX frequency synthesizer 320, which can be buffered or amplified by the amplifier 322 before being mixed with the baseband signal in the mixer 314. Similarly, the receive LO can be generated by the RX frequency synthesizer 332, which can be buffered or amplified by the amplifier 334 before being mixed with the RF signal in the mixer 326.

[0063] Controller 336 can direct the operation of RF transceiver circuitry 300, such as transmitting signals via TX path 302 and / or receiving signals via RX path 304. Controller 336 can be a processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof. Memory 338 can store data and program code used to operate RF transceiver circuitry 300. Controller 336 and / or memory 338 can include control logic. In some cases, controller 336 can determine a time-averaged RF exposure measurement based on the transmission power level applied to TX path 302 (e.g., certain gain levels at PA 318) to set a transmission power level that conforms to RF exposure limits set by domestic / foreign regulations and / or international standards as further described herein.

[0064] Example RF exposure compliance

[0065] RF exposure can be expressed using specific absorptivity (SAR), which measures the energy absorbed per unit mass of human tissue, and is measured in watts per kilogram (W / kg). RF exposure can also be expressed using power density (PD), which measures the energy absorbed per unit area, and is measured in mW / cm². 2In some cases, maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits in terms of power density (PD) can be imposed on wireless communication devices using transmission frequencies above 6 GHz. MPE limits are regulatory metrics based on area exposure, such as energy density limits, defined as watts per square meter (W / m²) averaged over a defined area and time-averaged within a frequency-dependent time window. 2 The number X is used to prevent human exposure hazards represented by changes in tissue temperature.

[0066] SAR (Radio Exposure Detection) can be used to assess RF exposure at transmission frequencies below 6 GHz, covering wireless communication technologies such as 2G / 3G (e.g., CDMA), 4G (e.g., LTE), 5G (e.g., NR in the 6 GHz band), and IEEE 802.11ac. PD (Radio Exposure Detection) can be used to assess RF exposure at transmission frequencies above 10 GHz, covering wireless communication technologies such as IEEE 802.11ad, 802.11ay, and 5G in the mmWave band. Therefore, different metrics can be used to assess the RF exposure of different wireless communication technologies.

[0067] Wireless communication devices (e.g., UE 120) can transmit signals simultaneously using multiple wireless communication technologies. For example, a wireless communication device can simultaneously transmit signals using a first wireless communication technology operating at or below 6 GHz (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.) and a second wireless communication technology operating above 6 GHz (e.g., mmWave 5G, IEEE 802.11ad, or 802.11ay in the 24 GHz to 60 GHz band). In some aspects, a wireless communication device can simultaneously transmit signals using a first wireless communication technology (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, IEEE 802.11ac, etc. in the sub-6 GHz band) and a second wireless communication technology (e.g., 5G, IEEE 802.11ad, 802.11ay, etc. in the 24 GHz to 60 GHz band), where RF exposure is measured based on SAR in the first wireless communication technology and on PD in the second wireless communication technology.

[0068] To assess RF exposure from transmissions using a first technology (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, IEEE 802.11ac, etc. in the sub-6 GHz band), the wireless communication device may include storage in a memory (e.g., Figure 2 memory 282 or Figure 3 The memory 338 contains multiple SAR distributions for the first technology. Each SAR distribution may correspond to a corresponding transmission scenario among multiple transmission scenarios supported by the wireless communication device for the first technology. A transmission scenario may correspond to an antenna (e.g., Figure 2 Antennas 252a to 252r or Figure 3Various combinations of antenna 306, frequency band, channel, and / or body location, as discussed further below. In some examples, one or more of the SAR distributions include a single value (e.g., a peak value, or a sum of peak values, as determined below).

[0069] The SAR distribution (also known as the SAR map) for each transmission scenario can be generated based on measurements (e.g., electric field measurements) performed using a human model in a test laboratory. After the SAR distribution is generated, it is stored in memory so that the processor (e.g., ...) can... Figure 2 Processor 280 or Figure 3 The controller 336) is capable of assessing RF exposure in real time, as discussed further below. Each SAR distribution may include a set of SAR values, where each SAR value may correspond to a different location (e.g., on a model of a human body). Each SAR value may include the SAR value averaged over a mass of 1g or 10g at the corresponding location.

[0070] Each SAR value in a SAR distribution corresponds to a specific transmission power level (e.g., the transmission power level when SAR values ​​are measured in a test laboratory). Since SAR scales with transmission power level, the processor can scale a SAR distribution for any transmission power level by multiplying each SAR value in the SAR distribution by the following transmission power scaling factor:

[0071]

[0072] Where Tx c It is the current transmission power level for the corresponding transmission scenario, Tx SAR It is the transmission power level corresponding to the SAR value in the stored SAR distribution (e.g., the transmission power level when measuring SAR values ​​in a test laboratory).

[0073] As described above, wireless communication devices can support multiple transmission scenarios for the first technology. In some aspects, a transmission scenario can be specified by a set of parameters. This set of parameters may include one or more of the following: antenna parameters indicating one or more antennas used for transmission (i.e., active antennas), frequency band parameters indicating one or more frequency bands used for transmission (i.e., active frequency bands), channel parameters indicating one or more channels used for transmission (i.e., active channels), body position parameters indicating the position of the wireless communication device relative to the user's body position (head, torso, away from the body, etc.), and / or other parameters. When a wireless communication device supports a large number of transmission scenarios, performing measurements on each transmission scenario in a test setting (e.g., a test laboratory) can be very time-consuming and expensive. To reduce test time, measurements can be performed on a subset of transmission scenarios to generate a SAR distribution for that subset of transmission scenarios. In this example, as discussed further below, the SAR distribution for each remaining transmission scenario can be generated by combining two or more SAR distributions from a subset of transmission scenarios.

[0074] For example, SAR measurements can be performed for each antenna to generate a SAR distribution for each antenna. In this example, a SAR distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more active antennas are active can be generated by combining the SAR distributions of two or more active antennas.

[0075] In another example, SAR measurements can be performed for each of multiple frequency bands to generate a SAR distribution for each of the multiple frequency bands. In this example, a SAR distribution for a transmission scenario active in two or more frequency bands can be generated by combining the SAR distributions of two or more active frequency bands.

[0076] In some respects, the SAR distribution can be normalized relative to the SAR limit by dividing each SAR value in the SAR distribution by the SAR limit. In this case, when the normalized SAR value is greater than 1, the normalized SAR value exceeds the SAR limit, and when the normalized SAR value is less than 1, the normalized SAR value is below the SAR limit. In these respects, each SAR distribution stored in memory can be normalized relative to the SAR limit.

[0077] In some respects, a normalized SAR distribution for a transmission scenario can be generated by combining two or more normalized SAR distributions. For example, a normalized SAR distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more active antennas are active can be generated by combining the normalized SAR distributions of two or more active antennas. In cases where different transmission power levels are used for the active antennas, the normalized SAR distribution of each active antenna can be scaled to the corresponding transmission power level before combining the normalized SAR distributions of the active antennas. The normalized SAR distribution for simultaneous transmission from multiple active antennas can be given by the following equation:

[0078]

[0079] SAR lim It is the SAR limit, SAR norm_combined It is a combined normalized SAR distribution transmitted simultaneously from active antennas, where i is the index of the active antenna, SAR i Tx is the SAR distribution of the i-th active antenna. i Tx is the transmission power level of the i-th active antenna. SARi is the transmission power level of the SAR distribution of the i-th active antenna, and K is the number of active antennas.

[0080] Equation (2) can be rewritten as follows:

[0081]

[0082] SAR norm_i This is the normalized SAR distribution of the i-th active antenna. When using multiple active antennas to transmit simultaneously at the same transmission frequency (e.g., multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)), the combined normalized SAR distribution is obtained by summing the square roots of the individual normalized SAR distributions and calculating the square of the sum, as follows:

[0083]

[0084] In another example, normalized SAR distributions for different frequency bands can be stored in memory. In this example, normalized SAR distributions for transmission scenarios active in two or more frequency bands can be generated by combining the normalized SAR distributions of two or more active frequency bands. For cases where the transmission power levels of the active frequency bands differ, the normalized SAR distribution for each active frequency band can be scaled to the corresponding transmission power level before combining the normalized SAR distributions. In this example, the combined SAR distribution can also be calculated using equation (3a), where i is the index of the active frequency band, SAR... norm_i It is the normalized SAR distribution of the i-th active frequency band, Tx iIt is the transmission power level of the i-th active frequency band, Tx SARi It is the transmission power level of the normalized SAR distribution in the i-th active frequency band.

[0085] To assess RF exposure from transmissions using a second technology (e.g., 5G, IEEE 802.11ad, 802.11ay, etc. in the 24 GHz to 60 GHz band), the wireless communication device may include storage in memory (e.g., Figure 2 memory 282 or Figure 3 The memory 338 contains multiple PD distributions for the second technology. Each PD distribution may correspond to a specific transmission scenario among multiple transmission scenarios supported by the wireless communication device for the second technology. A transmission scenario may correspond to an antenna (e.g., Figure 2 Antennas 252a to 252r or Figure 3 Various combinations of antenna 306, frequency band, channel, and / or body location, as discussed further below. In some examples, one or more of the PD distributions include a single value (e.g., a peak value, or a sum of peak values, as determined below).

[0086] The PD distribution (also known as the PD map) for each transmission scenario can be generated based on measurements (e.g., electric field measurements) performed using a human model in a test laboratory. After generating the PD distribution, it is stored in memory so that the processor (e.g., ...) can... Figure 2 Processor 280 or Figure 3 The controller 336) is capable of assessing RF exposure in real time, as discussed further below. Each PD distribution may include a set of PD values, where each PD value may correspond to a different location (e.g., on a human model).

[0087] The PD values ​​in each PD distribution correspond to a specific transmission power level (e.g., the transmission power level when the PD value is measured in a test laboratory). Since PD scales with transmission power level, the processor can scale the PD distribution for any transmission power level by multiplying each PD value in the PD distribution by the following transmission power scaling factor:

[0088]

[0089] Where Tx c It is the current transmission power level for the corresponding transmission scenario, Tx PD It is the transmission power level corresponding to the PD value in the PD distribution (e.g., the transmission power level when the PD value is measured in a test laboratory).

[0090] As described above, wireless communication devices can support multiple transmission scenarios for the second technology. In some aspects, a transmission scenario can be specified by a set of parameters. This set of parameters may include one or more of the following: antenna parameters indicating one or more antennas used for transmission (i.e., active antennas), frequency band parameters indicating one or more frequency bands used for transmission (i.e., active frequency bands), channel parameters indicating one or more channels used for transmission (i.e., active channels), body position parameters indicating the position of the wireless communication device relative to the user's body position (head, torso, away from the body, etc.), and / or other parameters. When a wireless communication device supports a large number of transmission scenarios, performing measurements on each transmission scenario in a test setting (e.g., a test laboratory) can be very time-consuming and expensive. To reduce test time, measurements can be performed on a subset of transmission scenarios to generate a PD distribution for that subset of transmission scenarios. In this example, as discussed further below, the PD distribution for each remaining transmission scenario can be generated by combining two or more PD distributions from a subset of transmission scenarios.

[0091] For example, PD measurements can be performed for each antenna to generate the PD distribution for each antenna. In this example, the PD distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more active antennas are active can be generated by combining the PD distributions of two or more active antennas.

[0092] In another example, PD measurements can be performed for each of multiple frequency bands to generate a PD distribution for each of the multiple frequency bands. In this example, a PD distribution for a transmission scenario active in two or more frequency bands can be generated by combining the PD distributions of two or more active frequency bands.

[0093] In some respects, the PD distribution can be normalized relative to the PD limit by dividing each PD value in the PD distribution by the PD limit. In this case, when the normalized PD value is greater than 1, the normalized PD value exceeds the PD limit, and when the normalized PD value is less than 1, the normalized PD value is below the PD limit. In these respects, each PD distribution stored in memory can be normalized relative to the PD limit.

[0094] In some respects, a normalized PD distribution for a transmission scenario can be generated by combining two or more normalized PD distributions. For example, a normalized PD distribution for a transmission scenario in which two or more active antennas are active can be generated by combining the normalized PD distributions of two or more active antennas. In cases where different transmission power levels are used for the active antennas, the normalized PD distribution of each active antenna can be scaled to the corresponding transmission power level before combining the normalized PD distributions of the active antennas. The normalized PD distribution for simultaneous transmission from multiple active antennas can be given by the following formula:

[0095]

[0096] Among them PD lim It is the PD limit, PD norm_combined It is a combined normalized PD distribution from simultaneous transmissions from active antennas, where i is the index of the active antenna, and PD... i It is the PD distribution of the i-th active antenna, Tx i Tx is the transmission power level of the i-th active antenna. PDi is the transmission power level of the PD distribution of the i-th active antenna, and L is the number of active antennas.

[0097] Equation (5) can be rewritten as follows:

[0098]

[0099] Among them PD norm_i This is the normalized PD distribution of the i-th active antenna. When using multiple active antennas to transmit simultaneously at the same transmission frequency (e.g., MIMO), the combined normalized PD distribution is obtained by summing the square roots of the individual normalized PD distributions and calculating the square of the sum, as follows:

[0100]

[0101] In another example, the normalized PD distributions of different frequency bands can be stored in memory. In this example, the normalized PD distributions of transmission scenarios in two or more active frequency bands can be generated by combining the normalized PD distributions of two or more active frequency bands. For cases where the transmission power levels of the active frequency bands differ, the normalized PD distribution of each active frequency band can be scaled to the corresponding transmission power level before combining the normalized PD distributions. In this example, the combined PD distributions can also be calculated using equation (6a), where i is the index of the active frequency band, and PD... norm_i It is the normalized PD distribution of the i-th active frequency band, Tx i It is the transmission power level of the i-th active frequency band, Tx PDi It is the transmission power level of the normalized PD distribution in the i-th active frequency band.

[0102] As described above, UE 120 can simultaneously transmit signals using a first technology (e.g., 3G, 4G, IEEE 802.11ac, etc.) and a second technology (e.g., 5G, IEEE 802.11ad, etc.), wherein RF exposure is measured using different metrics for the first and second technologies (e.g., SAR for the first technology and PD for the second technology). In this case, processor 280 can determine a first maximum permissible power level for the first technology and a second maximum permissible power level for the second technology for transmissions conforming to RF exposure limits in future time slots. During future time slots, the transmission power levels for the first and second technologies are constrained (i.e., limited) by the determined first and second maximum permissible power levels, respectively, to ensure compliance with RF exposure limits, as further described below. In this disclosure, unless otherwise stated, the term "maximum permissible power level" refers to the "maximum permissible power level" imposed by RF exposure limits. It should be understood that the "maximum permissible power level" is not necessarily equal to the absolute maximum power level conforming to RF exposure limits and may be less than the absolute maximum power level conforming to RF exposure limits (e.g., to provide a safety margin). The "maximum permissible power level" can be used to set a power level limit for transmission at the transmitter, ensuring that the power level of the transmission is not allowed to exceed the "maximum permissible power level" to ensure RF exposure compliance.

[0103] Processor 280 can determine a first maximum allowable power level and a second maximum allowable power level as follows. The processor can determine a normalized SAR distribution for a first technology at the first transmission power level, determine a normalized PD distribution for a second technology at the second transmission power level, and combine the normalized SAR distribution and the normalized PD distribution to generate a combined normalized RF exposure distribution (hereinafter referred to as the combined normalized distribution). The value at each location in the combined normalized distribution can be determined by combining the normalized SAR value at that location with the normalized PD value at that location or by other techniques.

[0104] Processor 280 can then determine whether the first and second transmission power levels comply with RF exposure limits by comparing the peak value in the combined normalized distribution with 1. If the peak value is equal to or less than 1 (i.e., condition ≤ 1 is met), processor 280 can determine that the first and second transmission power levels comply with RF exposure limits (e.g., SAR and PD limits) and use the first and second transmission power levels as the first and second maximum permissible power levels, respectively, during future time slots. If the peak value is greater than 1, processor 280 can determine that the first and second transmission power levels do not comply with RF exposure limits. The conditions for RF exposure compliance with simultaneous transmission using the first and second technologies can be given by the following formula:

[0105] SAR norm +PD norm ≤1 (7).

[0106] Figure 4 The diagram shows the normalized SAR distribution 410 and the normalized PD distribution 420, which are combined to generate the combined normalized distribution 430. Figure 4 It also shows the condition for RF exposure compliance where the peak value in the combined normalized distribution 430 is equal to or less than 1. Although each of distributions 410, 420, and 430... Figure 4 The distribution is depicted as a two-dimensional distribution, but it should be understood that this disclosure is not limited to this example.

[0107] The normalized SAR distribution in Equation (7) can be generated by combining two or more normalized SAR distributions as described above (e.g., for transmission scenarios using multiple active antennas). Similarly, the normalized PD distribution in Equation (7) can be generated by combining two or more normalized PD distributions as described above (e.g., for transmission scenarios using multiple active antennas). In this case, the RF exposure compliance condition in Equation (7) can be rewritten using Equations (3a) and (6a) as follows:

[0108]

[0109] For the MIMO case, equations (3b) and (6b) can be combined instead. As shown in equation (8), the combined normalized distribution can be a function of the transmission power level for the first technology and the transmission power level for the second technology. All points in the combined normalized distribution can satisfy the normalization limit of 1 in equation (8). Furthermore, when combining the SAR and PD distributions, the SAR and PD distributions can be spatially aligned or aligned at their peak positions, such that the combined distribution given by equation (8) represents the combined RF exposure for a given location of the human body.

[0110] In some cases, transmitters can ensure RF exposure compliance by operating under one of the following example scenarios: (a) a "no-spare-time averaging mode" where there is no spare margin allowing disconnection during a time window, or (b) as described herein. Figure 5B The “peak mode” mentioned herein, or (c) as described herein... Figure 5C The aforementioned "time averaging pattern".

[0111] In some cases, a time-averaged RF exposure can be performed within a specified time window (T) associated with the RF exposure limit (e.g., 2 seconds for the 60 GHz band, 100 or 360 seconds for the ≤6 GHz band, etc.) to comply with the RF exposure limit. For example, Figure 5A The graph 500A shows the transmission power (P(t)) over time according to certain aspects of this disclosure, which varies with a time window (T) associated with an RF exposure limit. For example, at certain transmission moments within the time window (T), the instantaneous transmission power may exceed the maximum time-averaged transmission power level P. limit In other words, the transmission power can be greater than the maximum time-averaged transmission power level P. limit In some cases, the UE can be P max To transmit, P max This is the maximum transmission power supported by the UE. Under certain circumstances, the UE can transmit at a power level less than or equal to the maximum time-averaged transmission power P during certain transmission periods. limit Transmission power is used for transmission. Maximum time-average transmission power level P limit This represents the time-averaged threshold of the RF exposure limit in terms of transmission power, and in some cases, P limit This can be referred to as the maximum time-average power level or limit, or the maximum average transmission power level. The graph 500A also shows the gaps between transmission bursts, where the gaps represent periods when no transmissions are sent from the device.

[0112] In some cases, the transmission power can be maintained at the maximum average transmission power level allowed by RF exposure compliance (e.g., P). limitThis allows for continuous transmission during the time window. For example, Figure 5B The graph 500B shows the transmission power (P(t)) over time according to certain aspects of this disclosure, which illustrates that the transmission power is limited to P. limit Example. As shown in the figure, the UE can use P that meets the RF exposure limit. limit Continuous transmission.

[0113] Figure 5C The graph 500C, based on certain aspects of this disclosure, shows the time-averaged pattern of providing a reserve power margin to enable continuous transmission within a time window (T). As shown, the transmission power can be increased from the maximum instantaneous power (P) before the transmitter is shut down. max ) back to standby power (P) reserve ), to reserve sufficient transmission power margin (e.g., P limit With P reserve The difference between them allows the UE to operate at lower power (P). reserve Transmission continues to maintain continuous transmission during the time window (e.g., maintaining a radio connection with the receiving entity). In some aspects, P reserve It is set to the minimum power required to maintain the link, or set to such a minimum power plus a margin. (P) max The duration of this transmission can be called the burst transmission time (or high-power duration). When more headroom becomes available in the future (after T seconds), the transmitter can be allowed to transmit again at higher power (e.g., at P...). max (In the short-term outbreak).

[0114] In the time averaging model, P max and P reserve The duration can be controlled by the processor or control logic to ensure that the time-averaged power within the time window does not exceed P. limit In some respects, Figure 5C In the time-averaging mode shown, the UE can operate at a power level higher than the average power level but lower than P. max The power is transmitted. Although in Figure 5C A single transmission burst is shown, but it should be understood that the UE may alternatively use multiple transmission bursts within a time window (T), for example, as described in this document regarding Figure 5A The transmission burst is maintained at P by the transmission power. reserve At or below P reserve The transmission bursts are separated into time periods. Furthermore, it should be understood that the transmission power of each burst can vary (within a burst and / or compared to other bursts), and at least a portion of a burst can operate at a power level higher than the maximum average power level (e.g., P). limit) power transmission.

[0115] Although Figures 5A-5C Continuous transmission is illustrated through windows, timing, bursts, etc., but it should be understood that a duty cycle for transmission can be achieved. In such an implementation, the transmission power can be periodically zero and maintained at a high level during other parts of the duty cycle (e.g., as...). Figures 5A-5C (The level shown).

[0116] In some respects, for a given P max P limit P reserve P(t) calculated with respect to T max The burst transmission time can be scaled based on the duty cycle of the transmission to the receiving entity. For example, the burst transmission time can be adjusted by a factor (1 / duty_cycle) associated with the duty cycle, where duty_cycle is between [0, 1]. As used herein, the duty cycle of a transmission can refer to a portion of a specific period of time during which a transmission is scheduled or allocated. In all respects, the period of time associated with the burst transmission time can be independent of the time window (T) used for RF exposure compliance. In some cases, the duty cycle can be normalized (e.g., predetermined) and / or vary over time with a specific RAT, for example, due to changes in radio conditions, mobility, and / or user behavior. In some examples, the duty cycle is determined by the base station (e.g., gNB) and transmitted to the UE. In the case of a 100% duty cycle, it can be assumed that the UE is scheduled for continuous transmission, which may result in Figure 5B The transmission power is shown. In another example, it is assumed that the duration of the burst transmission time is less than the time window, and the period of the burst transmission time is greater than the time window, such that a single pulse in the burst transmission time is active (or occurs) within the time window. Since there is no transmission during a portion of the time window, the transmitter can increase the power by P. max The burst transmission time (e.g., P(t) may become zero within a portion of the time window).

[0117] Example of RF exposure compliance based on transmission mode

[0118] Multi-mode / multi-band UEs have multiple transmit antennas that can be configured to transmit simultaneously in one or more sub-6 GHz bands and / or one or more bands greater than 6 GHz (e.g., mmWave bands). As described herein, RF exposure in the sub-6 GHz bands can be assessed based on SAR, while RF exposure in the greater than 6 GHz bands can be assessed based on PD. Due to regulations regarding simultaneous exposure, wireless communication devices may limit the maximum transmit power in the sub-6 GHz bands and / or greater than 6 GHz bands.

[0119] Various aspects of this disclosure provide techniques for ensuring RF exposure compliance based on one or more patterns. These patterns may include transmission power patterns associated with past transmissions over various time periods (such as the past few minutes, one (or more) hour, or one (or more) day), and / or application patterns indicating periodic traffic bursts that an application (e.g., a voice or video call application) may generate and / or specific applications or application types currently transmitting. In some aspects, the pattern may be used to identify when an upcoming transmission will occur, and the pattern may be associated with various characteristics associated with the upcoming transmission, such as transmission time, transmission power over time, antenna switching, network conditions, sensor information, etc.

[0120] For example, if the pattern indicates that the upcoming transmission is likely to have a relatively long transmission time (e.g., a transmission time longer than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit) and / or that there may be consistent uplink transmission within that time window, the transmitter can allocate a lower power level (e.g., P) to the upcoming transmission. limit , where P limit <P max If the pattern indicates that the transmission duration of the upcoming transmission is likely to be relatively short (e.g., less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit) and / or the transmission may be discontinuous (e.g., possibly bursts and / or gaps), then the transmitter may allocate high instantaneous power (e.g., above P) to the upcoming transmission (e.g., to at least one of the bursts). limit and / or less than or equal to P max However, it still meets the RF exposure limits.

[0121] The various techniques described in this article for ensuring RF exposure compliance can achieve the desired transmission power for data transmission. Desired transmission power can provide desired uplink / sidelink performance, such as desired data rate, carrier aggregation, and / or connectivity at the cell edge.

[0122] Figure 6 This is a flowchart illustrating an example operation 600 for wireless communication according to certain aspects of this disclosure. Operation 600 can be performed by, for example, a UE (e.g., UE 120a in wireless communication network 100). Operation 600 can be implemented in one or more processors (e.g., Figure 2 The software components that execute and run on the controller / processor 280. Furthermore, signal transmissions performed by the UE during operation 600 can, for example, be transmitted through one or more antennas (e.g., Figure 2This can be achieved via antenna 252. In some respects, the signal transmission and / or reception performed by the UE can be achieved via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280) that acquires and / or outputs signals.

[0123] Operation 600 may begin at box 602, where the UE may acquire a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions. For example, the UE may acquire a transmission power pattern indicating the transmission power over time (such as the past few minutes, one (or more) hours, or one (or more) days) associated with past transmissions sent by the UE. As used herein, “pattern” generally refers to a characteristic of the first transmission, which may be a past transmission or a sample thereof, and / or a characteristic of the transmitter in the absence of a first transmission, for example, when the pattern indicates the absence of uplink or sidelink traffic. That is, the pattern may be attached to or replace the first transmission and associated with the transmitter. For example, these characteristics may include indications of: transmission power over time, network conditions over time, user behavior over time, application type over time, application behavior over time, whether voice and / or data is being transmitted over time, the type of data being transmitted over time, transmission priority or category over time, antenna usage over time, sensor information over time, etc. In some aspects, the pattern may include a periodic signature of characteristics over time, such as past transmissions having periodic indications. In some respects, certain patterns can be interpreted as “fingerprints”, which indicate the specific environment in which the UE is located or the specific scenario / user conditions of the UE.

[0124] At box 604, the UE can determine the transmission power for one or more second transmissions, at least in part, based on a pattern and an RF exposure limit. As further described herein, the UE can associate the pattern with: an upcoming transmission, the transmission time associated with the upcoming transmission, the transmission power of the upcoming transmission, and / or a transmission power limit associated with an RF exposure limit. For example, a transmission power pattern can instruct the UE to transmit in periodic bursts during certain time periods of the day. When an upcoming transmission coincides with the periodicity of past bursts, the UE can determine the transmission power for the upcoming transmission based on the pattern associated with past bursts. In some respects, the UE can periodically store patterns as features in memory (e.g., in memory 282, or in memory tightly coupled to processor 280 or a modem) and retrieve the pattern used to determine the transmission power at box 604.

[0125] In some respects, the determined transmission power is at or near P. limit Unless it is determined that additional RF exposure margin may be available based on the pattern obtained in box 602. If the UE determines that additional margin may be available, the UE can determine that it is higher than P.limit (For example, Gundam P) max The transmission power is determined by the data. The determination that higher transmission power should be used can also be based on one or more other factors or modes. For example, higher transmission power may be used when margin may be available and it is further determined that the UE is at the cell edge or may be traveling into such an area, or when margin is likely available and information with higher priority is being transmitted. In some respects, the default is P. limit The transmission power at or near the location, and selectively increasing the transmission power can increase the P limit The likelihood of transmitting (which can, for example, increase throughput and / or reliability) and / or reduce the amount of time spent transmitting at lower or backoff power (e.g., to meet exposure limits). In box 604, the UE can determine the transmission mode (e.g., as per [specific parameters]). Figures 5A-5C (as stated above), and based on and / or following the determined transmission mode, the transmission power can be determined to be at or near (e.g., below) P. limit or higher than P limit (For example, increase to P) limit above).

[0126] In box 606, the UE may transmit one or more second transmissions at a determined transmission power. For example, the UE may transmit a transmission to a base station (e.g., BS 110a) at a determined transmission power. In some cases, the UE may transmit to another UE via a sidechain channel.

[0127] The modes at boxes 602 and 604 may include one or more modes associated with the first transmission. In various aspects, the mode may include at least one of the following: transmission power mode, user behavior mode, antenna usage mode, application type, application mode, wireless network mode, transmission type or priority mode, or sensor information, and other types of information and / or modes. The transmission power mode may include transmission power over time (e.g., instantaneous transmission power as a function of time), for example, within a certain time window or within a set of time windows. In some cases, if the average power from the transmission power mode is greater than or equal to a determined threshold (e.g., less than or equal to P...), limit If the threshold is met, the UE can always limit the power to a lower power level (e.g., P). limit (or lower). In other cases, the UE may allow higher instantaneous transmission power (>P) within the time window. limit In other words, the average power from the transmission power mode can indicate how to determine the transmission power used for the second transmission. For example, it is assumed that the average power from the transmission power mode is less than the average transmission power level (e.g., P). limitHalf of the RF exposure limit. This can indicate that the UE may transmit very little uplink or sidelink traffic currently and / or in the near future, and the transmission power can be safely increased to comply with RF exposure limits. In some cases, the transmission power pattern can indicate the duration of the transmission, and this duration can be used to determine the transmission power. For example, if the transmission power pattern indicates that the transmission time of an upcoming transmission may be relatively long (e.g., the transmission time may be longer than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit) and / or that there may be consistent uplink transmissions within that time window, the transmitter can allocate a lower power level (e.g., P) to the upcoming transmission. limit , where P limit <P max ).

[0128] In some respects, the time window used to determine the pattern can be combined with another time window associated with the RF exposure limit (e.g., Figure 5A and Figure 5B The time window (T) in the transmission power pattern is separated. For example, the time window used for the pattern may include information about transmissions prior to the time window used to calculate the current RF exposure. In various aspects, such prior information may be seconds, minutes, hours, days, or longer before the window used to calculate the current RF exposure. In various aspects, the duration of the transmission power pattern's time window may be the same as or different from the time window associated with the current RF exposure limit. The transmission power pattern may include one or more transmission powers within one or more time windows associated with the RF exposure limit. For example, the duration of the transmission power pattern's time window may be one or more seconds, one or more minutes, one or more hours, or one or more days. The UE may use the transmission power pattern associated with past transmissions to identify when an upcoming (future) transmission will occur, and the UE may determine the transmission power for the upcoming transmission based on the transmission power pattern (and RF exposure compliance).

[0129] In some respects, the transmission power pattern can indicate a rolling or moving average transmission power over a time interval, which can be separated from the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. The average transmission power can be used to select an upper limit (cap) for the transmission power. For example, the UE can use a specific algorithm associated with the RF exposure limit to determine the potential instantaneous transmission power, and the UE can impose an upper limit on the determined potential instantaneous transmission power at a level equal to the reciprocal of past transmission power usage (e.g., the rolling average transmission power over the past X seconds), where "X" can be less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. In transmission bursts (e.g., such as...) Figure 5A (as shown) or continuous transmission (e.g., Figure 5BIn the case shown), such a reciprocal can effectively regulate transmission power. In various respects, the upper limit of transmission power based on average transmission power as described herein can take into account variations in network duty cycle over time, low or high transmission power, and / or user behavior. The upper limit of transmission power described herein can be applied to frequency division duplex (FDD) and / or time division duplex (TDD) schemes. The upper limit of transmission power described herein can take into account near, medium, and / or far cell power levels and / or user behavior (e.g., burst usage versus continuous usage).

[0130] The following is an example expression used to determine the upper limit of transmission power in a single transmission scenario:

[0131]

[0132] Where MTPL' is the upper limit level of the transmission power of a single transmission; MTPL is the potential instantaneous maximum transmission power level determined according to a specific algorithm for an RF exposure time window; prev.usage can be the normalized average transmission power over X seconds (e.g., average transmission power over X seconds / P). limit ) and unit value (i.e., for normalized P) limit / P limit , is the minimum value (e.g., the lowest value) in 1); and P limit It can be the maximum average transmission power corresponding to the RF exposure limit averaged over the time window T. Under equation (9), if the average transmission power of the most recent history over X seconds is zero, for example in a bursty traffic scenario, then MTPL' can be equal to MTPL and is not subject to an upper limit, because It will be very high. Therefore, MTPL' can be originally equal to P. max In the case of continuous transmission, at the start of transmission, due to the lack of previous transmission history in the transmission power mode, MTPL' can also be equal to MTPL and is not subject to an upper limit. As the UE continues to transmit, due to... Item less than or equal to MTPL item, upper limit And therefore, the instantaneous transmission power will begin to decrease and stabilize at P. limit And near the end of the time window, because the MTPL term is less than The transmission power can be less than P. limit .

[0133] The following is an example expression used to determine the upper limit of transmission power in a dual-transmission scenario:

[0134] pri.MTPL'=min{pri.MTPL, max[pri.a, pri.b]},

[0135]

[0136]

[0137] sec.MTPL′=min{sec.MTPL, max[sec.a, sec.b]},

[0138]

[0139]

[0140] Where “pri” represents the parameters of the primary transmission radio, “sec” represents the parameters of the secondary transmission radio, and num_Tx represents the total number of active transmission radios, which is 2 in this example. Active transmission radios can refer to (multiple) transmission antennas and / or (multiple) antenna modules, including antenna arrays, that will transmit simultaneously during the second transmission.

[0141] The following is an example expression for determining the upper limit of transmission power in a multi-transmission scenario:

[0142] MTPL′ i =min{MTPL i ,max[a i b i ]},

[0143]

[0144]

[0145] Where i is the index of a specific radio among multiple radios.

[0146] Regarding operation 600, the determination of the transmission power at box 604 may include determining a first transmission power (e.g., MTPL) and a second transmission power (e.g., based at least in part on a normalized average transmission power (e.g., prev.usage) over a time interval (e.g., X seconds, which may be less than a time window associated with an RF exposure limit). The UE may select the minimum of the first and second transmission powers as the third transmission power, for example, as described herein with respect to equation (9). The UE may determine the transmission power used for one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the third transmission power. The second transmission power may be based at least in part on the reciprocal of the normalized average transmission power over past time intervals (e.g., The second transmitted power can be the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit (e.g., P). limit The product of the normalized average transmitted power and the reciprocal of the minimum value of the unit value (e.g., ).

[0147] In a multi-transmission scenario, determining the transmission power at block 604 may include determining a first transmission power for each of the plurality of radios and a second transmission power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the second transmission power may be at least partially based on the normalized average transmission power of the corresponding radio over a time interval. The UE may select a third transmission power for each of the plurality of radios as the minimum of the first and second transmission powers of the corresponding radio. The UE may determine the transmission power for one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power of each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmission power of the corresponding radio.

[0148] Determining the second transmission power may include determining the fourth transmission power, at least in part, based on the product of the following terms (e.g., The fourth transmission power is the reciprocal of the sum of the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit of the corresponding radio and the minimum value among the normalized average transmission power of multiple radios and unit 1. The fourth transmission power can be further based on the ratio between the normalized average transmission power of the corresponding radio and the sum of the normalized average transmission power of multiple radios. The UE can determine the fifth transmission power (e.g., The fifth transmitted power is the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit divided by the number of radios. The UE can base it on the maximum of the fourth and fifth transmitted power (e.g., the maximum value) (e.g., max[a]). i b i Use ]) to select the second transmission power.

[0149] In some respects, the time interval for selecting the upper limit of transmission power based on the average transmission power can be updated dynamically, for example, based on time-averaged exposure (or average transmission power) and / or network conditions. This time interval can be determined based on the following expression:

[0150] X = max{m, n × (1 - average_exposure(t))} (12) where m can be the minimum value of X in seconds, n can be the maximum value of X in seconds, and average_exposure(t) can be the total average normalized exposure of all transmitted radios within a past time window (T) associated with the RF exposure limit (or the average transmitted power / P from all past transmissions of all radios). limitThe sum of ( ). In some cases, n can be less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. Different X values ​​can be applied to short burst transmissions and long transmissions. Equation (12) allows the UE to adjust the time interval as uplink and / or sidelink traffic changes over time. Furthermore, m and / or n can also vary from one transmission radio to another, depending on the time averaging window associated with the radio. For example, if the two transmission radios are averaged over two different time averaging windows (e.g., a time window for sub-6 GHz radios and a separate time window for mmWave radios), the value of X, and in some cases the values ​​of m and / or n, can differ between the two radios.

[0151] Regarding operation 600, the determination of the transmission power at block 604 may include adjusting the time interval of the normalized average transmission power based at least in part on the average power within a time window (T) corresponding to the RF exposure limit. In some aspects, the average power may be a rolling or moving average of the transmission power within the time window. The time interval adjustment may include selecting the maximum of a first time interval (m) and a second time interval (n), the second time interval varying (e.g., proportionally) with the average power over past time windows, for example, as described herein with respect to equation (12). In some cases, the first time interval and the second time interval depend on the transmission frequency of one or more second transmissions. That is, the value of the first time interval and / or the value of the second time interval may vary depending on the transmission frequency. For example, the second time interval for transmissions below 6 GHz may be higher than the corresponding second time interval for mmWave transmissions.

[0152] In some respects, this time interval can be adjusted based on one or more network conditions. For example, under poor network conditions (such as when the UE is at the cell edge and / or in a mobility scenario), the time interval can be adjusted to a longer duration, such as n in equation (12), due to greater redundancy and longer transmissions encountered under poor network conditions. Under desirable network conditions (such as when the UE is stationary and very close to the base station), the time interval can be adjusted to a shorter duration, such as m in equation (12), due to reduced redundancy and shorter transmissions encountered under desirable network conditions. Regarding operation 600, the transmission power determination at block 604 may include adjusting the time interval of the normalized average transmission power based at least in part on one or more current network conditions (such as one or more of the parameters further described herein with respect to network modes).

[0153] In some respects, the upper limit on the maximum transmission power described herein can be implemented without altering the underlying algorithm or process for determining the MTPL, thus guaranteeing RF exposure compliance. In other words, since the original algorithm or process for the MTPL remains unchanged, the upper limit can be applied to any algorithm or process that generates the MTPL. In some respects, the algorithm or process for determining the MTPL operates separately or independently from the algorithm or process for determining the upper limit. For example, a first process can be performed to determine the transmission power that complies with the RF exposure limit, and a second process can be performed independently to determine whether an upper limit should be imposed on the determined transmission power. In some respects, the second process operates at a different layer (e.g., the application layer or other layers, such as in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model) compared to the first process.

[0154] The transmission power determination at block 604 may include determining a first transmission power (e.g., MTPL) and imposing an upper limit on the first transmission power to determine a second transmission power (e.g., MTPL'), for example, as described herein with respect to equation (9). The UE may determine the transmission power of one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the second transmission power.

[0155] In some respects, the UE can determine the transmission power at box 604 by selecting one of the following three options: (1) the instantaneous transmission power determined according to a specific algorithm for RF exposure compliance (e.g., MTPL); (2) the instantaneous transmission power and the transmission power based on the normalized average transmission power of the radio over the time interval (e.g., The minimum value in (3) and the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit (e.g., P) is required, where minimum operation ensures compliance with the RF exposure limit; and (4) the instantaneous transmitted power and the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit (e.g., P). limit The minimum value in ) where minimum operation also ensures compliance with RF exposure limits.

[0156] Regarding operation 600, the determination of the transmission power at box 604 may further include determining the first transmission power (e.g., MTPL) for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the time-averaged RF exposure within a past time window; and determining the second transmission power (e.g., based at least in part on the normalized average transmission power of the radio over the time interval). ); and determine a third transmission power (e.g., P) as the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit. limitThe UE may select the fourth transmission power as the minimum of the first and second transmission powers of the radio, and the fifth transmission power as the minimum of the first and third transmission powers of the radio. For example, the UE may select a sixth transmission power from the first, fourth, and fifth transmission powers according to the pattern described herein. The UE may determine the transmission power used for one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the sixth transmission power of the radio.

[0157] In a multi-transmitter scenario, the transmission power determination at box 604 may further include determining a first transmission power (e.g., MTPL) for each of the multiple radios. i ), wherein the first transmission power is based at least in part on the time-averaged RF exposure over a past time window; and a second transmission power is determined for each of the plurality of radios (e.g., The second transmission power is based at least in part on the normalized average transmission power of the corresponding radio within the time interval; and a third transmission power is determined for each of the plurality of radios (e.g., The third transmitted power is the maximum average power (e.g., P) corresponding to the RF exposure limit. limit Divide by the number of radios. The UE may select the fourth transmission power of each of the radios as the minimum of the first and second transmission powers of the corresponding radio, and select the fifth transmission power of each of the radios as the minimum of the first and third transmission powers of the corresponding radio. The UE may, for example, select a sixth transmission power for each of the radios from the first, fourth, and fifth transmission powers of the corresponding radio, according to the mode described herein. The UE may determine the transmission power of one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power of each of the radios is less than or equal to the sixth transmission power of the corresponding radio.

[0158] Antenna usage patterns can indicate when a UE switches to a different transmission antenna and the duration over which a UE uses a particular antenna for transmission. For example, a UE can identify when it has switched to a different transmission antenna based on antenna usage patterns, and the UE can perform such a switch for a second transmission to gain more RF exposure margin (e.g., if the target antenna for the antenna change is not near human tissue), or to determine that another antenna with more RF exposure margin may be available at a later time, and therefore additional power can be allocated to the current transmission where the risk of exceeding RF exposure limits in the future is relatively low.

[0159] Certain aspects of this disclosure may provide an apparatus and / or technique for setting a transmit power cap for a particular radio, for example, based on antenna usage associated with other radios, wherein the transmit power cap and the average power limit associated with RF exposure limits and the maximum transmit power supported by the radio are separate. That is, in a multi-radio transmission scenario, the antenna usage over time of one or more radios (e.g., sub-6 GHz radios) can be used to determine the transmit power of another radio (e.g., mmWave radio). When ensuring RF exposure compliance, the total available RF exposure margin based on the past usage of all radios can be further broken down into individual margins for each radio based on radio priority and / or desired margin. As further described herein, the margin for a particular radio can be adjusted over time, for example, based on the usage of other radios. If a radio is expected to have consistent performance over time, the RF margin can be capped based on the past average usage of other radios. For example, it is assumed that the past usage of a frequency range 1 (FR1) (sub-6 GHz) radio indicates that the FR1 radio is using a relatively small portion of the total RF exposure margin. In this scenario, the UE can allocate a transmit power cap for the frequency range 2 (FR2) (mmWave) radio to provide consistent performance based on past use of the FR1 radio. For example, the UE can allocate a transmit power cap that allocates the majority (e.g., 90%) of the RF exposure margin to the FR2 radio.

[0160] In multi-transmission (e.g., when multiple radios are used for concurrent transmission) and / or multi-radio scenarios (e.g., when a wireless communication device is equipped with multiple radios), the total available RF exposure margin can be determined according to the following expression:

[0161] A=100%-(radio1+……+radio i The average of past time used

[0162] (13) Where A is the total available RF exposure margin, and the past time average usage can be the sum of the time average transmitted power of each radio over a specific time interval, such as a portion of a time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the entire time window, or a time interval longer than the time window (e.g., multiple time windows, one hour or more, or one day or more).

[0163] The individual RF exposure margin allocated to each radio can be determined according to the following expression:

[0164] Margin1 = x1 * A (for radio1),

[0165] Margin2 = x2 * A (for radio2),

[0166] ……,

[0167] Margin i =x i *A (for radio) i ),

[0168] (14) where x1 to x i It is a coefficient used to allocate a portion of the total available RF exposure margin to the corresponding radio, x1+x2+……+x i =1. In some respects, the UE can adjust the x1 to x of one or more radios according to one or more standards. i The value of x. For example, the x value of a particular radio can be determined based on the likelihood that the radio is used for transmission, such as based on the application, data buffer, service model, or pattern associated with that radio. In some cases, the x value of a particular radio can be determined based on priority, such as the priority of a particular channel and / or RAT (e.g., LTE to 5G) relative to another channel and / or RAT, where a radio can be associated with a particular channel. Channel priority can be based on the transmission duty cycle associated with the channel. In the context of an application or service, suppose one radio is transmitting the content of a live video call while another radio is transmitting data. In this case, for example, the UE can assign priority to the radio serving the video call, which may result in a larger portion of the RF margin (i.e., a larger value of x) being allocated to that radio.

[0169] Specific radio (e.g., radio) k The upper limit of transmission power can be determined according to the following expression:

[0170] cap_radio k =100% - Remaining radio frequencies (radio1 + radio2 + ... + radio) k-1 +radio k+1 The average of past time used (15)

[0172] Assigned to radio k The RF margin can be determined using the following expression:

[0173] minimum(x k *A, cap_radio k ) (16)

[0175] Operation 600 may also involve the UE determining the transmission power limit for a specific radio, as described herein. In various aspects, antenna usage patterns may include multiple radios (such as...) Figure 2 The usage mode of each radio in the transceivers 254a-254r. In box 604, the UE can determine the overall available RF exposure margin based on the usage mode of each of the multiple radios, for example, according to equation (13). In each respect, the UE can determine the difference between the maximum available use of the radios (e.g., 100%) and the sum of the usage modes (e.g., the sum of average transmission power). In some cases, such as single-transmission scenarios (e.g., when only a single radio is used for transmission) and / or single-radio scenarios (e.g., when the wireless communication device is equipped with a single radio), the UE can determine the upper limit of the transmission power of the radios based on the usage mode of the radios, and the UE can determine the transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the upper limit of the transmission power. In this case, the upper limit of the transmission power can be less than the maximum transmission power supported by the UE (P). max And it is greater than the average power limit (P) associated with the RF exposure limit. limit (P) limit ≤P cap ≤P max ).

[0176] For example, according to equation (14), the UE can allocate RF exposure margin to each radio based on the total available RF exposure margin. In various aspects, the UE can allocate a certain proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each radio as the RF exposure margin for that radio. In some cases, the UE can apply priority to a specific radio when allocating RF exposure margin to that specific radio. That is, the UE can allocate this proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each radio based at least in part on the priority associated with at least one radio. The priority and / or proportion can be associated with at least one of the frequency band, application, service, network conditions, or exposure scenario (e.g., head exposure, body exposure, limb exposure, or hotspot exposure) associated with the corresponding radio. That is, the UE can allocate this proportion by changing the coefficient x1 to x i The value is used to control the splitting of available RF exposure margin among multiple radios in real time. In various aspects, the UE can adjust the coefficient x1 to x in conjunction with radio priority. i Radio priorities can change over time depending on applications, network conditions, and / or usage scenarios (e.g., hotspot patterns). In other words, priorities and proportions can be adjusted over time in response to changes in applications, services, network conditions, etc. For example, a UE can allocate a larger proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to a specific radio based on its operating frequency band (such as an mmWave radio). For example, suppose the UE has a total of four radios. In this example, the UE can allocate a factor x of the mmWave radio... kAdjust to 0.5, and distribute the remaining RF exposure margin evenly among the remaining radios (e.g., 0.16).

[0177] For example, according to equation (15), the UE can determine the upper limit of the transmission power of a radio (e.g., cap_radio) based on the usage pattern of each other radio. k In all respects, the UE can determine the upper limit of transmission power as the difference between the maximum available usage (e.g., 100%) and the sum of the usage patterns of each of the other radios (e.g., the sum of the average transmission power of the other radios).

[0178] The UE may determine the transmission power for the second transmission based at least in part on the transmission power cap allocated to one of the radios and the RF exposure margin. For example, the UE may determine the transmission power to be less than or equal to the RF margin allocated in equation (16). In some cases, the UE may adjust the transmission power cap in response to changes in the usage patterns of multiple radios (in a multi-radio scenario) and / or one radio (in a single-radio scenario). For example, suppose the usage pattern of sub-6 GHz radios indicates that, for example, more transmission power may be allocated to the mmWave radio due to reduced use of sub-6 GHz radios. In response to the updated usage pattern, the UE may increase the transmission power cap allocated to the mmWave radio based on the usage patterns of other radios.

[0179] In some respects, the UE can adjust the transmission power limit in response to changes in the transmission scenario associated with the radio. For example, the transmission scenario can be associated with certain radios being used simultaneously, exposure scenarios (head exposure, body exposure, limb exposure, etc.), and / or the area where the UE is located.

[0180] In some respects, the UE can adjust the transmission power cap based at least in part on a service model. The UE can develop a service model associated with a radio, where the service model indicates when to adjust the transmission power cap. For example, the service model could provide information on when a higher transmission power cap can be allocated to a specific radio during a specific time of day.

[0181] In various aspects, the usage pattern of each of the multiple radios can include the average transmitted power over past time intervals associated with the respective radio. For example, the UE can determine the average transmitted power of each radio within a past time window associated with an RF exposure limit.

[0182] In box 606, the UE may transmit a second transmission at the transmission power limit in the first part of a time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and may transmit the second transmission at a different transmission power less than the transmission power limit in the second part of the time window, for example, as described herein regarding Figure 9B As stated above.

[0183] User behavior patterns can indicate when a user uses or does not use the UE for wireless communication. User behavior patterns can include one or more times associated with when and / or how the user uses or does not use the UE for wireless communication. For example, if a user might generate transmission data in periodic / aperiodic bursts or continuously (e.g., over long periods), the user behavior pattern could indicate when the user typically prohibits the use of the UE, such as during sleep, exercise, or other activities. During such periods, the UE might allow transmission power exceeding the average power level (e.g., P) within the time window of RF exposure compliance, based on the assumption that additional transmissions are unlikely to be user-initiated. limit In other words, during periods of low or no usage indicated by user behavior patterns, the UE can determine that continuous transmission is unlikely (e.g., since the user is unlikely to initiate such transmissions), and therefore allow transmissions above P. limit Instantaneous power (e.g., in P) max Transmission is performed at times when the user typically uses the UE (e.g., when the user wakes up in the morning, during lunch, or in the evening). Conversely, during periods when the user typically uses the UE, the UE can, for example, limit transmission to above P. limit The instantaneous power transmission, based on the fact that additional transmissions may be initiated by the user and therefore most of the transmission window may be occupied by P. limit This assumes transmission occupancy at or near the location. In other words, during periods when uplink activity is more likely, as indicated by user behavior patterns, the UE can set its transmission power to be less than or equal to the maximum average transmission power level P. limit Regarding operation 600, the transmission power determined at block 604 for the second transmission can be adjusted based on user behavior patterns.

[0184] Application patterns can indicate various characteristics associated with an application (e.g., a mobile software application) that generates data for transmission. In various aspects, an application pattern can include the behavior of an application, which can indicate at least one of one or more transmission times or one or more transmission powers over time associated with the application. For example, if an application pattern indicates that an application generates data for transmission in periodic bursts, the UE can correlate the periodic bursts with a time window associated with an RF exposure limit and determine the transmission power available for the application's transmission based on the duration of the periodic bursts. In some cases, the pattern can indicate the type of application associated with the application pattern. That is, the application type can indicate the kind of application that generates data for transmission. For example, the application type can be an indication that the application is a social media application, a messaging application, an email application, a video calling application, a video conferencing application, a video game, a video streaming application, a navigation application, etc. In some aspects, the UE can prioritize the transmission power of one or more applications based on the application type. The UE can identify the application type of a second transmission, for example, based on the application type pattern and / or an explicit indication from the application processor (e.g., controller 280) employed by the UE, and the UE can determine the transmission power for the second transmission based on the application type having a higher priority than other application types. For example, compared to other applications, the UE can allocate more transmission power to applications streaming audio and / or video, such as video calling or video conferencing applications. In some scenarios, when the UE has determined that another higher-priority application is likely to transmit data within the same exposure time window, the UE can suppress allowing the lower-priority application to transmit at a power level higher than the maximum average power level (e.g., P). limit Transmit the instantaneous power level.

[0185] A wireless network mode can indicate various aspects of wireless network conditions. A wireless network mode can include at least one of the following: channel quality between the UE and a receiving entity (e.g., one or more base stations or other UEs); modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with one or more first transmissions; coding rate associated with one or more first transmissions (e.g., the proportion of non-redundant data streams); period associated with one or more first transmissions; duty cycle associated with one or more first transmissions; or mobility scenario, such as an indication of the UE's mobility during one or more first transmissions. In some cases, a wireless network mode can indicate past radio conditions encountered by the UE over time (such as channel quality, MCS, coding rate, etc.). The UE can use past radio conditions to predict future radio conditions and allocate transmission power accordingly for such radio conditions. For example, suppose the UE identifies itself in a mobility scenario (such as commuting to and from work) during a specific time of day. In this case, the UE can allocate a certain amount of transmission power to adapt to the mobility scenario. For example, when the UE identifies cell edge (e.g., poor radio conditions) based on the mobility scenario indicated by the wireless network mode, the UE can allow power at or above a maximum average transmission power limit (P). limit The transmission power of the second transmission is less than or equal to the maximum average transmission power limit (P) depending on the first transmission. Conversely, when the UE identifies that it is actually stationary, the UE can allocate less than or equal to the maximum average transmission power limit (P) for the second transmission. limit The transmission power is assumed to be such that radio conditions will not change adversely (such as during mobility scenarios).

[0186] Other parameters associated with wireless network conditions may also be included in the wireless network mode, such as cell identifier, number of aggregated component carriers, number of MIMO layers, bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, frequency range (e.g., FR1 or FR2 under 5G NR), etc. In various aspects, channel quality may include path loss, channel quality indicator, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR), reference signal received power (RSRP), and / or received signal strength indicator (RSSI).

[0187] Transmission type or priority patterns can indicate what type of transmission has been sent and / or their relative priorities. For example, the pattern may include information about whether a voice call or data has been transmitted and its pattern. Such a pattern can distinguish whether voice and data are being transmitted simultaneously and / or whether a certain type of communication (e.g., voice) is likely to be initiated while another type of communication (e.g., data) is being transmitted. The pattern may include relative priorities of transmissions, such as voice having a higher priority than data, or certain types of data (e.g., Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), video conferencing, certain types of streaming) having a higher priority than other types of data (e.g., email or file upload). In some such respects, when the pattern indicates that another transmission with a higher priority may be needed, or when the type of information that may be transmitted typically involves a long transmission time (e.g., greater than the exposure time window) and / or a relatively consistent amount of power over time, the UE will not allocate or is unlikely to allocate a power level higher than the maximum average power level (P). limit The instantaneous transmission power of ). In some respects, one or more of the above modes (e.g., antenna usage mode, application mode, and / or transmission type mode) can be used to determine whether to utilize 4G or 5G services, and / or to transmit in the sub-6GHz band or the mmWave band.

[0188] Sensor information may include various sensor data or information generated by the UE. Sensor information may include RF exposure sensor information over time, such as the distance of the UE to various human body parts (e.g., hand, head, or body) over time, or when the UE is placed away from human tissue (e.g., in a hotspot scenario or while charging). The UE can use RF exposure sensor information to adjust the maximum average transmitted power level (e.g., P) associated with RF exposure limits. limit For example, when sensor information indicates that the UE will be very close to human tissue (e.g., when the UE is typically placed in a user's pocket), the UE can adjust (e.g., reduce) its maximum average transmission power level (P). limit This is to accommodate the RF exposure scenario. Conversely, if sensor information indicates that the UE will not approach human tissue, the UE can adjust (e.g., increase) the maximum average transmitted power level (P). limit This is to accommodate other RF exposure scenarios. Sensor information may include at least one of the following: indication that the UE is near a non-human object, indication that the UE is in free space, indication of user usage scenario, indication of UE usage status, or indication of when antenna switching occurs at the UE. In each respect, user usage scenario may indicate which part of the user's body the UE is near (e.g., hand, head, or body). Usage status may indicate whether the UE is being used in proximity to human tissue, such as the UE being used as a hotspot without being near human tissue.

[0189] In some aspects, at box 606, the UE can use various models to determine transmission power based on patterns. The UE can use machine learning to predict / learn future transmission events based on these patterns. For example, the UE can use machine learning to predict / learn future network / radio conditions (e.g., routes from home to work) and / or user behaviors, represented, for example, by wireless network patterns and / or user behavior patterns, based on past network conditions and / or user behaviors. That is, the UE can use machine learning to map upcoming user behaviors (e.g., data bursts or large data packets) to current network conditions (e.g., stationary), or to map current user behaviors to upcoming network conditions (e.g., in mobility scenarios), or to map both upcoming user behaviors and upcoming network conditions. In some aspects, the UE can use machine learning to predict other characteristics associated with upcoming transmissions (such as antenna switching, sensor information, application type, and / or behavior) based on patterns. In all aspects, the characteristics predicted using patterns can be generated using various models or estimates, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, neural networks, regression analysis, etc.

[0190] At box 606, for some aspects, the UE may use machine learning, at least in part, based on patterns, to determine transmission power. In some cases, the UE may use machine learning to generate upcoming user behavior based on patterns (e.g., user behavior patterns) and determine transmission power based on the upcoming user behavior and current network conditions. In some aspects, the UE may use machine learning to generate upcoming network conditions based on patterns (e.g., wireless network patterns) and determine transmission power based on the current user behavior and upcoming network conditions. In some cases, the UE may use machine learning to generate upcoming network conditions and upcoming user behavior based on patterns (e.g., both wireless network patterns and user behavior patterns) and determine transmission power based on the upcoming network conditions and upcoming user behavior.

[0191] In various aspects, the UE can correlate the mode with the transmission time associated with one or more second transmissions and compare the transmission time with a time window associated with an RF exposure limit. The UE can determine the transmission power based on this comparison. For example, assuming the mode is associated with a short transmission time of an upcoming transmission that is less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the UE can allocate a power level greater than the maximum average transmission power level (P) for such transmissions. limit ) and / or less than the maximum supported transmission power (P max ) transmission power.

[0192] In all respects, RF exposure limits may comply with limits set by regulatory / standards bodies (e.g., the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC); Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED); or the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards followed by the European Union (EU)). RF exposure limits may include SAR limits and / or PD limits for various frequency ranges. In all respects, the UE may determine the transmitted power at box 604 to comply with the RF exposure limits. For example, when communicating via multiple wireless technologies, the UE may combine the normalized distribution of the combined power (as described herein). Figure 4 The RF exposure limit is compared with RF exposure compliance thresholds for various technologies. The RF exposure limit can be averaged over time within a specified time window, such as 4 seconds for transmission frequencies between 24 GHz and 42 GHz, 100 seconds for transmission frequencies less than 3 GHz, or 360 seconds for transmission frequencies less than 6 GHz.

[0193] Figure 7A This is a graph 700A illustrating an example mode 702 for determining one or more transmission powers over time according to certain aspects of this disclosure. In this example, mode 702 has two periodic first transmissions 704, each first transmission having a duration 706 less than a time window (T) associated with an RF exposure limit. The UE can determine from mode 702 that second transmissions 708, 710 are likely to be transmitted in an upcoming time window. Based on mode 702, the UE can determine the transmission power for the second transmissions 708, 710. For example, the UE can identify that the first transmission 704 has a transmission time less than the time window (T) (i.e., duration 706). Thus, for example, based on the mode also indicating that the UE may be experiencing a mobility scenario, the UE can allocate a power greater than P to the second transmission 708. limit Transmission power (such as P) max For example, the pattern may indicate that the UE may not move, and the UE can move closer to P. limit The UE allocates transmission power to the second transmission 710. Based on patterns such as past network conditions, user behavior, and application type, the UE can determine whether to allocate less than, equal to, or greater than the maximum average transmission power level (P). limit The transmission power of ). In all respects, mode 702 can be (or derived from) one or more various modes, such as transmission power mode, user behavior mode, application mode, wireless network mode and / or sensor information mode. Although two time windows are used in graph 700A to determine the mode, it should be understood that more or less than two time windows (or other durations not based on exposure time windows) can be used as the basis for the mode.

[0194] Figure 7BThis is a graph 700B illustrating another example mode 722 for determining one or more transmission powers over time according to certain aspects of this disclosure. In this example, mode 722 has a periodic transmission 724, the duration 726 of which is greater than the time window (T) of RF exposure. The UE can determine, based on mode 722, that additional transmissions may be transmitted in the upcoming time window that will consume most of the power available in the upcoming time window. Based on mode 722, the UE can determine the transmission power for a second transmission 728. For example, the UE can identify that the first transmission 724 has a transmission time (i.e., duration 726) greater than the time window (T). Thus, the UE can allocate a power level equal to or less than the maximum average transmission power level (P) to the second transmission 728. limit The transmission power of the UE. In some cases, the UE may identify that an upcoming transmission may only overlap with a portion of one or more time windows (T), such that additional transmission power 730 can be allocated to the second transmission in one of the time windows (T).

[0195] Figure 8A This is a graph 800A illustrating an example mode 802 according to certain aspects of this disclosure, which is used to determine one or more transmission powers over time for short transmissions (e.g., transmissions with a duration less than the RF exposure time window, also known as “burst transmissions”). In this example, mode 802 may indicate the average transmission power over time interval 804. In some cases, mode 802 may include a rolling or moving average of the transmission power. The UE may, for example, use equation (9) based on mode 802 to select a new upper limit for the transmission power. Since the average transmission power within mode 802 is less than P... limit Therefore, the UE can resume using MTPL as the maximum transmission power available for transmission (e.g., P). max The UE can allocate transmission power equal to or less than MTPL for the transmission 806, where MTPL can be equal to P. max .

[0196] Figure 8B This is a graph 800B illustrating other example modes 822a-c for determining one or more transmission powers over time for long transmissions (e.g., transmissions with a duration greater than the RF exposure time window) according to certain aspects of this disclosure. In this example, transmission 808 may occupy multiple time windows (T) associated with the RF exposure limit. At the beginning of transmission 808, during the time interval 804 of the first mode 822a, the average transmission power is zero, such that the UE can, for example, use equation (9) to determine the power of P. max The maximum transmission power is selected. Due to the reciprocal upper bound, the transmission power can decay at a rate that is a function of the reciprocal of the average transmission power, and this decays as the average transmission power over the time interval approaches P.limit The transmission power can be stabilized at P limit In subsequent transmission opportunities (e.g., during the same time window T), within time interval 804 of the second mode 822b, the average transmission power can be equal to P. limit In this case, for example, because MTPL is greater than UE can be effectively selected as MTPL and The minimum value of P in limit At a later transmission opportunity (e.g., during the same time window T), within the time interval 804 of the third mode 822c, the average transmission power can still be equal to P. limit However, MTPL can be less than P. limit To ensure compliance with RF exposure limits, the UE will select MTPL as the maximum transmission power available for transmission of 808 for the remainder of the time window (T).

[0197] In some respects, the transmission power selected by the UE at the start of a subsequent time window (T) is less than the transmission power selected at the start of transmission 808. Although in Figure 8B In the example shown, the average transmission power of the first mode 822a is zero, but the average transmission power between the end of the interval 804 corresponding to mode 822c and the beginning of the subsequent time window (T) is shown as non-zero (e.g., between zero and P). limit Therefore, the transmission power selected by the UE at the beginning of this subsequent time window (T) (e.g., according to equation (9)) can be less than P. max (but greater than P) limit Furthermore, the average transmission power selected at the end of this subsequent time window (T) can be closer to P than the average transmission power selected at the end of the first time window. limit This may cause the UE to select a transmission power (e.g., by) at the start of a later transmission window (T). Figure 8B The rightmost peak (representing P) is also closer to P. limit Therefore, it can be observed that, in some respects, for continuous / long (e.g., duration greater than the time window) transmissions, the transmission power selected by the UE will be close to P. limit .

[0198] While certain aspects of this disclosure are described herein for ease of understanding in relation to using patterns representing historical behavior or conditions to determine transmission power that meets RF exposure limits, the UE may also apply aspects of this disclosure based on such patterns using current conditions (such as current radio conditions and / or data buffers) to validate, adjust, or compensate for the transmission power determination. For example, the UE may determine possible or anticipated usage or transmission power in the current or future time window based on patterns of past information, and may subsequently compare the possible or anticipated usage or transmission power with data stored in the transmission buffer. In some such aspects, the UE may determine a first power for current or future transmissions, and if the data in the transmission buffer differs from the anticipated usage by more than a first threshold, or involves an amount of power to be transmitted that differs from the anticipated transmission power by more than a second threshold, the first power may be adjusted before setting the instantaneous transmission power.

[0199] It should be recognized that determining transmission power based on patterns (e.g., transmission power patterns, user behavior patterns, etc.) offers various advantages. In some cases, transmission power determination allows the UE to allocate transmission power adapted to historical conditions and / or patterns based on RF exposure limits. Using this adaptive transmission power scheme, the UE can provide the desired transmission power for specific user behaviors, network conditions, application types, etc.

[0200] Figure 9A This is a graph 900A illustrating an example antenna usage mode 902 for a first radio according to certain aspects of this disclosure. In this example, antenna usage mode 902 for the first radio shows that a first transmission 904 can be transmitted in a burst less than the time window T0 associated with the RF exposure limit. In this case, this leaves an additional RF exposure margin for another radio, such as a second radio.

[0201] Figure 9B This illustrates the basis of certain aspects of this disclosure. Figure 9A The antenna usage mode shown is used to set the upper limit of the transmission power (P) of the second radio. cap The example curve 900B shows that the UE can determine the upper limit of the transmission power (P) of the second radio according to equation (15) and / or equation (16). cap In some cases, from Figure 9A After a specific time offset (t) from the time window T0, the UE can transmit the second transmission 906 at the upper limit of transmission power in the first part 908 of the time window T1, and transmit the second transmission 906 at a different transmission power less than the upper limit of transmission power in the second part 910 of the time window T1, in order to maintain the average transmission power at P associated with the RF exposure limit. limitWithin. Since the time window T0 can represent the time of past usage patterns, T1 can be time-shifted (t) from T0. In some respects, the transmit power cap can promote consistent performance levels of the second radio during the time window associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0202] The transmission power limit can be applied to single-radio transmission scenarios (e.g., a single radio is transmitting) or multi-radio transmission scenarios (e.g., multiple radios are transmitting simultaneously). For P max Applying an upper limit can extend the lifespan of wireless communication devices in P... limit The portion of the time window during which transmission occurs. For a single radio, where P cap Set to less than P max , with P max Compared to transmitting at level, the transmission power can be increased in P before encountering exposure limits. cap The level allows for longer transmission times. Similarly, in multi-radio scenarios, the RF exposure margin (x) is used for transmission. k *A) Can target radio k An upper limit is imposed, and it applies to radio. k P cap According to (x) k *A*P limit_radio_k ) to determine, where P limit It is the average transmitted power associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0203] Example transmission energy depends on transmission time, while maintaining RF exposure compliance.

[0204] In some aspects, the UE can consider future conditions (such as transmission time and / or radio conditions) when determining the transmission power for RF exposure compliance. Various aspects of this disclosure provide techniques and apparatus for determining transmission power and / or switching between various transmission modes described herein based on transmission time associated with data and / or radio conditions, while ensuring RF exposure compliance. In some aspects, the transmission time can be derived from the size associated with the data (e.g., data buffer size) and the current (or predicted future) data rate. For example, if the data buffer size is large (e.g., the transmission time is greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit), the transmitter can operate in peak mode (e.g., as described herein regarding...). Figure 5B (as described above), so that it is possible to achieve an average power level (e.g., P). limit Continuous transmission is performed under these conditions. If the data buffer size is small (e.g., the transmission time is less than a time window associated with RF exposure limits), the transmitter can operate in time-averaged mode (e.g., as described herein regarding...). Figure 5C(as described above), and if a transmission needs to be completed, it is transmitted at maximum power followed by backup power.

[0205] The various techniques described in this paper for ensuring RF exposure compliance can achieve desired transmit power and / or desired power consumption for data transmission. Desired transmit power can provide desired uplink / sidelink performance, such as desired data rate, carrier aggregation, and / or connectivity at the cell edge.

[0206] Figure 10A This is a flowchart illustrating an example operation 1000A for wireless communication according to certain aspects of this disclosure. Operation 1000A can be performed, for example, by a UE (e.g., UE 120a in wireless communication network 100). Operation 1000A can be implemented in one or more processors (e.g., Figure 2 The software components executed and running on the controller / processor 280. Furthermore, signal transmissions performed by the UE during operation 1000 can, for example, be transmitted through one or more antennas (e.g., Figure 2 This can be achieved via antenna 252. In some respects, the signal transmission and / or reception performed by the UE can be achieved via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller / processor 280) that acquires and / or outputs signals.

[0207] Operation 1000A may begin at box 1002, where the UE may acquire data transmitted by a receiving entity (e.g., BS 110a or another UE) and the radio conditions associated with that transmission. In box 1004, the UE may determine the transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions. In box 1006, the UE may transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and an RF exposure limit. In some aspects, box 1004 may alternatively or additionally include selecting a mode from multiple transmission modes based on radio conditions (or one or more other conditions) and / or data, and box 1006 may alternatively include transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the selected transmission mode and an RF exposure limit. In some aspects, the transmission mode may be selected based on an application or service, such as a video call, voice call, live video streaming, online gaming, etc. For example, in a video call, the transmission mode may be selected as consistent transmission (such as peak mode or similar to that described herein). Figures 11A-11C The peak mode (as described) is independent of radio conditions or other conditions.

[0208] In some respects, the UE can determine the amount of transmission time to be used to transmit data to the receiving entity in order to select a transmission mode (e.g., time-averaged mode or peak mode). The determination of transmission time can be derived using various factors such as given transmission power, data size or buffer size, and data rate, which can be derived using current radio conditions. The data rate can depend on various factors or conditions such as channel quality between the UE and the receiving entity, path loss between the UE and the receiving entity, period and / or duty cycle associated with the transmission to the receiving entity, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), coding rate (e.g., the proportion of non-redundant data streams), number of aggregated component carriers, number of MIMO layers, bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, frequency range (e.g., FR1 or FR2 under 5G NR), etc. For example, high MCS (e.g., 256QAM), high transmission power (e.g., P... max High duty cycle, low path loss, and small data size can result in relatively short transmission times (e.g., less than the transmission time within the time window associated with RF exposure limits). In various respects, radio conditions can be acquired at block 1002 using a processor and / or modem (e.g., modems in controller 280 and / or transceiver 254).

[0209] Regarding Operation 1000A, radio conditions may include channel quality between the UE and the receiving entity, MCS associated with transmission, coding rate associated with transmission, number of aggregated component carriers associated with transmission, number of MIMO layers associated with transmission, bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, frequency range associated with transmission, or period associated with transmission to the receiving entity. In various aspects, channel quality may include path loss, channel quality indicator, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR), reference signal received power (RSRP), and / or received signal strength indicator (RSSI). In some aspects, radio conditions may correspond to those described herein regarding... Figures 6-9B The wireless network mode is determined based on it.

[0210] Radio conditions can be used to derive the data rate or throughput used to transmit data to a receiving entity. The data rate can be determined in megabits per second (Mbps). For example, a UE can determine the data rate associated with transmitting data to a receiving entity based on radio conditions, and the UE can determine the transmission time based on the data rate and the size associated with the data. In some respects, the UE can use formulas for approximate maximum uplink data rates specified in 3GPP standards (such as Section 4.1.2 of Technical Specification 38.306) to determine the data rate.

[0211] In some respects, the size associated with the data can be bytes, bits, or other units of computer / digital information. The size associated with the data can correspond to the size of a data buffer used for temporary storage of data for transmission. For example, the UE can determine the transmission time based at least in part on the buffer size associated with the data. In various respects, the UE can determine the transmission time based on the buffer size associated with the data (which may be referred to as the "upload data buffer size") and the data rate determined according to radio conditions. In some respects, instead of acquiring data at block 1002, the UE can acquire the size associated with the data, and the UE can determine the transmission time associated with the data based on the data rate and the data size.

[0212] In some respects, transmission time can be determined for various transmission powers, such as instantaneous power limits (e.g., Figure 5C P in max ) and average power (e.g., in Figure 5B P in limit As used herein, the instantaneous power limit can refer to the maximum transmission power supported by the UE (such as P). max Or other transmission power above the average power. Average power can refer to the peak transmission power (such as P) that can be maintained for the duration of a time window associated with an RF exposure limit that meets the RF exposure limit. limit In other words, the average power can be an average power level that corresponds to the RF exposure limit (e.g., consistent with regulatory requirements and / or device manufacturer settings, which are based on regulatory requirements but may be lower than them).

[0213] For example, the transmission time can be selected from multiple transmission times associated with multiple transmission powers, wherein multiple transmission frequencies can include the transmission power of the signal transmitted at block 1006. The multiple transmission times can include a first transmission time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the UE (e.g., the maximum transmission power supported by the UE), and a second transmission time associated with an average power corresponding to an RF exposure limit. In various aspects, the first transmission time can be the UE at an instantaneous power limit (e.g., P... max The duration of data transmission is independent of any power reserve margin and RF exposure compliance, and the second transmission time can be the time taken by the UE at average power (P). limit The duration of data transmission.

[0214] Based on the determined transmission time, the UE can select a transmission mode (such as time-averaged mode or peak mode) to ensure that RF exposure complies with RF exposure limits. For example, time-averaged mode can be applied to short transmission times or bursty traffic, allowing the UE to operate at its maximum power (e.g., P). maxTransmissions can be made while maintaining RF exposure compliance and preserving transmission power margins within the time window associated with RF exposure limits. Peak mode can be suitable for transmissions with relatively long transmission durations (e.g., transmissions with durations greater than the time window). In some cases, the transmitter can intelligently switch between time-averaged and peak modes based on transmission times determined according to radio conditions (and in some cases, according to the size of the upload data buffer). In some respects, transmission times are not explicitly calculated or determined, but rather the transmission mode is determined or otherwise selected based on one or more of the aforementioned (radio) conditions and the data used for transmission using the concepts discussed herein.

[0215] In various respects, based on various thresholds / conditions (or otherwise based on these conditions) associated with the transmission time determined at box 1004, the UE can select the transmission mode for transmitting signals at box 1006. For example, if P is determined at box 1004... max If the transmission time is less than or equal to the burst transmission time, the UE can operate in time-averaged mode at box 1006 to transmit signals, where the burst transmission time can refer to the time the UE can transmit signals in P... max The maximum duration for which transmission can continue at reduced transmission power within a time window associated with RF exposure limits. The reduced transmission power can be at a level sufficient to maintain connection with the receiving entity. Burst transmission time can be as follows: Figure 5C The diagram shown is related to P. max The associated duration (or the combined duration of multiple bursts). Here, P max The uplink transmission time and burst transmission time can be scaled based on the estimated (uplink) transmission duty cycle (as described in this paper), which is used for P max The comparison between the transmission time and the burst transmission time and / or the comparison with the time window is used. For example, if the transmission duty cycle is low enough, the burst transmission time scaled by (1 / duty_cycle) can be greater than the time window. In this case, the UE can continuously transmit at P times in a time-averaged mode at such a low transmission duty cycle. max Transmission is performed while the time-averaged exposure does not exceed P. limit Similarly, if P limit ≥P max If the burst transmission time is longer than the time window (e.g., 4, 100, or 360 seconds), then the UE's operation in time-averaged or peak-mode will allow the UE to transmit at P... max Continuous transmission, and the time-averaged transmission power will not exceed P. limit .

[0216] UE can determine for a given P max P limit and / or P reserve Peak transmission. If P is determined at box 1004 limit If the transmission time is greater than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit (e.g., 4, 100, or 360 seconds), the UE can operate in peak mode to transmit signals in block 1006. If any transmission time determined in block 1004 is greater than the burst transmission time and less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the UE can operate in time-averaged mode to transmit signals in block 1006. In this case, the UE can transmit signals in P... max With P limit Transmit signals between power levels to provide a longer high-power duration at that power level, or at P max and lower P reserve To transmit, in order to increase in P max High power duration at the specified level. In other words, the transmitted power at box 1006 can be adjusted (e.g., increased or decreased) while the signal is being transmitted to ensure compliance with RF exposure limits.

[0217] Regarding operation 1000A, if the first transmission time determined at box 1004 is less than or equal to the burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit that conforms to the RF exposure limit, then the transmission power at box 1006 may be subject to the instantaneous power limit (e.g., P). max The transmission power may be limited by an average power limit, wherein the burst transmission time is less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. In all respects, if the second transmission time determined at box 1004 is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power may be limited by the average power. If the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers determined at box 1004 is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, then in the first portion of the transmission time, the transmission power at box 1006 may be less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power, and in the second portion of the transmission time, the transmission power at box 1006 may be less than the average power.

[0218] For example, for operation 1000A, if the transmission time determined at box 1004 is less than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power at box 1006 can be calculated according to a time-averaged pattern (e.g., as described herein regarding...). Figure 5C The transmission power at box 1006 can be set according to the time averaging mode described herein. If the transmission time determined at box 1004 is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power at box 1006 can be set according to the peak mode (e.g., as described herein regarding the time averaging mode). Figure 5BThe peak mode described is used to set the power. If the transmission time associated with any of the multiple transmission powers determined at box 1004 is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power at box 1006 can be set according to the time averaging mode, such that in the first part of the transmission time, the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power, and in the second part of the transmission time, the transmission power at box 1006 can be less than the average power.

[0219] In some respects, transmission time can be determined assuming that current network conditions remain constant throughout the transmission to the receiving entity. Under mobility conditions (e.g., when the UE moves within a wireless network and transmits to one or more receiving entities), the UE can use various models to estimate transmission time. For example, the UE can use machine learning to predict / learn future network / radio conditions (e.g., routing from home to work), and the UE can use the predicted network / radio conditions at box 1004 to calculate transmission time and / or select a transmission mode, such as deciding between a time-averaged mode, a peak mode, a combination thereof, or one or more other modes. Regarding operation 1000A, the UE can determine transmission time under mobility conditions associated with the UE based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions. In some respects, future predicted radio conditions can be generated using machine learning, artificial intelligence, neural networks, regression analysis, etc. In some respects, a transmission mode is selected for the entire data transmission. In other respects, a transmission mode can be selected for each time window in which data will be transmitted. For example, when transmitting data during two time windows, the UE can select a peak mode and transmit a portion of the data using the peak mode during the first time window of the two time windows, and can select a time-averaged mode and transmit the remaining portion of the data using the time-averaged mode during the second time window of the two time windows. Those skilled in the art will understand that these are merely examples, and the UE can make other choices or combinations thereof based on the concepts described herein.

[0220] In some respects, the future / current radio conditions, mobility conditions, buffer sizes, or other conditions described herein with respect to operation 1000A and / or operation 1000B can be generated based on patterns, for example, as described above regarding... Figures 6-9BThe described pattern may include parameters associated with past network conditions, user behavior, etc. In some aspects, data or buffer size, data rate, transmission time, etc., may be predicted, or determined values ​​related to one of these aspects may be modified or corrected based on the pattern. Therefore, determining the transmission time in box 1004, or any other operation described herein, may be based on current or measured values ​​(e.g., current data in the buffer, measured SNR, etc.) and / or on predicted future values ​​(e.g., additional data that may be received in the buffer within the time window, changed network conditions, etc.), such as based on machine learning, artificial intelligence, and (multiple) known or determined patterns.

[0221] In some respects, RF exposure limits may comply with limits set by regulatory / standards bodies (e.g., the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC); Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (ISED); or the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards followed by the European Union (EU). RF exposure limits may include SAR limits and / or PD limits for various frequency ranges. RF exposure limits may be averaged over time within a specified time window, such as 4 seconds for transmission frequencies between 24 GHz and 42 GHz, 100 seconds for transmission frequencies less than 3 GHz, or 360 seconds for transmission frequencies less than 6 GHz.

[0222] Figure 10B This is a flowchart illustrating an example operation 1000B for wireless communication according to certain aspects of this disclosure. Operation 1000B can be performed, for example, by a UE (e.g., UE 120a in wireless communication network 100).

[0223] Operation 1000B may begin at box 1008, where the UE may select a transmission mode from multiple transmission modes (e.g., time-averaged mode and peak mode) based on data transmitted from the UE to a receiving entity (e.g., BS 110 and / or another UE 120) and one or more radio conditions associated with that transmission. The data and / or radio conditions may be current and / or measured, and / or future and / or predicted, for example, using machine learning, artificial intelligence, and / or parameters associated with past behavior and / or patterns. At box 1010, the UE may transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and RF exposure limits.

[0224] In block 1010 (or 1006), the UE may transmit at least a portion of the data at a power level higher than the average power of the RF exposure limit. In block 1010 (or 1006), the UE may, for at least a portion of the time window in which the data has been transmitted, transmit at a standby power level lower than the average power level (e.g., standby power P). reserve Transmission is performed. In some respects, for example, as further described herein, the backup power level can be adjusted.

[0225] Multiple transmission modes may include at least a first mode and a second mode, wherein the first mode includes transmission at levels above and below the average power level of the RF exposure limit, and the second mode includes transmission at levels equal to or below the average power level. In other words, the first mode may correspond to the provisions herein regarding... Figure 5C The time-averaging pattern is described, and the second pattern can correspond to the time-averaging pattern described in this paper. Figure 5B The peak pattern described.

[0226] For some aspects, such as when performing operation 600, operation 1000A, and / or operation 1000B, the operations described herein for determining the transmission power may take into account or consider the transmission duty cycle. For example, P(t) in P max The burst transmission time can be scaled by the transmission duty cycle. For short duty cycles, the transmission power can be determined independently of Operation 600, Operation 1000A, and / or Operation 1000B based on the duty cycle, while for long duty cycles, the transmission power can be determined based on Operation 600, Operation 1000A, and / or Operation 1000B. For example, if the duty cycle ensures that maximum exposure is not reached regardless of the power used during transmission (e.g., because the amount of time with zero transmission power will result in an average power less than P), the transmission power can be scaled. limit Then the UE can set the power to P during transmission (e.g., by selecting a time-averaged mode) or even when the burst transmission time is longer than the time window. max .

[0227] In some respects, as an adjunct to or in place of Operation 600, Operation 1000A, and / or Operation 1000B, the UE can adjust the standby power (P) based on one or more criteria. reserveFor example, after determining whether to execute a time-averaged mode or a peak mode in Operation 1000A and / or Operation 1000B, specific transmission power behavior can be achieved by adjusting the reserve power, such as increasing the reserve power or reducing the reserve power to a specific level. The criteria used to adjust the reserve power may include machine learning or artificial intelligence for predicting certain future conditions (e.g., radio conditions, user behavior, mobility conditions, etc.) and / or estimating current conditions (e.g., the patterns described herein). The criteria may include transmission time associated with transmission, such as as described herein with respect to Operation 1000A and / or Operation 1000B. The criteria may include preferred transmission power behavior or transmission modes, such as... Figure 5B The peak pattern is shown. This standard may include the conditions and / or patterns described herein.

[0228] If the backup power (P) reserve ) is set to P limit The transmission will then perform a similar action to Figure 5B The peak mode shown is, for example, in a single-transmission scenario. If the backup power increases, then P max The duration of the backup power is reduced, and the duration of the reserve power is increased, which can provide consistent transmission power over time. On the high side, instead of setting the reserve power to P... limit The backup power can be set to be close to P. limit (For example, P) limit 95% of the energy can be used for P, for example, 5% of the energy. max High-power bursts. In some cases, in multi-transmission scenarios, any unused reserve power from a radio can be allocated as part of a high-power burst margin or additional margin for use by other radios. In some respects, reserve power can be defined and selected based on certain conditions, such as high (e.g., 95% P) limit ), medium (e.g., 80% of P) limit ) and low (e.g., 10% P) limit ).

[0229] In some respects, for example, as discussed in this article Figure 6 The backup power can be adjusted in multi-transmission scenarios. For example, suppose a first radio requests a first backup power, while a second radio requests a second backup power. If available backup power exists after considering the first and second backup powers, the total backup power shared between the first and second radios can be increased. For example, the remaining backup power (P) delta It can be determined based on the following expression:

[0230] P delta =max{P reserve_high -Preserve_radios ,0} (17) where P reserve_high It can be set to less than or equal to P. limit A specific power level (e.g., P) limit 95% of that), and P reserve_radios This equals the sum of the backup power selected for each radio (e.g., the sum of the first backup power of the first radio and the second backup power of the second radio). Because in multi-transmission scenarios, P... limit The values ​​can differ between radios, so expression (17) can be derived by relating all quantities to P for each radio. limit Normalization is performed during execution. For example, P reserve_high This will be replaced with normalized reserve_high (e.g., = 0.95), P reserve_radios This will be replaced with normalized reserve_radios (e.g., the sum of reserve power selected for each active radio, such as 0.90 = P). reservel / P limit1 +P reseve2 / P limit2 +...+P reserveN / P limitN ), and P delta This will be replaced with a normalized delta (e.g., 0.05). Remaining reserve power (P delta This can be divided among radios to increase the reserve power of the respective radios. For example, the first reserve power of the first radio can be increased by P. delta Part of it, and the second backup power can increase P delta The remainder. P can be determined using factors. delta The division, such as 1 / (N radios). In some respects, for example, backup power can be divided differently among radios based on the application or service used for the radio.

[0231] Figures 11A-11C Figures 1100A-1100C show the transmission power (P(t)) over time according to certain aspects of this disclosure, illustrating the time-averaged pattern using dynamic reserve power. (Reference) Figure 11A Backup power (P) reserve ) can be set to zero or none, making P max The longest duration is obtained within the time window (T). (Reference) Figure 11B Backup power (P) reserve ) can be set to a specific value less than the standby power (e.g., P) reserve_reg The power level of ( ). Reference Figure 11C Backup power (P) reserveIt can be set to a specific value higher than the standby power (e.g., P). reserve_reg The power level of ).

[0232] Various aspects of Operation 1000B can be applied to Operation 1000A, and vice versa. For example, the UE can perform a selection at block 1008 based on a transmission time(s) determined from radio conditions, data size, data rate, and / or a specific transmission power(s) as described herein with respect to block 1004. At block 1006 (or 1010), the UE can transmit signals based on the selected transmission mode associated with block 1008. In some aspects, the transmission power(s) used for Operation 1000A and / or Operation 1000B can be set in conjunction with another algorithm, such as those described herein with respect to... Figures 7A-9B The described operation, or one that is executed independently of other algorithms. In some such examples, due to... Figures 7A-9B The algorithm described allows the transmission power to be set lower than the transmission power determined in Operation 1000A or 1000B.

[0233] While various aspects of this disclosure are described herein for ease of understanding in relation to the selection between a time-averaged mode and a peak mode based on estimated transmission time, these aspects can also be applied to select other transmission modes, such as a simple time-averaged mode, or a combination of a time-averaged mode and a peak mode, based on the estimated transmission time and / or one or more (radio) conditions. In some examples, a mode and / or transmission power can be selected or determined (e.g., in boxes 604, 1004, 1008) to maximize the transmission power of the transmitting device (e.g., UE) at P limit or P limit The above refers to the amount of time for transmission (or in P). limit (or the amount of power transmitted above P). For example, if one or more bursts within a time window would be sufficient to transmit data, the UE can determine to transmit at a power level above P. limit The transmission will (multiple) bursts because there will be periods during which the transmission power will be zero regardless (e.g., when the UE has finished transmitting all data), thus resulting in power levels above P. limit The transmission under the P-value increases or maximizes. limit or higher than P limit The transmission power. As another example, if a transmission burst will cause the UE to later reduce the transmission power below P. limit (For example, to P) reserve If so, then UE can determine to change to P. limit All data is transmitted below so that it does not need to spend time later to lower than P limit Transmit the data.

[0234] Although this article describes various methods for UEs to implement in order to provide RF exposure compliance. Figures 1-11C The examples shown are for illustrative purposes, but aspects of this disclosure can also be applied to other wireless communication devices (wireless devices), such as base stations and / or CPEs, for performing RF exposure compliance as described herein. Furthermore, although the examples are described with regard to communication between a UE (or other wireless device) and a network entity, a UE or other radio can communicate with other devices outside the network entity, for example, with another UE or with another device in the user's home that is not a network entity.

[0235] Figure 12 A communication device 1200 (e.g., UE 120) is illustrated. The communication device 1200 may include various components (e.g., corresponding to device plus function components) configured to perform operations of the techniques disclosed herein, such as Figure 6 , Figure 10A and / or Figure 10B The operation is illustrated. Communication device 1200 includes a processing system 1202 coupled to transceiver 1208 (e.g., a transmitter and / or receiver). Transceiver 1208 is configured to transmit and receive signals for communication device 1200 via antenna 1210, such as the various signals described herein. Processing system 1202 may be configured to perform processing functions for communication device 1200, including processing signals received by and / or to be transmitted by communication device 1200.

[0236] Processing system 1202 includes processor 1204 coupled to computer-readable medium / memory 1212 via bus 1206. In some aspects, computer-readable medium / memory 1212 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that, when executed by processor 1204, cause processor 1204 to perform. Figure 6 , Figure 10A and / or Figure 10BThe operations shown, or other operations performed, are used to perform the various techniques discussed herein for providing RF exposure compliance. In some aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1212 stores code 1214 for acquisition, code 1216 for determination or selection (or allocation or generation), code 1218 for transmission, code 1220 for selection, code 1222 for regulation, code 1224 for allocation, and / or code 1226 for generation. In some aspects, the processing system 1202 has a circuit system 1228 configured to implement the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1212. In some aspects, the circuit system 1228 is coupled to the processor 1204 and / or the computer-readable medium / memory 1212 via a bus 1206. For example, circuit system 1228 includes circuit system 1230 for acquisition, circuit system 1232 for determination or selection (or allocation or generation), circuit system 1234 for transmission, circuit system 1236 for selection, circuit system 1238 for regulation, circuit system 1240 for allocation, and / or circuit system 1242 for generation.

[0237] Various components of the communication device 1200 can provide parts for performing the methods described herein, including those related to... Figures 6-10B The method described.

[0238] In some examples, the components used for transmission or sending (or for output transmission) may include Figure 2 The transceiver 254 and / or (multiple) antennas 252 and / or... of the UE 120 shown Figure 12 The transceiver 1208 and antenna 1210 of the communication device 1200.

[0239] In some examples, the component for receiving (or the component for acquiring) may include Figure 2 The transceiver 254 and / or (multiple) antennas 252 and / or... of the UE 120 shown Figure 12 The transceiver 1208 and antenna 1210 of the communication device 1200.

[0240] In some examples, the components used for acquisition, determination, selection, adjustment, and / or generation can include various processing system components, such as: Figure 12 One or more processors 1204, or Figure 2 The UE 120 shown includes various aspects such as a receive processor 258, a transmit processor 264, a TX MIMO processor 266, and / or a controller / processor 280 (including an RF exposure manager 281).

[0241] Example

[0242] In addition to the aspects mentioned above, specific combinations of these aspects are also within the scope of this disclosure, some of which are as follows:

[0243] Aspect 1. A method for wireless communication by a user equipment (UE), comprising: acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit; and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0244] Aspect 2. The method according to aspect 1, wherein the mode includes at least one of the following: transmission power mode; antenna usage mode; user behavior mode; transmission type; priority mode; application mode; application type; wireless network mode; or sensor information.

[0245] Aspect 3. The method according to aspect 2, wherein the transmission power mode includes one or more transmission powers within one or more time windows associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0246] Aspect 4. The method according to aspect 2 or 3, wherein the antenna usage mode includes an indication of when the UE switches to a different transmission antenna over time.

[0247] Aspect 5. The method according to aspect 2, wherein the antenna usage mode includes the usage mode of each of a plurality of radios.

[0248] Aspect 6. The method according to Aspect 2, wherein determining the transmission power comprises: determining a total available RF exposure margin based on the usage pattern of each of the plurality of radios; allocating an RF exposure margin to each of the radios based on the total available RF exposure margin; determining a transmission power cap for one of the radios based on the usage pattern of each of the other radios; and determining the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmission power cap and the RF exposure margin allocated to the one of the radios.

[0249] Aspect 7. The method according to aspect 2, wherein determining the transmission power comprises: determining an upper limit for the transmission power of the radio based on the radio's usage pattern; and determining the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the upper limit for the transmission power.

[0250] Aspect 8. The method according to aspect 7, wherein the transmission power limit is less than the maximum transmission power supported by the UE and greater than the average power limit associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0251] Aspect 9. The method according to aspect 6, wherein the usage pattern of each of the plurality of radios includes the average transmission power over past time intervals associated with the respective radio.

[0252] Aspect 10. The method according to aspect 6, wherein determining the total available RF exposure margin includes determining the difference between the maximum available use and the sum of the usage patterns of the radio.

[0253] Aspect 11. The method according to aspect 10, wherein allocating the RF exposure margin includes allocating a certain proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each of the radios as the RF exposure margin of the respective radio.

[0254] Aspect 12. The method according to aspect 11, wherein the proportion of the total available RF exposure margin allocated comprises: allocating the proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each of the radios based at least in part on a priority associated with at least one of the radios.

[0255] Aspect 13. The method according to aspect 12, wherein at least one of the priority or the proportion of the total available RF exposure margin is associated with at least one of the following: the frequency band, application, service, network conditions, or exposure scenario associated with the at least one radio in the radio.

[0256] Aspect 14. The method according to aspect 10, wherein determining the transmission power limit comprises: determining the difference between the maximum available use and the sum of the usage patterns of each of the other radios.

[0257] Aspect 15. The method according to aspect 6, wherein determining the transmission power comprises: determining the transmission power such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the minimum of the transmission power upper limit and the RF exposure margin allocated to the one of the radios.

[0258] Aspect 16. The method according to aspect 6, wherein determining the transmission power includes: adjusting the transmission power upper limit in response to a change in the usage mode of the radio.

[0259] Aspect 17. The method according to aspect 7, wherein determining the transmission power includes: adjusting the transmission power upper limit in response to a change in the usage mode of the radio.

[0260] Aspect 18. The method according to aspect 16, wherein adjusting the transmission power limit includes: adjusting the transmission power limit in response to a change in the transmission scenario associated with the radio.

[0261] Aspect 19. The method according to aspect 16, wherein adjusting the transmission power limit includes: adjusting the transmission power limit at least in part based on the service model.

[0262] Aspect 20. The method according to aspect 6 or 7, wherein transmitting the one or more second transmissions comprises: transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the transmission power upper limit during a first portion of a time window associated with the RF exposure limit, and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at another transmission power less than the transmission power upper limit during a second portion of the time window.

[0263] Aspect 16. The method according to any one of Aspects 2 to 15, wherein the user behavior pattern includes one or more times associated with when the user uses the UE for wireless communication.

[0264] Aspect 17. The method according to any one of Aspects 2 to 16, wherein the application mode includes at least one of one or more transmission times or one or more transmission powers associated with one or more applications.

[0265] Aspect 18. The method according to any one of Aspects 2 to 17, wherein the application type indicates the kind of application that generates the data for transmission.

[0266] Aspect 19. The method according to aspect 18, wherein determining the transmission power includes: determining the application type for the one or more second transmissions; and determining the transmission power based on the application type having a higher priority than other application types.

[0267] Aspect 20. The method according to any one of Aspects 2 to 19, wherein the wireless network mode includes at least one of the following: channel quality between the UE and the receiving entity; modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the one or more first transmissions; coding rate associated with the one or more first transmissions; period associated with the one or more first transmissions; duty cycle associated with the one or more first transmissions; or indication of the UE's mobility during the one or more first transmissions.

[0268] Aspect 21. The method according to any one of Aspects 2 to 20, wherein the sensor information mode includes at least one of the following: an indication that the UE is near a non-human object, an indication that the UE is in free space, an indication of a user usage scenario, an indication of the usage state of the UE, or an indication of when an antenna switch occurs at the UE.

[0269] Aspect 22. The method according to aspect 21, wherein the user use scenario indicates which part of the user's body the UE is approaching.

[0270] Aspect 23. The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 22, wherein determining the transmission power comprises: determining the transmission power using machine learning at least in part based on the pattern.

[0271] Aspect 24. The method according to aspect 23, wherein determining the transmission power includes: generating upcoming user behavior using machine learning; and determining the transmission power based on the upcoming user behavior and current network conditions.

[0272] Aspect 25. The method according to aspect 23, wherein determining the transmission power includes: generating upcoming network conditions using machine learning; and determining the transmission power based on current user behavior and the upcoming network conditions.

[0273] Aspect 26. The method according to aspect 23, wherein determining the transmission power includes: generating upcoming network conditions and upcoming user behavior using machine learning; and determining the transmission power based on the upcoming network conditions and the upcoming user behavior.

[0274] Aspect 27. The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 26, wherein determining the transmission power comprises: associating the mode with a transmission time associated with the one or more second transmissions; comparing the transmission time with a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; and determining the transmission power based on the comparison.

[0275] Aspect 28. The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 27, wherein the RF exposure limit includes a specific absorption rate (SAR) limit, a power density (PD) limit, or a combination thereof.

[0276] Aspect 29. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 28, wherein at least one of the one or more first transmissions occurs before the current time window for determining the transmission power based on the RF exposure limit.

[0277] Aspect 30. The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 29, wherein the determination comprises: determining the transmission power as a power above the average power level when the mode indicates that RF exposure margin may be available, otherwise determining the transmission power as the average power level.

[0278] Aspect 31. The method according to aspect 30, wherein determining the transmission power as a power higher than the average power level further includes: determining that network conditions indicate that a higher transmission power would be beneficial, or determining that high-priority information is being transmitted.

[0279] Aspect 32. The method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 31, wherein the determination comprises: comparing data stored in a transmission buffer with usage predicted based on the pattern, or comparing the transmission power used to transmit the data in the data buffer with the transmission power predicted based on the pattern.

[0280] Aspect 34. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; a processor coupled to the memory, the processor and the memory being configured to: acquire a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, and determine a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit; and a transmitter configured to transmit the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0281] Aspect 35. The apparatus according to aspect 34, wherein the apparatus is configured to perform any one of aspects 1 to 32.

[0282] Aspect 36. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: means for acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; means for determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit; and means for transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0283] Aspect 37. The apparatus according to aspect 36, the apparatus comprising components for performing any of aspects 1 to 32.

[0284] Aspect 38. A computer-readable medium having stored thereon instructions for: acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and an RF exposure limit; and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0285] Aspect 39. The computer-readable medium according to aspect 38, wherein instructions for performing any of aspects 1 to 32 are stored thereon.

[0286] In addition to the aspects mentioned above, specific combinations of these aspects are also within the scope of this disclosure, some of which are as follows:

[0287] Aspect 1: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory, the processor and the memory being configured to: acquire a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions, determine a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit, and transmit the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0288] Aspect 2: The apparatus according to aspect 1, wherein the mode includes at least one of the following: transmission power mode; antenna usage mode; user behavior mode; transmission type; priority mode; application mode; application type; wireless network mode; or sensor information.

[0289] Aspect 3: The apparatus according to aspect 1 or 2, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine a first transmission power; determine a second transmission power based at least in part on the average transmission power over a time interval; select a third transmission power, the third transmission power being the minimum of the first transmission power and the second transmission power; and determine the transmission power used for the one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the third transmission power.

[0290] Aspect 4: The apparatus according to aspect 3, wherein the second transmission power is at least partially based on the reciprocal of the normalized average transmission power over past time intervals.

[0291] Aspect 5: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine a first transmission power for each of a plurality of radios; determine a second transmission power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the second transmission power is at least partially based on a normalized average transmission power of the respective radio over a time interval; select a third transmission power for each of the plurality of radios, the third transmission power being the minimum of the first transmission power and the second transmission power of the respective radio; and determine the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmission power of the respective radio.

[0292] Aspect 6: The apparatus according to Aspect 5, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine a fourth transmission power based at least in part on the product of: the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit of the respective radio, and the reciprocal of the sum of the minimum of the normalized average transmission power and unit values ​​of the plurality of radios, wherein the fourth transmission power is also based on the ratio of: the normalized average transmission power of the respective radio, and the sum of the normalized average transmission power of the plurality of radios; determine a fifth transmission power, the fifth transmission power being the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit divided by the number of the plurality of radios; and select a second transmission power based on the maximum of the fourth transmission power and the fifth transmission power.

[0293] Aspect 7: The apparatus according to aspect 5 or 6, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: adjust the time interval for the normalized average transmission power based at least in part on the average power within a time window corresponding to the RF exposure limit; and select the maximum value of a first time interval and a second time interval as the time interval, the second time interval varying with the average transmission power within a past time window, wherein the first time interval and the second time interval depend on the transmission frequency of the one or more second transmissions.

[0294] Aspect 8: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 5 to 7, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to adjust the time interval for the normalized average transmission power based at least in part on one or more current network conditions.

[0295] Aspect 9: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine a first transmission power; impose an upper limit on the first transmission power to determine a second transmission power; and determine the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the second transmission power.

[0296] Aspect 10: An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 9, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine a first transmission power for the one or more second transmissions based at least in part on time-averaged RF exposure within a past time window; determine a second transmission power based at least in part on normalized average transmission power of the radio over a time interval; determine a third transmission power, the third transmission power being a maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit; select a fourth transmission power, the fourth transmission power being the minimum of the first transmission power and the second transmission power of the radio; select a fifth transmission power, the fifth transmission power being the minimum of the first transmission power and the third transmission power of the radio; select a sixth transmission power among the first transmission power, the fourth transmission power, and the fifth transmission power; and determine the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the sixth transmission power of the radio.

[0297] Aspect 11: An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 10, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine a first transmission power for each of a plurality of radios, wherein the first transmission power is at least partially based on a time-averaged RF exposure over a past time window; determine a second transmission power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the second transmission power is at least partially based on a normalized average transmission power of the corresponding radio over a time interval; determine a third transmission power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the third transmission power is the maximum average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit divided by the number of the plurality of radios; select a fourth transmission power for each of the plurality of radios. Transmission power, wherein the fourth transmission power is the minimum of the first transmission power and the second transmission power of the respective radio; selecting a fifth transmission power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the fifth transmission power is the minimum of the first transmission power and the third transmission power of the respective radio; selecting a sixth transmission power for each of the plurality of radios from among: the first transmission power, the fourth transmission power, and the fifth transmission power of the respective radio; and determining the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the sixth transmission power of the respective radio.

[0298] Aspect 12: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 2 to 11, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine a total available RF exposure margin based on the usage mode of each of the plurality of radios; allocate an RF exposure margin to each of the radios based on the total available RF exposure margin; determine a transmission power limit for one of the radios based on the usage mode of each of the other radios; and determine the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmission power limit and the RF exposure margin allocated to the one of the radios.

[0299] Aspect 13: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 2 to 12, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine a transmission power limit for the radio based on the radio usage pattern; and determine the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmission power limit, wherein the transmission power limit is less than the maximum transmission power supported by the apparatus and greater than an average power limit associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0300] Aspect 14: The apparatus according to aspect 12 or 13, wherein the usage pattern of each of the plurality of radios includes the average transmission power over past time intervals associated with the respective radio.

[0301] Aspect 15: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 12 to 14, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the difference between the maximum available use and the sum of the usage modes of the radio as the total available RF exposure margin.

[0302] Aspect 16: The apparatus according to aspect 15, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: allocate a proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each of the radios as the RF exposure margin of the respective radio; allocate the proportion of the total available RF exposure margin to each of the radios based at least in part on a priority associated with at least one of the radios; and determine the difference between the maximum available usage and the sum of the usage patterns of each of the other radios as the transmission power limit.

[0303] Aspect 17: The apparatus according to aspect 16, wherein at least one of the priority or proportion of the total available RF exposure margin is associated with at least one of the following: frequency band, application, service, network conditions or exposure scenario associated with the at least one radio in the radio.

[0304] Aspect 18: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 12 to 17, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine the transmission power such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the minimum of the transmission power upper limit and the RF exposure margin allocated to the one of the radios.

[0305] Aspect 19: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 12 to 18, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to adjust the transmission power limit in response to a change in the usage mode of the radio.

[0306] Aspect 20: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 2 to 19, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine the application type for the one or more second transmissions; and determine the transmission power based on the higher priority of the application type over other application types.

[0307] Aspect 21: The apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 20, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine the transmission power using machine learning at least in part based on the pattern.

[0308] Aspect 22: The apparatus according to aspect 21, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: generate at least one of upcoming user behavior or upcoming network conditions using machine learning; and determine the transmission power based on at least one of the upcoming user behavior, current user behavior, the upcoming network conditions, or current network conditions.

[0309] Aspect 23: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 22, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: associate the mode with a transmission time associated with the one or more second transmissions; compare the transmission time with a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; and determine the transmission power based on the comparison.

[0310] Aspect 24: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 2 to 23, wherein: the transmission power mode includes one or more transmission powers within one or more time windows associated with the RF exposure limit; the antenna usage mode includes the usage mode of each of a plurality of radios; the user behavior mode includes one or more times associated with when a user uses the apparatus for wireless communication; the application mode includes at least one of one or more transmission times or one or more transmission powers associated with one or more applications; the application type indicates the type of application that generates data for transmission; the wireless network mode includes at least one of the following: channel quality between the apparatus and a receiving entity; modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the one or more first transmissions; coding rate associated with the one or more first transmissions; period associated with the one or more first transmissions; duty cycle associated with the one or more first transmissions; or indication of the mobility of the apparatus during the one or more first transmissions; the sensor information includes at least one of the following: indication that the apparatus is near a non-human object; indication that the apparatus is in free space; indication of user usage scenario; indication of usage status of the apparatus; or indication of when antenna switching occurs at the apparatus; and the user usage scenario indicates which part of the user's body the apparatus is near.

[0311] Aspect 25: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 24, wherein the RF exposure limit includes a specific absorption rate (SAR) limit, a power density (PD) limit, or a combination thereof.

[0312] Aspect 26: A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: acquiring a pattern associated with one or more first transmissions; determining a transmission power for one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the pattern and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit; and transmitting the one or more second transmissions at the determined transmission power.

[0313] Aspect 27: According to the method of aspect 26, the mode includes at least one of the following: transmission power mode; antenna usage mode; user behavior mode; transmission type; priority mode; application mode; application type; wireless network mode; or sensor information.

[0314] Aspect 28: The method according to aspect 26 or 27, wherein determining the transmission power comprises: determining a first transmission power for each of a plurality of radios; determining a second transmission power for each of the plurality of radios, wherein the second transmission power is at least partially based on a normalized average transmission power of the respective radio over a time interval; selecting a third transmission power for each of the plurality of radios, the third transmission power being the minimum of the first transmission power and the second transmission power of the respective radio; and determining the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions such that the transmission power for each of the plurality of radios is less than or equal to the third transmission power of the respective radio.

[0315] Aspect 29: The method according to aspect 27 or 28, wherein determining the transmission power comprises: determining a total available RF exposure margin based on the usage pattern of each of the plurality of radios; allocating an RF exposure margin to each of the radios based on the total available RF exposure margin; determining a transmission power cap for one of the radios based on the usage pattern of each of the other radios; and determining the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the transmission power cap and the RF exposure margin allocated to the one of the radios.

[0316] Aspect 30: The method according to any one of Aspects 27 to 29, wherein determining the transmission power comprises: determining an upper limit of the transmission power of the radio based on the radio usage pattern; and determining the transmission power for the one or more second transmissions based at least in part on the upper limit of the transmission power, wherein the upper limit of the transmission power is less than the maximum transmission power supported by the wireless device and greater than an average power limit associated with the RF exposure limit.

[0317] Aspect 31: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory, the processor and the memory being configured to: acquire data for a transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission, determine a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions, and transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0318] Aspect 32: The apparatus according to aspect 31, wherein: the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times associated with a plurality of transmission powers; and the plurality of transmission powers includes the transmission power for transmitting the signal.

[0319] Aspect 33: The apparatus according to aspect 32, wherein the plurality of transmission times includes a first transmission time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the apparatus, and a second transmission time associated with an average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit.

[0320] Aspect 34: The apparatus according to aspect 33, wherein: if the first transmission time is less than or equal to a burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit that conforms to the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is limited by the instantaneous power limit, wherein the burst transmission time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the second transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is limited by the average power; and if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, then in a first portion of the transmission time, the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power, and in a second portion of the transmission time, the transmission power is less than the average power.

[0321] Aspect 35: The apparatus according to aspect 33 or 34, wherein: if the transmission time is less than or equal to a burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit that conforms to the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is set according to a time averaging mode, wherein the burst transmission time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is set according to a peak mode; and if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power is set according to the time averaging mode such that, in a first portion of the transmission time, the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power, and in a second portion of the transmission time, the transmission power is less than the average power.

[0322] Aspect 36: An apparatus according to any one of aspects 31 to 35, wherein the radio conditions include at least one of the following: channel quality between the apparatus and the receiving entity; modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission; coding rate associated with the transmission; or period associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0323] Aspect 37: The apparatus according to any one of aspects 31 to 36, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: determine a data rate associated with transmitting the data to the receiving entity based on the radio conditions; and determine the transmission time based on the data rate and the size associated with the data.

[0324] Aspect 38: The apparatus according to any one of aspects 31 to 37, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmission time under mobility conditions associated with the apparatus based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions.

[0325] Aspect 39: The apparatus according to aspect 38, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: generate the future predicted radio conditions using machine learning.

[0326] Aspect 40: The apparatus according to any one of Aspects 31 to 39, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmission time based at least in part on the buffer size associated with the data.

[0327] Aspect 41: An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 31 to 40, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to determine the radio conditions based on a pattern associated with a first time window, wherein the first time window and a second time window associated with the RF exposure limit are separate.

[0328] Aspect 42: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a memory; and a processor coupled to the memory, the processor and the memory further configured to: select a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the apparatus to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission, and transmit a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0329] Aspect 43: The apparatus according to aspect 42, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to transmit at least a portion of the data at a power level higher than the average power level of the RF exposure limit.

[0330] Aspect 44: The apparatus according to aspect 43, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to transmit at a power level higher than the average power level of the RF exposure limit during a time window associated with the RF exposure limit, based on the duty cycle for the transmission.

[0331] Aspect 45: The apparatus according to aspect 43 or 44, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to transmit at a standby power level below the average power level during at least a portion of the time window in which the portion of the data is transmitted.

[0332] Aspect 46: The apparatus according to aspect 45, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to regulate the standby power level.

[0333] Aspect 47: An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 42 to 46, wherein: the plurality of transmission modes include at least a first mode and a second mode, the first mode including transmission at a power level above the average power level of the RF exposure limit and a power level below the average power level, and the second mode including transmission at a power level equal to or below the average power level; and the one or more radio conditions include at least one of: channel quality between the apparatus and the receiving entity; modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission; coding rate associated with the transmission; or period associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0334] Aspect 48: A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: acquiring data for a transmission to a receiving entity and radio conditions associated with the transmission; determining a transmission time associated with the data based at least in part on the radio conditions; and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power based at least in part on the determined transmission time and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0335] Aspect 49: The method according to aspect 48, wherein: the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times associated with a plurality of transmission powers; and the plurality of transmission powers include the transmission power for transmitting the signal, wherein the plurality of transmission times include a first transmission time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the wireless device, and a second transmission time associated with an average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit.

[0336] Aspect 50: The method according to aspect 49, wherein: if the first transmission time is less than or equal to a burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit that conforms to the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is limited by the instantaneous power limit, wherein the burst transmission time is less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the second transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is limited by the average power; and if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, then in a first portion of the transmission time, the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power, and in a second portion of the transmission time, the transmission power is less than the average power.

[0337] Aspect 51: The method according to any one of Aspects 49 or 50, wherein: if the transmission time is less than or equal to a burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit that conforms to the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is set according to a time averaging mode, the burst transmission time being less than a time window associated with the RF exposure limit; if the transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is set according to a peak mode; and if the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power is set according to the time averaging mode such that, in a first portion of the transmission time, the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power, and in a second portion of the transmission time, the transmission power is less than the average power.

[0338] Aspect 52: The method according to any one of Aspects 48 to 51, wherein the radio conditions include at least one of the following: channel quality between the wireless device and the receiving entity; modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission; coding rate associated with the transmission; or period associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0339] Aspect 53: The method according to any one of Aspects 48 to 52, wherein determining the transmission time comprises: determining a data rate associated with transmitting the data to the receiving entity based on the radio conditions; and determining the transmission time based on the data rate and the size associated with the data.

[0340] Aspect 54: The method according to any one of Aspects 48 to 53, wherein determining the transmission time includes determining the transmission time under mobility conditions associated with the wireless device based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions.

[0341] Aspect 55: The method according to any one of Aspects 48 to 54, wherein determining the transmission time includes determining the transmission time based at least in part on the buffer size associated with the data.

[0342] Aspect 56: A method of wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: selecting a transmission mode from a plurality of transmission modes based on data for transmission from the wireless device to a receiving entity and one or more radio conditions associated with the transmission; and transmitting a signal indicating the data to the receiving entity at a transmission power at least in part based on the selected transmission mode and a radio frequency (RF) exposure limit.

[0343] Aspect 57: The method according to aspect 56, wherein the transmission includes transmitting at least a portion of the data at a power level higher than the average power level of the RF exposure limit.

[0344] Aspect 58: According to the method of aspect 57, the transmission includes: transmitting at a standby power level lower than the average power level during at least a portion of the time window in which the portion of the data is transmitted.

[0345] Aspect 59: The method according to aspect 58, wherein the transmission includes adjusting the backup power level.

[0346] Aspect 60: The method according to any one of Aspects 56 to 59, wherein: the plurality of transmission modes include at least a first mode and a second mode, the first mode including transmission at a power level higher than the average power level and a power level lower than the average power level, and the second mode including transmission at a power level equal to or lower than the average power level; and the one or more radio conditions include at least one of: channel quality between the wireless device and the receiving entity; modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission; coding rate associated with the transmission; or period associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

[0347] Aspect 61: An apparatus comprising: a memory including executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the apparatus to perform the method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30 or 48 to 60.

[0348] Aspect 62: An apparatus comprising components for performing the method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30 or 48 to 60.

[0349] Aspect 63: A computer-readable medium comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30 or 48 to 60.

[0350] Aspect 64: A computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium, comprising code for performing the method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30 or 48 to 60.

[0351] The techniques described in this document can be used in various wireless communication technologies, such as NR (e.g., 5G NR), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-A Advanced (LTE-A), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), and other networks. The terms "network" and "system" are often used interchangeably. CDMA networks can implement radio technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and cdma2000. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and other variants of CDMA. cdma2000 covers the IS-2000, IS-95, and IS-856 standards. TDMA networks can implement radio technologies such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). OFDMA networks can implement radio technologies such as NR (e.g., 5G RA), evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, and Flash-OFDMA. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). LTE and LTE-A are versions of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, and GSM are described in documents from an organization called the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). cdma2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization called the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2). NR is an emerging wireless communication technology under development.

[0352] In 3GPP, the term "cell" can refer to the coverage area of ​​a Node B (NB) and / or the NB subsystem serving that coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. In NR systems, the term "cell" is used interchangeably with BS, Next Generation Node B (gNB or gNodeB), Access Point (AP), Distributed Unit (DU), and Carrier or Transport Receive Point (TRP). A BS can provide communication coverage for macrocells, picocells, femtocells, and / or other types of cells. A macrocell can cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., a radius of several kilometers) and allows unrestricted access for UEs with service subscriptions. A picocell can cover a relatively small geographic area and allows unrestricted access for UEs with service subscriptions. A femtocell can cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and allows restricted access for UEs associated with the femtocell (e.g., UEs in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG), UEs of users in a home, etc.). A BS used for a macrocell can be called a macro BS. A BS used for a picocell can be called a pico BS. A BS used for a femtocell can be called a femto BS or a home BS.

[0353] A UE can also be referred to as a mobile station, terminal, access terminal, subscriber unit, station, customer premises equipment (CPE), cellular phone, smartphone, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless modem, wireless communication device, handheld device, laptop computer, cordless phone, wireless local loop (WLL) station, tablet computer, camera, gaming device, netbook, smartbook, ultrabook, appliance, medical device or medical facility, biometric sensor / device, wearable device (such as smartwatch, smart clothing, smart glasses, smart wristband, smart jewelry (e.g., smart ring, smart bracelet, etc.)), entertainment device (e.g., music device, video device, satellite radio, etc.), vehicle component or sensor, smart meter / sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, Global Positioning System (GPS) device, or any other suitable device configured to communicate via wireless or wired media. Some UEs can be considered machine-type communication (MTC) devices or evolved MTC (eMTC) devices. For example, MTC and eMTC UEs include robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, location tags, etc., which can communicate with the BS, another device (e.g., a remote device), or some other entity. For instance, a wireless node can provide connectivity to or to a network via wired or wireless communication links (e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet or cellular networks). Some UEs can be considered Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which can be narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices.

[0354] In some examples, access to the air interface can be scheduled. A scheduling entity (e.g., a BS) allocates resources for device-to-device communication within its service area or cell. The scheduling entity can be responsible for scheduling, allocating, reconfiguring, and releasing resources for one or more subordinate entities. That is, for scheduled communication, the subordinate entity utilizes the resources allocated by the scheduling entity. The base station is not the only entity that can act as a scheduling entity. In some examples, a UE can act as a scheduling entity and can schedule resources for one or more subordinate entities (e.g., one or more other UEs), and other UEs can utilize the resources scheduled by the UE for wireless communication. In some examples, a UE can act as a scheduling entity in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and / or mesh networks. In mesh network examples, UEs can communicate directly with each other in addition to communicating with a scheduling entity.

[0355] The methods disclosed herein include one or more steps or actions for implementing the methods. These method steps and / or actions may be interchanged with each other without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and / or use of a particular step and / or action may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.

[0356] As used herein, the phrase “at least one” in a list of items refers to any combination of these items, including single members. For example, “at least one of a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, and abc, as well as any combination of multiples of the same element (e.g., aa, aaa, aab, aac, abb, acc, bb, bbb, bbbc, cc, and ccc, or any other ordering of a, b, and c).

[0357] As used herein, the term "determine" encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, "determine" can include calculating, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, searching (e.g., looking up data in a table, database, or other data structure), confirming, etc. Furthermore, "determine" can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc. Additionally, "determine" can include parsing, selecting, picking, building, etc.

[0358] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but should be given the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein, unless specifically stated otherwise, reference to an element in the singular does not mean “one and only one,” but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” means one or more. All structural and functional equivalents of elements known or hereafter known to a person skilled in the art throughout the various aspects described in this disclosure are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be covered by the claims. Furthermore, nothing disclosed herein is intended specifically for public use, whether or not such disclosure is expressly stated in the claims. No claim element may be interpreted pursuant to section 112(f) of 35 U.S.C., unless the element is expressly stated using the phrase “means for,” or, in the case of a method claim, using the phrase “step for.”

[0359] The various operations described above can be performed by any suitable component capable of performing the corresponding function. This component may include various hardware and / or software components and / or modules, including but not limited to circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or processors. Typically, in the case of operations as shown in the figures, these operations may have corresponding means plus functional components with similar numbering.

[0360] The various illustrative logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with this disclosure may be implemented or executed using a general-purpose processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described herein. The general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0361] If implemented in hardware, an example hardware configuration could include a processing system in a wireless node. This processing system could be implemented using a bus architecture. The bus could include any number of interconnect buses and bridges, depending on the specific application and overall design constraints of the processing system. The bus could link together various circuits, including processors, machine-readable media, and bus interfaces. The bus interface could be used to connect network adapters, etc., to the processing system via the bus. The network adapter could be used to implement signal processing functions at the physical (PHY) layer. In the user equipment (UE) (see...) Figure 1 In this case, the user interface (e.g., keypad, display, mouse, joystick, etc.) can also be connected to the bus. The bus can also link various other circuits, such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, power management circuits, etc., which are well known in the art and will not be described further. The processor can be implemented using one or more general-purpose and / or special-purpose processors. Examples include microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP processors, and other circuit systems capable of executing software. Those skilled in the art will recognize how best to implement the described functions of the processing system based on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system as a whole.

[0362] If implemented in software, these functionalities can be stored or transmitted as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Software should be interpreted broadly as instructions, data, or any combination thereof, whether referring to software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or others. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media and communication media, including any medium that facilitates the transfer of computer programs from one place to another. The processor may be responsible for managing the bus and general processing, including the execution of software modules stored on the machine-readable storage medium. The computer-readable storage medium may be coupled to the processor so that the processor can read information from and write information to the storage medium. Alternatively, the storage medium may be integrated with the processor. For example, the machine-readable medium may include a transmission line, a carrier wave modulated by data, and / or a computer-readable storage medium containing instructions separate from the wireless node, all accessible to the processor via a bus interface. Alternatively or additionally, the machine-readable medium or any portion thereof may be integrated into the processor, such as with a cache and / or a general-purpose register file. Examples of machine-readable storage media may include RAM (random access memory), flash memory, ROM (read-only memory), PROM (programmable read-only memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), registers, disks, optical disks, hard disks, or any other suitable storage media, or any combination thereof. Machine-readable media may be embodied in computer program products.

[0363] Software modules may include single or multiple instructions and may be distributed across several different code segments, different programs, and multiple storage media. Computer-readable media may include multiple software modules. A software module includes instructions that, when executed by a device such as a processor, cause the processing system to perform various functions. Software modules may include transfer modules and receive modules. Each software module may reside in a single storage device or be distributed across multiple storage devices. For example, when a triggering event occurs, a software module may be loaded from a hard disk drive into RAM. During the execution of a software module, the processor may load some instructions into a cache to improve access speed. Then, one or more cache lines may be loaded into a general-purpose register file for processor execution. When referring to the functionality of the software module below, it will be understood that such functionality is implemented by the processor when executing instructions from that software module.

[0364] Furthermore, any connection is properly referred to as a computer-readable medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technology (such as infrared (IR), radio, and microwave), then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technology (such as infrared (IR), radio, and microwave) is included in the definition of medium. Disks and optical discs as used herein include optical discs (CDs), laser discs, optical discs, digital versatile optical discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and... Optical discs, where magnetic disks typically reproduce data magnetically, reproduce data optically using lasers. Therefore, in some aspects, computer-readable media can include non-transitory computer-readable media (e.g., tangible media). Furthermore, in other aspects, computer-readable media can include transient computer-readable media (e.g., signals). Combinations of the foregoing should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0365] Therefore, certain aspects may include a computer program product for performing the operations described herein. For example, such a computer program product may include a computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon (and / or encoded thereon) that are executable by one or more processors to perform the operations described herein, such as, for performing the operations described herein and Figure 6 , Figure 10A and / or Figure 10B The instructions for the operation are shown in the image.

[0366] Furthermore, it should be recognized that modules and / or other suitable components for performing the methods and techniques described herein may be downloaded and / or otherwise obtained by the UE and / or base station (as applicable). For example, such a device may be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of components for performing the methods described herein. Alternatively, the various methods described herein may be provided via storage components (e.g., RAM, ROM, physical storage media such as optical discs (CDs) or floppy disks, etc.) so that the UE and / or base station can obtain the various methods when the storage components are coupled or provided to the device. Furthermore, any other suitable techniques for providing the methods and techniques described herein to the device may be utilized.

[0367] It should be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components described above. Various modifications, alterations, and variations may be made to the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: Memory; as well as A processor, coupled to the memory, wherein the processor and the memory are configured as follows: Obtain the data used for the transmission to the receiving entity and the radio conditions associated with the transmission. The transmission time associated with the data is determined, at least in part, based on the radio conditions. A signal indicating the data is transmitted to the receiving entity at a transmission power at least in part based on the determined transmission time and RF exposure limit. Wherein, the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times associated with a plurality of transmission powers, and the plurality of transmission powers includes the transmission power for transmitting the signal, and The plurality of transmission times include a first transmission time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the device, and a second transmission time associated with an average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: If the first transmission time is less than or equal to the burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit that meets the RF exposure limit, then the transmission power is limited by the instantaneous power limit, wherein the burst transmission time is less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit; If the second transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is limited by the average power; and If the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, then the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power in the first part of the transmission time, and the transmission power is less than the average power in the second part of the transmission time.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: If the transmission time is less than or equal to the burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit that meets the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is set according to a time averaging mode, wherein the burst transmission time is less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. If the transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is set according to the peak mode; and If the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power is set according to the time averaging pattern such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power in a first part of the transmission time, and the transmission power is less than the average power in a second part of the transmission time.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the radio conditions include at least one of the following: Channel quality between the device and the receiving entity; The modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission; The encoding rate associated with the transmission; or The period associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: Based on the radio conditions, determine the data rate associated with transmitting the data to the receiving entity; and The transmission time is determined based on the data rate and the size associated with the data.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmission time under mobility conditions associated with the apparatus based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to: generate the future predicted radio conditions using machine learning.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to determine the transmission time based at least in part on a buffer size associated with the data.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to determine the radio conditions based on a pattern associated with a first time window, wherein the first time window and a second time window associated with the RF exposure limit are separate.

10. A method for wireless communication by a wireless device, comprising: Acquire the data for the transmission to the receiving entity and the radio conditions associated with the transmission; The transmission time associated with the data is determined at least in part based on the radio conditions; as well as A signal indicating the data is transmitted to the receiving entity at a transmission power at least in part based on the determined transmission time and RF exposure limit. Wherein, the transmission time is selected from a plurality of transmission times associated with a plurality of transmission powers, and the plurality of transmission powers includes the transmission power for transmitting the signal, and The plurality of transmission times include a first transmission time associated with an instantaneous power limit supported by the wireless device, and a second transmission time associated with an average power corresponding to the RF exposure limit.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein: If the first transmission time is less than or equal to the burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit that meets the RF exposure limit, then the transmission power is limited by the instantaneous power limit, wherein the burst transmission time is less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit; If the second transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is limited by the average power; and If the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, then the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power in the first part of the transmission time, and the transmission power is less than the average power in the second part of the transmission time.

12. The method according to claim 10, wherein: If the transmission time is less than or equal to the burst transmission time associated with the instantaneous power limit that meets the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is set according to a time averaging mode, and the burst transmission time is less than the time window associated with the RF exposure limit. If the transmission time is greater than or equal to the time window associated with the RF exposure limit, the transmission power is set according to the peak mode; and If the transmission time associated with any of the plurality of transmission powers is less than or equal to the time window and greater than or equal to the burst transmission time, the transmission power is set according to the time averaging pattern such that the transmission power is less than or equal to the instantaneous power limit and greater than the average power in a first part of the transmission time, and the transmission power is less than the average power in a second part of the transmission time.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the radio conditions include at least one of the following: Channel quality between the wireless device and the receiving entity; The modulation and coding scheme (MCS) associated with the transmission; The encoding rate associated with the transmission; or The period associated with the transmission to the receiving entity.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the transmission time comprises: Based on the radio conditions, determine the data rate associated with transmitting the data to the receiving entity; as well as The transmission time is determined based on the data rate and the size associated with the data.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the transmission time includes determining the transmission time under mobility conditions associated with the wireless device, based at least in part on future predicted radio conditions.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the transmission time comprises: The transmission time is determined at least in part based on the buffer size associated with the data.

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