Methods, apparatus and equipment for managing the mobility of terminals

Abstract

This application provides a method, apparatus, and device for managing the mobility of a terminal. The method includes sending a first message, wherein the first message indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of a first network element.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of communication technology, specifically to a method, apparatus, and device for managing the mobility of a terminal. Background Technology

[0002] In related technologies, passive tags and semi-passive tags are used as terminals in 5G networks, hereinafter referred to as terminals. Currently, terminal mobility management is carried out at the terminal level. This method of terminal mobility management is costly and wastes equipment performance and network resources. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This application provides a method, apparatus, and device for managing terminal mobility, which solves the problem in the prior art where terminal mobility management is performed at the terminal level, resulting in wasted device performance and network resources.

[0004] Firstly, a method for managing the mobility of a terminal is provided, applied to a first network element, comprising:

[0005] Send a first message, which indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0006] Optionally, the first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element, including:

[0007] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger all terminals to respond to the first message of the first network element;

[0008] or,

[0009] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the wireless access network device is located have changed relative to one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the terminal is located stored in the last inventory and / or paging operation. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

[0010] Optionally, a first message is sent to the wireless access network device, including:

[0011] Based on the terminal's subscription information and / or the configuration information of the first network element, the first message is sent to the wireless access network device.

[0012] Optionally, the method further includes:

[0013] Obtain the terminal's subscription information from the second network element.

[0014] Optionally, the method further includes:

[0015] Send a second message, which requests that one or more of the following be updated for each terminal in the terminal group stored by the second network element and / or the first network element: location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element in which it is currently located.

[0016] Secondly, a mobility management method for a terminal is provided, applied to a first network element, including:

[0017] Receive third messages from third network elements;

[0018] The third message is one of the inventory message, operation message, and paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in within the terminal group.

[0019] Optionally, the first network element performs mutual conversion between the third message and one of the following: inventory message, operation message, and paging message at the terminal level and / or at the first set level.

[0020] Optionally, the first set is a set of terminals belonging to the terminal group that are managed by the first network element.

[0021] Optionally, one or more of the following: the location set of terminals within the terminal group, the tracking area, the tracking area list, the registration area, and the first network element currently in which the terminal is located, are obtained by the third network element from the second network element through the identifier of the terminal group.

[0022] Optionally, the method further includes:

[0023] According to the third message, a first message is sent, which indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0024] Thirdly, a mobility management method for a terminal is provided, applied to a wireless access network device, comprising:

[0025] A first message is received, which indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0026] Optionally, the first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element, including:

[0027] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger all terminals to respond to the first message of the first network element;

[0028] or,

[0029] The first message indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the wireless access network device is located have changed relative to one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the terminal is located, stored locally. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

[0030] Fourthly, a mobility management method for a terminal is provided, applied to the terminal, including:

[0031] According to the instructions of the wireless access network equipment, report one or more of the following: the latest location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which it is located;

[0032] The indication of the wireless access network device is triggered by the wireless access network device upon receiving a first message, which indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal so that the terminal responds to the first message of the first network element.

[0033] Optionally, report the latest location information, including:

[0034] In response to the first message, the terminal reports its latest location information by sending a registration request message;

[0035] or,

[0036] Determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element of the wireless access network device have changed relative to one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element stored in the terminal's last inventory and / or paging records. If a change has occurred, respond to the first message from the first network element.

[0037] Fifthly, a mobility management method for a terminal is provided, applied to a third network element, including:

[0038] Send a third message;

[0039] The third message is an inventory message, operation message, or paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, registration area set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

[0040] Optionally, the method further includes:

[0041] Using the identifier of the terminal group, one or more of the following can be obtained from the second network element: the location set, registration area set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

[0042] Sixthly, a mobility management device for a terminal is provided, applied to a first network element, comprising:

[0043] The first sending module is used to send a first message, which indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0044] In a seventh aspect, a mobility management device for a terminal is provided, applied to a first network element, comprising:

[0045] The first receiving module is used to receive a third message from a third network element;

[0046] The third message is an inventory message, operation message, or paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, registration area set, tracking area list set, tracking area set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

[0047] Eighthly, a mobility management device for a terminal is provided, applied to a wireless access network device, comprising:

[0048] The second receiving module is used to receive a first message, which indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0049] Ninthly, a mobility management device for a terminal is provided, applied to the terminal, comprising:

[0050] The fourth transmitting module is used to report the latest location information according to the instructions of the wireless access network device;

[0051] The indication of the wireless access network device is triggered by the wireless access network device upon receiving a first message, which indicates that the terminal performs an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation, so that the terminal responds to the first message of the first network element.

[0052] In a tenth aspect, a mobility management device for a terminal is provided, applied to a third network element, comprising:

[0053] The fifth sending module is used to send the third message;

[0054] The third message is an inventory message, operation message, or paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, registration area set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

[0055] Eleventhly, a communication device is provided, including a processor, a memory, and a program or instructions stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the program or instructions, when executed by the processor, implement the steps of the method as described in the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth aspects.

[0056] In a twelfth aspect, a readable storage medium is provided, on which a program or instructions are stored, which, when executed by a processor, implement the steps of the method as described in the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth aspect.

[0057] In this embodiment, by sending a first message to indicate that the terminal is performing inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations, all or part of the terminals can be triggered to respond to the first message of the first network element. This can reduce the overhead of terminal mobility management, reduce the consumption of device performance and network resources, and further, when the terminal moves across the Tracking Area List (TA List), it can avoid the problem that the network side cannot paging the tag in the corresponding TA List because the terminal does not actively report its current TA List in real time, thus ensuring the reachability of terminal communication. Attached Figure Description

[0058] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following detailed description of preferred embodiments. The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this application. Furthermore, the same reference numerals denote the same parts throughout the drawings. In the drawings:

[0059] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the 5G packet network architecture;

[0060] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of traditional RFID and Passive IoT;

[0061] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a strong management plan;

[0062] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a weak management scheme;

[0063] Figure 5 This is a flowchart of the number allocation and label management process;

[0064] Figure 6 This is one of the flowcharts of the terminal mobility management method in the embodiments of this application;

[0065] Figure 7 This is the second flowchart of the terminal mobility management method in the embodiments of this application;

[0066] Figure 8 This is the third flowchart of the terminal mobility management method in the embodiments of this application;

[0067] Figure 9 This is the fourth flowchart of the terminal mobility management method in the embodiments of this application;

[0068] Figure 10 This is the fifth flowchart of the terminal mobility management method in the embodiments of this application;

[0069] Figure 11This is a flowchart illustrating the periodic and mobile location update process in an embodiment of this application.

[0070] Figure 12 This is a flowchart of the inventory count based on group granularity in an embodiment of this application;

[0071] Figure 13 This is one of the schematic diagrams of the terminal mobility management device in the embodiments of this application;

[0072] Figure 14 This is a second schematic diagram of the terminal mobility management device in the embodiments of this application;

[0073] Figure 15 This is the third schematic diagram of the terminal mobility management device in the embodiments of this application;

[0074] Figure 16 This is the fourth schematic diagram of the terminal mobility management device in the embodiments of this application;

[0075] Figure 17 This is the fifth schematic diagram of the terminal mobility management device in the embodiments of this application;

[0076] Figure 18 This is a schematic diagram of the communication device provided in the embodiments of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0077] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0078] The term "comprising," and any variations thereof, used in the specification and claims of this application, is intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that includes a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those explicitly listed, but may include other steps or units not explicitly listed or inherent to such process, method, product, or apparatus. Furthermore, the use of "and / or" in the specification and claims indicates at least one of the connected objects, such as A and / or B, indicating the inclusion of A alone, B alone, or both A and B.

[0079] In the embodiments of this application, the terms "exemplary" or "for example" are used to indicate that something is an example, illustration, or description. Any embodiment or design that is described as "exemplary" or "for example" in the embodiments of this application should not be construed as being more preferred or advantageous than other embodiments or design. Specifically, the use of the terms "exemplary" or "for example" is intended to present the relevant concepts in a specific manner.

[0080] To facilitate understanding of the embodiments of this application, the following technical points are introduced first:

[0081] 1. Introduction to 5G Network Architecture

[0082] The packet network architecture mainly includes devices such as the Radio Access Network (RAN), Session Management Function (SMF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), User Plane Function (UPF), Policy Control Function (PCF), Application Function (AF), and Unified Data Management (UDM). The network architecture is as follows: Figure 1 As shown.

[0083] 2. Introduction to relevant network functions (network functions in this article can also be described as network element functions or network elements)

[0084] PCF: Overall network policy management, access policy management;

[0085] AMF registration management, connection management, mobility management, and accessibility management;

[0086] SMF: Session management, IP address allocation, UPF selection and control, flow policy distribution and route pointing to UPF;

[0087] UDM: Generating authentication vectors, processing user identifier SUPI, managing NF for user services, and managing subscriptions;

[0088] UPF: Packet routing and forwarding, user plane policy enforcement, legal listening, traffic reporting, flow marking, and flow caching.

[0089] 3. Introduction to Tag Communication

[0090] like Figure 2As shown, Passive IoT is a low-cost, low-power IoT technology based on passive tags, and there is currently a certain demand for it in industry and applications.

[0091]

[0092]

[0093] 4. Introduction to strong management plans and weak management plans

[0094] (1) Strong Management Plan: See Figure 3 The tag-based strong management approach refers to the core network side managing tags through readers and writers. The core network side needs to authenticate and control the tags. The technical details of this solution and the operator's profit model still need further research.

[0095] Tag registration: Tags are registered with the core network, and the core network performs lightweight authentication on the tags;

[0096] Tag inventory: P-IoT AF uses the core network to locate specific terminals according to certain rules and reads the tag ID;

[0097] Tag Access: After successful registration and authentication, the reader and tag will perform the "access process", which requires operations such as reading / writing tags.

[0098] Tag information return: Tag information (tag ID is required, collected information is optional) is transmitted to P-IoTAF through the core network.

[0099] (2) Weak Management Solution: See Figure 4 The weak tag management method means that the core network side only manages the reader, and the P-IoT tag is not visible to the core network side. Currently, operators do not consider this solution.

[0100] 5. Introduction to Label Numbering and Management Process

[0101] See Figure 5 The specific steps are as follows:

[0102] (0) Preparation stage

[0103] 0.1. When printing labels, enterprises pre-configure the label application ID and enterprise key;

[0104] 0.2. The AAA server pre-configures the label application ID and enterprise key when printing labels.

[0105] (1) Online Tag Signing

[0106] 1.1 The AMF sends a label configuration command to the RAN, triggering the signing of unsigned labels;

[0107] 1.2 After receiving the tag configuration command, the RAN side performs an inventory of the tags under its coverage.

[0108] 1.3 The tag (P-IoT Tag) sends a registration request message (carrying the tag network ID - null) to the AMF through the RAN.

[0109] 1.4. AMF requests the "Tag Network ID" and "Hash Parameter" from AUSF / UDM;

[0110] 1.5. AUSF / UDM sends the "Tag Network ID" and "Hash Parameter" to AMF;

[0111] 1.6. The AMF sends the "Label Network ID" and "Hash Parameter" to the RAN;

[0112] 1.7 The tag (P-IoT Tag) can use the received hash parameters to perform subsequent hash operations.

[0113] (2) Tag registration + inventory

[0114] 2.1 When the P-IoT AF needs to perform positioning or data read / write operations on the tag, it sends the tag inventory / read / write rules to the AMF;

[0115] 2.2 The AMF sends an inventory command to the RAN;

[0116] 2.3. The RAN performs an inventory check on the tags (P-IoT Tags);

[0117] 2.4 The tag (P-IoT Tag) sends a registration request message (“Tag Network ID”, RAND1, Token1 (obtained through Hash operation), “Tag Application ID”) to the AMF via the RAN;

[0118] 2.5. AMF performs a hash based on the received "Label Network ID" and RAND1 to verify Token1;

[0119] 2.6 Optionally, external certification labels can also be applied to the enterprise;

[0120] 2.7 If both the core network internal authentication in 2.6 and the enterprise external authentication in 2.7 (optional) pass, the AMF receives the tag registration request and returns a registration acceptance message.

[0121] (3) Tag reading and writing

[0122] 3.1 The wireless side or other network elements initiate the read / write process for the tag;

[0123] 3.2 The tag side responds and returns the read / write operation results to the AMF;

[0124] 3.3 AMF returns tag inventory / read / write results to P-IoT AF.

[0125] (4) Tag online signing and update

[0126] 4.1 Tags can initiate an online contract update process.

[0127] See Figure 6 This application provides a method for managing the mobility of a terminal. The execution subject of this method includes, but is not limited to, a first network element (such as a core network element (such as an AMF, etc.) or a radio access network device (such as a base station, etc.). The specific steps include: Step 601.

[0128] Step 601: Send a first message, the first message being used to indicate that the terminal performs an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0129] It is understandable that, when the first network element is a core network element, the first network element can send a first message to the radio access network device. The first message instructs the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger the terminals to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0130] Alternatively, if the first network element is a radio access network device (or described as a RAN network element), the first network element directly performs inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminal, directly triggering the terminal to respond to the first message from the first network element.

[0131] The term "terminal" in this article can be understood as a passive IoT terminal (or described as a semi-passive terminal), which may include: passive tags and / or semi-passive tags.

[0132] In one embodiment of this application, the first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element, including:

[0133] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger all terminals to respond to the first message of the first network element;

[0134] or,

[0135] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element of the wireless access network device have changed relative to one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element (or current set of first network elements) stored by the terminal during the last inventory and / or paging. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

[0136] In one embodiment of this application, sending a first message to a wireless access network device includes:

[0137] Based on the terminal's subscription information and / or the first network element's local configuration information, a first message is sent to the wireless access network device;

[0138] For example, the contract information includes: special mobility management policy fields, wireless access type, and slicing.

[0139] In one embodiment of this application, the method further includes:

[0140] The terminal's subscription information is obtained from a second network element (such as UDM, NEF, or other core network elements).

[0141] In one embodiment of this application, the method further includes:

[0142] Send a second message, which requests that one or more of the following be updated for each terminal in the terminal group stored by the second network element and / or the first network element: location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element in which it is currently located.

[0143] For example, when the base station receives the response message from the terminal, if the ULI (i.e., user terminal location information, including TAI, ECGI, TA List, etc.) of the tag changes, it needs to update the current user's ULI (i.e., user terminal location information, including TAI, ECGI, etc.) to the AMF or other network elements; or, if the AMF where the tag is located changes, it needs to update the current user's AMF to the UDM or other network elements.

[0144] In this embodiment, by instructing the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on terminals within the coverage area through a first message, the terminal can be triggered to respond to the first message of the first network element. This can reduce the overhead of terminal mobility management, reduce the consumption of device performance and network resources, and further, when the terminal moves across TA Lists, it can avoid the problem that the network side cannot page the tag in the corresponding TA List because the terminal does not actively report its current TA List in real time, thus ensuring the reachability of terminal communication.

[0145] See Figure 7 This application provides a method for managing the mobility of a terminal. The execution subject of this method includes, but is not limited to, a first network element (such as a core network element (such as an AMF, etc.) or a radio access network device (such as a base station, etc.). The specific steps include: step 701.

[0146] Step 701: Receive a third message from a third network element (such as NEF or other core network elements);

[0147] The third message is one of the inventory message, operation message, and paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in within the terminal group.

[0148] In one embodiment of this application, the first network element performs mutual conversion between the third message and one of the following: inventory message, operation message, and paging message at the terminal level and / or at the first set level.

[0149] In one embodiment of this application, the first set is a set of terminals belonging to the terminal group that are managed by the first network element.

[0150] In one embodiment of this application, one or more of the following are obtained by the third network element from the second network element (such as UDM, NEF, or other core network element) through the identifier of the terminal group: the location set of the terminals in the terminal group.

[0151] In existing technologies, when the NEF wants to perform an inventory operation on users in a certain group, it needs to query the UDM for the AMF (Advanced Location Function) where the current user is located and the Tracking Area List (TA List) where the current user is located. However, with the future number of tagged users being enormous, providing feedback at the user level would significantly consume signaling and device performance. In the embodiments of this application, the user location transmission mechanism based on the terminal group level effectively reduces the consumption of network resources.

[0152] See Figure 8 This application provides a method for managing the mobility of a terminal. The subject executing the method includes, but is not limited to, wireless access network devices (such as base stations). The specific steps include: step 801.

[0153] Step 801: Receive a first message, the first message being used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0154] In one embodiment of this application, the first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element, including:

[0155] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger all terminals to respond to the first message of the first network element;

[0156] or,

[0157] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the wireless access network device is located have changed relative to one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the terminal is located stored locally during the last inventory and / or paging operation. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

[0158] In this embodiment, the overhead of terminal mobility management can be reduced, the consumption of device performance and network resources can be reduced, and further, when the terminal moves across TAList, the problem that the network side cannot page the tag in the corresponding TA List can be avoided because the terminal does not actively report the current TAList in real time, thus ensuring the reachability of terminal communication.

[0159] See Figure 9 This application provides a method for managing the mobility of a terminal. The subject executing this method includes, but is not limited to, a terminal (or described as a passive IoT terminal or a semi-passive terminal). The specific steps include: Step 901:

[0160] Step 901: Report the latest location information according to the instructions of the wireless access network device;

[0161] The indication of the wireless access network device is triggered by the wireless access network device upon receiving a first message, which indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal so that the terminal responds to the first message of the first network element.

[0162] In one embodiment of this application, reporting the latest location information includes:

[0163] In response to the first message, the terminal reports its latest location information by sending a registration request message;

[0164] or,

[0165] Determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element of the wireless access network device have changed relative to one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element stored in the terminal's last inventory and / or paging records. If a change has occurred, respond to the first message from the first network element.

[0166] In this embodiment of the application, the first network element can obtain the latest location information of the terminal. In this way, when the terminal moves across TA Lists, the problem that the network side cannot page the tag in the corresponding TA List can be avoided because the terminal does not actively report its current TA List in real time, thus ensuring the reachability of terminal communication.

[0167] See Figure 10 This application provides a method for managing the mobility of a terminal. The execution subject of this method includes, but is not limited to, a third network element, which includes, but is not limited to, NEF or other core network elements. The specific steps include: Step 1001.

[0168] Step 1001: Send the third message;

[0169] The third message is an inventory message, operation message, or paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, registration area set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

[0170] In one embodiment of this application, the method further includes:

[0171] Using the identifier of the terminal group, one or more of the following can be obtained from the second network element: the location set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, registration area set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

[0172] In the embodiments of this application, the user location transmission mechanism at the terminal group level effectively reduces the consumption of device performance and network resources.

[0173] Example 1: Periodic and Mobility Location Update Process

[0174] See Figure 11 The specific steps are as follows:

[0175] Step 1: Pre-label relevant user information in the UDM (special mobility management policy fields, radio access type, slice);

[0176] Step 2: During the online signing phase, AMF obtains relevant signing information from UDM;

[0177] Step 3: AMF can send tag-based mobility and periodic location update inventory commands based on relevant contract information, local configuration, etc.

[0178] Step 4: RAN performs the inventory count process;

[0179] Step 5:

[0180] Option 1: All tags under the coverage area are charged, and all respond and send a registration request message to report the latest location;

[0181] Option 2: All tags under coverage are charged. After that, the tags perform a comparison operation, comparing the location of the currently received inventory base station with the location of the last corresponding registration request stored locally. If the location has changed, a response is made; otherwise, no response is made.

[0182] Step 6: Register via P-IoT Tag NAS: Request message (“Tag Network ID”, RAND1, Token1; “Tag Application ID”);

[0183] Step 7: Perform a hash based on the "Label Network ID" and RAND1 to verify Token1;

[0184] Step 8: AMF updates the location of users within a group to UDM at the group level, avoiding the waste of device performance and network resources by updating the location at the user level;

[0185] Example 2: Group-based inventory process

[0186] See Figure 12 The specific steps are as follows:

[0187] Step 1: Perform inventory / read / write operations on the tags within the user group;

[0188] Step 2: NEF uses the group ID to query the UDM for user locations (using the Nudm_EventExposure_Subscriberequest message), and the UDM returns the set of user locations within the group at the group level (using the Nudm_EventExposure_Subscribe response message);

[0189] Step 3: Based on the queried user location, NEF sends inventory messages to the corresponding multiple AMFs at the group level;

[0190] Step 4: The AMF sends an inventory command to the RAN;

[0191] Step 5: RAN performs the inventory count process;

[0192] Step 6: The tag registers via P-IoT Tag NAS: Registration Request Message (“Tag Network ID”, RAND1, Token1; “Tag Application ID”);

[0193] Step 7: AMF performs a hash based on "Label Network ID" and RAND1 to verify Token1;

[0194] Step 8: External Certification Labeling Process (Optional);

[0195] Step 9: AMF registers the tag to receive messages.

[0196] See Figure 13 Embodiments of this application provide a mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a first network element. The device 1300 includes:

[0197] The first sending module 1301 is used to send a first message, which indicates that the terminal performs an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0198] In one embodiment of this application, the first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element, including:

[0199] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger all terminals to respond to the first message of the first network element;

[0200] or,

[0201] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the wireless access network device is located have changed relative to one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the terminal is located stored in the last inventory and / or paging operation. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

[0202] In one embodiment of this application, the first sending module 1301 is further configured to: send a first message to the wireless access network device based on the subscription information of the terminal and / or the local configuration information of the first network element;

[0203] In one embodiment of this application, the device 1300 further includes:

[0204] The first acquisition module is used to acquire the contract information of the terminal from the second network element.

[0205] In one embodiment of this application, the device 1300 further includes:

[0206] The second sending module is used to send a second message, which requests that one or more of the following be updated for each terminal in the terminal group stored by the second network element and / or the first network element: location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element in which it is currently located.

[0207] The apparatus provided in this application embodiment can achieve... Figure 6 The various processes implemented in the method embodiments shown achieve the same technical effects, and will not be described again here to avoid repetition.

[0208] See Figure 14 Embodiments of this application provide a mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a first network element. The device 1400 includes:

[0209] The first receiving module 1401 is used to receive a third message from a third network element;

[0210] The third message is one of the inventory message, operation message, and paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in within the terminal group.

[0211] In one embodiment of this application, the first network element performs mutual conversion between the third message and one of the following: inventory message, operation message, and paging message at the terminal level and / or at the first set level.

[0212] In one embodiment of this application, the first set is a set of terminals belonging to the terminal group that are managed by the first network element.

[0213] In one embodiment of this application, one or more of the following are obtained by the third network element from the second network element: the location set of terminals within the terminal group, the tracking area, the tracking area list, the registration area, and the first network element in which the terminal is currently located.

[0214] In one embodiment of this application, the device 1400 further includes:

[0215] The third sending module is used to send a first message according to the third message. The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0216] The apparatus provided in this application embodiment can achieve... Figure 7 The various processes implemented in the method embodiments shown achieve the same technical effects, and will not be described again here to avoid repetition.

[0217] See Figure 15 This application provides a mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a wireless access network device. The device 1500 includes:

[0218] The second receiving module 1501 is used to receive a first message, which indicates that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element.

[0219] In one embodiment of this application, the first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element, including:

[0220] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger all terminals to respond to the first message of the first network element;

[0221] or,

[0222] The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or paging and / or paging and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the wireless access network device is located have changed relative to one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the terminal is located stored locally during the last inventory and / or paging operation. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

[0223] The apparatus provided in this application embodiment can achieve... Figure 8 The various processes implemented in the method embodiments shown achieve the same technical effects, and will not be described again here to avoid repetition.

[0224] See Figure 16 This application provides a mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a terminal. The device 1600 includes:

[0225] The fourth sending module 1601 is used to send the third message;

[0226] The third message is an inventory message, operation message, or paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, registration area set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

[0227] In one embodiment of this application, reporting the latest location information includes:

[0228] In response to the first message, the terminal reports its latest location information by sending a registration request message;

[0229] or,

[0230] Determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element of the wireless access network device have changed relative to one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element stored in the terminal's last inventory and / or paging records. If a change has occurred, respond to the first message from the first network element.

[0231] The apparatus provided in this application embodiment can achieve... Figure 9 The various processes implemented in the method embodiments shown achieve the same technical effects, and will not be described again here to avoid repetition.

[0232] See Figure 17 This application provides a mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a third network element. The device 1700 includes:

[0233] The fifth sending module 1701 is used to send the third message;

[0234] The third message is an inventory message, operation message, or paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, registration area set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

[0235] In one embodiment of this application, the device 1700 further includes:

[0236] The query module is used to query from the second network element, based on the identifier of the terminal group, to obtain one or more of the following: the location set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, registration area set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

[0237] The apparatus provided in this application embodiment can achieve... Figure 10 The various processes implemented in the method embodiments shown achieve the same technical effects, and will not be described again here to avoid repetition.

[0238] like Figure 18 As shown, this application embodiment also provides a communication device 1800, including a processor 1801, a memory 1802, and a program or instructions stored in the memory 1802 and executable on the processor 1801. When the program or instructions are executed by the processor 1801, they implement the above-mentioned... Figure 6 or Figure 7 or Figure 8 or Figure 9 or Figure 10 The various processes in the method embodiments can achieve the same technical effect. To avoid repetition, they will not be described again here.

[0239] This application embodiment also provides a readable storage medium storing a program or instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement the above-described functionality. Figure 6 or Figure 7 or Figure 8 or Figure 9 or Figure 10 The various processes of the method embodiments shown can achieve the same technical effect, and will not be described again here to avoid repetition.

[0240] The processor mentioned above is the processor in the terminal described in the above embodiments. The readable storage medium includes computer-readable storage media, such as computer read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk, or optical disk.

[0241] The steps of the methods or algorithms described in this application can be implemented in hardware or by executing software instructions on a processor. The software instructions can consist of corresponding software modules, which can be stored in RAM, flash memory, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, registers, hard disk, portable hard disk, read-only optical disk, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor, enabling the processor to read information from and write information to the storage medium. Of course, the storage medium can also be a component of the processor. The processor and storage medium can be housed in an ASIC. Alternatively, the ASIC can be housed in a core network interface device. Of course, the processor and storage medium can also exist as discrete components in the core network interface device.

[0242] Those skilled in the art will recognize that, in one or more of the examples above, the functions described in this application can be implemented using hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, these functions can be stored in a computer-readable medium or transmitted as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media include computer storage media and communication media, wherein communication media include any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one place to another. Storage media can be any available medium accessible to a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0243] The specific embodiments described above further illustrate the purpose, technical solution, and beneficial effects of this application. It should be understood that the above description is only a specific embodiment of this application and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made on the basis of the technical solution of this application should be included within the scope of protection of this application.

[0244] Those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments of this application can be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Therefore, embodiments of this application can take the form of entirely hardware embodiments, entirely software embodiments, or embodiments combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, embodiments of this application can take the form of computer program products implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) containing computer-usable program code.

[0245] This application describes embodiments of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of this application with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams. It should be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, generate instructions for implementing the flowchart illustrations. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 A device that provides the functions specified in one or more boxes.

[0246] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means, which are implemented in a process Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The function specified in one or more boxes.

[0247] These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing equipment to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable equipment to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby providing instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable equipment for implementing the process. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The steps of the function specified in one or more boxes.

[0248] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to the embodiments of this application without departing from the spirit and scope of this application. Therefore, if these modifications and variations to the embodiments of this application fall within the scope of the claims of this application and their equivalents, this application also intends to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A terminal mobility management method, applied to a first network element, wherein the first network element is a core network element, characterized in that, include: Send a first message to the wireless access network device, the first message indicating that an inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message from the first network element; The first message is used to instruct the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger a terminal response to the first message from the first network element, including: The first message is used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the wireless access network device's location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in have changed relative to one or more of the last inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, Send a first message to the wireless access network device, including: Based on the terminal's subscription information and / or the configuration information of the first network element, the first message is sent to the wireless access network device.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The method further includes: Obtain the terminal's subscription information from the second network element.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method further includes: Send a second message, which requests that one or more of the following be updated for each terminal in the terminal group stored by the second network element and / or the first network element: location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element in which it is currently located.

5. A terminal mobility management method, applied to a first network element, wherein the first network element is a core network element, characterized in that, include: Receive third messages from a third network element; Based on the third message, send the first message; The third message is one of the inventory message, operation message, and paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in within the terminal group. The first message is used to instruct the radio access network device to perform an inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operation on the terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the radio access network device's location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in have changed relative to one or more of the last inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The first network element completes the mutual conversion between the third message and one of the inventory message, operation message, and paging message at the terminal level and / or at the first set level.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that, The first set is a set of terminals belonging to the terminal group that are managed by the first network element.

8. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The location set, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the terminal is located within the terminal group are one or more of these information are obtained by the third network element from the second network element through the identifier of the terminal group.

9. A mobility management method for a terminal, applied to a wireless access network device, characterized in that, include: Receive a first message, the first message being used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform an inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operation on the terminals within the coverage area, so as to trigger the terminals to respond to the first message of the first network element; The first message is used to instruct the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger a terminal response to the first message from the first network element, including: The first message is used to indicate that an inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the wireless access network device is located have changed relative to one or more of the previous inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which the terminal is located. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element. The first network element is a core network element.

10. A mobility management method for a terminal, applied to a terminal, characterized in that, include: According to the instructions of the wireless access network equipment, report one or more of the following: the latest location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element currently in which it is located; The instruction from the wireless access network device is triggered by the wireless access network device upon receiving a first message, wherein the first message instructs the wireless access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on terminals within its coverage area, so that the terminals respond to the first message from the first network element; The first message is used to instruct the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger a terminal response to the first message from the first network element, including: The first message is used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the wireless access network device's location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in have changed relative to one or more of the last inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that, Report the latest location information, including: In response to the first message, the terminal reports its latest location information by sending a registration request message; or, Determine whether one or more of the location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element of the wireless access network device have changed relative to one or more of the previous inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and current first network element stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, respond to the first message from the first network element.

12. A mobility management method for a terminal, applied to a third network element, characterized in that, include: Send a third message to the first network element; The third message is an inventory message, operation message, or paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, registration area set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group. The third message is used to instruct the first network element to send the first message; The first message is used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within the coverage area, so as to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the wireless access network device's location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in have changed relative to one or more of the last inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element. The first network element is a core network element.

13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that, The method further includes: Using the identifier of the terminal group, one or more of the following can be obtained from the second network element: the location set, registration area set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group.

14. A mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a first network element, wherein the first network element is a core network element, characterized in that, include: The first sending module is configured to send a first message to the wireless access network device, the first message indicating that an inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation is performed on the terminal to trigger the terminal to respond to the first message of the first network element; The first message is used to instruct the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger a terminal response to the first message from the first network element, including: The first message is used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the wireless access network device's location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in have changed relative to one or more of the last inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

15. A mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a first network element, wherein the first network element is a core network element, characterized in that, include: The first receiving module is used to receive a third message from a third network element; The third sending module is used to send the first message according to the third message; The third message is one of the inventory message, operation message, and paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, registration area set, tracking area list set, tracking area set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group; The first message is used to instruct the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger a terminal response to the first message from the first network element, including: The first message is used to instruct the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the radio access network device's location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in have changed relative to one or more of the last inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

16. A mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a wireless access network device, characterized in that, include: The second receiving module is used to receive a first message, which is used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform an inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operation on the terminals within the coverage area, so as to trigger the terminals to respond to the first message of the first network element. The first message is used to instruct the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger a terminal response to the first message from the first network element, including: The first message is used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the wireless access network device's location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in have changed relative to one or more of the last inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element. The first network element is a core network element.

17. A mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a terminal, characterized in that, include: The fourth transmitting module is used to report the latest location information according to the instructions of the wireless access network device; The instruction from the wireless access network device is triggered by the wireless access network device upon receiving a first message. The first message is used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within its coverage area, so that the terminals respond to the first message from the first network element. The first message is used to instruct the radio access network device to perform inventory and / or stimulus and / or wake-up and / or update operations on terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger a terminal response to the first message from the first network element, including: The first message is used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the wireless access network device's location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in have changed relative to one or more of the last inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element.

18. A mobility management device for a terminal, applied to a third network element, characterized in that, include: The fifth sending module is used to send the third message to the first network element; The third message is an inventory message, operation message, or paging message sent by the third network element to the corresponding first network element at the granularity of the terminal group, based on one or more of the location set, registration area set, tracking area set, tracking area list set, and the current first network element set of the terminals within the terminal group. The third message is used to instruct the first network element to send the first message; The first message is used to instruct the wireless access network device to perform inventory and / or activation and / or wake-up and / or update operations on the terminals within its coverage area, so as to trigger the terminal to determine whether one or more of the wireless access network device's location, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in have changed relative to one or more of the last inventory, tracking area, tracking area list, registration area, and the first network element it is currently in stored in the terminal. If a change has occurred, the terminal responds to the first message from the first network element. The first network element is a core network element.

19. A communication device, characterized in that, It includes a processor, a memory, and a program or instructions stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the program or instructions, when executed by the processor, implement the steps of the method as described in any one of claims 1 to 13.

20. A readable storage medium, characterized in that, The readable storage medium stores a program or instructions that, when executed by a processor, implement the steps of the method as described in any one of claims 1 to 13.

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