Method and apparatus for encrypting multi-frame image data

Abstract

The application discloses a multi-frame image data encryption method and device, and relates to the technical field of image encryption. Each frame of original image data of multi-frame original image data is split into a plurality of first rectangular data blocks with the same size in the application, a frame array composed of the frame number of each first rectangular data block, a row array composed of the row number and a column array composed of the column number are respectively constructed, the elements in the frame array, the row array and the column array are respectively reordered, each first rectangular data block is taken as a second rectangular data block of corresponding multi-frame new image data based on the one-to-one correspondence between i and j, and the obtained multi-frame new image data is multi-frame image data after encryption. The multi-frame new image data can be restored to multi-frame image data by using the frame array, the row array and the column array before and after reordering and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j, and simple and effective encryption of the multi-frame new image data is realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of image encryption technology, and in particular to a method and apparatus for encrypting multi-frame image data. Background Technology

[0002] Image data can convey a vast amount of information, and the theft of a user's sensitive or confidential image data can cause significant losses. Therefore, image data security is of paramount importance. Image encryption is a key means of ensuring image data security. Currently, most image data encryption schemes are designed for single-frame images, and the industry has yet to provide a simple and effective encryption method for multi-frame image data. Summary of the Invention

[0003] This invention solves the technical problem of how to encrypt multi-frame image data simply and effectively by providing a method and apparatus for encrypting multi-frame image data.

[0004] On the one hand, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0005] A method for encrypting multi-frame image data includes:

[0006] Each frame of the original image data is divided into m*n first rectangular data blocks of the same size, where m and n are the number of rows and columns of the first rectangular data block contained in each frame of the original image data, respectively.

[0007] Construct a frame array consisting of the frame number of each first rectangular data block, a row array consisting of the row number of each first rectangular data block, and a column array consisting of the column number of each first rectangular data block.

[0008] The elements in the frame array, the row array, and the column array are rearranged in random order, respectively.

[0009] Establish a one-to-one correspondence between i and j, i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, where f is the number of frames in the original image data.

[0010] Let i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n respectively. Each time, select the value of i and determine the j corresponding to i according to the one-to-one correspondence. Then, take the first rectangular data block of frame F1[i], row M1[i], and column N1[i] as the second rectangular data block of frame F2[j], row M2[j], and column N2[j] of the new image data of multiple frames.

[0011] F1[], M1[], and N1[] are the frame array, row array, and column array before the disordered rearrangement, respectively, and F2[], M2[], and N2[] are the frame array, row array, and column array after the disordered rearrangement, respectively.

[0012] Preferably, when i is 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, the corresponding j are 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n.

[0013] Preferably, after establishing the one-to-one correspondence between i and j, the multi-frame image data encryption method further includes:

[0014] The frame array, row array, column array, and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j before and after the disordered rearrangement are encrypted using an encryption algorithm.

[0015] Preferably, the encryption algorithm includes DES, 3DES, AES, Blowfish, IDEA, RC5, or RC6.

[0016] On the other hand, the present invention also provides the following technical solution:

[0017] A multi-frame image data encryption device, comprising:

[0018] The image segmentation module is used to segment each frame of original image data into m*n first rectangular data blocks of the same size, where m and n are the number of rows and columns of the first rectangular data block contained in each frame of original image data, respectively.

[0019] The array building module is used to construct a frame array consisting of the frame number of each first rectangular data block, a row array consisting of the row number of each first rectangular data block, and a column array consisting of the column number of each first rectangular data block.

[0020] The disorder rearrangement module is used to disorder rearrange the elements in the frame array, the row array, and the column array respectively.

[0021] The relationship mapping module is used to establish a one-to-one correspondence between i and j, i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, where f is the number of frames in the original image data of the multiple frames;

[0022] The image reconstruction module is used to set i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n respectively, and after selecting the value of i each time and determining the j corresponding to i according to the one-to-one correspondence, the first rectangular data block of the F1[i]th frame, the M1[i]th row, and the N1[i]th column is used as the second rectangular data block of the F2[j]th frame, the M2[j]th row, and the N2[j]th column of the new image data of multiple frames;

[0023] F1[], M1[], and N1[] are the frame array, row array, and column array before the disordered rearrangement, respectively, and F2[], M2[], and N2[] are the frame array, row array, and column array after the disordered rearrangement, respectively.

[0024] Preferably, when i is 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, the corresponding j are 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n.

[0025] Preferably, the multi-frame image data encryption device further includes:

[0026] The mapping encryption module is used to encrypt the frame array, the row array, the column array, and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j before and after the disordered rearrangement using an encryption algorithm.

[0027] Preferably, the encryption algorithm includes DES, 3DES, AES, Blowfish, IDEA, RC5, or RC6.

[0028] On the other hand, the present invention also provides the following technical solution:

[0029] An electronic device includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor executes the program to implement any of the above-described multi-frame image data encryption methods.

[0030] On the other hand, the present invention also provides the following technical solution:

[0031] A computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements any of the above-described multi-frame image data encryption methods.

[0032] One or more technical solutions provided by this invention have at least the following technical effects or advantages:

[0033] This invention divides each frame of original image data into multiple identical first rectangular data blocks. A frame array (composed of frame numbers), a row array (composed of row numbers), and a column array (composed of column numbers) are constructed for each first rectangular data block. The elements in the frame array, row array, and column array are then rearranged in random order. Based on the one-to-one correspondence between i and j, each first rectangular data block is used as the second rectangular data block for the corresponding new multi-frame image data. The resulting new multi-frame image data is the encrypted multi-frame image data. Subsequently, the new multi-frame image data needs to be restored by rearranging the frame array, row array, column array, and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j before and after the randomization. This achieves simple and effective encryption of the new multi-frame image data. Attached Figure Description

[0034] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0035] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of a multi-frame image data encryption method in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of multiple frames of original image data in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the frame array, row array, and column array in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the principle of step S5 in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0039] Figure 5 This is another schematic diagram of the principle of step S5 in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of a multi-frame image data encryption device in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0041] The embodiments of the present invention provide a method and apparatus for encrypting multi-frame image data, thereby solving the technical problem of how to encrypt multi-frame image data simply and effectively.

[0042] To better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0043] like Figure 1 As shown, the multi-frame image data encryption method of this embodiment includes:

[0044] Step S1: Divide each frame of the original image data into m*n first rectangular data blocks of the same size, where m and n are the number of rows and columns of the first rectangular data block contained in each frame of the original image data, respectively.

[0045] Step S2: Construct a frame array consisting of the frame number of each first rectangular data block, a row array consisting of the row number of each first rectangular data block, and a column array consisting of the column number of each first rectangular data block.

[0046] Step S3: Reorder the elements in the frame array, row array, and column array respectively.

[0047] Step S4: Establish a one-to-one correspondence between i and j, i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, where f is the number of frames in the original image data.

[0048] Step S5: Let i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n respectively. Each time, select the value of i and determine the j corresponding to i according to the one-to-one correspondence. Then, take the first rectangular data block of frame F1[i], row M1[i], and column N1[i] as the second rectangular data block of frame F2[j], row M2[j], and column N2[j] of the new image data of multiple frames.

[0049] F1[], M1[], and N1[] are the frame array, row array, and column array before scrambling, respectively, while F2[], M2[], and N2[] are the frame array, row array, and column array after scrambling, respectively.

[0050] This embodiment uses f=3, m=3, n=3 as an example for illustration. Figure 2 As shown, following the order from top to bottom and left to right, the frame numbers of each first rectangular data block are: 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3], therefore F1 = [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3]; the row numbers of each first rectangular data block are: 1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,1,1 ,2,2,2,3,3,3,therefore M1=[1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3];the column numbers of each first rectangular data block are 1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,therefore N1=[1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3].

[0051] Step S3 can use the shuffle depth disorder algorithm to rearrange the array. Assume that after shuffling the elements in F1[], M1[], and N1[] in step S3, we get F2 = [2,3,3,3,3,1,3,2,2,3,2,3,1,1,2,2,2,1,3,3,1,2,1,2,1,1,1], M2 = [2,3,3,1,3,2,2,2,3,2,1,2,3,1,2,3,3,3,1,1,2,1,3,1,1,2,1], and N2 = [2,1,3,3,2,3,2,1,3,1,2,3,2,1,3,1,2,3,1,2,1,1,1,3,2,2,3]. Figure 3 As shown.

[0052] The one-to-one correspondence between i and j established in step S4 can be arbitrary. For example, when i is 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, the corresponding j are 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, or when i is 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, the corresponding j are f*m*n, f*m*n-1, f*m*n-2, ..., 3, 2, 1.

[0053] If the j corresponding to i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n are 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n respectively, then the j corresponding to i = 1, 2, 3, ..., 27 are 1, 2, 3, ..., 27 respectively. In step S5, as... Figure 4 As shown, when i=1, j=1, F1[1]=1, M1[1]=1, N1[1]=1, F2[1]=2, M2[1]=2, N2[1]=2, then the first rectangular data block of the first frame, the first row, and the first column is taken as the second rectangular data block of the second frame, the second row, and the second column of the new image data of multiple frames; when i=2, j=2, F1[2]=1, M1[2]=1, N1[2]=2, F2[2]=3, M2[2]=3, N2[2]=1, then The first rectangular data block of the first frame, the first row, and the second column is used as the second rectangular data block of the third frame, the third row, and the first column of the new multi-frame image data; and so on. When i = 27, j = 27, F1

[27] = 3, M1

[27] = 3, N1

[27] = 3, F2

[27] = 1, M2

[27] = 1, N2

[27] = 3, then the first rectangular data block of the third frame, the third row, and the third column is used as the second rectangular data block of the first frame, the first row, and the third column of the new multi-frame image data.

[0054] If the j corresponding to i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n are f*m*n, f*m*n-1, f*m*n-2, ..., 3, 2, 1 respectively, then the j corresponding to i = 1, 2, 3, ..., 27 are 27, 26, 25, ..., 3, 2, 1 respectively. In step S5, as... Figure 5 As shown, when i=1, j=27, F1[1]=1, M1[1]=1, N1[1]=1, F2

[27] =1, M2

[27] =1, N2

[27] =3, then the first rectangular data block of the first frame, the first row, and the first column is taken as the second rectangular data block of the first frame, the first row, and the third column of the new image data of multiple frames; when i=3, j=25, F1[3]=1, M1[3]=1, N1[3]=3, F2

[25] =1, M2

[25] =1, N2

[25] = 2, then the first rectangular data block of the first frame, the first row, and the third column is used as the second rectangular data block of the first frame, the first row, and the second column of the multi-frame new image data; when i = 26, j = 2, F1

[26] = 3, M1

[26] = 3, N1

[26] = 2, F2[2] = 3, M2[2] = 3, N2[2] = 1, then the first rectangular data block of the third frame, the third row, and the second column is used as the second rectangular data block of the third frame, the third row, and the first column of the multi-frame new image data.

[0055] After each first rectangular data block is used as the corresponding second rectangular data block, the resulting multi-frame new image data is the encrypted multi-frame image data. Subsequently, it is necessary to restore the multi-frame new image data to multi-frame image data by scrambling and rearranging the frame array, row array, column array and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j. This achieves simple and effective encryption of multi-frame new image data.

[0056] Of course, to prevent the frame arrays, row arrays, column arrays, and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j before and after the scrambled rearrangement used for decrypting multi-frame image data in this embodiment from being easily obtained, the data necessary for decryption should be encrypted. Therefore, after step S4, the multi-frame image data encryption method further includes: encrypting the frame arrays, row arrays, column arrays, and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j before and after the scrambled rearrangement using an encryption algorithm. For TIFF files, a new DE entry can be created, and the data necessary for decryption can be inserted between the TIFF file header and the new multi-frame image data, written as the last DE TAG in the TIFF file. To ensure encryption effectiveness, the encryption algorithm and key cannot be written into the TIFF file. The TIFF encryption file publisher can send the encryption algorithm and key to the requester via the network upon request. The requester can then use the encryption algorithm and key to decrypt the frame arrays, row arrays, column arrays, and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j before and after scrambling, thereby decrypting multi-frame image data. Alternatively, the TIFF encryption file publisher can distribute a USB hardware encryption disk containing the encryption algorithm and key offline. The requester can only decrypt the data by inserting the USB hardware encryption disk into a decryption device. The encryption algorithms can include DES, 3DES, AES, Blowfish, IDEA, RC5, or RC6.

[0057] like Figure 6 As shown, this embodiment also provides a multi-frame image data encryption device, including:

[0058] The image splitting module is used to split each frame of original image data into m*n first rectangular data blocks of the same size, where m and n are the number of rows and columns of the first rectangular data block contained in each frame of original image data, respectively.

[0059] The array creation module is used to construct a frame array consisting of the frame number of each first rectangular data block, a row array consisting of the row number of each first rectangular data block, and a column array consisting of the column number of each first rectangular data block.

[0060] The out-of-order rearrangement module is used to rearrange the elements in the frame array, row array, and column array in different orders.

[0061] The relation mapping module is used to establish a one-to-one correspondence between i and j, where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, and f is the number of frames in the original image data.

[0062] The image reconstruction module is used to set i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n respectively, and after selecting the value of i each time and determining the j corresponding to i according to the one-to-one correspondence, the first rectangular data block of the F1[i]th frame, the M1[i]th row, and the N1[i]th column is used as the second rectangular data block of the F2[j]th frame, the M2[j]th row, and the N2[j]th column of the new image data of multiple frames;

[0063] F1[], M1[], and N1[] are the frame array, row array, and column array before scrambling, respectively, while F2[], M2[], and N2[] are the frame array, row array, and column array after scrambling, respectively.

[0064] Furthermore, when i is 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n, the corresponding j can be 1, 2, 3, ..., f*m*n.

[0065] Furthermore, the multi-frame image data encryption device may also include: a mapping encryption module, used to encrypt the frame array, row array, column array and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j before and after the disordered rearrangement using an encryption algorithm.

[0066] Furthermore, the encryption algorithm may include DES, 3DES, AES, Blowfish, IDEA, RC5, or RC6.

[0067] Based on the same inventive concept as the multi-frame image data encryption method described above, this embodiment also provides an electronic device, including a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor. When the processor executes the program, it implements the steps of any of the methods of the multi-frame image data encryption method described above.

[0068] The bus architecture (represented by a bus) can include any number of interconnected buses and bridges, linking various circuits including one or more processors (represented by a processor) and memory (represented by memory). The bus can also link various other circuits such as peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in the art and therefore will not be described further herein. The bus interface provides an interface between the bus and receivers and transmitters. Receivers and transmitters can be the same element, a transceiver, providing a unit for communicating with various other devices over a transmission medium. The processor is responsible for managing the bus and general processing, while memory can be used to store data used by the processor during operation.

[0069] Since the electronic device described in this embodiment is the electronic device used to implement the multi-frame image data encryption method in this embodiment of the invention, those skilled in the art can understand the specific implementation method and various variations of the electronic device in this embodiment based on the multi-frame image data encryption method described in this embodiment of the invention. Therefore, how the electronic device implements the method in this embodiment of the invention will not be described in detail here. Any electronic device used by those skilled in the art to implement the multi-frame image data encryption method in this embodiment of the invention falls within the scope of protection of this invention.

[0070] Based on the same inventive concept as the above-mentioned multi-frame image data encryption method, the present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements any of the above-mentioned multi-frame image data encryption methods.

[0071] Those skilled in the art will understand that embodiments of the present invention can be provided as methods, systems, or computer program products. Therefore, the present invention can take the form of a completely hardware embodiment, a completely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention can take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, etc.) containing computer-usable program code.

[0072] This invention is described with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be provided to a processor of a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, generate instructions for implementing the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing device to operate in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage medium produce an article of manufacture including instruction means, which are implemented in a process Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The function specified in one or more boxes.

[0073] These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing equipment to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable equipment to produce a computer-implemented process, thereby providing instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable equipment for implementing the process. Figure 1 One or more processes and / or boxes Figure 1 The steps of the function specified in one or more boxes.

[0074] Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described, those skilled in the art, upon learning the basic inventive concept, can make other changes and modifications to these embodiments. Therefore, the appended claims are intended to be interpreted as including the preferred embodiments as well as every change and modification falling within the scope of the invention.

[0075] Obviously, those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this invention without departing from its spirit and scope. Therefore, if these modifications and variations fall within the scope of the claims of this invention and their equivalents, this invention also intends to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A method for encrypting multi-frame image data, characterized in that, include: Each frame of the multi-frame original image data is divided into m. There are n first rectangular data blocks of the same size, where m and n are the number of rows and columns of the first rectangular data blocks contained in each frame of the original image data, respectively. Construct a frame array consisting of the frame number of each first rectangular data block, a row array consisting of the row number of each first rectangular data block, and a column array consisting of the column number of each first rectangular data block. The elements in the frame array, the row array, and the column array are rearranged in random order, respectively. Establish a one-to-one correspondence between i and j, where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f m n, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., f m n, f are the number of frames in the original image data; Let i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f respectively m n, each time the value of i is selected and the j corresponding to i is determined according to the one-to-one correspondence, the first rectangular data block of frame F1[i], row M1[i], and column N1[i] is used as the second rectangular data block of frame F2[j], row M2[j], and column N2[j] of the new image data of multiple frames; F1[], M1[], and N1[] are the frame array, row array, and column array before the disordered rearrangement, respectively; F2[], M2[], and N2[] are the frame array, row array, and column array after the disordered rearrangement, respectively. The frame array, row array, column array, and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j before and after the disordered rearrangement are encrypted using an encryption algorithm. For TIFF files, a new DE entry is created, and the data necessary for decryption is inserted between the TIFF file header and the new image data of multiple frames, and written into the TIFF file as the last DE TAG.

2. The multi-frame image data encryption method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, i are 1, 2, 3, ..., f respectively. m When n is n, the corresponding j are 1, 2, 3, ..., f. m n.

3. The multi-frame image data encryption method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The encryption algorithms include DES, 3DES, AES, Blowfish, IDEA, RC5, or RC6.

4. A multi-frame image data encryption device, characterized in that, include: The image splitting module is used to split each frame of the original image data from multiple frames into m... There are n first rectangular data blocks of the same size, where m and n are the number of rows and columns of the first rectangular data blocks contained in each frame of the original image data, respectively. The array building module is used to construct a frame array consisting of the frame number of each first rectangular data block, a row array consisting of the row number of each first rectangular data block, and a column array consisting of the column number of each first rectangular data block. The disorder rearrangement module is used to disorder rearrange the elements in the frame array, the row array, and the column array respectively. The relation mapping module is used to establish a one-to-one correspondence between i and j, where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f m n, j = 1, 2, 3, ..., f m n, f are the number of frames in the original image data; The image reconstruction module is used to assign i = 1, 2, 3, ..., f respectively. m n, each time the value of i is selected and the j corresponding to i is determined according to the one-to-one correspondence, the first rectangular data block of frame F1[i], row M1[i], and column N1[i] is used as the second rectangular data block of frame F2[j], row M2[j], and column N2[j] of the new image data of multiple frames; F1[], M1[], and N1[] are the frame array, row array, and column array before the disordered rearrangement, respectively; F2[], M2[], and N2[] are the frame array, row array, and column array after the disordered rearrangement, respectively. The mapping encryption module is used to encrypt the frame array, the row array, the column array, and the one-to-one correspondence between i and j before and after the disordered rearrangement using an encryption algorithm; For TIFF files, create a new DE entry and insert the data necessary for decryption between the TIFF file header and the new image data of multiple frames, writing it as the last DE TAG into the TIFF file.

5. The multi-frame image data encryption device as described in claim 4, characterized in that, i are 1, 2, 3, ..., f respectively. m When n is n, the corresponding j are 1, 2, 3, ..., f. m n.

6. The multi-frame image data encryption device as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The encryption algorithms include DES, 3DES, AES, Blowfish, IDEA, RC5, or RC6.

7. An electronic device, characterized in that, The method includes a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, wherein the processor, when executing the program, implements the multi-frame image data encryption method according to any one of claims 1-3.

8. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program that, when executed by a processor, implements the multi-frame image data encryption method according to any one of claims 1-3.

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