Determine the coverage code used for the transmission of the reference signal.

Abstract

Techniques for determining frequency modulation (FM) patterns and associated coverage codes for reference signal transmission are disclosed. FM patterns (e.g., each FM pattern occupies a resource element in a resource block) can be determined for use in wireless communication between a receiver device and a transmitter device. The FM pattern may include unconventional combinations of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal. The resource element may be shared by multiple antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals, at least between the user equipment and the base station. Coverage codes can be determined for the FM pattern. Information associated with transmitting the reference signal using the FM pattern and coverage code can be conveyed by the receiver device.

Description

[0001] open field

[0002] Various aspects of this disclosure generally relate to wireless communications. In some implementations, examples are described for determining frequency modulation patterns and corresponding coverage codes for reference signal transmission between a base station and a user equipment (UE).

[0003] Public background

[0004] Wireless communication systems have undergone several generations of development, including first-generation analog wireless telephony (1G), second-generation (2G) digital wireless telephony (including the transitional 2.5G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data wireless services with internet capabilities, fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., LTE, WiMax), and the most recent fifth-generation (5G) services. Currently, many different types of wireless communication systems are in use, including cellular and Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems. Known examples of cellular systems include cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), etc.

[0005] Fifth-generation (5G) mobile standards demand higher data transmission speeds, a greater number of connections, better coverage, and other improvements. The 5G standard (also known as “New Radio” or “NR”) according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance is designed to provide tens of megabits per second of data rate to each of tens of thousands of users—for example, gigabit-level connection rates to dozens of users in a shared location such as an office floor. It also needs to support hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections to support large-scale sensor deployments. Therefore, compared to the current 4G / LTE standards, 5G mobile communication requires significantly improved spectral efficiency. Furthermore, there is a corresponding need for enhanced signaling efficiency and significantly reduced latency compared to current standards.

[0006] Overview

[0007] The following is a simplified overview relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, this overview should not be considered an exhaustive overview relating to all aspects of the conception, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements relating to all aspects of the conception or to depict the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the sole purpose of the following overview is to present, in a simplified form, certain concepts relating to one or more aspects of the mechanism disclosed herein before the detailed description given below.

[0008] Systems, apparatus, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for determining the frequency modulation mode and corresponding coverage code (which may also be referred to as coverage code, orthogonal coverage code (OCC), and / or OCC mode) of resource elements used at the physical layer to transmit reference signals between user equipment and base stations.

[0009] According to at least one example, a wireless communication method is provided, comprising: determining, by a receiving device, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the receiving device and a transmitting device, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the transmitting device and the receiving device; determining, by the receiving device, a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern; and using the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code by the receiving device to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal.

[0010] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided, including one or more memories storing computer-readable instructions, and one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: determine a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the apparatus and a transmitting device, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the transmitting device and a receiving device; determine a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern; and use the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal.

[0011] In another example, a non-transient computer-readable medium is provided including at least one instruction stored thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to: determine a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between a receiving device and a transmitting device, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by multiple antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the transmitting device and the receiving device; determine a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern; and use the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal.

[0012] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided, comprising: means for determining, by a receiving device, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the receiving device and a transmitting device, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the transmitting device and the receiving device; means for determining, by the receiving device, a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern; and means for the receiving device to use the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal.

[0013] In another example, a wireless communication method is provided, comprising: determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the user equipment and a base station, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the user equipment and the base station; transmitting the frequency modulation pattern to the base station by the user equipment; receiving a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern from the base station by the user equipment; and using the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code by the user equipment to transmit the reference signal.

[0014] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided, including one or more memories storing computer-readable instructions, and one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: determine a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the apparatus and a base station, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the apparatus and the base station; transmit the frequency modulation pattern to the base station; receive a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern from the base station; and use the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code to transmit the reference signal.

[0015] In another example, a non-transient computer-readable medium is provided including at least one instruction stored thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to: determine a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the device and a base station, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the device and the base station; transmit the frequency modulation pattern to the base station; receive a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern from the base station; and use the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code to transmit the reference signal.

[0016] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided, comprising: means for determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal by a user equipment for use in wireless communication between the user equipment and a base station, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the user equipment and the base station; means for transmitting the frequency modulation pattern by the user equipment to the base station; means for receiving a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern by the user equipment from the base station; and means for using the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code by the user equipment to transmit the reference signal.

[0017] This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used alone to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. This subject matter should be understood in conjunction with the appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim.

[0018] Other objectives and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. Brief description of the attached diagram

[0020] The accompanying drawings are provided to help describe various aspects of this disclosure, and the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only and not for limiting the aspects.

[0021] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0022] Figure 2A and 2B This is a diagram illustrating an example wireless network architecture based on some aspects of this disclosure.

[0023] Figure 3 The diagram illustrates a design of a base station and user equipment (UE) device according to some aspects of this disclosure, which enables the transmission and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station.

[0024] Figures 4A to 4F This is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a frame structure based on some aspects of this disclosure.

[0025] Figure 5 This is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a machine learning model that can be configured to facilitate the determination of frequency modulation patterns and associated overlay codes according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0026] Figure 6This is a flowchart illustrating an example of the process of training a machine learning algorithm for determining frequency modulation modes and / or overlay codes according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0027] Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of the process of conveying a customized frequency modulation pattern and / or associated overlay code according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0028] Figures 8A to 8C This is a conceptual diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a customized, unconventional frequency modulation mode arrangement based on some aspects of this disclosure.

[0029] Figure 9 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of the process of conveying a customized frequency modulation pattern and associated overlay code according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0030] Figure 10 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of the process of conveying a customized frequency modulation pattern and associated overlay code according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0031] Figure 11 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of the process of conveying a customized frequency modulation pattern and associated overlay code according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0032] Figure 12 This is a diagram illustrating an example computing system of a user equipment (UE) device according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0033] Detailed description

[0034] For illustrative purposes, certain aspects and embodiments of this disclosure are provided below. Alternative aspects may be designed without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, elements well-known in this disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of this disclosure. Some aspects and embodiments described herein can be applied independently and some can be combined, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In the following description, specific details are set forth for illustrative purposes to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of this application. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. The drawings and descriptions are not intended to be limiting.

[0035] This document describes systems, apparatus, processes (also referred to as methods), and computer-readable media (collectively referred to herein as systems and techniques) for determining optimized frequency modulation patterns and / or coverage codes of resource elements used to transmit reference signals between base stations (e.g., 4G / LTE eNodeB, 5G / New Radio (NR) gNodeB, and / or other base stations) and user equipment (UE) devices (hereinafter referred to as UE) at the physical layer.

[0036] As mentioned above, 5G mobile standards demand higher data transmission speeds, a greater number of connections, better coverage, and other improvements. 5G is expected to support hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections. Therefore, there is room to improve the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications by enhancing signaling efficiency and reducing latency. One aspect that can achieve such signaling efficiency and latency reduction is the communication of various uplink and downlink reference signals between user equipment and their respective serving base stations.

[0037] A reference signal is a predefined signal that occupies a specific resource element within the time-frequency grid of a resource block and can be exchanged on one or both of the downlink and uplink physical communication channels. Each reference signal has been defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for specific purposes, such as channel estimation, phase noise compensation, obtaining downlink / uplink channel state information, time and frequency tracking, etc.

[0038] Example reference signals include, but are not limited to, Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS), Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), and Probe Reference Signal (SRS). Some reference signals (such as CSI-RS) are downlink-specific signals, while others (such as DMRS) are transmitted on both downlink and uplink communication channels. There are also uplink-specific reference signals defined by 3GPP.

[0039] Frequency modulation (FM) patterns can be defined as a specific arrangement of resource elements in a given resource block used to transmit reference signals. FM patterns are currently predefined in 5G communication standards and are known to user equipment and corresponding base stations. However, predefined FM patterns may not be optimized for all environments. For example, the arrangement or combination of resource elements used to transmit DMRS is often grouped together and pre-loaded into the resource block.

[0040] The systems and techniques described herein can dynamically determine (or configure) optimized frequency modulation patterns for different resource elements in a resource block used at the physical layer to transmit various uplink and downlink reference signals between one or more UEs and their respective serving base stations. Determining optimized frequency modulation patterns improves signal and spectral efficiency and can reduce overhead associated with transmitting reference signals, etc. (e.g., in 5G mobile systems).

[0041] Furthermore, in scenarios using Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) (e.g., in single-user (SU) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) or multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems), resource elements are shared by two or more antenna ports. In such cases, orthogonal coverage codes (OCCs) can be used to recover (e.g., by decoding the OCC) a reference signal (e.g., DMRS) received by the receiver equipment (e.g., a base station or user equipment, such as through receiver antennas, modems, and / or other components of the base station or user equipment). In some examples, the systems and techniques described herein can dynamically determine the corresponding OCC using various methods described below. OCCs may also be referred to herein as coverage codes and / or OCC modes.

[0042] In some examples, as described in more detail below, the dynamic determination of frequency modulation patterns and / or coverage codes can be achieved using machine learning models. For instance, given conditions governing the transmission of a reference signal from the UE to the base station (and / or from the base station to the user equipment) can be provided as input to a trained machine learning model. Over time, the machine learning model can be trained to associate various conditions with different resource elements (REs) best suited for frequency modulation placement under different conditions and / or associated coverage codes, achieving optimized outputs (e.g., improved spectral efficiency). Once trained, the machine learning model can process such inputs and provide optimized frequency modulation patterns and / or associated coverage codes for the transmission of the underlying reference signal when they are available as input. In some examples, other techniques can be used to dynamically determine these frequency modulation patterns and / or coverage codes.

[0043] Additional aspects of this disclosure are described in more detail below.

[0044] According to various aspects, Figure 1 An example of a wireless communication system 100 is described. The wireless communication system 100 (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104.

[0045] As used herein, the terms “User Equipment” (UE) and “Base Station” are not intended to be specific to or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT) unless otherwise stated. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, and / or tracking device, etc.), wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, smart glasses, wearable ring, and / or extended reality (XR) device (such as virtual reality (VR) headset, augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses, or mixed reality (MR) headset)), vehicle (e.g., car, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), and / or Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc., for use by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. A UE can be mobile or can (e.g., at certain times) be stationary and can communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be interchangeably referred to as "access terminal" or "AT," "client device," "wireless device," "subscriber device," "subscriber terminal," "subscriber station," "user terminal" or "UT," "mobile device," "mobile terminal," "mobile station," or variations thereof. Generally, a UE can communicate with the core network via the RAN, and through the core network, the UE can connect to external networks (such as the Internet) and other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as via a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) (e.g., based on the IEEE 802.11 communication standard), etc.

[0046] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs to communicate with a UE, depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an Access Point (AP), Network Node, B Node (NB), Evolved B Node (eNB), Next Generation eNB (ng-eNB), New Radio (NR) B Node (also referred to as gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may primarily be used to support radio access by the UE, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections with the supported UE. In some systems, the base station may provide edge node signaling functions, while in others, it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link through which the UE can signal to the base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the base station can signal to the UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., paging channel, control channel, broadcast channel, forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) may refer to an uplink, reverse or downlink, and / or forward traffic channel.

[0047] The term "base station" can refer to a single physical transmit / receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, when the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be a base station antenna corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be an antenna array of the base station (e.g., in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or in the case of beamforming at the base station). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or a remote radio headend (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station from which the UE receives measurement reports and neighboring base stations where the UE is measuring its reference RF signal (or simply "reference signal"). Since a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmissions from or receptions at a base station should be understood as references to the specific TRP of that base station.

[0048] Radio frequency (RF) signals, or “RF signals,” encompass electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transmit information across the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of individual RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same RF signal transmitted on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, RF signals may also be referred to as “wireless signals” or simply “signals,” where the context clearly indicates that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0049] Reference Figure 1 Base station 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, macrocell base stations may include eNB and / or ng-eNB (where wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network), or gNB (where wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0050] In some implementations that support UE positioning, the base station may not support the UE's radio access (e.g., it may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections regarding the UE), but may instead transmit reference signals to the UE for measurement, and / or receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning tower (e.g., in the case of transmitting signals to the UE) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0051] Each base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) via a backhaul link 122, and connect to one or more location servers 172 (which may be part of the core network 170 or external to the core network 170) via the core network 170. Among other functions, base stations 102 can also perform functions related to one or more of the following: transmitting user data, radio channel cryptography and decoding, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, location, and delivery of alarm messages. Base stations 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via EPC or 5GC) via a backhaul link 134 (which may be wired and / or wireless).

[0052] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station 102 can provide communication coverage for its respective geographical coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by base station 102 in each coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., on a frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access to different types of UEs (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), or others). Since cells are supported by specific base stations, the term “cell” can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting that logical communication entity, depending on the context. Additionally, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" are used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" can also refer to the geographical coverage area (e.g., sector) of a base station, in the sense that the carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within a portion of a geographical coverage area 110.

[0053] While the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macrocell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in handover areas), some geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage areas 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs) that provide service to a restricted group known as a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG).

[0054] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (also known as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (also known as forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna technologies, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may use one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink).

[0055] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 communicating with a WLAN station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen-before-speak (LBT) procedure to determine channel availability before communication. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include devices (e.g., UEs, etc.) that communicate with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc., using ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. The UWB spectrum can range from 3.1 to 10.5 GHz.

[0056] Small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell base station 102' can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum as used by WLAN AP 150. Small cell base station 102' employing LTE and / or 5G in unlicensed spectrum can enhance access network coverage and / or increase access network capacity. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0057] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a millimeter-wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate in mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies to communicate with the UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains radio frequency (RF). EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm. Radio waves in this band are referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW extends down to a 3 GHz frequency with a 100 mm wavelength. Ultra-high frequency (SHF) bands extend between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and are also referred to as centimeter waves. Communication using mmW and / or near-mmW RF bands has high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) on the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Accordingly, it will be understood that the foregoing explanations are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the aspects disclosed herein.

[0058] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing RF signals in a specific direction. Conventionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). Using transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing the receiving device with a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal. To change the directivity of the RF signal during transmission, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an antenna array (referred to as a "phased array" or "antenna array") that generates a beam of RF waves, which can be "guided" to different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that radio waves from the separate antennas add together in the desired direction to increase radiation, while canceling each other out in the undesired direction to suppress radiation.

[0059] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, a receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a specific direction to amplify the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Thus, when a receiver is referred to as beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is higher than the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gains of other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0060] The receive beam can be spatially dependent. Spatial dependency means that the parameters of the transmit beam used for the second reference signal can be derived from information about the receive beam of the first reference signal. For example, the UE can use a specific receive beam to receive one or more reference downlink reference signals (e.g., Position Reference Signal (PRS), Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS), Cell-Specific Reference Signal (CRS), Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS), Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), Synchronization Block (SSB), etc.) from the base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam based on the parameters of the receive beam to transmit one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., Uplink Position Reference Signal (UL-PRS), Detection Reference Signal (SRS), Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), PTRS, etc.) to the base station.

[0061] Note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a base station is forming a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, then the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if a UE is forming a downlink beam, then the downlink beam is a receive beam for receiving downlink reference signals. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a base station is forming an uplink beam, then the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, while if a UE is forming an uplink beam, then the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0062] In 5G, the spectrum in which radio nodes (e.g., base stations 102 / 180, UE 104 / 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (from 450 to 6000 MHz), FR2 (from 24250 to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). In multi-carrier systems (such as 5G), one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCell.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by UE 104 / 182 and on the cell in which UE 104 / 182 performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common control channels as well as control channels that vary from UE to UE, and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case).

[0063] For example, still refer to Figure 1One of the frequencies utilized by macrocell base station 102 can be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and other frequencies utilized by macrocell base station 102 and / or mmW base station 180 can be secondary carriers ("SCell"). In carrier aggregation, each carrier of base station 102 and / or UE 104 can use a spectrum with a bandwidth of up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100 MHz), with up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) for transmission in each direction. Component carriers may be adjacent to each other in the spectrum or may not be adjacent to each other. Carrier allocation may be asymmetrical with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to downlink compared to uplink). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception on multiple carriers allows UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in twice the data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate obtained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0064] To operate on multiple carrier frequencies, base station 102 and / or UE 104 are equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, UE 104 may have two receivers, namely "Receiver 1" and "Receiver 2", where "Receiver 1" is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to band (i.e., carrier frequency) 'X' or band 'Y', while "Receiver 2" is a single-band receiver that can be tuned to only band 'Z'. In this example, if UE 104 is being served in band 'X', then band 'X' will be referred to as PCell or active carrier frequency, and "Receiver 1" will need to tune from band 'X' to band 'Y' (SCell) to measure band 'Y' (and vice versa). In contrast, regardless of whether UE 104 is being served in band 'X' or band 'Y', due to the separate "Receiver 2", UE 104 can measure band 'Z' without interrupting service on band 'X' or band 'Y'.

[0065] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a UE 164, which can communicate with the macrocell base station 102 on the communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 on the mmW communication link 184. For example, the macrocell base station 102 may support PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0066] The wireless communication system 100 may further include one or more UEs (such as UE 190) that are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “side links”). Figure 1 In the example, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with a UE 104 connected to a base station 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 indirectly obtains cellular connectivity), and a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLANSTA 152 connected to a WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 indirectly obtains WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can use any known D2D RAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D)). (etc.) to support.

[0067] According to various aspects, Figure 2A Example wireless network architecture 200 is explained. For example, 5GC 210 (also referred to as Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally considered as control plane functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane functions 212 (e.g., UE gateway functions, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.), which operate collaboratively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect gNB 222 to 5GC 210, specifically to control plane functions 214 and user plane functions 212. In an additional configuration, ng-eNB 224 can also connect to 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to control plane function 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane function 212. Furthermore, ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with gNB 222 via backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the new RAN 220 may have only one or more gNB 222s, while other configurations include both one or more ng-eNB 224s and one or more gNB 222s. The gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 can be used with UE 204 (e.g., Figure 1 Communicate with any UE depicted in the description.

[0068] Another optional aspect may include location server 230, which may communicate with 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to UE 204. Location server 230 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules extending across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. Location server 230 may be configured to support one or more location services for UE 204, which UE 204 can connect to via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not explained). Furthermore, location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively, may be external to the core network. In some examples, location server 230 may be operated by the operator or provider of 5GC 210, a third party, an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), or other parties. In some cases, multiple location servers may be provided, such as location servers for carriers, location servers for specific device OEMs, and / or other location servers. In such cases, location-aided data can be received from the operator's location server, and other auxiliary data can be received from the OEM's location server.

[0069] According to various aspects, Figure 2B Another example wireless network architecture 250 is described. For example, 5GC 260 can be functionally considered as a control plane function (provided by Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 264) and a user plane function (provided by User Plane Function (UPF) 262), which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect ng-eNB 224 to 5GC 260, specifically to UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively. In an additional configuration, gNB 222 can also connect to 5GC 260 via control plane interface 265 to AMF 264 and user plane interface 263 to UPF 262. Furthermore, ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with gNB 222 via backhaul connection 223, with or without gNB direct connectivity to 5GC 260. In some configurations, the new RAN 220 may have only one or more gNB222s, while other configurations include both one or more ng-eNB 224s and one or more gNB 222s. The gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 can be used with UE 204 (e.g., Figure 1 The base station of the new RAN 220 communicates with the AMF 264 via the N2 interface and with the UPF 262 via the N3 interface.

[0070] The functions of AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of Session Management (SM) messages between UE 204 and Session Management Function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of Short Message Service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and Short Message Service Function (SMSF) (not shown), and Security Anchor Functionality (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with Authentication Server Function (AUSF) (not shown) and UE 204, and receives an intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AUSSF. The functions of AMF 264 also include Security Context Management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF, which is used by the SCM to derive a key that varies depending on the access network. The functionality of AMF 264 also includes: location service management for regulatory services, transmission of location service messages between UE 204 and Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as location server 230), transmission of location service messages between the new RAN 220 and LMF 270, allocation of EPS bearer identifiers for interoperability with Evolved Packet Systems (EPS), and UE 204 mobility event notification. Furthermore, AMF 264 also supports functionality for non-3GPP access networks.

[0071] The functions of UPF 262 include: acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (where applicable), acting as an external Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session point interconnecting to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., strobing, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS Flow mapping), transport-level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 may also support the transmission of location service messages on the user plane between UE 204 and a location server (such as Secure User Plane Positioning (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP) 272).

[0072] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, traffic bootstrapping configuration at UPF 262 for routing traffic to the correct destination, partial control of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface used by SMF 266 to communicate with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0073] Another optional aspect may include LMF 270, which can communicate with 5GC 260 to provide location assistance to UE 204. LMF 270 can be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules extending across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UE 204, which can connect to LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not explained). SLP 272 supports similar functionality to LMF 270, but while LMF 270 can communicate with AMF 264, the new RAN 220, and UE 204 on the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to convey signaling messages rather than voice or data), SLP 272 can communicate with UE 204 and external clients on the user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP). Figure 2B (Not shown in the image) communicates.

[0074] On one hand, the LMF 270 and / or SLP 272 can be integrated with base stations (such as gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224). When integrated into gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224, the LMF 270 and / or SLP 272 may be referred to as a “Location Management Component” or “LMC”. However, as used herein, references to LMF 270 and SLP 272 include both cases where LMF 270 and SLP 272 are components of the core network (e.g., 5GC 260) and cases where LMF 270 and SLP 272 are components of the base station.

[0075] Figure 3 A block diagram of a base station 102 and a UE 104 designed according to some aspects of this disclosure is shown, which implements the transmission and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station. Design 300 includes components of base station 102 and UE 104, which may be... Figure 1One of the base stations 102 and one of the UEs 104. The base station 102 may be equipped with T antennas 334a to 334t, while the UE 104 may be equipped with R antennas 352a to 352r, where generally T≥1 and R≥1.

[0076] At base station 102, transmit processor 320 can receive data destined for one or more UEs from data source 312, select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCS) for each UE based at least in part on channel quality indicators (CQI) received from each UE, process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data destined for each UE based at least in part on the MCS selected for each UE, and provide data symbols for all UEs. Transmit processor 320 can also process system information (e.g., semi-static resource allocation information (SRPI) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, upper-layer signaling, etc.) and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. Transmit processor 320 can also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS)). The transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 330 can perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, and / or reference symbols where applicable, and can provide T output symbol streams to T modulators (MODs) 332a to 332t. The modulators 332a to 332t are shown as combined modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMODs). In some cases, the modulator and demodulator can be separate components. Each modulator in the modulators 332a to 332t can process a corresponding output symbol stream (e.g., for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator in the modulators 332a to 332t can further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and up-convert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. T downlink signals can be transmitted from modulators 332a to 332t via T antennas 334a to 334t, respectively. According to some aspects described in more detail below, position coding can be used to generate synchronization signals to convey additional information.

[0077] At UE 104, antennas 352a to 352r can receive downlink signals from base station 102 and / or other base stations and can provide the received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) 354a to 354r respectively. Demodulators 354a to 354r are shown as combined modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMODs). In some cases, the modulator and demodulator can be separate components. Each demodulator in demodulators 354a to 354r can condition (e.g., filter, amplify, down-convert, and digitize) the received signal to obtain an input sample. Each demodulator in demodulators 354a to 354r can further process the input sample (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. MIMO detector 356 can obtain the received symbols from all R demodulators 354a to 354r, perform MIMO detection on these received symbols where applicable, and provide detected symbols. The receiver processor 358 can process (e.g., demodulate and decode) these detected symbols, provide the decoded data for UE 104 to the data sink 360, and provide the decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 380. The channel processor can determine the Reference Received Power (RSRP), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Reference Received Quality (RSRQ), Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), etc.

[0078] On the uplink, at UE 104, the transmit processor 364 can receive and process data from data source 362 and control information from controller / processor 380 (e.g., reports including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, etc.). The transmit processor 364 can also generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals (e.g., based at least in part on a β value or set of β values ​​associated with the one or more reference signals). Symbols from the transmit processor 364 can be pre-encoded by the TX MIMO processor 366, further processed by modulators 354a to 354r (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM, CP-OFDM, etc.), and transmitted to base station 102. At base station 102, uplink signals from UE 104 and other UEs can be received by antennas 336a to 334t, processed by demodulators 332a to 332t, detected by MIMO detector 336 where applicable, and further processed by receiver processor 338 to obtain decoded data and control information transmitted by UE 104. Receiver processor 338 can provide the decoded data to data sink 339 and the decoded control information to controller (processor) 340. Base station 102 may include communication unit 344 and communicates with network controller 331 via communication unit 344. Network controller 331 may include communication unit 394, controller / processor 390, and memory 392.

[0079] In some respects, one or more components of UE 104 may be included in the housing. These include the controller 340 of base station 102, the controller / processor 380 of UE 104, and / or Figure 3 Any other component(s) may perform one or more techniques associated with the determination of implicit UCIβ values ​​for NR.

[0080] Memory 342 and 382 may store data and program code for base station 102 and UE 104, respectively. Scheduler 346 may schedule UE for data transmission on downlink and / or uplink.

[0081] In some implementations, UE 104 may include means for: determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in communication between UE 104 and base station 102, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by multiple antennas for reference signal transmission between UE and base station 102; determining a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern; and using the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code to transmit the reference signal.

[0082] In some implementations, base station 102 may include means for: determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in communication between base station 102 and UE 104, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by multiple antennas for reference signal transmission between UE and base station 102; determining a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern; and using the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code to transmit the reference signal.

[0083] As mentioned above, a frequency modulation pattern can be defined as a specific arrangement of resource elements in a given resource block for transmitting a reference signal between a UE (such as one of UEs 104) and a base station (such as base station 102). Frequency modulation patterns are currently predefined in 5G communication standards and may be referred to herein as predefined conventional frequency modulation patterns. Such predefined frequency modulation patterns may not be optimized for all environments. For example, the arrangement or combination of resource elements used to transmit a specific reference signal may not be optimized for all possible conditions across user equipment and base station operation. Therefore, signal efficiency and latency reduction in 5G mobile systems can be improved by dynamically determining the optimal frequency modulation pattern configuration.

[0084] Resource blocks can be transmitted over UL or DL ​​between UE 104 and base station 102 using radio frames. Various radio frame structures can be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base station and UE). Figures 4A to 4FThis is a diagram illustrating an example of a frame structure according to some aspects of this disclosure. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0085] NR (and LTE) utilize OFDM on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR also has the option to use OFDM on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are often referred to as frequency modulation, frequency slots, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. Generally, modulation symbols are transmitted in the frequency domain for OFDM and in the time domain for SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the subcarrier spacing can be 15 kHz, and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) can be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Therefore, for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, the nominal Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) size can be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048, respectively. The system bandwidth can also be divided into subbands. For example, a subband can cover 1.08MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20MHz, there can be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands, respectively.

[0086] LTE supports single-parameter design (subcarrier spacing, symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR supports multiple-parameter design (μ). For example, subcarrier spacing (SCS) of 15kHz, 30kHz, 60kHz, 120kHz, and 240kHz or greater can be available. Table 1 below lists some of the various parameters used for different NR parameter designs.

[0087]

[0088] Table 1

[0089] In one example, a 15kHz parameter design is used. Therefore, in the time domain, a 10-millisecond (ms) frame is divided into 10 equal-sized subframes, each 1ms, and each subframe includes one time slot. Figure 4A In this context, time is represented horizontally (e.g., on the X-axis), where time increases from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (e.g., on the Y-axis), where frequency increases (or decreases) from bottom to top.

[0090] Resource grids can be used to represent time slots, each of which includes one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) in the frequency domain (also known as physical RBs (PRBs)). Figure 4AAn example of resource block (RB) 402 has been explained. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). (See reference...) Figure 4A RB 402 includes multiple REs, including resource elements (REs) 404. RE 404 can correspond to a symbol length in the time domain and a subcarrier in the frequency domain. Figure 4A In the parameter design, for a normal cyclic prefix, RB 402 can contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and 7 consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs (such as RE 404). For an extended cyclic prefix, RB can contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and 6 consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0091] Some REs carry downlink reference (pilot) signals (DL-RS) when communicating on DL channels. Similarly, some REs may carry uplink reference (pilot) signals (UL-RS) when communicating on UL channels. DL-RS may include, but is not limited to, PRS, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, etc. UL-RS may include, but is not limited to, DMRS, SRS, etc. Figure 4A Example locations of REs carrying DL-RS are explained (e.g., DMRS where each RE is labeled "R"). Figure 4A The following examples will describe a DMRS as an illustrative example of a DL-RS and / or UL-RS. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto, and the dynamic-based techniques described herein for determining frequency modulation modes can be equally applied to any other DL-RS and / or UL-RS.

[0092] The set of resource elements (REs) used for the transmission of the reference signal is called a frequency modulation pattern. This frequency modulation pattern can span multiple REs on a single RB, multiple REs on multiple RBs in the frequency domain, and span 'N' (e.g., one or more) consecutive symbols within a time slot in the time domain, or it can span a single RE in a given RB. REs can have real or complex values.

[0093] Typically, in an RB such as RB 402, several initial REs are reserved for the transmission of control signals (e.g., in...). Figure 4A The control region shown contains the first two OFDM symbols with shaded REs. Furthermore, in... Figure 4A In RB 402, RE marked with "R" indicates an example frequency modulation pattern used for an example reference signal (e.g., DMRS) in RB 402. The frequency modulation pattern can be defined using (time (subcarrier), frequency (OFDM symbol)) coordinates. As an example, Figure 4AConfiguration 400 illustrates the example DMRS frequency modulation mode, where RE has coordinates (2,0), (2,2), (2,4), (2,6), (2,8), and (2,10). Figure 4A In example configuration 400, one OFDM symbol is dedicated to the transmission of DMRS. As shown in the figure, every other RE (e.g., at OFDM symbol 2 and subcarrier (time slots) 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) is dedicated to example DMRS in RB 402. Figure 4A The example DMRS frequency modulation mode is preloaded in RB 402. Various other frequency modulation modes can be used for different reference signals, such as those defined by 3GPP in the 5G standard. Figure 4A The example frequency modulation patterns shown, as well as other frequency modulation patterns specified by 3GPP as part of the 5G standard, are predefined. For example, when a reference signal (e.g., DMRS) is to be transmitted on the DL channel and / or UL channel between base station 102 and UE 104 (which can be in each RB, every other RB, etc.), one such predefined frequency modulation pattern can be used.

[0094] Figure 4B Another configuration of DMRS mode for a MIMO system using four antenna ports (e.g., each of base station 102 and / or UE 104 may have four-port antennas) is described, where frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is used to enable utilization of each resource element by two of these antenna ports. In this example, the device receiving DMRS (e.g., one of base station 102 and / or UE 104) can utilize OCC (overlay code) to determine which frequency modulation received on a given RE corresponds to the DMRS intended for reception and use by that device. Figure 4B In the example, an OFDM symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol 2) is used by each of the four antennas of the device transmitting DMRS (e.g., base station 102 or UE 104) to transmit the preceding DMRS signal. Given each RE by Figure 4B In the example, two of the four antennas share the same RE, and two separate explanations, 420 and 425, including RB 402, are provided to visually aid understanding of the RE shared by the different antennas. For example, RE 422 is designated as "R1" in explanation 420 to indicate that RE 422 is used as part of a DMRS frequency modulation pattern to be transmitted via antenna 1000. The same RE 422 is designated as "R3" in explanation 425 to indicate that RE 422 is also used as part of a DMRS frequency modulation pattern to be transmitted via antenna 1002.

[0095] like Figure 4BAs shown, every other RE starting from RE 422 (e.g., REs with coordinates (0, 2), (2, 2), (4, 2), (6, 2), (8, 2), and (10, 2)) is designated "R1" in explanation 420 and "R3" in explanation 425 to indicate that they are used by antenna ports 1000 and 1002 respectively to transmit DMRS. Similarly, every other RE starting from RE 424 (e.g., REs with coordinates (1, 2), (3, 2), (5, 2), (7, 2), (9, 2), and (11, 2)) is designated "R2" in explanation 420 and "R4" in explanation 425 to indicate that they are used by antenna ports 1001 and 1003 respectively to transmit DMRS. As described above, a device receiving DMRS can use OCC to decode (demodulate) the desired frequency modulus from two frequency moduli transmitted on the same RE. For example, a one-dimensional OCC can be used with decoding Figure 4B The DMRS is used in association and can have any number of known or undeveloped formats, including but not limited to Walsh code sequences, Fourier transform sequences, discrete Fourier transform sequences, and / or any other type of known or undeveloped orthogonal codes.

[0096] Figures 4C to 4F Another configuration of the DMRS mode for a MIMO system using eight antenna ports 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, and 1007 (e.g., each of base station 102 and / or UE 104 may have four port antennas) is described, where FDM is used to achieve utilization of each resource element by four of these antenna ports. Similarly, in this example, a device receiving DMRS (e.g., one of base station 102 and / or UE 104) can use a length 4OCC (coverage code) to determine which frequency modulation received on a given RE corresponds to the DMRS intended for reception and use by that device. As an example, the length 4OCC can be formed as a length 4Walsh code (e.g., a 2×2 sequence) indicated by the sequence {a,b,c,d}, where a,b,c, andd can take values ​​of "+1" or "-1" and are cross-correlated to zero. In an explanatory example using a 2×2 sequence, a 4-length OCC code could be {1,1,1,1} corresponding to the first antenna port, {1,-1,1,-1} to the second antenna port, {1,1,-1,-1} to the third antenna port, and {1,-1,1,-1} to the fourth antenna port, and so on. Figures 4C to 4FIn this example, two OFDM symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols 2 and 3) are used by each of the eight antennas of the device transmitting DMRS (e.g., one of base station 102 and / or UE 104) to transmit the frontload DMRS signal. In this example, and because two OFDM symbols are used, a pair of REs (e.g., RE 452 and RE 454 or RE 456 and RE 458) are shared by four antennas to transmit DMRS.

[0097] Figures 4C to 4F Four separate explanations, including explanations 430, 435, 440, and 425 for RB 402, are provided to visually aid in understanding the RE pairs shared by different antennas. For example, the RE 452 and 454 pair is designated "R1" in explanation 430 to indicate that the RE 452 and 454 pair is used as part of a DMRS frequency modulation pattern to be transmitted via antenna 1000. The same RE 452 and 454 pair is designated "R3" in explanation 435 to indicate that the RE 452 and 454 pair is used as part of a DMRS frequency modulation pattern to be transmitted via antenna 1002. The same RE 452 and 454 pair is designated "R5" in explanation 440 to indicate that the RE 452 and 454 pair is used as part of a DMRS frequency modulation pattern to be transmitted via antenna 1004. The same RE 452 and 454 pair is designated as “R7” in explanation 445 to indicate that the RE 452 and 454 pair is used as part of the DMRS frequency modulation mode to be transmitted via antenna 1006.

[0098] like Figures 4C to 4F As shown, every other pair of REs (e.g., REs with coordinates (0,2), (0,3), (2,2), (2,3), (4,2), (4,3), (6,2), (6,3), (8,2), (8,3), (10,2), and (10,3)) starting from RE pairs 452 and 454) are in Figure 4C In the explanation of 430, it is designated as "R1" in Figure 4D In commentary 435, it is designated as "R3". Figure 4E In commentary 440, it was designated as "R5" and Figure 4FIn Explanation 445, it is designated as "R7" to indicate that it is used by antenna ports 1000, 1002, 1004, and 1006 to transmit DMRS, respectively. Similarly, each RE starting from RE pairs 456 and 458 (e.g., REs with coordinates (1,2), (1,3), (3,2), (3,3), (5,2), (5,3), (7,2), (7,3), (9,2), (9,3), (11,2), and (11,3)) is designated as "R2" in Explanation 430, "R4" in Explanation 435, "R6" in Explanation 440, and "R8" in Explanation 445 to indicate that it is used by antenna ports 1001, 1003, 1005, and 1007 to transmit DMRS, respectively. As described above, a device receiving DMRS can use OCC to decode (demodulate) a desired frequency modulus from two frequency moduli transmitted on the same RE. For example, a two-dimensional OCC can be used with decoding... Figures 4C to 4F The DMRS is used in conjunction with and can have any number of known or undeveloped formats, including but not limited to Walsh code sequences, Fourier transform sequences, discrete Fourier transform sequences, and / or any other type of known or undeveloped orthogonal code. As an example, a length 4OCC can be formed as a length 4 Walsh code (e.g., a 2×2 sequence) indicated by the sequence {a,b,c,d}, where a,b,c, andd can take values ​​of "+1" or "-1" and are cross-correlated to zero.

[0099] refer to Figure 4B and 4C The example frequency modulation mode described may be referred to as a multiplexed frequency modulation mode for MIMO systems. It should be understood that, although the reference... Figure 4B and 4C Examples with four antenna ports and examples with eight antenna ports are described respectively, but this disclosure is not limited to these examples and multiplexed frequency modulation patterns can be generated for devices with more or fewer antennas (e.g., devices with up to 64 or more antennas).

[0100] Predefined (and / or preloaded) frequency modulation patterns (e.g., as in reference) that are decoupled from the conditions (channel conditions) for communication with the UE and the base station. Figures 4A to 4C The example frequency modulation (FM) patterns described may lead to redundancy and / or otherwise inefficient use of network resources to transmit the reference signal. An example of such inefficient use of network resources includes the overhead associated with the transmission of the reference signal, which can be reduced by implementing the techniques described below for determining the FM pattern and / or associated overlay code for the transmission of the reference signal.

[0101] As mentioned above, this document describes systems and techniques for determining optimized, multiplexed frequency modulation patterns and / or associated OCCs (also referred to as optimized and / or customized frequency modulation patterns and / or OCCs) for multi-antenna transmission of reference signals between a UE and a base station. In some cases, these systems and techniques may be implemented by a base station (such as base station 102). In some examples, these systems and techniques may be implemented by a UE (such as UE 104). These systems and techniques may determine the multiplexed frequency modulation pattern based on the current and / or previous conditions of the communication channel between the UE and the base station. In determining the multiplexed frequency modulation pattern for transmitting reference signals between the UE and the base station, the systems and techniques described herein may also determine the corresponding OCC for that multiplexed frequency modulation pattern.

[0102] Configuring the UE and / or base station to use OFDM and the corresponding OCC code in a MIMO system to determine the optimized (and / or customized) frequency modulation mode for the reference signal (e.g., whenever the reference signal will be transmitted to the UE on the DL channel or whenever the reference signal will be transmitted from the UE to the base station on the UL channel) can improve network resource utilization efficiency at the physical layer and reduce overhead associated with the transmission of the reference signal (e.g., for some RS frequency modulation, based on EPRE=0, as described herein), etc.

[0103] For example, under certain conditions, such as UE mobility conditions, environmental conditions, and / or the transmission and reception capabilities of the UE and the base station (e.g., the UE has an advanced receiver that can estimate the channel using lower RS ​​frequency modulation, etc.), using Figures 4A to 4C The example frequency modulation patterns in the example may be redundant or inefficient. In such cases, and in others, such as the multiplexing of preload and / or possibly conventional (e.g., predefined) frequency modulation patterns (as referenced) for DL ​​transmissions destined for multiple different UEs and / or multiple antennas of the UEs, Figures 4A to 4C This may not be optimal. Using the systems and techniques described herein, under such or other conditions, the UE and / or base station can customize the frequency modulation pattern and / or associated coverage code for the transmission of the reference signal. In an illustrative example, UE 104 may be stationary and within a threshold distance of its connected base station 102. In such examples, in Figures 4C to 4F Preloading two OFDM symbols into the RB 402 in the eight-antenna-port example may result in inefficient use of spectrum resources.

[0104] In some examples, the frequency modulation pattern and / or OCC optimization systems and techniques described herein may take into account channel conditions or other factors when determining the optimized frequency modulation pattern and / or associated OCC. For example, the base station and the UE (e.g., referenced above) Figure 1The described base station 102 and UE 104 exchange various reference signals. The base station or UE may use the reference signals to perform one or more measurements, including but not limited to channel throughput, channel distortion, mobility, and reference signal received power (RSRP) during beam management, frequency / time tracking, precoding based on demodulation and UL reciprocity, path delay spread, and Doppler spread. On the UL channel, UL-DMRS can be used for channel estimation and / or coherent demodulation associated with the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), etc. If the base station does not properly process the UL-DMRS (e.g., decode the OCC of the UL-DMRS), the base station may be unable to process information transmitted on the PUSCH, PUCCH, and / or any other transmitted UL information. Similarly, on the DL channel, DL-DMRS can be used for channel estimation (e.g., on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), and / or other downlink channels). If the UE does not process DL-DMRS (e.g., decode the OCC of DL-DMRS), the UE may be unable to process information transmitted on the PDSCH, PDCCH, and / or other transmitted DL information. Correct generation and transmission of the OCC ensures correct decoding of UL-DMRS and / or DL-DMRS. Such measurements may vary depending on channel conditions (e.g., environmental conditions, mobility state, etc.) and the specific frequency modulation patterns on which reference signals are exchanged between the UE and the base station. By observing how measurements change over time, the UE and base station can learn the frequency modulation patterns that lead to improved measurements for a given underlying channel condition.

[0105] In some cases, FDM can be used to multiplex frequency modulation modes for transmission and reception in MIMO systems. As further described below, for any frequency modulation mode determined according to the systems and techniques of this disclosure, an OCC can also be constructed to multiplex the frequency modulation mode so that the UE and / or base station receiving the multiplexed frequency modulation mode can decode and demodulate the frequency modulation mode, retrieve reference signals, and perform corresponding measurements.

[0106] In some examples, as described in more detail below, a training dataset can be used to train a machine learning model to determine the optimal frequency modulation pattern for reference signal transmission for a given set of channel conditions. In some aspects, the training dataset may include channel conditions, different frequency modulation patterns on which the UE receives a reference signal (e.g., a DMRS signal), measurements obtained from the results performed by the receiving UE and / or the base station under such channel conditions and frequency modulation patterns, measured throughput, etc. Once trained, the machine learning model can receive channel conditions as input (e.g., one or more parameters associated with the communication channel between UE 104 and the base station 102 to which it is connected, such as the mobility state of UE 104, the environmental conditions in which UE 104 is operating, etc.) and provide a recommended frequency modulation pattern as output for base station 102 to use in transmitting CSI-RS and / or TRS to UE 104 on the DL channel.

[0107] The machine learning model can be further trained using the OCC pattern previously used in association with the multiplexed frequency modulation pattern, so that the machine learning model can provide a specific recommended frequency modulation pattern (which may be a new pattern or a previously known and / or used frequency modulation pattern) and / or the recommended OCC pattern to be used for transmitting the multiplexed frequency modulation pattern as output for a given channel condition.

[0108] Now refer to Figures 5 to 9 An example is given to illustrate the frequency modulation mode optimization process. The following description relates to transmissions using multiplexed UL-DMRS and / or DL-DMRS in MIMO systems. Figures 5 to 9 Furthermore, example embodiments are described with reference to single-user (SU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) (SU-MIMO) when UE 104 includes and / or uses multiple antennas to communicate with multiple antennas at base station 102. However, this disclosure is not limited to UL-DMRS, DL-DMRS, and / or SU-MIMO systems, and can be equally applied to any other type of reference signal transmission over UL and / or DL ​​in any other type of system (e.g., MU-MIMO system).

[0109] Figure 5 An example neural architecture of a neural network 500, which can be trained for frequency modulation placement and / or associated overlay code determination according to some aspects of this disclosure, is described. The example neural architecture of the neural network 500 may be defined by an example neural network description 502 in a neural controller 501. The neural network 500 is an example of a machine learning model that can be deployed and implemented at base station 102 and / or UE 104. The neural network 500 may be a feedforward neural network or any other known or under-development neural network or machine learning model.

[0110] Neural network description 502 may include the complete specification of neural network 500, including Figure 5 The neural architecture shown is illustrated. For example, neural network description 502 may include: a description or specification of the architecture of neural network 500 (e.g., layers, layer interconnections, number of nodes in each layer, etc.); input and output descriptions indicating how the inputs and outputs are formed or processed; instructions for activation functions, operations or filters in the neural network, etc.; neural network parameters such as weights, biases, etc.; and so on.

[0111] The neural network 500 can reflect the neural architecture defined in the neural network description 502. In this non-limiting example, the neural network 500 includes an input layer 503 that, after being trained, can receive one or more sets of input data. The input data can be any type of data, such as one or more parameters associated with a communication channel (e.g., environmental conditions associated with the UL and DL communication channels between UE 104 and base station 102, UE mobility state, etc.), various measurements performed by base station 102 and UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals, corresponding OCC modes used in association with previously transmitted reference signals in a MIMO system, etc.

[0112] The neural network 500 may include hidden layers 504A to 504N (collectively referred to as "504"). Hidden layers 504 may include n hidden layers, where n is an integer greater than or equal to 1. The number of hidden layers may include the number of layers required to achieve the desired processing result and / or to present the intended meaning. In an illustrative example, any of the hidden layers 504 may include: data representing one or more data provided at input layer 503, such as one or more parameters associated with a communication channel (e.g., environmental conditions associated with the UL and DL communication channels between UE 104 and base station 102, UE mobility state, etc.), previously used frequency modulation patterns for reference signal communication and associated OCC patterns, one or more measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using the previously used frequency modulation patterns and associated throughput, increments (differences) between measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using different frequency modulation patterns, etc.

[0113] The neural network 500 further includes an output layer 506 that provides the output produced by the processing performed by the hidden layer 504. In an illustrative example, the output layer 506 may provide output data based on the input data. In an example context relating to determining the frequency modulation mode for transmitting DMRS, the output data may include a recommended frequency modulation mode to be used by the base station 102 and / or UE 104 to transmit DL-DMRS or UL-DMRS.

[0114] In this example, neural network 500 is a multi-layer neural network with interconnected nodes. Each node can represent a piece of information. The information associated with these nodes is shared between different layers, and each layer retains information while processing it. In some cases, neural network 500 may include a feedforward neural network. In other cases, neural network 500 may include a recurrent neural network, which may have loops that allow information to be carried across nodes as input is read in.

[0115] Information can be exchanged between nodes via node-to-node interconnects between layers. Nodes in input layer 503 can activate a set of nodes in the first hidden layer 504A. For example, as shown, each input node of input layer 503 is connected to each node in the first hidden layer 504A. Nodes in hidden layer 504A can transform information by applying an activation function to the information of each input node. The information derived from the transformation can then be passed to and can activate nodes in the next hidden layer (e.g., 504B), which can execute their own specified functions. Example functions include convolution, upsampling, data transformation, pooling, and / or any other suitable function. The output of the hidden layer (e.g., 504B) can then activate nodes in the next hidden layer (e.g., 504N), and so on. The output of the last hidden layer can activate one or more nodes in output layer 506, providing the output at that point. In some cases, although nodes in neural network 500 (e.g., nodes 508A, 508B, 508C) are shown as having multiple output lines, a node has a single output and all lines shown as output from a single node represent the same output value.

[0116] In some cases, each node or the interconnections between nodes can have weights derived from a set of parameters trained on the neural network 500. For example, interconnections between nodes can represent learned fragments of information related to the interconnected nodes. Interconnections can have numerical weights that can be tuned (e.g., based on the training dataset), allowing the neural network 500 to adapt to the input and learn as it processes more data.

[0117] The neural network 500 can be pre-trained to process features from the data in the input layer 503 using different hidden layers 504, in order to provide an output through the output layer 506. In some cases, the neural network 500 can use a training process called backpropagation to adjust the weights of the nodes. Backpropagation can include forward pass, loss function, back pass, and weight update. Forward pass, loss function, back pass, and parameter update can be performed on a single training iteration. This process can be repeated for each training dataset up to a certain number of iterations until the weights of these layers are accurately tuned (e.g., to meet configurable thresholds determined based on experimental and / or empirical research).

[0118] Neural Network 500 can include any suitable neural or deep learning network. One example includes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which consists of an input layer and an output layer, with multiple hidden layers between the input and output layers. The hidden layers of a CNN include a series of convolutional layers, non-linear layers, pooling layers (for downsampling), and fully connected layers. In other examples, Neural Network 500 can represent any other neural network or deep learning network, such as an autoencoder, a Deep Belief Network (DBN), a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), etc.

[0119] Once trained, the neural network 500 can receive one or more parameters as input associated with the communication channel between base station 102 and UE 104. Such parameters may include, but are not limited to, the environmental conditions under which base station 102 and UE 104 are communicating (e.g., weather conditions, indoor / outdoor channel conditions and / or cellular or wireless connectivity, transmission capabilities and power of base station 102 and / or UE 104, etc.). In some aspects, environmental conditions may further include the mobility state of UE 104 (e.g., how fast UE 104 moves toward or away from base station 102, etc.), the multipath characteristics of the channel, and / or various measurements performed by base station 102 and UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals (e.g., the frequency modulation pattern used in the previous RB for transmitting the reference signal, etc.). The neural network 500 can then provide a recommendation as output for the frequency modulation pattern to be used for transmitting the underlying reference signal. For MIMO systems, the neural network 500 may also provide a recommendation for transmitting and / or decoding the multiplexed reference signal (e.g., the reference above). Figure 4B and 4C The recommended OCC of the multiplexed DMRS signal described herein is used as the output. As described in more detail below, the trained neural network 500 can be deployed at UE 104 or alternatively at base station 102.

[0120] In some examples, the receiver (e.g., base station 102 and / or UE 104) can monitor the received REs in real time (e.g., when an RE is received) or near real time over time and / or frequency, and can determine over a period of time that certain frequency modulation patterns and / or associated coverage codes are more suitable for the transmission of the reference signal (RS). In some cases, even the RS frequency modulation used for data transmission can be interpreted as a pilot after it is decoded. The receiver can also determine the coverage code associated with the frequency modulation pattern used for the transmission of the reference signal (e.g., for MIMO systems). Once the optimized frequency modulation pattern and / or associated coverage code are determined, the receiver can feed the optimized pattern and / or associated coverage code back to the transmitter for the transmission of the reference signal. Depending on the desired implementation, the transmitter may be associated with the same equipment as the receiver or may be associated with different equipment, such as another base station 102 and / or UE 104.

[0121] The trained neural network 500 can record parameters, channel conditions, and / or other information (e.g., UE location, etc.) and associate them with various frequency modulation (FM) modes (and / or corresponding coverage codes) used for reference signal transmission. As mentioned herein, channel conditions may include indoor and / or outdoor channel conditions, UE mobility state, multipath channel characteristics, or any combination thereof, and / or other channel conditions. For example, the trained neural network 500 can remember which FM modes were used with the recorded information so that they can be used in the future. Based on subsequent measurement and channel estimation processes, the trained neural network 500 can identify which FM modes (and / or corresponding coverage codes) are most suitable for a given set of parameters and channel conditions. In the future, once such channel conditions occur or are detected, the trained neural network 500 can identify and use the most suitable FM mode (and / or corresponding coverage code) to transmit the reference signal under the detected channel conditions. In some examples, the trained neural network 500 can be continuously updated or retrained (e.g., using online learning methods). For example, the trained neural network 500 can be configured to be optimized whenever a reference signal is transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 under various conditions.

[0122] As mentioned above, the output of the trained neural network, whether implemented at base station 102 or UE 104, can be a customized and new frequency modulation pattern that has not been previously used to transmit the reference signal, or it can be a previously used frequency modulation pattern that the trained neural network 500 has determined as the optimal frequency modulation pattern for a given set of one or more parameters provided as input. The output may further include the recommended OCC used in association with the transmission of the frequency modulation pattern recommended in the MIMO system.

[0123] Figure 6This is a flowchart of a process 600 for training a machine learning algorithm (such as a neural network 500) for frequency modulation modes and / or associated overlay codes according to some aspects of this disclosure. Figure 6 The operation will be combined Figure 5 This can be described and implemented at base station 102 and / or UE 104. In an illustrative example, UE 104 can perform... Figure 6 The operation determines the customized RS mode. In one instance, if the RS mode is used for channel estimation, the UE can subsequently determine the OCC coverage mode. As described herein, this determination can be based on rules (e.g., rules in one or more 5G / NR 3GPP technical specifications or rules based on the output of a machine learning system).

[0124] In operation 610, the neural controller 501 receives a description of the structure of the neural network 500 (e.g., from base station 102), including but not limited to the architecture and layer definitions of the neural network 500, layer interconnections, input and output descriptions, activation functions, operations, filters, and parameters (such as weights, coefficients, biases, etc.). In some examples, this description may be received from the device based on user input received by the device (e.g., input via an input device, such as a keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, interface, and / or other types of input devices). In some examples, operation 610 is optional and may not be performed. For example, in some cases, the neural network 500 may be different from the UE (e.g., executed by the UE), and therefore the description and specific configuration of the neural network 500 may be provided by the UE 104.

[0125] In operation 620, neural network 500 is generated based on the description received at operation 610. Using this description, neural controller 501 generates appropriate input, intermediate, and output layers, which have defined interconnections between layers and / or any weights or coefficients assigned to them. These weights and / or other coefficients may be set to initial values, which will be modified during training, as described below. In some examples, operation 620 is optional and may not be performed in some cases (e.g., when neural network 500 is specific to the UE).

[0126] In operation 630, once the neural network 500 is defined, a training dataset is provided to the input layer 503 of the neural network 500. As described above, the training dataset may include, but is not limited to, various frequency modulation patterns and / or associated coverage codes used to transmit reference signals between base station 102 and UE 104, and the environmental conditions in which base station 102 and UE 104 use such frequency modulation patterns and EPRE values ​​to transmit reference signals, as described above. Environmental conditions may include, but are not limited to: weather conditions, cellular or wireless connectivity, transmission capabilities and power of base station 102 and / or UE 104, the mobility state of UE 104 (e.g., how fast UE 104 moves toward or away from base station 102), indoor / outdoor conditions, multipath characteristics of the channel, etc. Furthermore, the neural network 500 can utilize various measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals (e.g., frequency modulation patterns used for reference signal transmission in previous RBs), one or more measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using previously utilized frequency modulation patterns and associated throughput, increments (differences) between measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using different frequency modulation patterns, etc. For MIMO systems, the input dataset may also include OCC patterns previously used in association with the utilized frequency modulation patterns. In some examples, there may not be an explicit dedicated training dataset for the purpose of training the neural network, or the training dataset may not necessarily be a predetermined set of conditions and associated frequency modulation patterns and coverage codes. For example, in some cases, the neural network 500 may alternatively (or in combination) be trained using information associated with the conditions by which base station 102 and UE 104 are using frequency modulation patterns and / or coverage codes to communicate and transmit reference signals. In such examples, real-time data can be used for real-time training of the neural network 500, for example, using online learning methods.

[0127] In operation 640, the training dataset is used to train neural network 500. In one example, training neural network 500 is an iterative process repeated multiple times, each time validated against a test dataset. The test dataset may include a set containing one or more parameters that are analogous to parameters used as part of the training dataset and the associated output frequency modulation pattern. During each iteration, the output at output layer 506 is compared to the test dataset, and the increment (Δ) between the output at output layer 506 at that iteration and the optimized output defined in the test dataset is determined. The weights and other coefficients of the individual layers can be adjusted based on this increment. This iterative process can continue until the increment for any given set of input parameters is less than a threshold. The threshold can be a configurable parameter determined based on experimental and / or empirical research.

[0128] In operation 650, and once the neural network 500 is trained, the trained neural network 500 is deployed at base station 102 and / or UE 104. Once deployed at base station 102 or UE 104, given a set of input parameters associated with the communication channel between base station 102 and UE 104, the trained neural network can periodically determine the frequency modulation mode and / or associated OCC for the MIMO system. The periodicity of the determination of the frequency modulation mode and / or associated OCC can depend on any number of factors, including but not limited to the periodicity configured for the transmission of the reference signal, such as every subframe or RB, every other subframe or RB, every frame, etc. As channel conditions or other parameters change, the receiving device (e.g., base station 102 or UE 104 on which the trained neural network 500 is deployed) can retrain the neural network 500 to determine an optimized frequency modulation mode and / or channel conditions for the new conditions.

[0129] In operation 660, a trigger condition for retraining neural network 500 is detected. This command can be received after the trained neural network 500 has been deployed and after each instance of determining the frequency modulation mode and / or associated OCC for the reference signal. Parameters used as input, the frequency modulation mode, and / or the corresponding OCC can be provided as part of the received command for retraining neural network 500. In another example, the command can be received upon detection of the trigger condition, as described below. Figure 7 and Figure 9 To describe in more detail. Examples of such triggering conditions may further include, but are not limited to, a threshold degradation of the performance of the frequency modulation mode recommended by the neural network 500 for transmitting the reference signal (where the threshold may be determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), the channel estimation error when the reference signal is used for channel estimation (e.g., when the channel estimation error reaches and / or exceeds a configurable threshold more than a certain number of times over a period of time, where the number of times and the time period are configurable parameters determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), any combination thereof and / or other conditions.

[0130] In operation 670, the neural network 500 is retrained using the corresponding parameters and frequency modulation pattern received as part of the command at operation 660. Operations 660 and 670 for retraining the neural network 500 can be repeated consecutively after the initial deployment of the trained neural network 500. For example, whenever the trained neural network 500 determines a frequency modulation pattern and / or associated OCC pattern for a specific reference signal transmission, the corresponding parameters used as input, the determined frequency modulation pattern, and / or the determined resource OCC pattern are used as additional training data to retrain and optimize the trained neural network 500.

[0131] Figure 7This is a flowchart of process 700 for communicating customized frequency modulation patterns and / or associated overlay codes in accordance with some aspects of this disclosure. Figure 7 The process 700 will be described from the perspective of UE 104. It should be understood that UE 104 may have one or more processors configured to execute one or more computer-readable instructions stored in one or more associated memories of UE 104 to implement… Figure 7 The steps. In the description Figure 7 During operation, UE 104 can be a receiving device and base station 102 can be a transmitting device.

[0132] In operation 710, UE 104 determines one or more parameters associated with communication between base station 102 and UE 104. Such communication between base station 102 and UE 104 may be conducted over a time-duration communication channel (e.g., the current communication channel between base station 102 and UE 104). As described above, the one or more parameters include, but are not limited to: the location of UE 104 (e.g., relative to base station 102), environmental conditions associated with the location of UE 104, the location of base station 102, indoor / outdoor channel conditions, multipath characteristics of the channel, environmental conditions associated with the location of base station 102, the mobility state of UE 104 (e.g., how fast UE 104 moves toward or away from base station 102, etc.), various measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals (e.g., the frequency modulation pattern used to transmit the reference signal in a previous RB), the OCC mode associated with the previously utilized frequency modulation pattern, etc.

[0133] In operation 720, UE 104 determines a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in future communication between base station 102 and UE 104. In one example, UE 104 determines the frequency modulation pattern based on one or more parameters determined at operation 710. This frequency modulation pattern may identify one or more symbols and one or more locations within a resource block for placing those symbols. In one example, UE 104 may use... Figure 5 A trained machine learning model (e.g., a trained neural network 500) determines the frequency modulation pattern. As described above, the trained machine learning model can receive one or more parameters determined at operation 710 as input and provide the frequency modulation pattern as output at operation 720. In another example, one or more signal processing techniques can be applied to determine the frequency modulation pattern. For example, UE 104 may have advanced receiver capabilities built in, allowing UE 104 to use less frequency modulation to transmit a reference signal (which can be used for channel estimation).

[0134] In some examples, the frequency modulation pattern can be used for DL-RS (e.g., DL demodulation reference signal or other DL reference signal) to be transmitted from base station 102 to UE 104. In some examples, the frequency modulation pattern can be used for UL-RS (e.g., UP-DMRS or other reference signal) to be transmitted from UE 104 to base station 102. For example, the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 720 can be a new frequency modulation pattern formed by unconventional combinations of REs and / or a customized RE arrangement with different (time, frequency) coordinates. Figure 8A The explanation is as described above. Figure 4A The aforementioned Figure 4A A diagram illustrating an example configuration 800 of RB 402 having resource element (RE) 404. Figure 8A Configuration 800 in the document describes custom, non-standard RE arrangements, including RE 802, RE 804, and RE 806. Conversely, Figure 4A The RE arrangement in the system is predefined and conventional, as defined by 3GPP standards. Figure 8A The REs 802, 804, and 806 shown are placed across RB 402 without any set pattern (repetition or periodicity) for their placement within RB 402. In example configuration 800, REs 802, 804, and 806 have (time, frequency) coordinates (2,4), (4,9), and (1,12), respectively, and define a non-limiting example of a customized, unconventional frequency modulation pattern.

[0135] Figure 8B This is a diagram illustrating another example of a customized, unconventional frequency modulation arrangement as shown in configuration 850. In this example, the frequency modulation pattern of configuration 850 is defined by two RE clusters, including cluster 852 and cluster 860. Cluster 852 includes REs 854, 856, and 858, while cluster 860 includes REs 862, 864, 866, and 868. Each cluster can be defined by REs within threshold positions of each other in RB 402 in time and / or frequency. For example, REs 854, 856, and 858 in cluster 852 are separated by at most one subcarrier (time) and / or one OFDM symbol (frequency). Accordingly, REs 854, 856, and 858 are within thresholds of two OFDM symbols and two subcarriers of each other. In another example, REs 862, 864, 866, and 868 in cluster 860 are separated by at most one subcarrier (time) and / or two OFDM symbols (frequency). Accordingly, REs 862, 864, 866, and 868 are within the thresholds of three OFDM symbols and two subcarriers to each other. Accordingly, the time and frequency thresholds may not be the same and may be as referenced. Figure 8B The example clusters 852 and 860 are different.

[0136] RE clusters (such as clusters 852 and 860) may also be referred to as RE bundles. Furthermore, cluster 852 may be referred to as including a first RE bundle (i.e., REs 854, 856, and 858) within a first time slot set and a first frequency symbol set (e.g., REs 854, 856, and 858 within time slots (subcarriers) 1-3 and frequency symbols (OFDM symbols) 10-12). Cluster 860 may be referred to as including a second RE bundle (i.e., REs 862, 864, 866, and 868) within a second time slot set and a second frequency symbol set (e.g., REs 862, 864, 866, and 868 within time slots (subcarriers) 8-10 and frequency symbols (OFDM symbols) 5-8). In another example, each of clusters 852 and 860 may include one RE instead of... Figure 8B As shown, there are multiple REs. In another example, cluster 852 may include one RE, while cluster 860 includes, for example, multiple REs. Figure 8B The examples show multiple REs (e.g., REs 862, 864, 866, and 868). In another example, cluster 852 may include, for example... Figure 8B The example shows multiple REs (e.g., REs 854, 856, and 858), while cluster 860 includes one RE. In another example, each of clusters 852 and 860 may have the same number of REs or a different number of REs. Although Figure 8B The two example clusters are interpreted as forming an example frequency modulation pattern, but this disclosure is not limited thereto and the frequency modulation pattern can be formed by a single cluster or more than two clusters.

[0137] In MIMO systems (such as respectively such as Figure 4B and 4C In the system shown (with four or eight antenna ports), the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 720 can be multiplexed (e.g., using FDM) so that each RE of the frequency modulation pattern is shared by multiple antennas (e.g., four antennas, etc.). Figure 8C Explanation for reference Figure 4B The system described is similar to a multiplexed frequency modulation mode of a four-antenna MIMO system. Figure 8CIncludes two explanations, 870 and 872, for RB 402. In this example, each RE in cluster 852 is shared by two of the four antennas (e.g., antennas 1000, 1001, 1002, and 1003). For example, RE 854 is shared by antenna 1001 (“R2” in explanation 870 corresponds to antenna 1001) and antenna 1003 (“R4” in explanation 872 corresponds to antenna 1003). RE 856 is shared by antenna 1000 (“R1” in explanation 870 corresponds to antenna 1000) and antenna 1002 (“R3” in explanation 872 corresponds to antenna 1002). RE 858 is shared by antenna 1003 (“R4” in explanation 870 corresponds to antenna 1003) and antenna 1001 (“R2” in explanation 872 corresponds to antenna 1003). RE 859 is shared by antenna 1002 (“R3” in explanation 870 corresponds to antenna 1002) and antenna 1000 (“R1” in explanation 872 corresponds to antenna 1000).

[0138] Similarly, each RE in cluster 860 is shared by two of the four antennas (e.g., antennas 1000, 1001, 1002, and 1003). For example, RE 862 is shared by antenna 1002 (“R3” in explanation 870 corresponds to antenna 1002) and antenna 1000 (“R1” in explanation 872 corresponds to antenna 1000). RE 864 is shared by antenna 1003 (“R4” in explanation 870 corresponds to antenna 1003) and antenna 1001 (“R2” in explanation 872 corresponds to antenna 1001). RE 866 is shared by antenna 1000 (“R1” in explanation 870 corresponds to antenna 1000) and antenna 1002 (“R2” in explanation 872 corresponds to antenna 1002). RE 868 is shared by antenna 1001 (designated as "R2" in explanation 870 corresponding to antenna 1001) and antenna 1003 (designated as "R4" in explanation 872 corresponding to antenna 1003). As described in more detail below, it is used for... Figure 8C The OCC of an example frequency modulation mode can be a Walsh code of length 4 (2×2) as described above (e.g., {1,1,1,1}, {1,-1,-1,1}, {1,1,-1,-1}, and {1,-1,1,-1}).

[0139] In another example, the frequency modulation mode could be a conventional frequency modulation mode, which is not yet defined by 3GPP standards in these standards. In yet another example, the frequency modulation mode could be one of several existing frequency modulation modes defined by 3GPP standards. Examples of existing frequency modulation modes are in... Figures 4A to 4C As shown in the image. Figures 4A to 4CThe existing frequency modulation modes are examples of predefined conventional arrangements of REs for different frequency modulation modes (e.g., Figure 4B DMRS based on an OFDM Figures 4C to 4F (e.g., DMRS based on two OFDMs). In another example, the frequency modulation mode could be a conventional frequency modulation mode, which has not yet been defined by 3GPP standards in these standards.

[0140] In operation 730, UE 104 can determine the OCC pattern (overlay code) for the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 720. In one example, UE 104 can determine the OCC based on rules in the Technical Specification (TS) of the 5G standard (e.g., in versions 15, 16, and / or 17). For example, UE 104 can determine the position of each RE as part of the DMRS pattern determined at operation 720 and apply the rules. In one example, this rule could be a "time first, frequency first" rule. According to the "time first, frequency first" rule, OCC assignment starts with the RE that is first in time and / or frequency, and sequentially moves to the remaining REs that form the frequency modulation pattern at operation 720. For example, referring to cluster 860, "time first, frequency first" will produce an OCC pattern in which a 4-length Walsh code is applied to the REs in cluster 860, starting from the leftmost (time first) and bottommost (frequency first) RE. In other words, such a length 4Walsh code can be applied such that {1,1,1,1} is applied to RE 868 (“R2”), {1,-1,1,-1} to RE 866 (“R1”), {1,1,-1,-1} to RE 864 (“R4”), and {1,-1,1,-1} to RE 862 (“R3”). In the “time-first, frequency-first” rule, if there are multiple frequency moduli per OFDM symbol, the OCC code is first assigned to the lowest frequency moduli, and then sequentially assigned to higher frequency moduli. In another example, UE 104 can use a trained machine learning model (e.g., Figure 5 The trained neural network 500 determines the OCC mode. The trained machine learning model can receive the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 720 as input and provide the OCC mode to be associated with that frequency modulation mode as output.

[0141] At operation 740, UE 104 may use the frequency modulation pattern and / or coverage code determined at operation 720 (e.g., the OCC pattern determined at operation 730) to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal. In one example, the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 720 may be a frequency modulation pattern for DL ​​DMRS. In such an example, UE 104 may convey the reference signal by communicating (e.g., transmitting or sending) the frequency modulation pattern and OCC pattern to base station 102 so that base station 102 can use the frequency modulation pattern and OCC code to transmit DMRS on the downlink channel. UE 104 may transmit the frequency modulation pattern and OCC pattern to base station 102 on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer. In another example, UE 104 may only communicate (e.g., transmit or send) the frequency modulation pattern to base station 102, and base station 102 determines the associated OCC pattern. In this example, UE 104 can skip operation 730. In another example, the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 720 can be a frequency modulation mode for UL DMRS. In this example, UE 104 can use the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 720 and / or the OCC mode determined at operation 730 to transmit a reference signal to base station 102.

[0142] At operation 750, UE 104 can determine whether a triggering condition for retraining neural network 500 has occurred. In one example, the triggering condition could be a change in the mobility state of UE 104. In another example, the triggering condition could be the determination of a frequency modulation mode at operation 720 and / or the determination of an associated OCC mode at operation 730. Examples of such triggering conditions may further include, but are not limited to, a threshold degradation of the performance of the frequency modulation mode recommended by neural network 500 for transmitting the reference signal (where the threshold can be determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), the channel estimation error when the reference signal is used for channel estimation (e.g., when the channel estimation error reaches and / or exceeds a configurable threshold more than a certain number of times over a period of time, where the number of times and the time period are configurable parameters determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), any combination thereof, and / or other conditions.

[0143] If, during operation 750, base station 104 determines that the triggering condition has not yet occurred, process 700 reverts to operation 710, and operations 710 to 750 can be repeated periodically, for example, depending on the frequency at which reference signals are transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 (e.g., every subframe (1ms), every other subframe, etc.). However, if, during operation 750, UE 104 determines that the triggering condition has occurred, then during operation 760, UE 104 can proceed as described above. Figure 6Operations 660 and 670 are used to retrain the neural network 500. For example, one or more parameters determined at operation 710, the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 720, and / or the OCC mode determined at operation 730 can be provided as inputs to the input layer 503 of the neural network 500 to retrain the neural network 500. In one example, this retraining may involve adjusting the coefficients, biases, and / or weights of different nodes (e.g., nodes 508A, 508B, 508C) at different network layers of the neural network 500. Thereafter, process 700 can return to operation 710 and UE 104 can perform this operation periodically depending on the frequency at which reference signals are transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 (e.g., every subframe (1ms), every other subframe, etc.). Figure 7 The process.

[0144] As mentioned above, using Figure 5 The process of using a trained neural network 500 to determine the frequency modulation mode and / or associated OCC mode can be performed at base station 102. Figure 9 This is a flowchart of process 900, which conveys a customized frequency modulation pattern and associated overlay code according to some aspects of this disclosure. Figure 9 The process 900 will be described from the perspective of base station 102. It should be understood that base station 102 may have one or more processors configured to execute one or more computer-readable instructions stored in one or more associated memories of base station 102 to implement… Figure 9 The steps. In the description Figure 9 During operation, base station 102 can be a receiving device and UE 104 can be a transmitting device.

[0145] In operation 910, base station 102 determines one or more parameters associated with communication between base station 102 and UE 104. Such communication between base station 102 and UE 104 may be conducted over a time-duration communication channel (e.g., the current communication channel between base station 102 and UE 104). As described above, the one or more parameters include, but are not limited to: the location of UE 104 (e.g., relative to base station 102), indoor / outdoor channel conditions, multipath characteristics of the channel, environmental conditions associated with the location of UE 104, the location of base station 102, environmental conditions associated with the location of base station 102, the mobility state of UE 104 (e.g., how fast UE 104 moves toward or away from base station 102, etc.), various measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals (e.g., the frequency modulation pattern used to transmit the reference signal in a previous RB), the OCC mode associated with the previously utilized frequency modulation pattern, etc.

[0146] In operation 920, base station 102 determines a frequency modulation pattern for use as a reference signal in future communication between base station 102 and UE 104. In one example, base station 102 determines the frequency modulation pattern based on one or more parameters determined at operation 910. This frequency modulation pattern may identify one or more symbols and one or more locations within a resource block for placing those symbols. In one example, base station 102 may use... Figure 5 A trained machine learning model (trained neural network 500) is used to determine the frequency modulation pattern. As described above, the trained machine learning model can receive one or more parameters determined at operation 910 as input and provide the frequency modulation pattern as output at operation 920. In another example, one or more signal processing steps can be applied to determine the frequency modulation pattern. For example, UE 104 may have advanced receiver capabilities built in, allowing UE 104 to use less frequency modulation for the reference signal (which can be used for channel estimation).

[0147] In some examples, the frequency modulation pattern can be used for DL-RS (e.g., DL-DMRS or other DL reference signals) to be transmitted from base station 102 to UE 104. In some examples, the frequency modulation pattern can be used for UL-RS (e.g., UP-DMRS or other reference signals) to be transmitted from UE 104 to base station 102. In some examples, the frequency modulation pattern can be a customized unconventional arrangement (unconventional combination of REs) with different (time, frequency) coordinates. (See above for reference.) Figures 8A to 8C Three non-limiting examples of customized unconventional frequency modulation arrangements are described.

[0148] In some examples, the frequency modulation pattern can be a conventional frequency modulation pattern (e.g., with a defined and repeatable RE arrangement) that has not yet been defined in the 3GPP standard. In other examples, the frequency modulation pattern can be one of several existing frequency modulation patterns defined by the 3GPP standard. Examples of existing frequency modulation patterns are... Figures 4A to 4C As shown in the image. Figures 4A to 4C These are examples of predefined conventional arrangements of REs for different frequency modulation modes (e.g., Figure 4B DMRS based on an OFDM Figures 4C to 4F (e.g., DMRS based on two OFDMs).

[0149] In operation 930, base station 102 can determine the OCC pattern (coverage code) for the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 920. In one example, base station 102 can determine the OCC based on rules in the Technical Specification (TS) of the 5G standard (e.g., in versions 15, 16, and / or 17). For example, base station 102 can determine the position of each RE as part of the DMRS pattern determined at operation 920 and apply rules. In one example, this rule could be a "time first, frequency first" rule. According to the "time first, frequency first" rule, OCC assignment starts with the RE that is first in time and / or frequency, and moves sequentially to the remaining REs that form the frequency modulation pattern at operation 920. For example, referring to cluster 860, "time first, frequency first" will produce an OCC pattern in which a 4-length Walsh code is applied to the REs in cluster 860, starting from the leftmost (time first) and bottommost (frequency first) RE. In other words, such 4-Walsh codes can be applied such that {1,1,1,1} is applied to RE 868 (“R2”), {1,-1,1,-1} to RE 866 (“R1”), {1,1,-1,-1} to RE 864 (“R4”), and {1,-1,1,-1} to RE 862 (“R3”). In the “time-first, frequency-first” rule, if there are multiple frequency moduli per OFDM symbol, the OCC code is first assigned to the lowest frequency moduli, and then sequentially assigned to higher frequency moduli. In another example, base station 102 can use a trained machine learning model (e.g., Figure 5 The trained neural network 500 determines the OCC mode. The trained machine learning model can receive the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 920 as input and provide the OCC mode to be associated with that frequency modulation mode as output.

[0150] In operation 940, base station 102 may facilitate the transmission of the reference signal using the frequency modulation pattern and / or coverage code determined at operation 920 (e.g., the OCC pattern determined at operation 930). In one example, the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 920 may be a frequency modulation pattern for UL DMRS. In this example, base station 102 may facilitate the transmission of the reference signal by transmitting the frequency modulation pattern and OCC pattern to UE 104 so that UE 102 can utilize the frequency modulation pattern and OCC code to transmit DMRS on the uplink channel. Base station 102 may transmit the frequency modulation pattern and OCC pattern to base station 102 on one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer. In another example, base station 102 may transmit the frequency modulation pattern to UE 104, and UE 104 may determine the associated OCC pattern. In this example, base station 102 may skip operation 930. In another example, the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 920 may be a frequency modulation mode for DL ​​DMRS. In this example, base station 102 may use the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 920 and / or the OCC mode determined at operation 930 to transmit a reference signal to UE 104.

[0151] At operation 950, base station 102 may determine whether a triggering condition for retraining neural network 500 has occurred. In one example, the triggering condition may be a change in the mobility state of UE 104. In another example, the triggering condition may be the determination of a frequency modulation mode and / or an associated OCC mode at operation 920. Examples of such triggering conditions may further include, but are not limited to: a threshold degradation of the performance of the frequency modulation mode recommended by neural network 500 for transmitting the reference signal (where the threshold may be determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), and / or the channel estimation error when the reference signal is used for channel estimation (e.g., when the channel estimation error reaches and / or exceeds a configurable threshold more than once within a time period, where the number and the time period are configurable parameters determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), any combination of these and / or other conditions.

[0152] If, during operation 950, base station 102 determines that the triggering condition has not yet occurred, then process 900 reverts to operation 910, and operations 910 to 950 can be repeated periodically, for example, depending on the frequency at which reference signals are transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 (e.g., every subframe (1ms), every other subframe, etc.). However, if, during operation 950, base station 102 determines that the triggering condition has occurred, then during operation 960, base station 102 proceeds as described above. Figure 6Operations 660 and 670 are used to retrain neural network 500. For example, one or more parameters determined at operation 910, the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 920, and / or the associated OCC mode determined at operation 930 can be provided as input to input layer 503 of neural network 500 to retrain neural network 500. In one example, this retraining may involve adjusting the coefficients, biases, and / or weights of different nodes (e.g., nodes 508A, 508B, 508C) at different network layers of neural network 500. Thereafter, process 900 can return to operation 910 and base station 102 can perform this operation periodically depending on the frequency at which reference signals are transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 (e.g., every subframe (1ms), every other subframe, etc.). Figure 9 The process.

[0153] Figure 10 This is a flowchart of an example process 1000 for conveying a reference signal according to some aspects of this disclosure, using a customized frequency modulation pattern and / or associated overlay code. Figure 10 The process 1000 is described from the perspective of the receiving device, which can be base station 102 or UE 104. Furthermore, in Figure 10 The transmitting device referenced in the description may be either base station 102 or UE 104. In operation 1010, the process includes the receiving device determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the receiving device and the transmitting device. In some cases, the frequency modulation pattern may include unconventional combinations of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal (e.g., as per [reference to...]). Figures 8A to 8C (As described). This resource element can be shared by multiple antennas for use at least between the transmitting and receiving equipment (e.g., between user equipment and base station, such as...). Figures 4A to 4C (As shown in the diagram) conveys one or more reference signals.

[0154] In some cases, unconventional combinations of resource elements may include a first group of resource elements associated with a first time slot set and a first frequency symbol set, and a second group of resource elements associated with a second time slot set and a second frequency symbol set. In some cases, the first group may include one or more resource elements, and the second group may include one or more resource elements different from the one or more resource elements in the first group. In some cases, the first group may include multiple resource elements (e.g., Figure 8B Or cluster 852 in 8C). In some cases, the second cluster may include multiple resource elements (e.g., Figure 8B (Or cluster 860 in 8C). In some cases, the first cluster may include a first plurality of resource elements and the second cluster may include a second plurality of resource elements.

[0155] In operation 1020, the process includes determining a coverage code for the frequency modulation mode by the receiving device. In some cases, this coverage code can be obtained using a machine learning model (e.g., using...). Figure 5 The coverage code is determined using a neural network (500). In some cases, rules can be used to determine the coverage code. For example, the rule can identify which resource elements in one or more resource blocks will be used for the frequency modulation mode relative to the pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

[0156] In operation 1030, the process includes the receiving device using the frequency modulation pattern and coverage code to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal. In some cases, the receiving device is user equipment and the transmitting device is a base station. In some cases, the receiving device is a base station and the transmitting device is user equipment. In some cases, facilitating the transmission of the reference signal may include the receiving device transmitting the frequency modulation pattern and coverage code to the transmitting device for the transmitting device to transmit the reference signal. In some cases, the frequency modulation pattern may be transmitted during uplink transmission on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer. In some cases, the frequency modulation pattern may be transmitted during downlink transmission on one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer. In some cases, facilitating the transmission of the reference signal may include using the frequency modulation pattern and coverage code to transmit the reference signal from the receiving device to the transmitting device. In some cases, the reference signal is the demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

[0157] Figure 11 This is a flowchart of an example process 1100 for transmitting a reference signal by conveying a customized frequency modulation pattern and / or associated overlay code in accordance with some aspects of this disclosure. Figure 11 Process 1100 is described from the perspective of user equipment (such as UE 104). In operation 1110, process 1100 includes the user equipment determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the user equipment and a base station. In some cases, the frequency modulation pattern may include unconventional combinations of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal (e.g., as per [reference to...]). Figures 8A to 8C (As described). This resource element can be shared by multiple antennas for use at least between user equipment and the base station (e.g., as described). Figures 4A to 4C (As shown in the diagram) conveys a reference signal.

[0158] In some cases, unconventional combinations of resource elements may include a first group of resource elements associated with a first time slot set and a first frequency symbol set, and a second group of resource elements associated with a second time slot set and a second frequency symbol set. In some cases, the first group may include one or more resource elements, and the second group may include one or more resource elements different from the one or more resource elements in the first group. In some cases, the first group may include multiple resource elements (e.g., Figure 8B Or cluster 852 in 8C). In some cases, the second cluster may include multiple resource elements (e.g., Figure 8B (Or cluster 860 in 8C). In some cases, the first cluster may include a first plurality of resource elements and the second cluster may include a second plurality of resource elements.

[0159] In operation 1120, process 1100 includes transmitting the frequency modulation pattern from the user equipment to the base station. In response to receiving the frequency modulation pattern, the base station can determine a coverage code for that frequency modulation pattern. In some cases, this coverage code can be obtained using a machine learning model (e.g., using...). Figure 5 The coverage code is determined using a neural network (500). In some cases, rules can be used to determine the coverage code. For example, the rule can identify which resource elements in one or more resource blocks will be used for the frequency modulation mode relative to the pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

[0160] In operation 1130, process 1100 includes the user equipment receiving a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern from the base station. In some cases, the frequency modulation pattern may be transmitted during uplink transmission on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control layer. In operation 1140, process 1100 includes the user equipment using the frequency modulation pattern and coverage code to convey the reference signal. In some cases, the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

[0161] Referring to Figure 4 above Figure 11 The various examples of frequency modulation mode optimization described will now be described, explaining the components of UE104. Figure 12 .

[0162] Figure 12 An example of the computing system 1270 of User Equipment (UE) 1207 has been explained. UE 1207 can be compared with the above reference. Figures 1 to 10The UE 104 described is identical. In some examples, UE 1207 may include a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, tracking device, wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, XR device, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, and / or other devices used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. Computing system 1270 includes software and hardware components that can be electrically coupled (or may appropriately otherwise be in communication) via bus 1289. For example, computing system 1270 includes one or more processors 1284. One or more processors 1284 may include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing devices or systems. Bus 1289 may be used by one or more processors 1284 to communicate between cores and / or with one or more memory devices 1286.

[0163] The computing system 1270 may also include one or more memory devices 1286, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 1282, one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) 1274, one or more modems 1276, one or more wireless transceivers 1278, an antenna 1287, one or more input devices 1272 (e.g., camera, mouse, keyboard, touchscreen, touchpad, keypad, microphone, etc.) and one or more output devices 1280 (e.g., display, speaker, printer, etc.).

[0164] One or more wireless transceivers 1278 can transmit and receive wireless signals (e.g., signal 1288) to and from one or more other devices via antenna 1287. These other devices may be one or more other UEs, network devices (e.g., base stations such as eNBs and / or gNBs, WiFi routers, etc.), cloud networks, etc. As described herein, one or more wireless transceivers 1278 may include combined transmitters / receivers, discrete transmitters, discrete receivers, or any combination thereof. In some examples, computing system 1270 may include multiple antennas. Wireless signal 1288 can be transmitted via a wireless network. The wireless network can be any wireless network, such as a cellular or telecommunications network (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), a wireless local area network (e.g., a WiFi network), Bluetooth, etc. TMNetworks and / or other networks. In some examples, one or more wireless transceivers 1278 may include a radio frequency (RF) front end, which includes one or more components such as amplifiers, a mixer (also known as a signal multiplier) for down-converting the signal, a frequency synthesizer (also known as an oscillator) that supplies the signal to the mixer, a baseband filter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), one or more power amplifiers, and other components. The RF front end generally handles the selection of the wireless signal 1288 and its conversion to baseband or intermediate frequency, and can convert the RF signal to the digital domain.

[0165] In some cases, computing system 1270 may include a decoder-decoder (or CODEC) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using one or more wireless transceivers 1278. In some cases, computing system 1270 may include an encryption-decryption device or component configured to encrypt and / or decrypt (e.g., according to AES and / or DES standards) data transmitted and / or received by one or more wireless transceivers 1278.

[0166] One or more SIMs 1274 may each securely store an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number and associated key assigned to the user of the UE 1207. The IMSI and key can be used to identify and authenticate the subscriber when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or operator associated with one or more SIMs 1274. One or more modems 1276 may modulate one or more signals to encode information for transmission using one or more wireless transceivers 1278. One or more modems 1276 may also demodulate signals received by one or more wireless transceivers 1278 to decode the transmitted information. In some examples, one or more modems 1276 may include a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, or Bluetooth. TM Modems, modems configured for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, and / or other types of modems. In some examples, one or more modems 1276 and one or more wireless transceivers 1278 may be used to transmit data for one or more SIMs 1274.

[0167] The computing system 1270 may also include (and / or communicate with) one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media or storage devices (e.g., one or more memory devices 1286), which may include, but are not limited to, local and / or network-accessible storage, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid-state storage devices (such as RAM and / or ROM), which may be programmable, flash-updatable, etc. Such storage devices can be configured to implement any suitable data storage, including but not limited to various file systems, database structures, etc.

[0168] In various embodiments, functionality may be stored as one or more computer program products (e.g., instructions or code) in memory devices 1286 and executed by one or more processors 1284 and / or one or more DSPs 1282. The computing system 1270 may also include software elements (e.g., residing within one or more memory devices 1286) including, for example, operating systems, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or other code, such as one or more application programs, which may include computer programs implementing the functionality provided by the various embodiments, and / or may be designed to implement methods and / or configure systems as described herein.

[0169] Specific details have been provided in the foregoing description to offer a thorough understanding of the various embodiments and examples presented herein, but those skilled in the art will recognize that this application is not limited thereto. Therefore, although illustrative embodiments of this application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the various inventive concepts may be implemented and employed in a variety of other ways, and the appended claims are not intended to be construed as including these variations unless limited by the prior art. Furthermore, the embodiments may be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of this specification. Accordingly, this specification and the accompanying drawings should be considered illustrative rather than limiting. For illustrative purposes, the methods are described in a particular order. It should be understood that in alternative embodiments, the methods may be performed in a different order than described.

[0170] For clarity, in some instances, the technology of the present invention may be presented as including various functional blocks, which include devices, device components, steps or routines in methods implemented in software or a combination of hardware and software. Additional components may be used in addition to those shown in the drawings and / or described herein. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form to avoid obscuring these embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures and techniques may be shown without the need for unnecessary detail to avoid obscuring the embodiments.

[0171] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithmic steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, the various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps are described above in a generalized manner in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0172] The various embodiments described above may be processes or methods, depicted as flowcharts, diagrams, data flow graphs, structural diagrams, or block diagrams. Although a flowchart may describe operations as a sequential process, many operations may be performed in parallel or concurrently. Furthermore, the order of operations may be rearranged. A process terminates when its operations are completed, but a process may have additional steps not included in the figures. A process may correspond to a method, function, procedure, subroutine, subroutine, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to the function returning to the calling function or the main function.

[0173] The processes and methods described in the examples above can be implemented using stored computer-executable instructions or computer-executable instructions otherwise available from a computer-readable medium. These instructions may include, for example, instructions and data that cause or otherwise configure a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or processing device to perform a function or group of functions. Parts of the computer resources used may be accessible via a network. The computer-executable instructions may be, for example, binary files, intermediate format instructions (such as assembly language), firmware, and source code. Examples of computer-readable media that can be used to store instructions, information used during the methods according to the described examples, and / or information created include hard disks or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, etc.

[0174] In some embodiments, computer-readable storage devices, media, and memories may include cables or wireless signals containing bit streams, etc. However, when referred to, non-transient computer-readable storage media explicitly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and the signals themselves.

[0175] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and skills. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referred to throughout the above description may, in some cases, be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or light particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0176] The various descriptive logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented or executed using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof, and can take any form factor of various form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, program code or code segments (e.g., computer program products) for performing necessary tasks can be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor can perform the necessary tasks. Examples of form factors include: laptop devices, smartphones, mobile phones, tablet devices, or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mount devices, self-standing devices, etc. The functionality described herein can also be implemented using peripheral devices or plug-in cards. As a further example, such functionality can also be implemented on a circuit board within different chips or different processes executed on a single device.

[0177] Instructions, media for conveying these instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functionality described in this disclosure.

[0178] The techniques described herein can also be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. These techniques can be implemented using any of a variety of devices, such as general-purpose computers, wireless communication handsets, or multi-purpose integrated circuit devices, including applications in wireless communication handsets and other devices. Any feature described as a module or component can be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, these techniques can be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code, including instructions that, when executed, perform one or more of the methods, algorithms, and / or operations described above. The computer-readable data storage medium can form part of a computer program product and may include packaging material. The computer-readable medium may include memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) (such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. These technologies may additionally or alternatively be implemented, at least in part, by computer-readable communication media carrying or conveying program code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.

[0179] The program code can be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuit systems. Such processors can be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in alternatives, it may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors cooperating with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Accordingly, the term "processor" as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structures, any combination of the foregoing structures, or any other structure or apparatus suitable for implementing the techniques described herein.

[0180] The foregoing description provides only exemplary embodiments and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of this disclosure. Rather, the following description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with enabling descriptions for implementing the exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that various changes may be made to the function and arrangement of the elements without departing from the spirit and scope of this application as set forth in the appended claims.

[0181] The terms “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other aspects. Similarly, the term “aspects of this disclosure” does not require that all aspects of this disclosure include the features, advantages, or modes of operation discussed.

[0182] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the less than (“<”) and greater than (“>”) symbols or terms used herein may be replaced by the less than or equal to (“≤”) and greater than or equal to (“≥”) symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of this specification.

[0183] When the components are described as being “configured” to perform certain operations, such configurations can be achieved, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operations, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, or other suitable electronic circuits), or any combination thereof.

[0184] The phrase “coupled to” means that any component is physically connected directly or indirectly to another component, and / or that any component is in communication with another component directly or indirectly (e.g., connected to that other component via a wired or wireless connection and / or other suitable communication interface).

[0185] The language of the claims or other languages ​​that use "at least one" and / or "one or more" in a set of statements indicate that one or more members of the set (in any combination) satisfy the claim. For example, the claim language that states "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" means A, B, or A and B. In another example, the claim language that states "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A, B, and C. The language that uses "at least one" and / or "one or more" in a set does not limit the set to the items listed in that set. For example, the claim language that states "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" can mean A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B.

[0186] The explanatory aspects of this disclosure include:

[0187] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication, comprising: determining, by a receiving device, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the receiving device and a transmitting device, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals at least between the transmitting device and the receiving device; determining, by the receiving device, a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern; and using the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code by the receiving device to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal.

[0188] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein the unconventional combination of the resource elements includes a first group of resource elements associated with a first time slot set and a first frequency symbol set, and a second group of resource elements associated with a second time slot set and a second frequency symbol set.

[0189] Aspect 3: The method of either Aspect 1 or 2, wherein the first group includes one or more resource elements, and the second group includes one or more resource elements that are different from the one or more resource elements in the first group.

[0190] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the first group includes multiple resource elements.

[0191] Aspect 5: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 4, wherein the second group includes multiple resource elements.

[0192] Aspect 6: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the first group includes a first plurality of resource elements and wherein the second group includes a second plurality of resource elements.

[0193] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the first group and the second group are separated in at least one of the time domain and the frequency domain.

[0194] Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the covering code is determined using a machine learning model.

[0195] Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein the receiving device is user equipment and the transmitting device is a base station.

[0196] Aspect 10: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein the receiving device is a base station and the transmitting device is user equipment.

[0197] Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 10, wherein conveying information associated with the transmission of the reference signal further comprises: transmitting the frequency modulation mode and coverage code from the receiving device to the transmitting device for the transmitting device to use in transmitting the reference signal.

[0198] Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 11, wherein the frequency modulation mode is transmitted on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer during uplink transmission.

[0199] Aspect 13: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 12, wherein the frequency modulation mode is transmitted on one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer during downlink transmission.

[0200] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 13, wherein conveying information associated with the transmission of the reference signal further comprises: using the frequency modulation mode and coverage code to transmit the reference signal from the receiving device to the transmitting device.

[0201] Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 14, wherein the overlay code is determined using a rule that identifies which resource elements in the one or more resource blocks will be used for the frequency modulation mode relative to the pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

[0202] Aspect 16: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 15, wherein the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

[0203] Aspect 17: An apparatus for wireless communication includes: one or more memories storing computer-readable instructions, and one or more processors configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: determine a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the apparatus and a transmitting device, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the transmitting device and a receiving device; determine a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern; and use the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal.

[0204] Aspect 18: The apparatus of aspect 17, wherein the unconventional combination of the resource elements includes a first group of resource elements associated with a first time slot set and a first frequency symbol set, and a second group of resource elements associated with a second time slot set and a second frequency symbol set.

[0205] Aspect 19: An apparatus as described in either Aspect 17 or 18, wherein the first group comprises one or more resource elements, and the second group comprises one or more resource elements that are different from the one or more resource elements in the first group.

[0206] Aspect 20: A device as described in any of Aspects 17 to 19, wherein the first group comprises a plurality of resource elements.

[0207] Aspect 21: A device as described in any of Aspects 17 to 20, wherein the second group comprises a plurality of resource elements.

[0208] Aspect 22: An apparatus as described in any of Aspects 17 to 21, wherein the first group includes a first plurality of resource elements and wherein the second group includes a second plurality of resource elements.

[0209] Aspect 23: A device as described in any of Aspects 17 to 22, wherein the first group and the second group are separated in at least one of the time domain and the frequency domain.

[0210] Aspect 24: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 23, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute computer-readable instructions to: determine the coverage code using a machine learning model.

[0211] Aspect 25: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 24, wherein the apparatus is user equipment and the transmitting device is a base station.

[0212] Aspect 26: An apparatus as described in any of Aspects 17 to 24, wherein the apparatus is a base station and the transmitting device is user equipment.

[0213] Aspect 27: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 26, wherein, in order to convey information associated with the transmission of a reference signal, the one or more processors are further configured to execute computer-readable instructions to transmit the frequency modulation mode and overlay code for use by the transmitting device to transmit the reference signal.

[0214] Aspect 28: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 27, wherein the frequency modulation mode is transmitted on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), the MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or the Radio Resource Control Layer during uplink transmission.

[0215] Aspect 29: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 28, wherein the frequency modulation mode is transmitted on one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer during downlink transmission.

[0216] Aspect 30: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 29, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute computer-readable instructions to facilitate the transmission of the reference signal by using the frequency modulation mode and overlay code to transmit the reference signal to the transmitting device.

[0217] Aspect 31: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 30, wherein the coverage code is determined using a rule that identifies which resource elements in the one or more resource blocks will be used for the frequency modulation mode relative to one or more pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

[0218] Aspect 32: An apparatus as described in any of Aspects 17 to 31, wherein the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal (DMRS).

[0219] Aspect 33: One or more non-transient computer-readable media comprising computer-readable instructions stored therein, which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform any of the operations according to aspects 1 to 16.

[0220] Aspect 34: An apparatus comprising means for performing operations according to any one of aspects 1 to 16.

[0221] Aspect 35: A method for wireless communication, comprising: determining, by user equipment, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the user equipment and a base station, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the user equipment and the base station; transmitting the frequency modulation pattern to the base station by the user equipment; receiving, by the user equipment, a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern from the base station; and using the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code by the user equipment to transmit the reference signal.

[0222] Aspect 36: The method of aspect 35, wherein the overlay code is determined based on rules that identify which resource elements in the one or more resource blocks will be used for the frequency modulation mode relative to the pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

[0223] Aspect 37: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising one or more memories storing computer-readable instructions, and one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: determine a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the apparatus and a base station, the frequency modulation pattern including an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by a plurality of antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the apparatus and the base station; transmit the frequency modulation pattern to the base station; receive from the base station a coverage code for the frequency modulation pattern; and use the frequency modulation pattern and the coverage code to transmit the reference signal.

[0224] Aspect 38: The apparatus of aspect 37, wherein the overlay code is determined based on rules that identify which resource elements in the one or more resource blocks will be used for the frequency modulation mode relative to the pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

[0225] Aspect 39: One or more non-transient computer-readable media comprising computer-readable instructions stored therein, which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform any of the operations pursuant to aspects 35 to 36.

[0226] Aspect 40: An apparatus comprising means for performing operations according to any one of aspects 35 to 36.

[0227] Aspect 41: One or more non-transient computer-readable media comprising computer-readable instructions stored therein, which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform any of aspects 1 to 16 and 35 to 36.

[0228] Aspect 42: An apparatus comprising means for performing operations according to any one of aspects 1 to 16 and 35 to 36.

Claims

1. A wireless communication method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: Determine one or more channel conditions associated with the channel; Based on the one or more channel conditions associated with the channel, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal is determined for use in wireless communication between the UE and the network device via the channel. The frequency modulation pattern includes an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by multiple antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the network device and the UE via the channel. The one or more channel conditions of the channel are related to at least one of the following: the quality of the channel, the congestion of the channel, the mobility conditions of at least one of the UE or the network device, the transmission and reception capabilities of at least one of the UE or the network device, or environmental conditions. Determine the coverage code used for the frequency modulation mode; as well as The frequency modulation mode and the overlay code are used to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the unconventional combination of resource elements includes a first group of resource elements associated with a first time slot set and a first frequency symbol set, and a second group of resource elements associated with a second time slot set and a second frequency symbol set.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first group comprises one or more resource elements, and the second group comprises one or more resource elements different from the one or more resource elements in the first group.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first group comprises a plurality of resource elements.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein the second group comprises a plurality of resource elements.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein the first group comprises a first plurality of resource elements and wherein the second group comprises a second plurality of resource elements.

7. The method of claim 2, wherein the first group and the second group are separated in at least one of the time domain and the frequency domain.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the overlay code is determined using a machine learning model.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the network device is a base station.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein conveying information associated with the transmission of the reference signal further comprises: The frequency modulation mode and the coverage code are transmitted to the network device for the network device to use in transmitting the reference signal.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein conveying information associated with the transmission of the reference signal further comprises: The reference signal is transmitted from the UE to the network device using the frequency modulation mode and the coverage code.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the coverage code is determined using rules that identify which resource elements in the one or more resource blocks are to be used in the frequency modulation mode relative to the pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal DMRS.

14. A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, the UE comprising: It contains one or more memory locations that store computer-readable instructions; as well as One or more processors, the one or more processors being configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: Determine one or more channel conditions associated with the channel; Based on the one or more channel conditions associated with the channel, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal is determined for use in wireless communication between the UE and the network device via the channel. The frequency modulation pattern includes an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by multiple antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the network device and the UE via the channel. The one or more channel conditions of the channel are related to at least one of the following: the quality of the channel, the congestion of the channel, the mobility conditions of at least one of the UE or the network device, the transmission and reception capabilities of at least one of the UE or the network device, or environmental conditions. Determine the coverage code used for the frequency modulation mode; as well as The frequency modulation mode and the overlay code are used to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal.

15. The UE of claim 14, wherein the unconventional combination of resource elements includes a first group of resource elements associated with a first time slot set and a first frequency symbol set, and a second group of resource elements associated with a second time slot set and a second frequency symbol set.

16. The UE of claim 15, wherein the first group comprises one or more resource elements, and the second group comprises one or more resource elements different from the one or more resource elements in the first group.

17. The UE of claim 16, wherein the first group comprises a plurality of resource elements.

18. The UE of claim 16, wherein the second group comprises a plurality of resource elements.

19. The UE of claim 16, wherein the first group comprises a first plurality of resource elements and wherein the second group comprises a second plurality of resource elements.

20. The UE of claim 15, wherein the first group and the second group are separated in at least one of the time domain and the frequency domain.

21. The UE of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: The overlay code is determined using a machine learning model.

22. The UE of claim 14, wherein the network device is a base station.

23. The UE as claimed in claim 14, wherein, In order to convey information associated with the transmission of the reference signal, the one or more processors are further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: The frequency modulation mode and the coverage code are transmitted to the network device for the network device to use in transmitting the reference signal.

24. The UE as claimed in claim 14, wherein, To facilitate the transmission of the reference signal, the one or more processors are further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: The reference signal is transmitted to the network device using the frequency modulation mode and the coverage code.

25. The UE of claim 14, wherein the coverage code is determined using rules that identify which resource elements in the one or more resource blocks are to be used in the frequency modulation mode relative to the pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

26. The UE of claim 14, wherein the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal DMRS.

27. A wireless communication method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: Determine one or more channel conditions associated with the channel; Based on the one or more channel conditions associated with the channel, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal is determined for use in wireless communication between the user equipment and the base station via the channel. The frequency modulation pattern includes an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by multiple antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals via the channel between at least the user equipment and the base station. The one or more channel conditions of the channel are related to at least one of the following: the quality of the channel, the congestion of the channel, the mobility conditions of the user equipment, the transmission and reception capabilities of at least one of the user equipment or the base station, or environmental conditions. The frequency modulation mode is transmitted to the base station; Receive coverage code for the frequency modulation mode from the base station; as well as The reference signal is conveyed using the frequency modulation mode and the overlay code.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the coverage code is determined based on rules that identify which resource elements in the one or more resource blocks are to be used in the frequency modulation mode relative to the pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the overlay code is determined using a machine learning model.

30. A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, the UE comprising: It contains one or more memory locations that store computer-readable instructions; as well as One or more processors, the one or more processors being configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: Determine one or more channel conditions associated with the channel; Based on the one or more channel conditions associated with the channel, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal is determined for use in wireless communication between the UE and the base station via the channel. The frequency modulation pattern includes an unconventional combination of resource elements in one or more resource blocks for the reference signal, wherein the resource elements are shared by multiple antennas for transmitting one or more reference signals between at least the UE and the base station via the channel. The one or more channel conditions of the channel are related to at least one of the following: the quality of the channel, the congestion of the channel, the mobility conditions of the UE, the transmission and reception capabilities of at least one of the UE or the base station, or environmental conditions. The frequency modulation mode is transmitted to the base station; Receive coverage code for the frequency modulation mode from the base station; as well as The reference signal is conveyed using the frequency modulation mode and the overlay code.

31. The UE of claim 30, wherein the coverage code is determined based on rules that identify which resource elements in the one or more resource blocks are to be used in the frequency modulation mode relative to the pilot resource elements in each of the one or more resource blocks.

32. The UE of claim 30, wherein the overlay code is determined using a machine learning model.

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