Power level determination for reference signal transmission

Abstract

Techniques for determining tone patterns and associated power levels for reference signal transmissions are disclosed. A tone pattern can be determined for a reference signal for use in wireless communications between a receiving device and a transmitting device (e.g., each tone pattern occupying resource elements in a resource block). A plurality of power levels can be determined for the tone pattern. The plurality of power levels can include a respective power level determined for each resource element associated with the tone pattern. One or more of the tone pattern or the plurality of power levels can be used for transmission (e.g., transmitted to the transmitting device) of the reference signal (e.g., from the transmitting device to the receiving device).

Description

[0001] open field

[0002] Various aspects of this disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some implementations, examples are described for determining the power level of resource elements used to transmit reference signals between a base station and a user equipment.

[0003] Public background

[0004] Wireless communication systems have undergone several generations of development, including first-generation analog radiotelephone service (1G), second-generation (2G) digital radiotelephone service (including the transitional 2.5G networks), third-generation (3G) high-speed data radio service with Internet capabilities, fourth-generation (4G) services (e.g., LTE, WiMax), and the most recent fifth-generation (5G) services. Currently, there are many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems. Known examples of cellular systems include cellular analog Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), etc.

[0005] Fifth-generation (5G) mobile standards demand higher data transmission speeds, a greater number of connections, better coverage, and other improvements. The 5G standard (also known as "New Radio" or "NR"), according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide tens of megabits per second of data rate to each of tens of thousands of users—for example, gigabit-level connection rates to dozens of users in a shared location such as an office floor. It also needs to support hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections to support large-scale sensor deployments. Therefore, compared to the current 4G / LTE standards, 5G mobile communication requires significantly improved spectral efficiency. Furthermore, there is a corresponding need for enhanced signaling efficiency and significantly reduced latency compared to current standards.

[0006] Overview

[0007] The following is a simplified overview relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Therefore, this overview should not be considered an exhaustive overview relating to all aspects of the conception, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements relating to all aspects of the conception or to depict the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the sole purpose of the following overview is to present, in a simplified form, certain concepts relating to one or more aspects of the mechanism disclosed herein before the detailed description given below.

[0008] Systems, apparatus, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for determining resource elements that form one or more frequency modulation modes and the associated power levels of these resource elements used at the physical layer to transmit reference signals between user equipment and base stations.

[0009] According to at least one example, a wireless communication method includes: determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the receiving device and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; determining a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and transmitting the frequency modulation pattern or one or more of the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device.

[0010] In another example, an apparatus includes one or more memories storing computer-readable instructions, and one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: determine a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the apparatus and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; determine a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and transmit the frequency modulation pattern or one or more of the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device.

[0011] In another example, a non-transient computer-readable medium is provided including at least one instruction stored thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to: determine a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the device and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; determine a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and transmit the frequency modulation pattern or one or more of the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device.

[0012] In another example, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: means for determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the apparatus and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; means for determining a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and means for transmitting the frequency modulation pattern or one or more of the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device.

[0013] According to at least one example, a wireless communication method includes: receiving, by a transmitting device, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between a receiving device and the transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; receiving, by the transmitting device, a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and transmitting, by the transmitting device, the frequency modulation pattern and having one or more of the plurality of power levels to the receiving device, the reference signal.

[0014] In another example, an apparatus includes one or more memories storing computer-readable instructions, and one or more processors. The one or more processors are configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: receive a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between a receiving device and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; receive a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and use the frequency modulation pattern and having one or more of the plurality of power levels to transmit the reference signal to the receiving device.

[0015] In another example, a non-transient computer-readable medium is provided including at least one instruction stored thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to: receive a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between a receiving device and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; receive a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and use the frequency modulation pattern and having one or more of the plurality of power levels to transmit the reference signal to the receiving device.

[0016] In another example, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus includes: means for receiving a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between a receiving device and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; means for receiving a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and means for using the frequency modulation pattern and having one or more of the plurality of power levels to transmit the reference signal to the receiving device.

[0017] In some aspects, the equipment (apparatus) is a receiving device such as a user equipment (e.g., a user equipment (UE)) or a base station. In some aspects, the transmitting device is one of a user equipment (e.g., a user equipment (UE)) or a base station. In some aspects, the aforementioned receiving device and transmitting device may be the same apparatus (apparatus), such as a user equipment or a base station.

[0018] This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used alone to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. This subject matter should be understood in conjunction with the appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim.

[0019] Other objectives and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. Brief description of the attached diagram

[0021] The accompanying drawings are provided to help describe various aspects of this disclosure, and the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only and not for limiting the aspects.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0023] Figure 2A and 2B This is a diagram illustrating an example wireless network architecture based on some aspects of this disclosure.

[0024] Figure 3 The diagram illustrates a design of a base station and user equipment (UE) device according to some aspects of this disclosure, which enables the transmission and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station.

[0025] Figure 4 This is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a frame structure based on some aspects of this disclosure.

[0026] Figure 5 This is a conceptual diagram illustrating examples of machine learning models that can be configured to facilitate frequency modulation placement optimization according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0027] Figure 6 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of the process of training a machine learning algorithm for determining frequency modulation modes and power levels according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0028] Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of the process of conveying a customized frequency modulation pattern and associated power level according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0029] Figures 8A to 8BThis is a conceptual diagram illustrating a non-limiting example of a customized, unconventional frequency modulation mode arrangement based on some aspects of this disclosure.

[0030] Figure 9 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of the process of conveying a customized frequency modulation pattern and associated power level according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0031] Figure 10 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of the process of conveying a customized frequency modulation pattern and associated power level according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0032] Figure 11 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process for conveying a reference signal using frequency modulation modes and associated power levels according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0033] Figure 12 This is a diagram illustrating an example computing system of a user equipment (UE) device according to some aspects of this disclosure.

[0034] Detailed description

[0035] For illustrative purposes, certain aspects and embodiments of this disclosure are provided below. Alternative aspects may be designed without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, elements well-known in this disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of this disclosure. Some aspects and embodiments described herein can be applied independently and some can be combined, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In the following description, specific details are set forth for illustrative purposes to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of this application. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. The drawings and descriptions are not intended to be limiting.

[0036] This document describes systems, apparatuses, processes (also referred to as methods), and computer-readable media (collectively referred to herein as systems and techniques) for determining optimized frequency modulation patterns and / or power levels of resource elements used to transmit reference signals between base stations (e.g., 4G / LTE eNodeB, 5G / New Radio (NR) gNodeB, and / or other base stations) and user equipment (UE) devices (hereinafter referred to as UE) at the physical layer.

[0037] As mentioned above, 5G mobile standards demand higher data transmission speeds, a greater number of connections, better coverage, and other improvements. 5G is expected to support hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections. Therefore, there is room to improve the spectral efficiency of 5G mobile communications by enhancing signaling efficiency and reducing latency. One aspect that can achieve such signaling efficiency and latency reduction is the communication of various uplink and downlink reference signals between user equipment and their respective serving base stations.

[0038] A reference signal is a predefined signal that occupies a specific resource element within the time-frequency grid of a resource block and can be exchanged on one or both of the downlink and uplink physical communication channels. Each reference signal has been defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for specific purposes, such as channel estimation, phase noise compensation, obtaining downlink and / or uplink channel state information, time and frequency tracking, etc.

[0039] Example reference signals include, but are not limited to, Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS), Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), and Probe Reference Signal (SRS). Some reference signals (such as CSI-RS) are downlink-specific signals, while others (such as DMRS) are transmitted on both downlink and uplink communication channels. There are also uplink-specific reference signals defined by 3GPP.

[0040] A frequency modulation (FM) pattern can be defined as a specific arrangement of resource elements in a given resource block used to transmit a reference signal. FM patterns are currently predefined in 5G communication standards and are known to both user equipment (UE) and the corresponding base station. Furthermore, the estimated power used to transmit a given resource element is known to both the UE and the base station. Accordingly, both the UE and the base station possess the necessary information to encode and / or decode the reference signal and perform corresponding measurements.

[0041] Predefined frequency modulation patterns may not be optimized for all environments. For example, the arrangement or combination of resource elements used to transmit a specific reference signal may not be optimized across all possible conditions under which user equipment and base stations can communicate. Furthermore, the power level of each resource element used to transmit the reference signal may not be optimized. Currently, the resource element power level is fixed across all resource elements or determined as a linear average of the power of all resource elements in a given resource block.

[0042] The systems and techniques described herein include dynamically determining (or configuring) optimized frequency modulation patterns and / or dynamically determining and / or adjusting power levels (e.g., energy per resource element (EPRE) or other power levels) for resource elements of resource blocks used at the physical layer for transmitting various uplink and downlink reference signals between one or more UEs and their respective serving base stations. Determining optimized frequency modulation patterns improves signal and spectral efficiency and can reduce overhead associated with transmitting reference signals (e.g., in 5G mobile systems).

[0043] In some examples, as described in more detail below, the dynamic determination of frequency modulation patterns and / or power levels can be achieved using machine learning models. For instance, given conditions governing the transmission of a reference signal from the UE to the base station (and / or from the base station to the user equipment) can be provided as input to a trained machine learning model. Over time, the machine learning model can be trained to associate various conditions with different resource elements (REs) best suited for the frequency modulation placement of the reference signal under different conditions, achieving an optimized output (e.g., spectral efficiency). Once trained, when such conditions are provided as input, the machine learning model can process that input and can provide an optimized frequency modulation pattern and / or associated per-resource-element power level for the transmission of the underlying reference signal.

[0044] Additional aspects of this disclosure are described in more detail below.

[0045] According to various aspects, Figure 1 Explanation of example wireless communication system 100. Wireless communication system 100 (also referred to as wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include individual base stations 102 and individual UEs 104.

[0046] As used herein, the terms “User Equipment” (UE) and “Base Station” are not intended to be specific to or otherwise limited to any particular Radio Access Technology (RAT) unless otherwise stated. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, and / or tracking device, etc.), wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, smart glasses, wearable ring, and / or extended reality (XR) device (such as virtual reality (VR) headset, augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses, or mixed reality (MR) headset)), vehicle (e.g., car, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), and / or Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc., for use by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. A UE can be mobile or can (e.g., at certain times) be stationary and can communicate with a Radio Access Network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be interchangeably referred to as "access terminal" or "AT," "client device," "wireless device," "subscriber device," "subscriber terminal," "subscriber station," "user terminal," or "UT," "mobile device," "mobile terminal," "mobile station," or variations thereof. Generally, a UE can communicate with the core network via the RAN, and through the core network, the UE can connect to external networks (such as the Internet) and other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as via a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) (e.g., based on the IEEE 802.11 communication standard), etc.

[0047] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs to communicate with a UE, depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an Access Point (AP), Network Node, B Node (NB), Evolved B Node (eNB), Next Generation eNB (ng-eNB), New Radio (NR) B Node (also referred to as gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may primarily be used to support radio access by the UE, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections with the supported UE. In some systems, the base station may provide edge node signaling functions, while in others, it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. The communication link through which the UE can signal to the base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., reverse traffic channel, reverse control channel, access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the base station can signal to the UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., paging channel, control channel, broadcast channel, forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) may refer to an uplink, reverse or downlink, and / or forward traffic channel.

[0048] The term "base station" can refer to a single physical transmit / receive point (TRP) or multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, when the term "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be a base station antenna corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. When the term "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be an antenna array of the base station (e.g., in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or in the case of beamforming at the base station). When the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or a remote radio headend (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving measurement reports from the UE and a neighboring base station where the UE is measuring its reference RF signal (or simply "reference signal"). Since a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmissions from or receptions at a base station should be understood as references to the specific TRP of that base station.

[0049] Radio frequency (RF) signals, or “RF signals,” encompass electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transmit information across the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of individual RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same RF signal transmitted on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, RF signals may also be referred to as “wireless signals” or simply “signals,” where the context clearly indicates that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0050] Reference Figure 1 Base station 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, macrocell base stations may include eNB and / or ng-eNB (where wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an LTE network), or gNB (where wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network), or a combination of both, and small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0051] In some implementations that support UE positioning, the base station may not support the UE's radio access (e.g., it may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections regarding the UE), but may instead transmit reference signals to the UE for measurement, and / or receive and measure signals transmitted by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning tower (e.g., in the case of transmitting signals to the UE) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring signals from the UE).

[0052] Each base station 102 can collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) via a backhaul link 122, and connect to one or more location servers 172 (which may be part of the core network 170 or external to the core network 170) via the core network 170. Among other functions, the base station 102 can also perform functions related to one or more of the following: transmitting user data, radio channel cryptography and decoding, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, location, and delivery of alarm messages. The base stations 102 can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via the EPC or 5GC) via a backhaul link 134 (which may be wired and / or wireless).

[0053] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station 102 can provide communication coverage for its respective geographical coverage area 110. In one aspect, one or more cells can be supported by base station 102 in each coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used to communicate with a base station (e.g., on a frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCI), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCI), Cell Global Identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types that can provide access to different types of UEs (e.g., Machine Type Communication (MTC), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), or others). Since cells are supported by specific base stations, the term “cell” can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station supporting that logical communication entity, depending on the context. Additionally, since the TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" are used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell" can also refer to the geographical coverage area (e.g., sector) of a base station, in the sense that the carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within a portion of a geographical coverage area 110.

[0054] While the geographic coverage areas 110 of adjacent macrocell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in handover areas), some geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage areas 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home eNB (HeNB) that can provide service to a restricted group known as a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG).

[0055] The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (also known as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (also known as forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna technologies, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may use one or more carrier frequencies. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink).

[0056] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 communicating with a WLAN station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen-before-speak (LBT) procedure to determine channel availability before communication. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include devices (e.g., UEs, etc.) that communicate with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc., using ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. The UWB spectrum can range from 3.1 to 10.5 GHz.

[0057] Small cell base station 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell base station 102' can employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum as used by WLAN AP 150. Small cell base station 102' employing LTE and / or 5G in unlicensed spectrum can enhance access network coverage and / or increase access network capacity. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA), or MulteFire.

[0058] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a millimeter-wave (mmW) base station 180, which can operate in mmW and / or near-mmW frequencies to communicate with the UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that contains radio frequency (RF). EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and wavelengths between 1 mm and 10 mm. Radio waves in this band are referred to as millimeter waves. Near-mmW extends down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 mm. Ultra-high frequency (SHF) bands extend between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and are also referred to as centimeter waves. Communication using mmW and / or near-mmW RF bands has high path loss and relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) on the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Accordingly, it will be understood that the foregoing explanations are merely illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the aspects disclosed herein.

[0059] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing RF signals in a specific direction. Conventionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). Using transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thus providing the receiving device with a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal. To change the directivity of the RF signal during transmission, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of one or more transmitters broadcasting the RF signal. For example, the network node can use an antenna array (referred to as a "phased array" or "antenna array") that generates a beam of RF waves, which can be "guided" to different directions without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, RF currents from the transmitters are fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that radio waves from the separate antennas add together in the desired direction to increase radiation, while canceling each other out in the undesired direction to suppress radiation.

[0060] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, a receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array and / or adjust the phase setting of the antenna array in a specific direction to amplify the RF signal received from that direction (e.g., increase its gain level). Thus, when a receiver is referred to as beamforming in a certain direction, it means that the beam gain in that direction is higher than the beam gain along other directions, or that the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gains of other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal-to-Interference Plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signal received from that direction.

[0061] The receive beam can be spatially dependent. Spatial dependency means that the parameters of the transmit beam used for the second reference signal can be derived from information about the receive beam of the first reference signal. For example, the UE can use a specific receive beam to receive one or more reference downlink reference signals (e.g., Position Reference Signal (PRS), Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS), Cell-Specific Reference Signal (CRS), Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS), Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), Synchronization Signal Block (SSB), etc.) from the base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam based on the parameters of the receive beam to transmit one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., Uplink Position Reference Signal (UL-PRS), Detection Reference Signal (SRS), Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), PTRS, etc.) to the base station.

[0062] Note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a base station is forming a downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, then the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if a UE is forming a downlink beam, then the downlink beam is a receive beam for receiving downlink reference signals. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be either a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a base station is forming an uplink beam, then the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, while if a UE is forming an uplink beam, then the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0063] In 5G, the spectrum in which radio nodes (e.g., base stations 102 and / or 180, UEs 104 and / or 182) operate is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (from 450 to 6000 MHz), FR2 (from 24250 to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). In multi-carrier systems (such as 5G), one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCell.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by UEs 104 and / or 182 and on the cell in which UEs 104 and / or 182 perform an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiate an RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common control channels as well as control channels that vary from UE to UE, and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case).

[0064] For example, still refer to Figure 1 One of the frequencies utilized by macrocell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and other frequencies utilized by macrocell base station 102 and / or mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCell"). In carrier aggregation, base station 102 and / or UE 104 may use up to [number missing] frequencies per carrier. Y A spectrum with a bandwidth of MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100 MHz), having up to a total of [number missing] in each direction. Yx MHz ( x (Multiple component carriers) are used for transmission. Component carriers may be adjacent to each other or not adjacent to each other in the spectrum. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink). Simultaneous transmission and / or reception on multiple carriers allows UE 104 and / or 182 to significantly increase their data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, in a multi-carrier system, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers will theoretically result in twice the data rate compared to the data rate obtained from a single 20 MHz carrier (i.e., 40 MHz).

[0065] To operate on multiple carrier frequencies, base station 102 and / or UE 104 are equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, UE 104 may have two receivers, namely "Receiver 1" and "Receiver 2", where "Receiver 1" is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to band (i.e., carrier frequency) 'X' or band 'Y', while "Receiver 2" is a single-band receiver that can be tuned to only band 'Z'. In this example, if UE 104 is being served in band 'X', then band 'X' will be referred to as PCell or active carrier frequency, and "Receiver 1" will need to tune from band 'X' to band 'Y' (SCell) to measure band 'Y' (and vice versa). In contrast, regardless of whether UE 104 is being served in band 'X' or band 'Y', due to the separate "Receiver 2", UE 104 can measure band 'Z' without interrupting service on band 'X' or band 'Y'.

[0066] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a UE 164, which can communicate with the macrocell base station 102 on the communication link 120 and / or with the mmW base station 180 on the mmW communication link 184. For example, the macrocell base station 102 may support PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0067] The wireless communication system 100 may further include one or more UEs (such as UE 190) that are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “side links”). Figure 1 In the example, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with a UE 104 connected to a base station 102 (through which UE 190 indirectly obtains cellular connectivity), and a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLANSTA 152 connected to a WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 indirectly obtains WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In one example, D2D P2P links 192 and 194 can be supported using any well-known D2D RAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, etc.).

[0068] According to various aspects, Figure 2A Example wireless network architecture 200 is explained. For example, 5GC 210 (also referred to as Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be functionally considered as control plane functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane functions 212 (e.g., UE gateway functions, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.), which operate collaboratively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect gNB 222 to 5GC 210, specifically to control plane functions 214 and user plane functions 212. In an additional configuration, ng-eNB 224 can also connect to 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to control plane function 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane function 212. Furthermore, ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with gNB 222 via backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, the new RAN 220 may have only one or more gNB 222s, while other configurations include both one or more ng-eNB 224s and one or more gNB 222s. The gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 can be used with UE 204 (e.g., Figure 1 (to communicate with any UE depicted in the text).

[0069] Another optional aspect may include location server 230, which may communicate with 5GC 210 to provide location assistance to UE 204. Location server 230 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules extending across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. Location server 230 may be configured to support one or more location services for UE 204, which UE 204 can connect to via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not explained). Furthermore, location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively, may be external to the core network. In some examples, location server 230 may be operated by the operator or provider of 5GC 210, a third party, an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), or other parties. In some cases, multiple location servers may be provided, such as location servers for carriers, location servers for specific device OEMs, and / or other location servers. In such cases, location-aided data can be received from the operator's location server, and other auxiliary data can be received from the OEM's location server.

[0070] According to various aspects, Figure 2B Another example wireless network architecture 250 is described. For example, 5GC 260 can be functionally considered as both a control plane function (provided by Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 264) and a user plane function (provided by User Plane Function (UPF) 262), which operate collaboratively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect ng-eNB 224 to 5GC 260, specifically to UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively. In an additional configuration, gNB 222 can also connect to 5GC 260 via control plane interface 265 to AMF 264 and user plane interface 263 to UPF 262. Furthermore, ng-eNB 224 can communicate directly with gNB 222 via backhaul connection 223, with or without gNB direct connectivity to 5GC 260. In some configurations, the new RAN 220 may have only one or more gNB222s, while other configurations include both one or more ng-eNB 224s and one or more gNB 222s. The gNB 222 or ng-eNB224 can be used with UE 204 (e.g., Figure 1 The base station of the new RAN 220 communicates with the AMF 264 via the N2 interface and with the UPF 262 via the N3 interface.

[0071] The functions of AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transmission of Session Management (SM) messages between UE 204 and Session Management Function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy service for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transmission of Short Message Service (SMS) messages between UE 204 and Short Message Service Function (SMSF) (not shown), and Security Anchor Functionality (SEAF). AMF 264 also interacts with Authentication Server Function (AUSF) (not shown) and UE 204, and receives an intermediate key established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), AMF 264 retrieves security material from the AUSSF. The functions of AMF 264 also include Security Context Management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF, which is used by the SCM to derive a key that varies depending on the access network. The functionality of AMF 264 also includes: location service management for regulatory services, transmission of location service messages between UE 204 and Location Management Function (LMF) 270 (which acts as location server 230), transmission of location service messages between the new RAN 220 and LMF 270, allocation of EPS bearer identifiers for interoperability with Evolved Packet Systems (EPS), and UE 204 mobility event notification. Furthermore, AMF 264 also supports functionality for non-3GPP access networks.

[0072] The functions of UPF 262 include: acting as an anchor point for mobility within and / or between RATs (where applicable); acting as an external Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session point interconnected to a data network (not shown); providing packet routing and forwarding; packet inspection; user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering); lawful interception (user plane collection); traffic usage reporting; quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink and / or downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink); uplink traffic verification (Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS Flow mapping); transport-level packet marking in the uplink and downlink; downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering; and sending and forwarding one or more "end markers" to the source RAN node. UPF 262 may also support the transmission of location service messages on the user plane between UE204 and a location server (such as Secure User Plane Positioning (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP) 272).

[0073] The functions of SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, traffic bootstrapping configuration at UPF 262 to route traffic to the correct destination, partial control of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface used by SMF 266 to communicate with AMF 264 is called the N11 interface.

[0074] Another optional aspect may include LMF 270, which can communicate with 5GC 260 to provide location assistance to UE 204. LMF 270 may be implemented as multiple separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules extending across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternatively, each may correspond to a single server. LMF 270 may be configured to support one or more location services for UE 204, which can connect to LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not explained). SLP 272 supports similar functionality to LMF 270, but while LMF 270 can communicate with AMF 264, the new RAN 220, and UE 204 on the control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols designed to convey signaling messages rather than voice or data), SLP 272 can communicate with UE 204 and external clients on the user plane (e.g., using protocols designed to carry voice and / or data, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and / or IP). Figure 2B (Not shown in the image) communicates.

[0075] On one hand, the LMF 270 and / or SLP 272 can be integrated with base stations such as gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224. When integrated into gNB 222 and / or ng-eNB 224, the LMF 270 and / or SLP 272 may be referred to as a “Location Management Component” or “LMC”. However, as used herein, references to LMF 270 and SLP 272 include both cases where LMF 270 and SLP 272 are components of the core network (e.g., 5GC 260) and cases where LMF 270 and SLP 272 are components of the base station.

[0076] Figure 3 A block diagram of a base station 102 and a UE 104 designed according to some aspects of this disclosure is shown, which implements the transmission and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station. Design 300 includes components of base station 102 and UE 104, which may be... Figure 1One of the base stations 102 and one of the UEs 104. The base station 102 may be equipped with T antennas 334a to 334t, while the UE 104 may be equipped with R antennas 352a to 352r, where generally T ≥ 1 and R ≥ 1.

[0077] At base station 102, transmit processor 320 can receive data destined for one or more UEs from data source 312, select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCS) for each UE based at least in part on channel quality indicators (CQI) received from each UE, process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data destined for each UE based at least in part on the MCS selected for each UE, and provide data symbols for all UEs. Transmit processor 320 can also process system information (e.g., semi-static resource allocation information (SRPI) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, upper-layer signaling, etc.) and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. Transmit processor 320 can also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS)). The transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 330 can perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, and / or reference symbols where applicable, and can provide T output symbol streams to T modulators (MODs) 332a to 332t. The modulators 332a to 332t are shown as combined modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMODs). In some cases, the modulators and demodulators can be separate components. Each modulator in the modulators 332a to 332t can process a corresponding output symbol stream (e.g., for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator in the modulators 332a to 332t can further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and up-convert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. The T downlink signals can be transmitted from the modulators 332a to 332t via T antennas 334a to 334t, respectively. Based on some aspects described in more detail below, position coding can be used to generate synchronization signals to convey additional information.

[0078] At UE 104, antennas 352a to 352r can receive downlink signals from base station 102 and / or other base stations and can provide the received signals to demodulators (DEMODs) 354a to 354r respectively. Demodulators 354a to 354r are shown as combined modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMODs). In some cases, the modulator and demodulator can be separate components. Each demodulator in demodulators 354a to 354r can condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) the received signal to obtain an input sample. Each demodulator in demodulators 354a to 354r can further process the input sample (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. MIMO detector 356 can obtain the received symbols from all R demodulators 354a to 354r, perform MIMO detection on these received symbols where applicable, and provide detected symbols. The receiver processor 358 can process (e.g., demodulate and decode) these detected symbols, provide the decoded data for UE 104 to the data sink 360, and provide the decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 380. The channel processor can determine the Reference Received Power (RSRP), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Reference Received Quality (RSRQ), Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), etc.

[0079] On the uplink, at UE 104, the transmit processor 364 can receive and process data from data source 362 and control information from controller / processor 380 (e.g., reports including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, etc.). The transmit processor 364 can also generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals (e.g., at least in part based on symbols associated with the one or more reference signals). value or (Value set). Symbols from the transmit processor 364 may be pre-encoded by the TX MIMO processor 366, further processed by modulators 354a to 354r (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM, CP-OFDM, etc.), and transmitted to the base station 102, depending on the application. At the base station 102, uplink signals from UE 104 and other UEs may be received by antennas 336a to 334t, processed by demodulators 332a to 332t, detected by MIMO detector 336 where applicable, and further processed by the receive processor 338 to obtain decoded data and control information transmitted by UE 104. The receive processor 338 may provide the decoded data to the data sink 339 and the decoded control information to the controller (processor) 340. The base station 102 may include a communication unit 344 and communicate with the network controller 331 via the communication unit 344. The network controller 331 may include a communication unit 394, a controller / processor 390, and a memory 392.

[0080] In some respects, one or more components of UE 104 may be included in the housing. These include the controller 340 of base station 102, the controller / processor 380 of UE 104, and / or Figure 3 Any other component(s) may perform one or more techniques associated with the determination of implicit UCI β values ​​for NR.

[0081] Memory 342 and 382 may store data and program code for base station 102 and UE 104, respectively. Scheduler 346 may schedule UE for data transmission on downlink and / or uplink.

[0082] In some implementations, UE 104 may include means for: determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between UE 104 and base station 102, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; determining a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and using the frequency modulation pattern having the plurality of power levels to transmit the reference signal.

[0083] In some implementations, base station 102 may include means for: determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between base station 102 and UE 104, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; determining a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and using the frequency modulation pattern having the plurality of power levels to transmit the reference signal.

[0084] As mentioned above, a frequency modulation pattern can be defined as a specific arrangement of resource elements in a given resource block for transmitting reference signals between a UE (such as one of UEs 104) and a base station (such as base station 102). Currently, frequency modulation patterns are predefined in 5G communication standards. Predefined frequency modulation patterns may not be optimized for all environments. For example, the arrangement or combination of resource elements used to transmit a specific reference signal may not be optimized for all possible conditions across user equipment and base station operation. Therefore, signal efficiency and latency reduction in 5G mobile systems can be improved by dynamically determining the optimal frequency modulation pattern configuration.

[0085] Resource blocks can be transmitted over UL or DL ​​between UE 104 and base station 102 using radio frames. Various radio frame structures can be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base station and UE). Figure 4 Figure 400 is an example illustrating a downlink frame structure according to some aspects of this disclosure. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0086] NR (and LTE) utilize OFDM on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR also has the option to use OFDM on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are often referred to as frequency modulation, frequency slots, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. Generally, modulation symbols are transmitted in the frequency domain for OFDM and in the time domain for SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the subcarrier spacing can be 15 kHz, and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) can be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Therefore, for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, the nominal Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) size can be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048, respectively. The system bandwidth can also be divided into subbands. For example, a subband can cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and for system bandwidths of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, there can be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands, respectively.

[0087] LTE supports single-parameter design (subcarrier spacing, symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR supports multiple-parameter design (µ). For example, subcarrier spacings (SCS) of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz or greater can be available. Table 1 below lists some of the various parameters used for different NR parameter designs.

[0088]

[0089] Table 1

[0090] In one example, a parameter design of 15 kHz is used. Therefore, in the time domain, a 10-millisecond (ms) frame is divided into 10 equal-sized subframes, each 1 ms long, and each subframe includes one time slot. Figure 4 In this context, time is represented horizontally (e.g., on the X-axis), where time increases from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (e.g., on the Y-axis), where frequency increases (or decreases) from bottom to top.

[0091] Resource grids can be used to represent time slots, each of which includes one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also known as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. Figure 4 An example of resource block (RB) 402 has been explained. The resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). See reference. Figure 4 RB 402 includes multiple REs, including resource elements (REs) 404. RE 404 may correspond to a symbol length in the time domain and a subcarrier in the frequency domain. Figure 4 In the parameter design, for a normal cyclic prefix, RB 402 can contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and 7 consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs (such as RE 404). For an extended cyclic prefix, RB can contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and 6 consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0092] Some REs carry downlink reference (pilot) signals (DL-RS). DL-RS may include, but is not limited to, PRS, TRS, PTRS, CRS, CSI-RS, DMRS, PSS, SSS, SSB, etc. Figure 4 Example locations of REs carrying DL-RS are explained (where each RE is labeled "R"). Figure 4 The following examples will describe CSI-RS and TRS as illustrative examples of DL-RS. However, this disclosure is not limited thereto, and the dynamic-based techniques described herein for determining frequency modulation patterns can be equally applied to any other DL-RS and / or UL reference (pilot) signal (UL-RS).

[0093] The set of resource elements (REs) used for the transmission of the reference signal is called a frequency modulation pattern. This frequency modulation pattern can span multiple REs on a single RB, multiple REs on multiple RBs in the frequency domain, and span 'N' (e.g., one or more) consecutive symbols within a time slot in the time domain, or it can span a single RE in a given RB.

[0094] Figure 4 The position of RE (marked as "R") indicates the example frequency modulation mode used for the example reference signal (e.g., CSI-RS) in RB 402. Figure 4 The frequency modulation mode described herein can be defined using REs in RB 402 that have coordinates of (time (subcarrier), frequency (OFDM symbol)). For example, in Figure 4 In the example, the frequency modulation mode can be defined by REs in RB 402 with coordinates (2,4), (4,4), (6,4), and (8,4). These coordinates define... Figure 4 The location of the RE marked "R" in the diagram. Various other frequency modulation modes can be used, such as different reference signals as defined by the 5G standard of 3GPP. Figure 4 The frequency modulation patterns shown, as well as other frequency modulation patterns specified by 3GPP as part of the 5G standard, are predefined. For example, when a reference signal is to be transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 on a DL channel or UL channel (which can be in each RB, every other RB, etc.), such a predefined frequency modulation pattern can be used.

[0095] In addition, power level and Figure 4 Each RE (labeled "R" or otherwise) is associated with it. The power level of each RE may be referred to as Energy Per Resource Element (EPRE), which can be expressed in decibels (dB). EPRE is typically a predetermined fixed value (e.g., the average power contribution of all REs in RB 402).

[0096] Dependent on predefined frequency modulation patterns (FMs) decoupled from the conditions (channel conditions) on which communication occurs between the UE and the base station, and / or dependent on fixed EPRE values ​​of the REs on which UE-base station communication takes place, can lead to redundant and / or otherwise inefficient use of network resources to transmit reference signals. An example of such inefficient use of network resources includes overhead associated with the transmission of reference signals, which can be reduced by implementing the techniques described below for determining the FMs and / or associated power levels used for reference signal transmission. Furthermore, in some examples, the systems and techniques described herein can provide the additional advantage of frequency selectivity of the communication channel. For example, when a receiving device configured to receive a reference signal is aware of the frequency selectivity of the communication channel, the receiving device can request the transmitting device to change (e.g., boost) the power level (e.g., EPRE value) of an individual frequency modulation (e.g., RE) of the FMs used to transmit the reference signal at a relatively low frequency of the channel response of the communication channel.

[0097] This document describes systems and techniques for determining the frequency modulation pattern and / or associated power level (also referred to as optimized and / or customized frequency modulation pattern and / or associated power level) for reference signal transmission between a UE and a base station. In some cases, these systems and techniques may be implemented by a base station (such as base station 102). In some examples, these systems and techniques may be implemented by a UE (such as UE 104). These systems and techniques may determine and communicate the frequency modulation pattern and / or associated power level based on the current and / or previous conditions of the communication channel between the UE and the base station. In determining the frequency modulation pattern for transmitting the reference signal between the UE and the base station, the systems and techniques described herein also determine the power level of each resource element in that frequency modulation pattern. In some cases, the power levels of resource elements may be the same or different. Furthermore, the power levels of resource elements across different resource blocks may also be the same or different. In some cases, the systems and techniques described herein may also utilize trained machine learning models to determine customized and / or optimized frequency modulation patterns and / or associated EPRE values ​​for reference signal transmission between the UE and the base station.

[0098] Configuring the UE and / or base station to determine an optimized (and / or customized) frequency modulation mode (e.g., whenever a reference signal is to be transmitted to the UE on the DL channel or from the UE to the base station on the UL) and the corresponding EPRE value can improve network resource utilization efficiency at the physical layer and reduce overhead associated with the transmission of the reference signal (e.g., for some RS frequency modulation, based on EPRE=0, as described herein), etc.

[0099] For example, under certain conditions, such as UE mobility conditions, environmental conditions, and / or the transmission and reception capabilities of the UE and the base station (e.g., the UE has an advanced receiver that can estimate the channel using lower RS ​​frequency modulation, etc.), using Figure 4 The example frequency modulation pattern in the example may be redundant or inefficient. In such cases and others, the reference signal is transmitted on four different REs (e.g., Figure 4 (As shown) may be redundant. Using the systems and techniques described herein, under such or other conditions, the UE and / or base station can customize the frequency modulation pattern and / or associated EPRE value used for the transmission of the reference signal. As a non-limiting example, it may be sufficient to use fewer REs to transmit the reference signal (e.g., 20 REs instead of the 30 REs used by some existing predefined conventional frequency modulation pattern). Furthermore, using a fixed EPRE value associated with the frequency modulation pattern may also be redundant and / or inefficient. Changing the EPRE values ​​of various REs in and / or across RBs for the selected frequency modulation pattern can improve signaling and / or spectral efficiency.

[0100] In another example, environmental conditions may result in suboptimal signal reception at UE 104 (below a threshold, where the threshold is a configurable parameter determined based on experimental and / or empirical research). In this instance, it may be necessary to transmit the reference signal on more REs than those used by a predefined regular frequency modulation pattern (e.g., 40 REs instead of 30 REs). Furthermore, using fixed EPRE values ​​associated with a frequency modulation pattern can also be redundant and / or inefficient, and therefore changing the EPRE value of each RE for the selected frequency modulation pattern (e.g., increasing the power level of some REs while keeping the EPRE values ​​of others unchanged or decreasing the EPRE values ​​of others) can improve signaling and / or spectral efficiency. In another example, depending on the channel and device configuration, some REs in a given RB may be reserved for communication of other pilot signals, which will interfere with the REs intended for transmitting the reference signal.

[0101] While the foregoing description of several examples where using predefined frequency modulation patterns and / or EPRE values ​​may be suboptimal, various other situations may exist where using customized or alternative frequency modulation patterns and / or EPRE values ​​may be advantageous compared to predefined frequency modulation patterns and pre-fixed EPRE values ​​defined in the standard. Frequency modulation patterns and / or EPRE values ​​can be determined by generating new frequency modulation patterns and / or associated EPRE values ​​based on channel conditions. In some cases, the new frequency modulation patterns and / or associated EPRE values ​​are not defined in the 3GPP standard. For example, new frequency modulation patterns and / or associated EPRE values ​​may include customized (e.g., unconventional) frequency modulation placements in resource blocks with varying and RE-dependent EPRE values. Illustrative examples of such new frequency modulation patterns are discussed below. Figure 8A and Figure 8B The following has been described. In either case, whether a new frequency modulation mode is determined or an existing mode is used, determining the optimal frequency modulation mode for transmitting the reference signal and / or determining the EPRE value, which varies depending on the resource element, can improve spectral efficiency and reduce latency.

[0102] In some examples, the frequency modulation pattern and / or EPRE value optimization systems and techniques described herein can take channel conditions or other factors into account when determining the optimized frequency modulation pattern and / or EPRE value. For example, the base station and UE (e.g., referred to above) Figure 1 The base station 102 and UE 104 described herein exchange various reference signals over time. The base station or UE may use the reference signals to perform one or more measurements, including but not limited to channel throughput, channel distortion, mobility and reference signal received power (RSRP) during beam management, frequency / time tracking, precoding based on demodulation and UL reciprocity, path delay spread and Doppler spread, etc.

[0103] Such measurements may vary depending on channel conditions (e.g., environmental conditions, mobility states, etc.) and the specific frequency modulation patterns on which reference signals are exchanged between the UE and the base station. By observing how the measurements change over time, the UE and the base station can learn the frequency modulation patterns and / or corresponding EPRE values ​​that result in improved measurements for a given underlying channel condition.

[0104] In some examples, machine learning models can be used to determine optimized frequency modulation patterns and / or EPRE values. For instance, as described in more detail below, a training dataset can be used to train a machine learning model to determine the optimal frequency modulation pattern for reference signal transmission for a given set of channel conditions. In some aspects, the training dataset may include channel conditions, different frequency modulation patterns on which the UE receives CSI-RS and TRS signals, measurements obtained from the results performed by the receiving UE under such channel conditions and frequency modulation patterns, measured throughput, etc. Once trained, the machine learning model can take channel conditions as input (e.g., one or more parameters associated with the communication channel between UE 104 and the base station 102 to which it is connected, such as the mobility state of UE 104, the environmental conditions in which UE 104 is operating, etc.) and provide a recommended frequency modulation pattern as output for base station 102 to use in transmitting CSI-RS and / or TRS to UE 104 on the DL channel.

[0105] The machine learning model can be further trained using past EPRE values ​​of previously used frequency modulation patterns, so that the machine learning model can provide a specific recommended frequency modulation pattern (which may be a new pattern or a previously known and / or used frequency modulation pattern) and a recommended EPRE value for each RE associated with the recommended frequency modulation pattern as output for a given channel condition.

[0106] Now refer to Figures 5 to 9 An example to describe the frequency modulation mode optimization process.

[0107] Figure 5 An example neural architecture of a neural network 500, which can be trained for frequency modulation placement optimization and / or EPRE values ​​varying due to resource elements, is described according to some aspects of this disclosure. The example neural architecture of the neural network 500 can be defined by an example neural network description 502 in the neural controller 501. The neural network 500 is an example of a machine learning model that can be deployed and implemented at the base station 102 and / or the UE 104. The neural network 500 can be a feedforward neural network or any other known or under-development neural network or machine learning model.

[0108] Neural network description 502 may include the complete specification of neural network 500, including Figure 5 The neural architecture shown is illustrated. For example, neural network description 502 may include: a description or specification of the architecture of neural network 500 (e.g., layers, layer interconnections, number of nodes in each layer, etc.); input and output descriptions indicating how the inputs and outputs are formed or processed; instructions for activation functions, operations, or filters in the neural network; neural network parameters such as weights and biases; and so on.

[0109] The neural network 500 can reflect the neural architecture defined in the neural network description 502. In this non-limiting example, the neural network 500 includes an input layer 503, which, after being trained, can receive one or more sets of input data. The input data can be any type of data, such as one or more parameters associated with the communication channel (e.g., environmental conditions associated with the UL and DL communication channels between UE 104 and base station 102, UE mobility state, etc.), various measurements performed by base station 102 and UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals, etc.

[0110] The neural network 500 may include hidden layers 504A to 504N (collectively referred to as "504"). Hidden layers 504 may include n hidden layers, where n is an integer greater than or equal to 1. The number of hidden layers may include the number of layers required to achieve the desired processing result and / or to present the intended meaning. In an illustrative example, any of the hidden layers 504 may include: data representing one or more data provided at input layer 503, such as one or more parameters associated with a communication channel (e.g., environmental conditions associated with the UL and DL communication channels between UE 104 and base station 102, UE mobility state, etc.), previously used frequency modulation patterns for reference signal communication and associated EPRE values, one or more measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using the previously used frequency modulation patterns and associated throughput, increments (differences) between measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using different frequency modulation patterns, etc.

[0111] The neural network 500 further includes an output layer 506 that provides the output produced by the processing performed by the hidden layer 504. In an illustrative example, the output layer 506 may provide output data based on the input data. In an example context relating to determining the frequency modulation pattern for transmitting CSI-RS and / or TRS, the output data may include a recommended frequency modulation pattern to be used by the base station 102 to transmit CSI-RS and / or TRS to the UE 104 on the DL channel.

[0112] In this example, neural network 500 is a multi-layer neural network with interconnected nodes. Each node can represent a piece of information. The information associated with these nodes is shared between different layers, and each layer retains information while processing it. In some cases, neural network 500 may include a feedforward neural network. In other cases, neural network 500 may include a recurrent neural network, which may have loops that allow information to be carried across nodes as input is read in.

[0113] Information can be exchanged between nodes via node-to-node interconnects between layers. Nodes in input layer 503 can activate a set of nodes in the first hidden layer 504A. For example, as shown, each input node of input layer 503 is connected to each node in the first hidden layer 504A. Nodes in hidden layer 504A can transform information by applying an activation function to the information of each input node. The information derived from the transformation can then be passed to and can activate nodes in the next hidden layer (e.g., 504B), which can execute their own specified functions. Example functions include convolution, upsampling, data transformation, pooling, and / or any other suitable function. The output of a hidden layer (e.g., 504B) can then activate nodes in the next hidden layer (e.g., 504N), and so on. The output of the last hidden layer can activate one or more nodes in output layer 506, providing the output at that point. In some cases, although nodes in neural network 500 (e.g., nodes 508A, 508B, 508C) are shown as having multiple output lines, a node has a single output and all lines shown as output from a single node represent the same output value.

[0114] In some cases, each node or the interconnections between nodes can have weights derived from a set of parameters trained on the neural network 500. For example, interconnections between nodes can represent learned pieces of information related to the interconnected nodes. Interconnections can have numerical weights that can be tuned (e.g., based on the training dataset), allowing the neural network 500 to adapt to the input and learn as it processes more data.

[0115] The neural network 500 can be pre-trained to process features from the data in the input layer 503 using different hidden layers 504, in order to provide an output through the output layer 506. In some cases, the neural network 500 can use a training process called backpropagation to adjust the weights of the nodes. Backpropagation can include forward pass, loss function, back pass, and weight update. Forward pass, loss function, back pass, and parameter update can be performed on a single training iteration. This process can be repeated for each training dataset up to a certain number of iterations until the weights of these layers are accurately tuned (e.g., to meet configurable thresholds determined based on experimental and / or empirical research).

[0116] Neural Network 500 can include any suitable neural or deep learning network. One example includes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which consists of an input layer and an output layer, with multiple hidden layers between the input and output layers. The hidden layers of a CNN include a series of convolutional layers, non-linear layers, pooling layers (for downsampling), and fully connected layers. In other examples, Neural Network 500 can represent any other neural network or deep learning network, such as an autoencoder, a deep belief network (DBN), a recurrent neural network (RNN), etc.

[0117] Once trained, the neural network 500 can receive one or more parameters as input to the communication channel between base station 102 and UE 104. Such parameters may include, but are not limited to: environmental conditions under which base station 102 and UE 104 are communicating (e.g., weather conditions, indoor / outdoor channel conditions, cellular or wireless connectivity, transmission capacity and power of base station 102 and / or UE 104, etc.), the mobility state of UE 104 (e.g., how fast UE 104 is moving toward or away from base station 102, etc.), the multipath characteristics of the channel, and various measurements performed by base station 102 and UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals (e.g., the frequency modulation pattern used to transmit the reference signal in a previous RB and / or the associated EPRE value), etc. The neural network 500 can then provide a recommendation for the frequency modulation pattern to be used to transmit the underlying reference signal, and a recommendation for the EPRE value of each resource element associated with that frequency modulation pattern as output. As described in more detail below, the trained neural network 500 can be deployed at UE 104 or alternatively at base station 102.

[0118] In some examples, the receiver (e.g., base station 102 and / or UE 104) can monitor the received REs in real time (e.g., when REs are received) or near real time over time and / or frequency, and can determine over a period of time which REs are more suitable for the transmission of the reference signal (RS). In some cases, even the RS frequency modulation used for data transmission can be interpreted as a pilot after it is decoded. The receiver can also determine the optimized power distribution of the RS frequency modulation over which the reference signal is received. Once the optimized power distribution is determined, the receiver can feed back the optimized pattern and / or the associated EPRs of the RS frequency modulations across the optimized pattern to the transmitter for the transmission of the reference signal (e.g., the transmitter may be the same as the receiver, or another of base station 102 and / or UE 104).

[0119] The trained neural network 500 can record parameters, channel conditions, and / or other information (e.g., UE location, etc.) and associate them with various frequency modulation patterns (and / or corresponding EPRE values) used for reference signal transmission. As mentioned herein, channel conditions may include indoor and / or outdoor channel conditions, UE mobility, multipath characteristics of the channel, any combination thereof, and / or other channel conditions. For example, the trained neural network 500 can remember which frequency modulation patterns (and / or corresponding EPRE values) were used with the recorded information so that they can be used in the future. Based on subsequent measurement and channel estimation processes, the trained neural network 500 can identify which frequency modulation patterns (and / or corresponding EPRE values) are most suitable for a given set of parameters and / or channel conditions. In the future, once such channel conditions occur or are detected, the trained neural network 500 can identify and use the most suitable frequency modulation pattern (and / or corresponding EPRE value) to transmit the reference signal under the detected channel conditions. In some examples, the trained neural network 500 can be continuously (e.g., in real time) retrained and optimized whenever a reference signal is transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 under various conditions.

[0120] As mentioned above, the output of the trained neural network, whether implemented at base station 102 or UE 104, can be a customized and new frequency modulation pattern that has not been previously used to transmit reference signals, or it can be a previously used frequency modulation pattern that the trained neural network 500 determines as the optimal frequency modulation pattern for a given set of one or more parameters provided as input. The output may further include a determined EPRE value, varying depending on the resource element, for the determined frequency modulation pattern.

[0121] Figure 6 This is a flowchart of a process 600 for training a machine learning algorithm (such as a neural network 500) for frequency modulation pattern determination according to some aspects of this disclosure. Figure 6 The operation will be combined Figure 5 This can be described and implemented at base station 102 and / or UE104.

[0122] In operation 610, the neural controller 501 receives a description of the structure of the neural network 500 (e.g., from base station 102), including but not limited to the architecture and layer definitions of the neural network 500, layer interconnections, input and output descriptions, activation functions, operations, filters, and parameters (such as weights, coefficients, biases, etc.). In some examples, this description may be received from the device based on user input received by the device (e.g., input via an input device, such as a keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, interface, and / or other types of input devices). In some examples, operation 610 is optional and may not be performed in some cases. For example, in some cases, the neural network 500 may be different from the UE (e.g., performed by the UE), and therefore the description and specific configuration of the neural network 500 may be provided by the UE 104.

[0123] In operation 620, neural network 500 is generated based on the description received at operation 610. Using this description, neural controller 501 generates appropriate input, intermediate, and output layers, which have defined interconnections between layers and / or any weights or coefficients assigned to them. These weights and / or other coefficients may be set to initial values, which will be modified during training, as described below. In some examples, operation 620 is optional and may not be performed in some cases (e.g., when neural network 500 is specific to the UE).

[0124] In operation 630, once the neural network 500 is defined, a training dataset is provided to the input layer 503 of the neural network 500. As described above, the training dataset may include, but is not limited to: various frequency modulation patterns and / or associated EPRE values ​​used to transmit reference signals between base station 102 and UE 104, and the environmental conditions under which base station 102 and UE 104 use such frequency modulation patterns and EPRE values ​​to transmit reference signals, as described above. Environmental conditions may include, but are not limited to: weather conditions, cellular or wireless connectivity, transmission capabilities and power of base station 102 and / or UE 104, the mobility state of UE 104 (e.g., how fast UE 104 moves toward or away from base station 102), indoor / outdoor conditions, multipath characteristics of the channel, etc. Furthermore, the training neural network 500 can utilize various measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals (e.g., frequency modulation patterns and / or associated EPRE values ​​used for reference signal transmission in previous RBs), one or more measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using previously utilized frequency modulation patterns and associated throughput, increments (differences) between measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using different frequency modulation patterns, etc. In some examples, explicit dedicated training data for training the neural network may not exist, or the training dataset may not necessarily be a predetermined set of conditions and associated frequency modulation patterns and associated EPRE values. For example, in some cases, the neural network 500 may alternatively (or in combination) be trained using online learning methods, such as by using information associated with the real-time conditions under which base station 102 and UE 104 are using frequency modulation patterns and / or EPRE values ​​to communicate and transmit reference signals. In such examples, real-time data can be used for live training of neural network 500 (e.g., when UE 104 and / or base station 102 are in operation).

[0125] In operation 640, the training dataset is used to train neural network 500. In one example, training neural network 500 is an iterative process repeated multiple times, each time validated against a test dataset. The test dataset may include a set containing one or more parameters that are analogous to parameters used as part of the training dataset and the associated output frequency modulation pattern. During each iteration, the output at output layer 506 is compared to the test dataset, and the increment (Δ) between the output at output layer 506 at that iteration and the optimized output defined in the test dataset is determined. The weights and other coefficients of the individual layers can be adjusted based on this increment. This iterative process can continue until the increment for any given set of input parameters is less than a threshold. The threshold can be a configurable parameter determined based on experimental and / or empirical research.

[0126] In operation 650, and once the neural network 500 is trained, the trained neural network 500 is deployed at base station 102 and / or UE 104. Once deployed at base station 102 or UE 104, given a set of input parameters associated with the communication channel between base station 102 and UE 104, the trained neural network can periodically determine the frequency modulation pattern and / or associated EPR values ​​that vary depending on resource elements. The periodicity of the determination of the frequency modulation pattern and / or EPR values ​​can depend on any number of factors, including but not limited to the periodicity configured for the transmission of the reference signal, such as every subframe or RB, every other subframe or RB, every frame, etc. As channel conditions or other parameters change, the receiving device (e.g., base station 102 or UE 104 on which the trained neural network 500 is deployed) can retrain the neural network 500 to determine an optimized frequency modulation pattern and / or channel conditions for the new conditions.

[0127] In operation 660, a trigger condition for retraining neural network 500 is detected. This command can be received after the trained neural network 500 has been deployed and after each instance of determining the frequency modulation mode and / or associated EPRE value, which varies depending on the resource element, for a reference signal. The corresponding parameters used as input, the frequency modulation mode, and the corresponding EPRE value are provided as part of the received command for retraining neural network 500. In another example, the command can be received upon detection of the trigger condition, which will be referred to below. Figure 7 and Figure 9 To further describe. Examples of such triggering conditions may include, but are not limited to, a threshold degradation of the performance of the frequency modulation mode recommended by the neural network 500 for transmitting the reference signal (where the threshold may be determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), channel estimation error when the reference signal is used for channel estimation (e.g., when the channel estimation error reaches and / or exceeds a configurable threshold more than a certain number of times within a certain period of time, where the number of times and the time period are configurable parameters determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), etc.

[0128] In operation 670, the neural network 500 is retrained using the corresponding parameters and frequency modulation pattern received as part of the command at operation 660. Operations 660 and 670 for retraining the neural network 500 can be repeated consecutively after the initial deployment of the trained neural network 500. For example, whenever the trained neural network 500 determines the frequency modulation pattern for a specific reference signal transmission and / or the associated EPR value that varies depending on the resource element, the corresponding parameters used as input, the determined frequency modulation pattern, and / or the determined EPR value that varies depending on the resource element are used as additional training data to retrain and optimize the trained neural network 500.

[0129] Figure 7 This is a flowchart of process 700, which conveys a customized frequency modulation mode and associated power level according to some aspects of this disclosure. Figure 7 The process 700 will be described from the perspective of UE 104. It should be understood that UE 104 may have one or more processors configured to execute one or more computer-readable instructions stored in one or more associated memories of UE 104 to implement… Figure 7 The steps. In the description Figure 7 During operation, UE 104 can be a receiving device and base station 102 can be a transmitting device.

[0130] In operation 710, UE 104 determines one or more parameters associated with communication between base station 102 and UE 104. Such communication between base station 102 and UE 104 may be conducted over a time-duration communication channel (e.g., the current communication channel between base station 102 and UE 104). As described above, the one or more parameters include, but are not limited to: the location of UE 104, the environmental conditions associated with the location of UE 104, the location of base station 102, the environmental conditions associated with the location of base station 102, indoor / outdoor channel conditions, multipath characteristics of the channel, the mobility state of UE 104 (e.g., how fast UE 104 moves toward or away from base station 102, etc.), various measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals (e.g., the frequency modulation pattern used to transmit the reference signal in a previous RB), the EPRE value associated with the previously used frequency modulation pattern, any combination thereof, and / or other parameters.

[0131] In operation 720, UE 104 determines the frequency modulation pattern of a reference signal for use in future communication between base station 102 and UE 104. In one example, UE 104 determines the frequency modulation pattern based on one or more parameters determined at operation 710. This frequency modulation pattern may identify one or more symbols and one or more locations within a resource block for placing those symbols. In one example, UE 104 may use... Figure 5 A trained machine learning model (e.g., a trained neural network 500) determines the frequency modulation pattern. As described above, the trained machine learning model can receive one or more parameters determined at operation 710 as input and provide the frequency modulation pattern as output at operation 720. In another example, one or more signal processing techniques can be applied to determine the frequency modulation pattern. For example, UE 104 may have advanced receiver capabilities built in, allowing UE 104 to use less frequency modulation to transmit a reference signal (which can be used for channel estimation).

[0132] In some examples, the frequency modulation pattern can be used for DL ​​reference signals (e.g., CSI-RS or other DL reference signals) transmitted from base station 102 to UE 104. In one example, the frequency modulation pattern can be a novel frequency modulation pattern, such as a customized, unconventional arrangement of REs with different (time, frequency) coordinates. Figures 8A to 8B Non-limiting examples of customized, unconventional RE arrangements based on some aspects of this disclosure are explained. Figure 8A As mentioned above (refer to the reference). Figure 4 The aforementioned Figure 4 Example of configuration 800 of RB 402 with resource element (RE) 404. Figure 8A Configuration 800 in the document explains customized and unconventional RE arrangements, including RE 802, RE 804, and RE806. Conversely, Figure 4 The RE arrangement in the configuration is conventional (predefined), as defined by the 3GPP standard. Figure 8A The REs 802, 804, and 806 shown are placed across RB 402 without any set pattern (repetition or periodicity) for their placement within RB 402. In example configuration 800, REs 802, 804, and 806 have (time, frequency) coordinates (2,4), (4,9), and (1,12), and define a non-limiting example of a customized, unconventional frequency modulation pattern.

[0133] Figure 8B This is another example of a customized, unconventional frequency modulation (FM) arrangement as shown in configuration 850. In this example, the FM pattern of configuration 850 is defined by two RE clusters, including cluster 852 and cluster 860. Cluster 852 includes REs 854, 856, and 858, while cluster 860 includes REs 862, 864, 866, and 868. Each cluster can be defined by REs that are within threshold positions relative to each other in RB 402 in time and / or frequency. For example, REs 854, 856, and 858 in cluster 852 are separated by at most one subcarrier (time) and / or one OFDM symbol (frequency). Accordingly, REs 854, 856, and 858 are within thresholds of two OFDM symbols and two subcarriers relative to each other. In another example, REs 862, 864, 866, and 868 in cluster 860 are separated by at most one subcarrier (time) and / or two OFDM symbols (frequency). Accordingly, REs 862, 864, 866, and 868 are within the thresholds of three OFDM symbols and two subcarriers to each other. Accordingly, the thresholds for time and frequency can be different and can be as referenced. Figure 8BThe example clusters 852 and 860 are different. RE clusters (such as clusters 852 and 860) can also be called RE clusters. Although Figure 8B The two example clusters are interpreted as forming an example frequency modulation pattern, but this disclosure is not limited thereto and the frequency modulation pattern can be formed by a single cluster or more than two clusters.

[0134] In one example, the frequency modulation mode can be one of several existing frequency modulation modes defined by the 3GPP standard. Examples of existing frequency modulation modes are shown in... Figure 4 The RE of RB 402 is shown in the figure (i.e., the one specified by “R”). Figure 4 The existing frequency modulation mode is used for Figure 4 The example shown is a typical (e.g., predefined) arrangement of REs for a frequency modulation mode. In another example, the frequency modulation mode could be a periodic frequency modulation mode that is not yet defined in the 3GPP standard.

[0135] In operation 730, UE 104 may determine the power level (e.g., EPRE value) of each frequency modulation (RE) associated with the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 720. In one example, UE 104 may use a trained machine learning model (e.g., a trained neural network 500) to determine the EPRE value (as an example of power level) of each RE associated with that frequency modulation pattern. In another example, UE 104 may determine the EPRE value based on a mapping table (e.g., stored in the memory of UE 104). For example, the mapping table may include a mapping of different RBs and / or different REs within each different RB to a set of EPRE values. In some examples, the EPRE value may be represented in dB. In one instance, each defined resource block and / or subset of REs in an RB may have an assigned EPRE value (e.g., the first three OFDM symbols across all subcarriers may have an assigned EPRE value that is different from the EPRE values ​​assigned to the last three OFDM symbols across all subcarriers in the resource block). Accordingly, a corresponding EPRE value can be assigned to each RE of the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 720 (e.g., according to a mapping table).

[0136] In another example, a list of quantized (discrete) EPRE values ​​with corresponding dB values ​​can be used for REs associated with the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 720. For example, for 2 bits (e.g., 0 and 1), the list can include four different quantized EPRE values, and depending on the EPRE value selected for each RE, corresponding combinations of 2 bits can be used (e.g., transmitted) to reduce overhead. The quantized EPRE values ​​can be configured by UE 104 and / or base station 102. The quantized EPRE values ​​can be shared between base station 102 and UE 104 at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer.

[0137] For all REs associated with the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 720, the EPRE value determined at operation 730 can be the same. In another example, the EPRE values ​​of different REs associated with the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 720 can be different. In yet another example, the EPRE values ​​of different REs (e.g., whether the same or different within the same RB) can be different across different RBs.

[0138] In operation 740, UE 104 can facilitate the transmission of a reference signal using the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 720. Furthermore, each RE associated with this frequency modulation pattern can have an EPRE value determined at operation 730. Accordingly, for each reference signal to be transmitted on the DL channel, UE 104 can determine an optimized frequency modulation pattern with an optimized EPRE value. In one example, the reference signal for which UE 104 determines the frequency modulation pattern and corresponding EPRE value can be a DL reference signal (e.g., CSI-RS, TRS, etc.), which will be transmitted to UE 104 by base station 102 on the downlink channel. For example, UE 104 can facilitate the transmission by transmitting (sending) the frequency modulation pattern and / or the EPRE value determined at operation 730 to base station 102. Base station 102 can then use the frequency modulation pattern and / or EPRE value to transmit the corresponding DL reference signal back to UE 104. In some examples, the determined frequency modulation pattern and associated EPRE value may be transmitted to base station 102 over one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer.

[0139] At operation 750, UE 104 can determine whether a triggering condition for retraining neural network 500 has occurred. In one example, the triggering condition could be a change in the mobility state of UE 104. In another example, the triggering condition could be the determination of the frequency modulation mode and / or the determination of the associated EPRE value at operation 720. Examples of such triggering conditions may further include, but are not limited to, a threshold degradation of the performance of the frequency modulation mode recommended by neural network 500 for transmitting the reference signal (where the threshold can be determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), channel estimation error when the reference signal is used for channel estimation (e.g., when the channel estimation error reaches and / or exceeds a configurable threshold more than a certain number of times within a certain period of time, where the number of times and the time period are configurable parameters determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), etc.

[0140] If, during operation 750, UE 104 determines that the triggering condition has not yet occurred, then process 700 reverts to operation 710, and operations 710 to 750 can be repeated periodically, for example, depending on the frequency at which reference signals are transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 (e.g., every subframe (1 ms), every other subframe, etc.). However, if, during operation 750, UE 104 determines that the triggering condition has occurred, then during operation 760, UE 104 can proceed as described above. Figure 6 Operations 660 and 670 are used to retrain the neural network 500. For example, one or more parameters determined at operation 710, the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 720, and / or the EPRE value determined at operation 730 can be provided as input to the input layer 503 of the neural network 500 to retrain the neural network 500. In one example, this retraining may involve adjusting the coefficients, biases, and / or weights of different nodes (e.g., nodes 508A, 508B, 508C) at different network layers of the neural network 500. Thereafter, process 700 can return to operation 710, and UE 104 can perform this operation periodically depending on the frequency at which reference signals are transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 (e.g., every subframe (1ms), every other subframe, etc.). Figure 7 The process.

[0141] As mentioned above, using Figure 5 The process of using a trained neural network 500 to determine the frequency modulation mode and / or associated EPRE value can be performed at base station 102. Figure 9 This is a flowchart of an example process 900 that conveys a customized frequency modulation pattern and associated power level according to some aspects of this disclosure. Figure 9 The process 900 is described from the perspective of base station 102. It should be understood that base station 102 may have one or more processors configured to execute one or more computer-readable instructions stored in one or more associated memories of base station 102 to implement… Figure 9 The steps. In the description Figure 9 During operation, base station 102 can be a receiving device and UE 104 can be a transmitting device.

[0142] In operation 910, base station 102 determines one or more parameters associated with communication between base station 102 and UE 104. Such communication between base station 102 and UE 104 may be conducted over a time-duration communication channel (e.g., the current communication channel between base station 102 and UE 104). As described above, the one or more parameters may include, but are not limited to: the location of UE 104, the environmental conditions associated with the location of UE 104, the location of base station 102, the environmental conditions associated with the location of base station 102, indoor / outdoor channel, multipath characteristics of the channel, the mobility state of UE 104 (e.g., how fast UE 104 moves toward or away from base station 102, etc.), various measurements performed by base station 102 and / or UE 104 using previously transmitted reference signals (e.g., the frequency modulation pattern used to transmit the reference signal in a previous RB), the EPRE value associated with the previously used frequency modulation pattern, any combination thereof, and / or other parameters.

[0143] In operation 920, base station 102 determines a frequency modulation pattern for use as a reference signal in future communication between base station 102 and UE 104. In one example, base station 102 determines the frequency modulation pattern based on one or more parameters determined at operation 910. This frequency modulation pattern may identify one or more symbols and one or more locations within a resource block for placing those symbols. In one example, base station 102 may use... Figure 5 A trained machine learning model (e.g., a trained neural network 500) determines the frequency modulation pattern. As described above, the trained machine learning model can receive one or more parameters determined at operation 910 as input and provide the frequency modulation pattern as output at operation 920. In another example, one or more signal processing steps can be applied to determine the frequency modulation pattern. For example, base station 102 may have advanced receiver capabilities built in, allowing base station 102 to use less frequency modulation for a reference signal (e.g., the reference signal may be used for channel estimation).

[0144] Frequency modulation (FM) patterns can be used for UL reference signals (e.g., DMRS or other UL reference signals) transmitted from UE 104 to base station 102. In one example, the FM pattern can be a customized, unconventional arrangement of REs with different (time, frequency) coordinates. (See above for reference.) Figure 8A and 8B Two non-limiting examples of customized, unconventional frequency modulation pattern arrangements are described. In another example, the frequency modulation pattern can be one of several existing frequency modulation patterns defined by 3GPP standards. Examples of existing frequency modulation patterns are provided in... Figure 4This is shown in the diagram (i.e., the RE for RB 402 specified with "R"). In another example, the frequency modulation mode could be a predefined regular frequency modulation mode that is not yet defined by the 3GPP standard.

[0145] In operation 930, base station 102 may determine the power level (e.g., EPRE value) of each frequency modulation (RE) associated with the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 920. In one example, base station 102 may use a trained machine learning model (e.g., a trained neural network 500) to determine the EPRE value of each RE associated with that frequency modulation pattern. In another example, base station 102 may determine the EPRE value based on predefined values ​​provided in a mapping table (e.g., stored in the memory of base station 102). For example, the mapping table may include mappings of different RBs and / or different REs within each different RB to pre-specified EPRE values. In some examples, the EPRE value may be represented in dB. In one example, each defined resource block and / or subset of REs in an RB may have an assigned EPRE value (e.g., the first three OFDM symbols across all subcarriers may have an assigned EPRE value that is different from the EPRE values ​​assigned to the last three OFDM symbols across all subcarriers in the resource block). Accordingly, a corresponding EPRE value can be assigned to each RE of the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 920 (e.g., according to a mapping table).

[0146] In another example, a list of quantized (discrete) EPRE values ​​with corresponding dB values ​​can be used for REs associated with the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 920. For example, for 2 bits (e.g., 0 and 1), such a list can include four different quantized EPRE values, and depending on the EPRE value selected for each RE, corresponding combinations of 2 bits can be used, thereby reducing overhead. The quantized EPRE values ​​can be configured by UE 104 and / or base station 102. The quantized EPRE values ​​can be shared between base station 102 and UE 104 at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer.

[0147] For all REs associated with the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 920, the EPRE value determined at operation 930 may be the same. In another example, the EPRE values ​​of different REs associated with the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 920 may be different. In yet another example, the EPRE values ​​of different REs (whether the same or different within the same RB) may differ across different RBs.

[0148] In operation 940, base station 102 can facilitate the transmission of a reference signal using the frequency modulation pattern determined at operation 920. Furthermore, each RE associated with this frequency modulation pattern can have an EPRE value determined at operation 930. Accordingly, for each reference signal to be transmitted on the UL channel, an optimized frequency modulation pattern with an optimized EPRE value is determined. In one example, the reference signal for which base station 102 determines the frequency modulation pattern and corresponding EPRE value can be a UL reference signal (e.g., DMRS, etc.), which will be transmitted to base station 102 by UE 104 on the uplink channel. For example, base station 102 facilitates this transmission by transmitting (sending) the determined frequency modulation pattern and / or the EPRE value at operation 930 to UE 104. UE 104 can then use the frequency modulation pattern and / or EPRE value to transmit the corresponding UL reference signal back to base station 102. In this example, the determined frequency modulation pattern and associated EPRE value can be transmitted to UE 104 on one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer.

[0149] At operation 950, base station 102 may determine whether a triggering condition for retraining neural network 500 has occurred. In one example, the triggering condition may be a change in the mobility state of UE 104. In another example, the triggering condition may be the determination of the frequency modulation mode and / or the determination of the associated EPRE value at operation 920. Examples of such triggering conditions may further include, but are not limited to, a threshold degradation of the performance of the frequency modulation mode recommended by neural network 500 for transmitting the reference signal (where the threshold may be determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), channel estimation error when the reference signal is used for channel estimation (e.g., when the channel estimation error reaches and / or exceeds a configurable threshold more than a certain number of times within a certain period of time, where the number of times and the time period are configurable parameters determined based on experimental and / or empirical studies), etc.

[0150] If, during operation 950, base station 102 determines that the triggering condition has not yet occurred, process 900 reverts to operation 910, and operations 910 to 950 can be repeated periodically, for example, depending on the frequency at which reference signals are transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 (e.g., every subframe (1 ms), every other subframe, etc.). However, if, during operation 950, base station 102 determines that the triggering condition has occurred, then during operation 960, base station 102 can proceed as described above. Figure 6Operations 660 and 670 are used to retrain neural network 500. For example, one or more parameters determined at operation 910, the frequency modulation mode determined at operation 920, and / or the EPRE value determined at operation 930 can be provided to the input layer 503 of neural network 500 to retrain neural network 500. In one example, this retraining may involve adjusting the coefficients, biases, and / or weights of different nodes (e.g., nodes 508A, 508B, 508C) at different network layers of neural network 500. Thereafter, process 900 can return to operation 910, and base station 102 can perform this operation periodically depending on the frequency at which reference signals are transmitted between base station 102 and UE 104 (e.g., every subframe (1 ms), every other subframe, etc.). Figure 9 The process.

[0151] Figure 10 This is a flowchart of an example process 1000 for transmitting a customized frequency modulation pattern and associated power level for a reference signal, according to some aspects of this disclosure. Figure 10 The process 1000 is described from the perspective of the receiving device; in some examples, it could be base station 102 or UE 104. Furthermore, in Figure 10 The transmitting device referenced in the description may be either base station 102 or UE 104 in some examples.

[0152] In operation 1010, process 1000 includes the receiver device determining a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the receiver device and the transmitter device. Each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern may occupy a resource element in a resource block. In some cases, the receiver device may use a machine learning model to determine the frequency modulation pattern. In some cases, the receiver device may determine the frequency modulation pattern as an unconventional combination of a subset of resource elements in the resource block. In some aspects, the unconventional combination of the subset of resource elements includes at least two clusters of resource elements. For example, in each cluster, the corresponding resource elements are within a threshold position of each other in at least one of time and frequency. In an illustrative example referring to Figure 8, REs 854, 856, and 858 in cluster 852 are separated by at most one subcarrier (time) and / or one OFDM symbol (frequency). In some aspects, the receiver device may determine the frequency modulation pattern as a frequency modulation pattern in a predefined set of frequency modulation patterns for the reference signal. In some cases, the reference signal is one or more of the channel state information-resource element (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and probe reference signal (SRS).

[0153] In operation 1020, process 1000 includes the receiving device determining multiple power levels for the frequency modulation mode. These multiple power levels may include a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation mode. In some cases, the corresponding power level for each resource element can be determined using a machine learning model. In some aspects, the receiving device can generate a mapping between resource blocks and the power levels of resource elements within each resource block. The receiving device can determine a corresponding power level for each resource element of the resource block based on this mapping. In some cases, the receiving device can use quantized power level values ​​to determine a corresponding power level for each resource element of the resource block. In some aspects, the quantized power level values ​​can be exchanged between the receiving device and the transmitting device at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer.

[0154] In operation 1030, process 1000 includes transmitting one or more of the frequency modulation mode or the plurality of power levels from the receiving device to the transmitting device. For example, process 1000 may include transmitting the frequency modulation mode, the plurality of power levels, or the frequency modulation mode and the plurality of power levels from the receiving device to the transmitting device. In some cases, the receiving device is a user equipment and the transmitting device is a base station. In some cases, the receiving device is a base station and the transmitting device is a user equipment. In some cases, the receiving device (e.g., a user equipment, such as a UE device) may transmit the frequency modulation mode and the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device (e.g., a base station, such as a gNB) on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer. In some cases, the receiving device (e.g., a base station, such as a gNB) may transmit the frequency modulation pattern and the multiple power levels to the transmitting device (e.g., a user equipment, such as a UE) on one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer.

[0155] In operation 1040, the process may optionally include the receiving device receiving the reference signal using the frequency modulation mode and having one or more of the plurality of power levels. In some cases, the transmitting device may receive the frequency modulation mode and the plurality of power levels from the receiving device, and in response, the transmitting device may send the reference signal back to the receiving device. For example, the reference signal may be transmitted on a resource element corresponding to the frequency modulation mode and at a determined power level.

[0156] Figure 11 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of a process for conveying a reference signal using frequency modulation modes and associated power levels according to some aspects of this disclosure. Figure 11The process 1100 is described from the perspective of the transmitting device; in some examples, it could be base station 102 or UE 104. Furthermore, in Figure 11 The receiving device referenced in the description may be either base station 102 or UE 104 in some examples.

[0157] In operation 1110, process 1100 includes receiving a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal by a transmitting device for use in wireless communication between a receiving device and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block. In one example, the transmitting device may receive the frequency modulation pattern from the receiving device. In some cases, the receiving device (e.g., a user equipment, such as a UE) may transmit the frequency modulation pattern to the transmitting device (e.g., a base station, such as a gNB) on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer. In some cases, the receiving device (e.g., a base station, such as a gNB) may transmit the frequency modulation pattern to the transmitting device (e.g., a user equipment, such as a UE) on one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer.

[0158] Each frequency modulation pattern can occupy a resource element in a resource block. In some cases, the receiver device can use a machine learning model to determine the frequency modulation pattern. In some cases, the receiver device can determine the frequency modulation pattern as an unconventional combination of a subset of resource elements in the resource block. In some aspects, the unconventional combination of the subset of resource elements includes at least two resource element clusters. For example, in each cluster, the corresponding resource elements are within a threshold position of each other in at least one of time and frequency. In an illustrative example with reference to Figure 8, REs 854, 856, and 858 in cluster 852 are separated by at most one subcarrier (time) and / or one OFDM symbol (frequency). In some aspects, the receiver device can determine the frequency modulation pattern as a frequency modulation pattern in a predefined set of frequency modulation patterns for a reference signal. In some cases, the reference signal is one or more of the Channel State Information-Resource Element (CSI-RS), Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), and Probe Reference Signal (SRS).

[0159] In operation 1120, process 1100 includes receiving by the transmitting device multiple power levels for the frequency modulation mode, the multiple power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation mode. In one example, the transmitting device may receive the multiple power levels from a receiving device. In some cases, the receiving device (e.g., a user equipment, such as a UE) may transmit the multiple power levels to the transmitting device (e.g., a base station, such as a gNB) on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer. In some cases, the receiving device (e.g., a base station, such as a gNB) may transmit the multiple power levels to the transmitting device (e.g., a user equipment, such as a UE) on one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer.

[0160] The multiple power levels may include a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation mode. In some cases, the corresponding power level for each resource element can be determined using a machine learning model. In some aspects, the receiving device can generate a mapping between resource blocks and the power levels of the resource elements in each resource block. The receiving device can determine the corresponding power level for each resource element of the resource block based on this mapping. In some cases, the receiving device can use quantized power level values ​​to determine the corresponding power level for each resource element of the resource block. In some aspects, the quantized power level values ​​can be exchanged between the receiving device and the transmitting device at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer.

[0161] In operation 1130, process 1100 may include transmitting the reference signal to the receiving device using the frequency modulation mode and having one or more of the plurality of power levels. In some cases, once the transmitting device receives the frequency modulation mode and the plurality of power levels from the receiving device, the transmitting device may, in response, send the reference signal back to the receiving device. For example, the reference signal may be transmitted on a resource element corresponding to the frequency modulation mode and at one or more determined power levels.

[0162] Based on the above reference Figures 4-11 The various examples of frequency modulation modes and / or associated power level optimizations described will now be described in the explanation of the components of UE 104. Figure 12 .

[0163] Figure 12 An example of the computing system 1270 of User Equipment (UE) 1207 has been explained. UE 1207 can be compared with the above reference. Figures 1 to 10The UE 104 described is identical. In some examples, UE 1207 may include a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, tracking device, wearable device (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, XR device, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, and / or other devices used by the user to communicate over a wireless communication network. Computing system 1270 includes software and hardware components that can be electrically coupled (or may appropriately otherwise be in communication) via bus 1289. For example, computing system 1270 includes one or more processors 1284. One or more processors 1284 may include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing devices or systems. Bus 1289 may be used by one or more processors 1284 to communicate between cores and / or with one or more memory devices 1286.

[0164] The computing system 1270 may also include one or more memory devices 1286, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 1282, one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) 1274, one or more modems 1276, one or more wireless transceivers 1278, an antenna 1287, one or more input devices 1272 (e.g., a camera, mouse, keyboard, touchscreen, touchpad, keypad, microphone, etc.) and one or more output devices 1280 (e.g., a display, speaker, printer, etc.).

[0165] One or more wireless transceivers 1278 can transmit and receive wireless signals (e.g., signal 1288) to and from one or more other devices via antenna 1287. These other devices may be one or more other UEs, network devices (e.g., base stations such as eNBs and / or gNBs, WiFi routers, etc.), cloud networks, etc. As described herein, one or more wireless transceivers 1278 may include combined transmitters / receivers, discrete transmitters, discrete receivers, or any combination thereof. In some examples, computing system 1270 may include multiple antennas. Wireless signal 1288 can be transmitted via a wireless network. The wireless network can be any wireless network, such as a cellular or telecommunications network (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), a wireless local area network (e.g., a WiFi network), Bluetooth, etc. TMNetworks and / or other networks. In some examples, one or more wireless transceivers 1278 may include a radio frequency (RF) front end, which includes one or more components such as amplifiers, a mixer (also known as a signal multiplier) for down-converting the signal, a frequency synthesizer (also known as an oscillator) that supplies the signal to the mixer, a baseband filter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), one or more power amplifiers, and other components. The RF front end generally handles the selection of the wireless signal 1288 and its conversion to baseband or intermediate frequency, and can convert the RF signal to the digital domain.

[0166] In some cases, computing system 1270 may include a decoder-decoder (or CODEC) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using one or more wireless transceivers 1278. In some cases, computing system 1270 may include an encryption-decryption device or component configured to encrypt and / or decrypt (e.g., according to AES and / or DES standards) data transmitted and / or received by one or more wireless transceivers 1278.

[0167] One or more SIMs 1274 may each securely store an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number and associated key assigned to the user of the UE 1207. The IMSI and key can be used to identify and authenticate the subscriber when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or operator associated with one or more SIMs 1274. One or more modems 1276 may modulate one or more signals to encode information for transmission using one or more wireless transceivers 1278. One or more modems 1276 may also demodulate signals received by one or more wireless transceivers 1278 to decode the transmitted information. In some examples, one or more modems 1276 may include a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, or Bluetooth. TM Modems, modems configured for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, and / or other types of modems. In some examples, one or more modems 1276 and one or more wireless transceivers 1278 may be used to transmit data for one or more SIMs 1274.

[0168] The computing system 1270 may also include (and / or communicate with) one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media or storage devices (e.g., one or more memory devices 1286), which may include, but are not limited to, local and / or network-accessible storage, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid-state storage devices (such as RAM and / or ROM), which may be programmable, flash-updatable, etc. Such storage devices may be configured to implement any suitable data storage, including but not limited to various file systems, database structures, etc.

[0169] In various embodiments, functionality may be stored as one or more computer program products (e.g., instructions or code) in memory devices 1286 and executed by one or more processors 1284 and / or one or more DSPs 1282. The computing system 1270 may also include software elements (e.g., residing within one or more memory devices 1286) including, for example, operating systems, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or other code, such as one or more application programs, which may include computer programs implementing the functionality provided by the various embodiments, and / or may be designed to implement methods and / or configure systems as described herein.

[0170] Specific details have been provided in the foregoing description to offer a thorough understanding of the various embodiments and examples presented herein, but those skilled in the art will recognize that this application is not limited thereto. Therefore, although illustrative embodiments of this application have been described in detail herein, it is to be understood that the various inventive concepts may be implemented and employed in a variety of other ways, and the appended claims are not intended to be construed as including these variations unless limited by prior art. The various features and aspects of the foregoing applications may be used individually or in combination. Furthermore, the embodiments may be utilized in any number of environments and applications beyond those described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of this specification. Accordingly, this specification and the accompanying drawings should be considered illustrative rather than limiting. For illustrative purposes, the methods are described in a particular order. It should be understood that in alternative embodiments, the methods may be performed in a different order than described.

[0171] For clarity, in some instances, the technology of the present invention may be presented as including various functional blocks, which include devices, device components, steps or routines in methods implemented in software or a combination of hardware and software. Additional components may be used in addition to those shown in the drawings and / or described herein. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form to avoid obscuring these embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures and techniques may be shown without the need for unnecessary detail to avoid obscuring the embodiments.

[0172] Furthermore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logic blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithmic steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or a combination of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability between hardware and software, the various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps are described above in a generalized manner in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Those skilled in the art may implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such implementation decisions should not be construed as departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0173] The various embodiments described above may be processes or methods, depicted as flowcharts, diagrams, data flow graphs, structural diagrams, or block diagrams. Although a flowchart may describe operations as a sequential process, many operations may be performed in parallel or concurrently. Furthermore, the order of operations may be rearranged. A process terminates when its operations are completed, but a process may have additional steps not included in the figures. A process may correspond to a method, function, procedure, subroutine, subroutine, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to the function returning to the calling function or the main function.

[0174] The processes and methods described in the examples above can be implemented using stored computer-executable instructions or computer-executable instructions otherwise available from a computer-readable medium. These instructions may include, for example, instructions and data that cause or otherwise configure a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or processing device to perform a function or group of functions. Parts of the computer resources used are accessible via a network. The computer-executable instructions may be, for example, binary files, intermediate format instructions (such as assembly language), firmware, and source code. Examples of computer-readable media that can be used to store instructions, information used during the methods according to the described examples, and / or information created include hard disks or optical disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, etc.

[0175] In some embodiments, computer-readable storage devices, media, and memories may include cables or wireless signals containing bit streams, etc. However, when referred to, non-transient computer-readable storage media explicitly exclude media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and the signals themselves.

[0176] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and skills. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referred to throughout the above description may, in some cases, be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or light particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0177] The various descriptive logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented or executed using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof, and can take any form factor of various form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, program code or code segments (e.g., computer program products) for performing necessary tasks can be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. A processor can perform the necessary tasks. Examples of form factors include: laptop devices, smartphones, mobile phones, tablet devices, or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mount devices, self-standing devices, etc. The functionality described herein can also be implemented using peripheral devices or plug-in cards. As a further example, such functionality can also be implemented on a circuit board within different chips or different processes executed on a single device.

[0178] Instructions, media for conveying these instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functionality described in this disclosure.

[0179] The techniques described herein can also be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. These techniques can be implemented using any of a variety of devices, such as general-purpose computers, wireless communication handsets, or multi-purpose integrated circuit devices, including applications in wireless communication handsets and other devices. Any feature described as a module or component can be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, these techniques can be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising program code, including instructions that, when executed, perform one or more of the methods, algorithms, and / or operations described above. The computer-readable data storage medium can form part of a computer program product and may include packaging material. The computer-readable medium may include memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) (such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and so on. These technologies may additionally or alternatively be implemented, at least in part, by computer-readable communication media carrying or conveying program code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer, such as propagated signals or waves.

[0180] The program code can be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuit systems. Such processors can be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in alternatives, it may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors cooperating with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Accordingly, the term "processor" as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structures, any combination of the foregoing structures, or any other structure or apparatus suitable for implementing the techniques described herein.

[0181] The foregoing description provides only exemplary embodiments and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of this disclosure. Rather, the following description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with enabling descriptions for implementing the exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that various changes may be made to the function and arrangement of the elements without departing from the spirit and scope of this application as set forth in the appended claims.

[0182] The terms “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other aspects. Similarly, the term “aspects of this disclosure” does not require that all aspects of this disclosure include the features, advantages, or modes of operation discussed.

[0183] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the less than (“<”) and greater than (“>”) symbols or terms used herein may be replaced by the less than or equal to (“≤”) and greater than or equal to (“≥”) symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of this specification.

[0184] When the components are described as being “configured” to perform certain operations, such configurations can be achieved, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operations, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., microprocessors, or other suitable electronic circuits), or any combination thereof.

[0185] The phrase “coupled to” means that any component is physically connected directly or indirectly to another component, and / or that any component is in communication with another component directly or indirectly (e.g., connected to that other component via a wired or wireless connection and / or other suitable communication interface).

[0186] The language of the claims or other languages ​​that use "at least one" and / or "one or more" in a set of statements indicate that one or more members of that set (in any combination) satisfy the claim. For example, the claim language that states "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" means A, B, or A and B. In another example, the claim language that states "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A, B, and C. The language that uses "at least one" and / or "one or more" in a set does not limit the set to the items listed in that set. For example, the claim language that states "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" can mean A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B.

[0187] The explanatory aspects of this disclosure include:

[0188] Aspect 1: A wireless communication method comprising: determining, by a receiving device, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the receiving device and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; determining, by the receiving device, a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and transmitting, by the receiving device, one or more of the frequency modulation pattern or the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device.

[0189] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1 further includes: receiving the reference signal by the receiving device using the frequency modulation mode and having one or more of the plurality of power levels.

[0190] Aspect 3: The method of any one of Aspect 1 or 2 further includes: using a machine learning model to determine the appropriate power level for each resource element.

[0191] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 3 further includes: generating a mapping between a resource block and the power levels of resource elements in each resource block by the receiving device; and determining a corresponding power level for each resource element of the resource block based on the mapping by the receiving device.

[0192] Aspect 5: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 4 further includes: the receiving device using a quantized power level value to determine a corresponding power level for each resource element of the resource block.

[0193] Aspect 6: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the quantized power level values ​​are exchanged between the receiving equipment and the transmitting equipment at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer.

[0194] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1 to 6 further includes: using a machine learning model to determine the frequency modulation mode.

[0195] Aspect 8: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the frequency modulation mode is determined as a predefined frequency modulation mode in a set of predefined frequency modulation modes for the reference signal.

[0196] Aspect 9: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 8, wherein the frequency modulation mode is determined to be an unconventional combination of a subset of resource elements in the resource block.

[0197] Aspect 10: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 9, wherein an unconventional combination of a subset of resource elements comprises at least two clusters of resource elements, wherein in each cluster, the corresponding resource elements are within a threshold position of each other in at least one of time and frequency.

[0198] Aspect 11: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 10, wherein the corresponding power level of each resource element in the resource block is different from the corresponding power level in another resource block used for the transmission of the reference signal.

[0199] Aspect 12: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 11, wherein the reference signal is one or more of Channel State Information-Resource Element (CSI-RS), Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), and Probe Reference Signal (SRS).

[0200] Aspect 13: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 12, wherein the receiving device is a user equipment and the transmitting device is a base station.

[0201] Aspect 14: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 13, wherein the receiving device is a base station and the transmitting device is a user equipment.

[0202] Aspect 15: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 14, wherein the receiving device transmits the frequency modulation mode and the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer.

[0203] Aspect 16: The method of any one of Aspects 1 to 15, wherein the receiving device transmits the frequency modulation mode and the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device on one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer.

[0204] Aspect 17: An apparatus includes: one or more memories storing computer-readable instructions, and one or more processors configured to: execute the computer-readable instructions to determine a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between the apparatus and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; determine a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and transmit the frequency modulation pattern or one or more of the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device.

[0205] Aspect 18: The apparatus of aspect 17, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute computer-readable instructions to receive the reference signal using the frequency modulation mode and having one or more of the plurality of power levels.

[0206] Aspect 19: An apparatus as described in any of Aspects 17 or 18, wherein the one or more processors are configured to execute computer-readable instructions to use a machine learning model to determine a corresponding power level for each resource element.

[0207] Aspect 20: An apparatus as described in any of Aspects 17 or 19, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute computer-readable instructions to generate a mapping between a resource block and the power levels of resource elements in each resource block; and to determine a corresponding power level for each resource element of the resource block based on the mapping.

[0208] Aspect 21: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 20, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute computer-readable instructions to determine a corresponding power level for each resource element of the resource block using quantized power level values.

[0209] Aspect 22: A device as described in any of Aspects 17 to 21, wherein quantized power level values ​​are exchanged between the device and the transmitting equipment at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer.

[0210] Aspect 23: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 22, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute computer-readable instructions to determine the frequency modulation mode using a machine learning model.

[0211] Aspect 24: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 23, wherein the frequency modulation mode is determined to be a predefined frequency modulation mode in a set of predefined frequency modulation modes for the reference signal.

[0212] Aspect 25: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 24, wherein the frequency modulation mode is determined to be an unconventional combination of a subset of resource elements in the resource block.

[0213] Aspect 26: An apparatus of any one of Aspects 17 to 25, wherein an unconventional combination of a subset of resource elements comprises at least two clusters of resource elements, wherein in each cluster, the corresponding resource elements are within a threshold position of each other in at least one of time and frequency.

[0214] Aspect 27: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 26, wherein the corresponding power level of each resource element in the resource block is different from the corresponding power level in another resource block used for the transmission of the reference signal.

[0215] Aspect 28: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 27, wherein the reference signal is one or more of Channel State Information-Resource Element (CSI-RS), Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), and Probe Reference Signal (SRS).

[0216] Aspect 29: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 28, wherein the receiving device is a user equipment and the transmitting device is a base station.

[0217] Aspect 30: An apparatus of any of Aspects 17 to 29, wherein the receiving device is a base station and the transmitting device is a user equipment.

[0218] Aspect 31: An apparatus of any one of Aspects 17 to 30, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the frequency modulation mode and the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device in one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer.

[0219] Aspect 32: An apparatus of any one of Aspects 17 to 31, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the frequency modulation mode and the plurality of power levels to the transmitting device over one or more of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or Radio Resource Control Layer.

[0220] Aspect 33: One or more non-transient computer-readable media comprising computer-readable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of the receiving device, cause the receiving device to perform any of the operations according to aspects 1 to 15.

[0221] Aspect 34: An apparatus comprising means for performing operations according to any one of aspects 1 to 15.

[0222] Aspect 35: A wireless communication method comprising: receiving, by a transmitting device, a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between a receiving device and the transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; receiving, by the transmitting device, a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and transmitting, by the transmitting device, the frequency modulation pattern and having one or more of the plurality of power levels, the reference signal to the receiving device.

[0223] Aspect 36: An apparatus comprising: one or more memories storing computer-readable instructions, and one or more processors configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: receive a frequency modulation pattern for a reference signal for use in wireless communication between a receiving device and a transmitting device, each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupying a resource element in a resource block; receive a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation pattern, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation pattern; and use the frequency modulation pattern and having one or more of the plurality of power levels to transmit the reference signal to the receiving device.

[0224] Aspect 37: One or more non-transient computer-readable media comprising computer-readable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a receiving device, cause the receiving device to perform any of the operations pursuant to aspect 35 or 36.

[0225] Aspect 38: An apparatus comprising means for performing operations according to any one of aspects 35 or 36.

Claims

1. A wireless communication method, the method comprising: The user equipment (UE) determines a frequency modulation pattern for use in wireless communication between the UE and the network device. The frequency modulation pattern defines the arrangement of resource elements in a given resource block, and each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupies a resource element in the resource block. The UE determines a plurality of power levels for the frequency modulation mode, the plurality of power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation mode; The UE transmits the frequency modulation mode and the multiple power levels to the network device; as well as The UE receives the downlink reference signal using the frequency modulation mode and having one or more of the plurality of power levels.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: A machine learning model is used to determine the corresponding power level for each resource element.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: The UE generates a mapping between resource blocks and the power levels of resource elements in each resource block; as well as The UE determines the corresponding power level for each resource element in the resource block based on the mapping.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: The UE uses quantized power level values ​​to determine the corresponding power level for each resource element in the resource block.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the quantized power level value is exchanged between the UE and the network device at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: The frequency modulation pattern is determined using a machine learning model.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the frequency modulation mode is determined as a predefined frequency modulation mode in a set of predefined frequency modulation modes for the downlink reference signal.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the frequency modulation mode is determined to be an unconventional combination of a subset of resource elements in the resource block.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the unconventional combination of the subset of resource elements comprises at least two clusters of resource elements, wherein in each cluster, the corresponding resource elements are within a threshold position of each other in at least one of time and frequency.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the corresponding power level of each resource element in the resource block is different from the corresponding power level in another resource block used for the transmission of the downlink reference signal.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the network device is a base station, and wherein the UE transmits the frequency modulation pattern and the plurality of power levels to the base station on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), the MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or the Radio Resource Control (RRC).

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the downlink reference signal is received on the downlink channel.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the frequency modulation mode comprises at least two resource element clusters, and wherein, In each cluster, the corresponding resource elements are within each other's threshold positions in at least one of time or frequency.

14. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: It contains one or more memory locations that store computer-readable instructions; as well as One or more processors, the one or more processors being configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: A frequency modulation pattern for use as a downlink reference signal is determined for wireless communication between the device and the network equipment. The frequency modulation pattern defines the arrangement of resource elements in a given resource block, and each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupies a resource element in the resource block. Determine multiple power levels for the frequency modulation mode, the multiple power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation mode; as well as Transmit the frequency modulation mode and the plurality of power levels to the network device; as well as The downlink reference signal is received using the frequency modulation mode and having one or more of the plurality of power levels.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: A machine learning model is used to determine the corresponding power level for each resource element.

16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: A mapping is generated between the resource block and the power level of the resource element in each resource block; and The corresponding power level is determined for each resource element in the resource block based on the mapping.

17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: The quantized power level value is used to determine the corresponding power level for each resource element in the resource block.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the quantized power level value is exchanged between the apparatus and the network device at the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer.

19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: The frequency modulation pattern is determined using a machine learning model.

20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the frequency modulation mode is determined as a predefined frequency modulation mode in a set of predefined frequency modulation modes for the downlink reference signal.

21. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the frequency modulation mode is determined to be an unconventional combination of a subset of resource elements in the resource block.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the unconventional combination of the subset of resource elements comprises at least two clusters of resource elements, wherein in each cluster, the corresponding resource elements are within a threshold position of each other in at least one of time and frequency.

23. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the corresponding power level of each resource element in the resource block is different from the corresponding power level in another resource block used for the transmission of the downlink reference signal.

24. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the apparatus is a user equipment (UE) and the network device is a base station.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the apparatus is configured to transmit the frequency modulation pattern and the plurality of power levels to the network device on one or more of the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), the MAC Control Element (MAC-CE), or the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer.

26. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the apparatus is configured to receive the downlink reference signal on a downlink channel.

27. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the frequency modulation mode comprises at least two resource element clusters, and wherein, In each cluster, the corresponding resource elements are within each other's threshold positions in at least one of time or frequency.

28. A wireless communication method, comprising: Frequency modulation patterns for downlink reference signals are received by the network device for use in wireless communication between the user equipment (UE) and the network device. The frequency modulation patterns define the arrangement of resource elements in a given resource block, and each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation pattern occupies a resource element in the resource block. The network device receives multiple power levels for the frequency modulation mode, the multiple power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation mode; as well as The network device transmits the downlink reference signal to the UE using the frequency modulation mode and having one or more of the plurality of power levels.

29. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: It contains one or more memory locations that store computer-readable instructions; as well as One or more processors, the one or more processors being configured to execute the computer-readable instructions to: Receive frequency modulation patterns for downlink reference signals for use in wireless communication between a user equipment (UE) and the device, wherein the frequency modulation patterns define the arrangement of resource elements in a given resource block, and each frequency modulation of the frequency modulation patterns occupies a resource element in the resource block; Receive multiple power levels for the frequency modulation mode, the multiple power levels including a corresponding power level determined for each resource element associated with the frequency modulation mode; as well as The downlink reference signal is transmitted to the UE using the frequency modulation mode and having one or more of the plurality of power levels.

30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the apparatus is further configured to transmit the downlink reference signal on a downlink channel.

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