Overburden rock zoning information detection method, device and equipment and storage medium

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of overburden rock zonation information detection method, device, equipment and storage medium, method includes: according to the borehole columnar chart information obtained, determine underground resource mining height, buried depth and loose layer thickness;According to the underground resource mining height, the buried depth and the loose layer thickness, determine the damage height of underground resource;According to the correlation between the preset damage height and the zonation coefficient, generate the overburden rock zonation information corresponding to the damage height.This way, both differences and integrity between upper and lower strata of overburden rock are fully considered, so that the obtained overburden rock zonation information is related to underground resource mining height, mining depth and overburden loose layer, improving the accuracy of detection results.Meanwhile, the detection process is relatively simple, and the detection efficiency is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of mining development technology, specifically relating to a method, apparatus, equipment, and storage medium for detecting overburden zonation information. Background Technology

[0002] A caving zone refers to a zone of overlying strata that collapses into the goaf due to mining-induced damage, significantly impacting the pressure in the mining area. The caving zone is crucial for equipment selection, determining process parameters, and ensuring safe production at the working face. Accurately determining the height of the caving zone is essential for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of coal mining.

[0003] Since the height of the caving zone is related to the stability of the key strata, existing technologies typically use the key strata as the research object, conducting mechanical analysis and assessment to determine the height of the caving zone. Specifically, it is necessary to first identify all key strata, and then progressively assess whether each key strata will fracture, until the first key strata that will not fracture or fractures to form a fracture zone is identified. The area below this first key strata is considered the caving zone. Alternatively, if no key strata that will not fracture or fractures to form a fracture zone are identified after assessing all key strata, then the caving zone extends consistently to the surface. The key strata are the rock layers that play a major controlling role in rock mass activity.

[0004] However, the structure of overburden is quite complex. There are both differences and integrity between the upper and lower layers of overburden. In the current technology, only the key layer is used as the research object, and each key layer is gradually judged to determine whether it will fracture. The accuracy of the test results is low. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The main objective of this invention is to provide a method, apparatus, device, and storage medium for detecting overburden zoning information, thereby solving the problem of low accuracy in the detection results of overburden zoning information obtained in the prior art.

[0006] To address the above problems, this invention provides a method for detecting overburden zoning information, comprising: Based on the obtained borehole columnar section information, the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness of underground resources are determined; The damage height of the underground resources is determined based on the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness. Based on the preset correlation between damage height and zoning coefficient, overburden zoning information corresponding to the damage height is generated.

[0007] Furthermore, in the above-described method for detecting overburden zonation information, determining the damage height of underground resources based on the underground resource mining height, the burial depth, and the loose layer thickness includes: The overburden characteristic coefficient is determined based on the burial depth and the thickness of the loose layer; The damage height is determined based on the overlying rock characteristic coefficient and the underground resource extraction height.

[0008] Furthermore, in the above-described method for detecting overburden zoning information, the overburden zoning information includes an influence zone, influence zone height, transition zone, transition zone height, manifest zone, and manifest zone height; wherein, the influence zone represents the stratum zone that affects the mining pressure, the manifest zone represents the stratum zone with varying degrees of influence on the surface, and the transition zone represents the stratum zone that produces fractures; The zoning coefficient corresponding to the influence zone is a first preset multiple of the damage height; The zoning coefficient corresponding to the transition zone is a second preset multiple of the damage height; The banding coefficient corresponding to the display band is a third preset multiple of the damage height; The first preset multiple, the second preset multiple, and the third preset multiple increase sequentially.

[0009] Furthermore, the method for detecting overlying zoning information described above also includes: The comparison results are obtained by comparing the burial depth with the height corresponding to the influence zone and the height corresponding to the transition zone. If the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is less than the height corresponding to the influence zone, it is determined that only the influence zone exists. If the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is greater than or equal to the height corresponding to the influence zone, and the burial depth is less than or equal to the height corresponding to the transition zone, then it is determined that the influence zone and the manifestation zone exist. If the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is greater than the height corresponding to the transition zone, then the existence of the influence zone, the transition zone, and the manifestation zone is confirmed.

[0010] Furthermore, the method for detecting overlying zoning information described above also includes: An adjustment factor is determined based on the cumulative thickness of weak rock layers and the cumulative thickness of strong rock layers within the influence zone; wherein, weak rock layers are rock layers with a thickness less than the mining height, and strong rock layers are rock layers with a thickness greater than or equal to the mining height. The height of the influence band is adjusted according to the adjustment factor to obtain the adjusted influence band height.

[0011] The present invention also provides a monitoring device for overburden zoning information, comprising: The parameter determination module is used to determine the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness of underground resources based on the obtained borehole columnar section information. The damage height determination module is used to determine the damage height of the underground resources based on the mining height, the burial depth, and the thickness of the loose layer. The generation module is used to generate overburden zoning information corresponding to the damage height based on the preset correlation between damage height and zoning coefficient.

[0012] Furthermore, in the aforementioned monitoring device for overburden zoning information, the overburden zoning information includes an influence zone, influence zone height, transition zone, transition zone height, manifestation zone, and manifestation zone height; wherein, the influence zone represents the overburden layer that affects the mining pressure, the manifestation zone represents the overburden layer with varying degrees of influence on the surface, and the transition zone represents the overburden layer that produces fractures; The zoning coefficient corresponding to the influence zone is a first preset multiple of the damage height; The zoning coefficient corresponding to the transition zone is a second preset multiple of the damage height; The banding coefficient corresponding to the display band is a third preset multiple of the damage height; The first preset multiple, the second preset multiple, and the third preset multiple increase sequentially.

[0013] Furthermore, in the aforementioned monitoring device for overburden zoning information, the generation module is also used for: An adjustment factor is determined based on the cumulative thickness of weak rock layers and the cumulative thickness of strong rock layers within the influence zone; wherein, weak rock layers are rock layers with a thickness less than the mining height, and strong rock layers are rock layers with a thickness greater than or equal to the mining height. The height of the influence band is adjusted according to the adjustment factor to obtain the adjusted influence band height.

[0014] The present invention also provides a monitoring device for overburden zonation information, including a memory and a processor; The memory stores a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the overburden zoning information detection method as described in any of the preceding claims.

[0015] The present invention also provides a storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that, when the computer program is executed by a processor, it implements the steps of the method for detecting overburden zonation information as described in any of the preceding claims.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, one or more embodiments of the above solutions may have the following advantages or beneficial effects: The present invention discloses a method, apparatus, equipment, and storage medium for detecting overburden zoning information. Based on acquired borehole columnar section information, after determining the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness of underground resources, the damage height of the underground resources is determined according to these parameters. Then, based on a preset correlation between the damage height and zoning coefficient, overburden zoning information corresponding to the damage height is generated. This fully considers both the differences and the integrity between the upper and lower strata of the overburden, ensuring that the obtained overburden zoning information is correlated with the mining height, mining depth, and loose overburden layer, thus improving the accuracy of the detection results. Simultaneously, the detection process is relatively simple, improving detection efficiency.

[0017] Other features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practicing the invention. The objects and other advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the structures particularly pointed out in the description, claims, and drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0018] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the invention and form part of the specification. They are used in conjunction with the embodiments of the invention to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings: Figure 1 This is a flowchart of an embodiment of the method for detecting overburden zoning information of the present invention; Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating basic information on underground resource extraction; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the monitoring device for overburden zonation information of the present invention; Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the monitoring device for overburden zonation information of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, so that the process of how the present invention uses technical means to solve technical problems and achieve technical effects can be fully understood and implemented accordingly. It should be noted that, as long as there is no conflict, the various embodiments and features in the various embodiments of the present invention can be combined with each other, and the resulting technical solutions are all within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0020] Example 1 Figure 1 This is a flowchart of an embodiment of the overburden zoning information detection method of the present invention, as shown below. Figure 1 As shown, the method for detecting rock zoning information in this embodiment may specifically include the following steps: 100. Based on the obtained borehole columnar section information, determine the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness of underground resources; In a specific implementation process, the borehole columnar section information provided by the geological data above the mining area can be analyzed to obtain the mining height, burial depth and loose layer thickness of underground resources.

[0021] Figure 2 A schematic diagram illustrating basic information about underground resource extraction, such as... Figure 2 As shown, M represents the underground resource extraction height, H represents the burial depth, and S represents the thickness of the loose layer.

[0022] 101. Determine the damage height of the underground resources based on the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness; In a specific implementation process, the overburden characteristic coefficient can be determined based on the burial depth and loose layer thickness, and the damage height can be determined based on the overburden characteristic coefficient and the underground resource extraction height.

[0023] Specifically, the burial depth and loose layer thickness can be substituted into the overburden characteristic coefficient calculation formula (1) to obtain the overburden characteristic coefficient.

[0024] k1 = H / (HS)(1) Where k1 represents the overlying characteristic coefficient.

[0025] The overlying characteristic coefficient and the underground resource mining height can be substituted into the damage height calculation formula (2) to obtain the damage height.

[0026] y=k1M 2 (2) Where y represents the damage height.

[0027] 102. Based on the preset correlation between damage height and zoning coefficient, generate overburden zoning information corresponding to the damage height.

[0028] In a specific implementation process, the correlation between damage height and zoning coefficient can be determined based on the actual overburden zoning information collected from different stopes. Thus, after obtaining the damage height, overburden zoning information corresponding to the damage height can be generated based on the preset correlation between damage height and zoning coefficient. This is to effectively determine the stress on the stope and the overburden range that needs to be controlled, ensure stope safety and precise overburden control, and guide stope pressure control, support selection, roadway support parameter design, and overburden loss reduction control.

[0029] Specifically, the zoning information of the overburden can be divided into influence zones and influence zone heights similar to the caving zone, transition zones and transition zone heights similar to the fracture zone, and manifestation zones and manifestation zone heights similar to the caving zone, based on the caving zone, bending subsidence zone and fracture zone specified in the overburden. Among them, the influence zone represents the stratum zone that affects the mining pressure, the manifestation zone represents the stratum zone with the degree of influence on the surface, and the transition zone represents the stratum zone that produces fractures.

[0030] In a specific implementation, the banding factor corresponding to the influence band is a first preset multiple of the damage height; the banding factor corresponding to the transition band is a second preset multiple of the damage height; and the banding factor corresponding to the manifestation band is a third preset multiple of the damage height. The first, second, and third preset multiples increase sequentially, for example, 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Therefore, the influence band height is k1M. 2 The transition zone height is 2k1m. 2 The display band height is 3k1M 2 .

[0031] The overburden zoning information detection method in this embodiment determines the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness of underground resources based on the acquired borehole columnar section information. Then, based on these parameters, it determines the damage height of the underground resources and generates overburden zoning information corresponding to the damage height according to a preset correlation between the damage height and zoning coefficient. This fully considers both the differences and the integrity between the upper and lower strata of the overburden, ensuring that the obtained overburden zoning information is correlated with the mining height, mining depth, and loose overburden layer, thus improving the accuracy of the detection results. Simultaneously, the detection process is relatively simple, improving detection efficiency.

[0032] In a specific implementation, after determining the height of the influence zone and the transition zone, the following steps can also be performed: (1) Compare the burial depth with the height corresponding to the influence zone and the height corresponding to the transition zone respectively, and obtain the comparison results; (2) If the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is less than the height corresponding to the influence zone, it is determined that only the influence zone exists; If the burial depth H < k1M 2 This indicates that the overlying strata only exist in the influence zone, and the surface manifestations are obvious and intense.

[0033] (3) If the comparison results indicate that the burial depth is greater than or equal to the height corresponding to the influence zone and less than or equal to the height corresponding to the transition zone, it is determined that there is an influence zone and a manifestation zone; If k1M 2 ≤H≤2k1M 2 This indicates the presence of influence zones and manifestation zones in the overlying strata, with the surface manifestations being quite obvious and intense.

[0034] (4) If the comparison results indicate that the burial depth is greater than the height corresponding to the transition zone, the existence of the influence zone, transition zone and manifestation zone is determined.

[0035] If H≥2k1M 2 This indicates that the overlying strata have influence zones, transition zones, and manifestation zones, with surface manifestation being indistinct or slow.

[0036] In a specific implementation process, after determining the height of the influence zone, an adjustment factor can be determined based on the cumulative thickness of weak and strong rock layers within the influence zone. The height of the influence zone is then adjusted according to this adjustment factor to obtain the adjusted influence zone height. Here, weak rock layers are defined as those with a thickness less than the mining height, and strong rock layers are defined as those with a thickness greater than or equal to the mining height. The adjusted influence zone height can be considered as the caving zone.

[0037] Specifically, the cumulative thickness of the weak rock layers within the influence zone can be denoted as m1, and the cumulative thickness of the strong rock layers can be denoted as m2. The adjustment factor is denoted as k2, where k2 = 2 × m1 / (m1 + m2). The adjusted height of the influence zone is y = k × k2 × M. 2 .

[0038] It should be noted that the method of this embodiment can be executed by a single device, such as a computer or server. The method of this embodiment can also be applied to a distributed scenario, where multiple devices cooperate to complete the task. In such a distributed scenario, one of these devices may execute only one or more steps of the method of this embodiment, and the multiple devices will interact with each other to complete the method.

[0039] Example 2 To address the aforementioned technical problems in the prior art, embodiments of the present invention provide a monitoring device for overburden zonation information.

[0040] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the monitoring device for overburden zoning information of the present invention, as shown below. Figure 3 As shown, the monitoring device for overburden zonation information in this embodiment may specifically include a parameter determination module 30, a damage height determination module 31, and a generation module 32.

[0041] The parameter determination module 30 is used to determine the underground resource extraction height, burial depth and loose layer thickness based on the obtained borehole columnar section information. The damage height determination module 31 is used to determine the damage height of underground resources based on the mining height, burial depth and loose layer thickness of underground resources; Specifically, the overburden characteristic coefficient can be determined based on the burial depth and loose layer thickness; the damage height can be determined based on the overburden characteristic coefficient and the underground resource extraction height.

[0042] The generation module 32 is used to generate overburden zoning information corresponding to the damage height based on the preset correlation between damage height and zoning coefficient.

[0043] In a specific implementation process, the overburden zoning information includes the influence zone, the height of the influence zone, the transition zone, the height of the transition zone, the manifestation zone, and the height of the manifestation zone; among them, the influence zone represents the stratum that affects the mining pressure, the manifestation zone represents the stratum that affects the surface level, and the transition zone represents the stratum that produces fractures.

[0044] The zoning coefficient corresponding to the influence zone is a first preset multiple of the damage height; the zoning coefficient corresponding to the transition zone is a second preset multiple of the damage height; and the zoning coefficient corresponding to the manifestation zone is a third preset multiple of the damage height; wherein the first preset multiple, the second preset multiple, and the third preset multiple increase sequentially.

[0045] In a specific implementation process, the generation module 32 is also used to compare the burial depth with the height corresponding to the influence zone and the height corresponding to the transition zone, respectively, and obtain the comparison result; if the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is less than the height corresponding to the influence zone, it is determined that only the influence zone exists; if the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is greater than or equal to the height corresponding to the influence zone, and the burial depth is less than or equal to the height corresponding to the transition zone, it is determined that both the influence zone and the manifestation zone exist; if the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is greater than the height corresponding to the transition zone, it is determined that the influence zone, the transition zone, and the manifestation zone exist.

[0046] In a specific implementation, the generation module 32 is also used to determine an adjustment factor based on the cumulative thickness of weak rock layers and the cumulative thickness of strong rock layers within the acquired influence zone; and to adjust the height of the influence zone according to the adjustment factor to obtain the adjusted influence zone height. Here, weak rock layers are those with a thickness less than the mining height, and strong rock layers are those with a thickness greater than or equal to the mining height.

[0047] The apparatus in the above embodiments is used to implement the corresponding methods in the foregoing embodiments. The specific implementation scheme can be found in the methods described in the foregoing embodiments and the relevant descriptions in the method embodiments. It also has the beneficial effects of the corresponding method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.

[0048] Example 3 To address the aforementioned technical problems in the prior art, embodiments of the present invention provide a monitoring device for overburden zonation information.

[0049] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the monitoring device for overburden zoning information of the present invention, as shown below. Figure 4 As shown, the monitoring device for overburden zonation information in this embodiment may include a memory 40 and a processor 41.

[0050] The memory 40 stores a computer program, which, when executed by the processor 41, implements the steps of the overburden zoning information detection method of the above embodiment.

[0051] Example 4 To address the aforementioned technical problems in the prior art, embodiments of the present invention provide a storage medium.

[0052] The storage medium of this embodiment stores a computer program, which, when executed by the controller, implements the steps of the overburden zoning information detection method of the above embodiment.

[0053] It is understood that the same or similar parts in the above embodiments can be referred to each other, and the contents not described in detail in some embodiments can be referred to the same or similar contents in other embodiments.

[0054] It should be noted that in the description of this invention, the terms "first," "second," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance. Furthermore, in the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means at least two.

[0055] Any process or method description in the flowchart or otherwise herein can be understood as representing a module, segment, or portion of code comprising one or more executable instructions for implementing a particular logical function or process, and the scope of the preferred embodiments of the invention includes additional implementations in which functions may be performed not in the order shown or discussed, including substantially simultaneously or in reverse order depending on the functions involved, as will be understood by those skilled in the art to which embodiments of the invention pertain.

[0056] It should be understood that various parts of the present invention can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. In the above embodiments, multiple steps or methods can be implemented in software or firmware stored in memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system. For example, if implemented in hardware, as in another embodiment, it can be implemented using any one or a combination of the following techniques known in the art: discrete logic circuits having logic gates for implementing logical functions on data signals, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) having suitable combinational logic gates, programmable gate arrays (PGAs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), etc.

[0057] Those skilled in the art will understand that all or part of the steps of the methods in the above embodiments can be implemented by a program instructing related hardware. The program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, and when executed, the program includes one or a combination of the steps of the method embodiments.

[0058] Furthermore, the functional units in the various embodiments of the present invention can be integrated into a processing module, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into a module. The integrated module can be implemented in hardware or as a software functional module. If the integrated module is implemented as a software functional module and sold or used as an independent product, it can also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium.

[0059] The storage media mentioned above can be read-only memory, disk, or optical disk, etc.

[0060] In the description of this specification, references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0061] While the embodiments disclosed in this invention are as described above, the content is merely for the purpose of facilitating understanding of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art to which this invention pertains may make any modifications and changes in form and detail of the implementation without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein; however, the scope of protection of this invention shall still be determined by the scope defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for detecting overlying zoning information, characterized in that, include: Based on the obtained borehole columnar section information, the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness of underground resources are determined; The damage height of the underground resources is determined based on the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness. Based on the preset correlation between damage height and zoning coefficient, overburden zoning information corresponding to the damage height is generated; The overburden zoning information includes the influence zone, influence zone height, transition zone, transition zone height, manifestation zone, and manifestation zone height; wherein, the influence zone represents the stratum zone that affects the mining pressure, the manifestation zone represents the stratum zone with varying degrees of influence on the surface, and the transition zone represents the stratum zone that produces fractures; The zoning coefficient corresponding to the influence zone is a first preset multiple of the damage height; The zoning coefficient corresponding to the transition zone is a second preset multiple of the damage height; The banding coefficient corresponding to the display band is a third preset multiple of the damage height; The first preset multiple, the second preset multiple, and the third preset multiple increase sequentially.

2. The method for detecting overburden zoning information according to claim 1, characterized in that, The damage height of the underground resources is determined based on the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness, including: The overburden characteristic coefficient is determined based on the burial depth and the thickness of the loose layer; The damage height is determined based on the overlying rock characteristic coefficient and the underground resource extraction height.

3. The method for detecting overburden zoning information according to claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: The comparison results are obtained by comparing the burial depth with the height corresponding to the influence zone and the height corresponding to the transition zone. If the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is less than the height corresponding to the influence zone, it is determined that only the influence zone exists. If the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is greater than or equal to the height corresponding to the influence zone, and the burial depth is less than or equal to the height corresponding to the transition zone, then it is determined that the influence zone and the manifestation zone exist. If the comparison result indicates that the burial depth is greater than the height corresponding to the transition zone, then the existence of the influence zone, the transition zone, and the manifestation zone is confirmed.

4. The method for detecting overburden zoning information according to claim 1, characterized in that, Also includes: An adjustment factor is determined based on the cumulative thickness of weak rock layers and the cumulative thickness of strong rock layers within the influence zone; wherein, weak rock layers are rock layers with a thickness less than the mining height, and strong rock layers are rock layers with a thickness greater than or equal to the mining height. The height of the influence band is adjusted according to the adjustment factor to obtain the adjusted influence band height.

5. A monitoring device for overburden zoning information, characterized in that, include: The parameter determination module is used to determine the mining height, burial depth, and loose layer thickness of underground resources based on the obtained borehole columnar section information. The damage height determination module is used to determine the damage height of the underground resources based on the mining height, the burial depth, and the thickness of the loose layer. The generation module is used to generate overburden zoning information corresponding to the damage height based on the preset correlation between damage height and zoning coefficient; The overburden zoning information includes the influence zone, influence zone height, transition zone, transition zone height, manifestation zone, and manifestation zone height; wherein, the influence zone represents the overburden layer that affects the mining pressure, the manifestation zone represents the overburden layer with the degree of influence on the surface, and the transition zone represents the overburden layer that produces fractures; The zoning coefficient corresponding to the influence zone is a first preset multiple of the damage height; The zoning coefficient corresponding to the transition zone is a second preset multiple of the damage height; The banding coefficient corresponding to the display band is a third preset multiple of the damage height; The first preset multiple, the second preset multiple, and the third preset multiple increase sequentially.

6. The monitoring device for overburden zoning information according to claim 5, characterized in that, The generation module is further configured to: An adjustment factor is determined based on the cumulative thickness of weak rock layers and the cumulative thickness of strong rock layers within the influence zone; wherein, weak rock layers are rock layers with a thickness less than the mining height, and strong rock layers are rock layers with a thickness greater than or equal to the mining height. The height of the influence band is adjusted according to the adjustment factor to obtain the adjusted influence band height.

7. A monitoring device for overburden zoning information, characterized in that, Including memory and processor; The memory stores a computer program, which, when executed by a processor, implements the steps of the method for detecting overburden zonation information as described in any one of claims 1 to 4.

8. A storage medium having a computer program stored thereon, characterized in that, When the computer program is executed by the processor, it implements the steps of the method for detecting overburden zonation information as described in any one of claims 1 to 4.

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