A privacy protection identity authentication method and system based on GHZ state

Abstract

This invention discloses a privacy-preserving identity authentication method and system based on GHZ state. The method includes: a user terminal sending an authentication request to a relay server, and upon receiving a returned random number r... (i) Next, prepare n GHz state particles and send the second particle to the relay server; the user terminal performs quantum gate transformations on the first and third particles and calculates C. (i) =m (i) ||ID (i) ⊕r (i) ||m (i) , will C (i) The first and third particles are sent to the relay server; the relay server measures the second particle and obtains the measurement result R; the first and third particles are jointly measured using Bell states and the measurement result B is obtained; the relay server then calculates the result based on C. (i) R, B and r (i) This invention determines whether identity authentication is successful. It eliminates the need to store quantum keys, enabling identity verification while concealing personal information, transaction details, and other privacy concerns.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of communication technology, and in particular to a privacy-preserving identity authentication method and system based on GHZ state. Background Technology

[0002] With the development of quantum information technology, traditional cryptographic systems based on mathematically difficult problems have faced unprecedented security threats. The main issue is that current algorithms based on computational complexity are vulnerable to quantum computing attacks. A prime example is the quantum algorithm developed by Shor et al., which demonstrates that theoretically efficient algorithms exist for solving composite number factorizations and calculating discrete logarithms under quantum computer attacks. Since current network authentication methods are based on classical digital signatures, they are unable to resist quantum computing attacks, thus increasing communication security risks. Therefore, designing authentication methods resistant to quantum attacks is essential.

[0003] Electronic signatures are an important research area in cryptography, serving as a crucial tool for secure authentication and protection of information in the economic and social sphere, and are widely used in information security. While many mature classical digital signature schemes have yielded research results and practical applications, as mentioned earlier, their security risks are increasing. Finding quantum-resistant algorithms to replace classical signature algorithms is a pressing issue. Because quantum cryptography is unconditionally secure due to its security constraints imposed by quantum mechanics, the academic community has conducted related research in this field and achieved considerable success. However, many algorithms require key infrastructure for distribution, encryption, and signing, and quantum memories must be used to store numerous quantum digest copies for verifiers. Furthermore, each signature verifier must perform multiple rounds of quantum exchange tests during the signature verification phase. These drawbacks clearly reduce the efficiency and practicality of identity authentication signature algorithms; moreover, due to current limitations in devices such as quantum registers, algorithm design aims to minimize storage resource consumption and utilize probabilistic exchange tests. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the purpose of this invention is to propose a privacy-preserving identity authentication method and system based on GHZ states. It utilizes GHZ states to design a secure and efficient privacy-preserving quantum authentication technology that can verify identity while concealing privacy information such as identity information and transaction information without storing quantum keys.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state, comprising:

[0006] The user sends an authentication request to the relay server and receives the returned random number r. (i) Then, prepare n GHZ state particles and send the second particle to the relay server;

[0007] The user terminal is based on m (i) ||ID (i) Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r (i) ||m (i) Perform a gate transformation on the third particle and calculate C. (i) =m (i) ||ID (i) ⊕r (i) ||m (i) , will C (i) The first particle and the third particle are sent to the relay server; where ID (i) Represents user identity information, m (i) Indicates transaction information;

[0008] The relay server measures the second particle and obtains the measurement result R; it uses the Bell state to jointly measure the first and third particles and obtains the measurement result B.

[0009] The relay server is based on C (i) R, B and r (i) A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed to be successful.

[0010] Preferably, the method of jointly measuring the first and third particles using Bell states to obtain measurement result B specifically involves:

[0011] The first and third particles are jointly measured using Bell states, where the Bell states are represented as follows:

[0012]

[0013]

[0014] The obtained measurement result is denoted as B∈{|φ + >,|φ - >,|ψ + >,|ψ - >}.

[0015] Preferably, the relay server is based on C (i) R, B and r (i) A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is deemed successful. This includes:

[0016] The relay server determines C (i) After satisfying the first relationship set with R, if we further determine that C (i) R, B and r (i) If the established second relationship is satisfied, then the identity authentication is considered successful.

[0017] The first relationship includes:

[0018] When R = 0, C (i) When the value is 0, B = |φ + >; R = 1, C (i) When the value is 0, B = |ψ - >;

[0019] When R = 0, C (i) When the inequality is 0 or 1, B = |ψ + >or|ψ - >; R = 1, C (i) When the inequality is 0 or 1, B = |φ + >;

[0020] When R = 0, C (i) When the value is 10, B = |ψ - >or|φ - >; R = 1, C (i) When the value is 10, B = |φ - >;

[0021] When R = 0, C (i) When the value is 11, B = |φ - >; R = 1, C (i) When the value is 11, B = |ψ - >;

[0022] The second relationship includes:

[0023] When R = 0, r (i) =0, C (i) When = 0, B = |φ + >; When R = 0, r (i) =0, C (i) When = 0 or 1, B = |ψ + >;

[0024] When R = 0, r (i) =0, C (i) When = 11, B = |φ - >; When R = 0, r (i) =0, C (i) When = 10, B = |ψ - >;

[0025] When R = 0, r (i) =1, C (i) When = 0, B = |φ + >; When R = 0, r (i) =1, C (i) When = 0 or 1, B = |ψ - >;

[0026] When R = 0, r (i) =1, C (i) When = 11, B = |φ - >; When R = 0, r (i) =1, C (i) When = 10, B = |φ - >;

[0027] When R = 1, r (i) =0, C (i) When =00, B=|ψ + >;When R=1, r (i) =0, C (i) When = 0 or 1, B = |φ + >;

[0028] When R = 1, r (i) =0, C (i) When = 11, B = |ψ - >;When R=1, r (i) =0, C (i) When = 10, B = |φ - >;

[0029] When R = 1, r (i) =1, C (i) When =00, B=|ψ + >;When R=1, r (i) =1, C (i) When = 0 or 1, B = |φ + >;

[0030] When R = 1, r (i) =1, C (i) When = 11, B = |ψ - >;When R=1, r (i) =1, C (i) When = 10, B = |φ - >

[0031] This invention also provides a privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state, comprising:

[0032] The user sends an authentication request to the relay server and receives the returned random number r. (i) Then, prepare n GHz state particles, and send the second particle to the relay server; for

[0033] The user terminal is based on m (i) ||ID (i) Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r (i) ||m (i) Perform a gate transformation on the third particle and calculate C. (i) =m(i) ||ID (i) ⊕r (i) ||m (i) ;as well as

[0034] C (i) The first particle and the third particle are sent to the relay server so that the relay server can perform identity authentication.

[0035] This invention also provides a privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state, comprising:

[0036] After receiving the authentication request from the user, the relay server returns a random number r. (i) ;and

[0037] Upon receiving the second particle sent by the user terminal, and C (i) After measuring the first and third particles, the second particle is measured, yielding measurement result R; the first and third particles are then jointly measured using Bell states, yielding measurement result B; subsequently...

[0038] According to C (i) R, B and r (i) A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed to be successful.

[0039] Among them, the first and third particles undergo quantum gate transformation at the user end, C (i) For the user terminal according to m (i) ||ID (i) , and r (i) ||m (i) Calculated; where ID (i) Represents user identity information, m (i) This indicates transaction information.

[0040] This invention also provides a privacy-preserving identity authentication system based on GHZ state, comprising: a user terminal and a relay server; wherein

[0041] The user terminal is used to send an authentication request to the relay server, and upon receiving the returned random number r... (i) Then, prepare n GHz state particles, and send the second particle to the relay server; then, according to m (i) ||ID (i) Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r (i) ||m (i) Perform a gate transformation on the third particle and calculate C. (i) =m (i) ||ID (i) ⊕r (i) ||m(i) , will C (i) The first particle and the third particle are sent to the relay server; where ID (i) Represents user identity information, m (i) Indicates transaction information;

[0042] The relay server is used to measure the second particle, obtaining measurement result R; to perform joint measurement of the first and third particles using Bell states, obtaining measurement result B; and based on C... (i) R, B and r (i) A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed to be successful.

[0043] The present invention also provides an electronic device, including a central processing unit, a signal processing and storage unit, and a computer program stored on the signal processing and storage unit and executable on the central processing unit, wherein the central processing unit executes the privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state as described above.

[0044] The present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program that can be executed by at least one processor to cause the at least one processor to perform the steps of the above-described privacy-preserving authentication method based on GHZ state.

[0045] In the technical solution of this invention, the user terminal sends an authentication request to the relay server, and upon receiving the returned random number r... (i) Then, prepare n GHz state particles, and send the second particle to the relay server; the user terminal according to m (i) ||ID (i) Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r (i) ||m (i) Perform a gate transformation on the third particle and calculate C. (i) =m (i) ||ID (i) ⊕r (i) ||m (i) , will C (i) The first particle and the third particle are sent to the relay server; where ID (i) Represents user identity information, m (i) The relay server represents the transaction information; it measures the second particle to obtain the measurement result R; it uses Bell states to jointly measure the first and third particles to obtain the measurement result B; the relay server then calculates the result based on C. (i) R, B and r (i)A comparison is performed, and if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed. This process does not require a pre-stored quantum key; instead, it uses a gate transformation of GHZ-state particles to verify identity while concealing privacy information such as identity and transaction details. Attached Figure Description

[0046] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0047] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a privacy-preserving identity authentication system based on GHZ state provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0048] Figure 2 A flowchart of a privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state provided in this embodiment of the invention;

[0049] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the hardware structure of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0050] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and accompanying drawings.

[0051] It should be noted that, unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in the embodiments of this invention should have the ordinary meaning understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. The terms "first," "second," and similar terms used in this disclosure do not indicate any order, quantity, or importance, but are merely used to distinguish different components. Terms such as "comprising" or "including" mean that the element or object preceding the word encompasses the elements or objects listed following the word and their equivalents, without excluding other elements or objects. Terms such as "connected" or "linked" are not limited to physical or mechanical connections, but can include electrical connections, whether direct or indirect. Terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," and "right" are used only to indicate relative positional relationships; when the absolute position of the described object changes, the relative positional relationship may also change accordingly.

[0052] The technical solution of this invention utilizes a three-particle quantum entangled state as an information carrier to achieve user authentication. The GHZ (Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger, maximally entangled) three-particle state is prepared by the user system, and the state is represented by default as follows. Quantum gates are I, X, Y, and Z, and are represented as follows:

[0053]

[0054] During the authentication process, only the user's personal privacy information, such as identity and account details, is visible. Each user's unique identification code is registered with the system. The user signs the token, the relay server verifies the signature, and upon successful verification, the gateway forwards the requested transaction information. This enables identity authentication in e-commerce, government affairs, finance, and other transaction processing, ensuring the security of user's personal data.

[0055] In other words, the GHZ state is used as the information carrier to realize the signature and verification of participants, which is the default value. User identity information is generated uniformly during registration and stored in the user information database, represented as an ID. (i) ∈(0,1) n Transaction information is represented as m (i) ∈(0,1) n Where "||" represents the concatenation operator, "⊕" represents the modulo 2 operator, and i = 1, 2, ..., n.

[0056] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0057] This invention provides an architecture for a privacy-preserving identity authentication system based on GHZ state, as shown in the embodiments of the present invention. Figure 1 As shown, it includes: client and relay server;

[0058] The user terminal is used to send an authentication request to the relay server and, upon receiving the returned random number r, [the request is processed]. (i) ∈(0,1) n Then, prepare n GHz state particles, and send the second particle to the relay server; then, according to m (i) ||ID (i) Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r (i) ||m (i) Perform a gate transformation on the third particle and calculate C. (i) =m (i) ||ID (i) ⊕r (i) ||m (i) , will C (i)The first particle and the third particle are sent to the relay server; where ID (i) Represents user identity information, m (i) Indicates transaction information;

[0059] The relay server is used to measure the second particle, obtaining measurement result R; to perform joint measurement of the first and third particles using Bell states, obtaining measurement result B; and based on C... (i) R, B and r (i) A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed to be successful.

[0060] Based on the above system, the present invention provides a privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state, as follows: Figure 2 As shown, it includes the following steps:

[0061] Step S201: The user sends an authentication request to the relay server.

[0062] Specifically, the user can send authentication requests such as transaction lists, transaction requests, and process processing requests to the relay server.

[0063] Step S202: The relay server returns a random number r to the user terminal. (i) .

[0064] Specifically, after receiving the authentication request, the relay server transmits the random number r via the BB84 protocol. (i) ∈(0,1) n Return the information to the user.

[0065] Step S203: The user terminal receives the returned random number r (i) ∈(0,1) n Then, prepare n GHZ state particles and send the second particle to the relay server;

[0066] Specifically, after receiving the random number, the user terminal performs signature authentication initialization and prepares n GHz state particles. The second particle is then sent to the relay server.

[0067] Step S204: The user terminal performs quantum gate transformation on the first and third particles;

[0068] In this step, the user terminal is based on m (i) ||ID (i) Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r (i) ||m (i) Perform a gate transformation on the third particle.

[0069] Specifically, ID (i)Represents user identity information, m (i) Representing transaction information; quantum gate operations and classical bits m (i) ||ID (i) and r (i) ||m (i) The correspondences are shown in Table 1 and Table 2:

[0070] Table 1

[0071] <![CDATA[classical bit m (i) ||ID (i) > Corresponding operation of the first particle 00 I 01 X 10 Y 11 Z

[0072] Table 2

[0073] <![CDATA[classical bit r (i) ||m (i) > The corresponding operation of the third particle 00 I 01 X 10 Y 11 Z

[0074] such as m (i) ||ID (i) =01, r (i) ||m (i) =10, then we can get:

[0075]

[0076]

[0077] This allows us to use the first and third particles as IDs. (i) and m (i) Information carrier.

[0078] Step S205: The user terminal calculates C (i) =m (i) ||ID (i) ⊕r (i) ||m (i) , will C (i) The first particle and the third particle are sent to the relay server;

[0079] Specifically, the user-side computes C (i) =m (i) ||ID (i) ⊕r (i) ||m (i) , will C (i) ∈(00, 01, 10, 11) n The first and third particles, {|ξ′>1,|ξ′>3}, after undergoing quantum gate transformation, are sent to the relay server to complete the signature.

[0080] Because the user terminal is based on m (i) ||ID (i) and r (i) ||m (i) Performing different quantum gate operations on the first and third particles if an attacker attempts to obtain their identity ID.(i) Or message m (i) The only way to obtain this information is to acquire the corresponding quantum gate transformation operation. However, attackers do not know how to choose the correct quantum gate. Therefore, attackers cannot obtain any user information. During the signature verification process, the user's personal information remains hidden, thus ensuring the invisibility of user information and protecting privacy.

[0081] Suppose attacker Eve wants to forge a signature, he needs to use the correct quantum gate transformation, based on m (i) ||ID (i) and r (i) ||m (i) Choose the correct operation, but m (i) It is invisible to Eve, and each particle has a 1 / 4 probability of guessing it. Therefore, the probability of the signature being valid is η = 1 / 4. 2n Even if ID (i) It is visible to Eve, but because the BB84 protocol is unconditionally safe, r (i) It cannot be intercepted, and m (i) Since it doesn't require transmission through a channel, the transformation operation of each GHz particle has a 1 / 8 probability of being guessed. Therefore, the probability of a valid signature is η = 1 / 8. n It can be observed that as n increases, the probability approaches 0. Therefore, this scheme is tamper-proof and unforgeable.

[0082] The quantum gate transformation of the signature is based on m (i) ID (i) and r (i) Three parameters are selected and signed. No third party is involved in the signing process, therefore the signing is done secretly by the user. Where m... (i) It is the user's local personal information and is not transmitted through the channel. (i) It is achieved through an unconditionally secure quantum communication protocol and unforgeability analysis, where only the user can perform unitary operations on the parameters locally. Therefore, once a signature is generated, the user cannot deny the transaction and authentication request it initiated.

[0083] Step S206: The relay server measures the second particle and obtains the measurement result R;

[0084] Specifically, the relay server measures the second particle, and the measurement result is denoted as R∈(0,1). n .

[0085] Step S207: The relay server uses the Bell state to perform joint measurement on the first particle and the third particle to obtain measurement result B;

[0086] In this step, the relay server uses Bell states to perform joint measurements on the first and third particles, where the Bell states are represented as follows:

[0087]

[0088]

[0089] The obtained measurement result is denoted as B∈{|φ + >,|φ - >,|ψ + >,|ψ - >}.

[0090] Step S208: The relay server, according to C (i) R, B and r (i) A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed to be successful.

[0091] In this step, the relay server determines C (i) After satisfying the first relationship set with R, if we further determine that C (i) R, B and r (i) If the established second relationship is satisfied, then the identity authentication is considered successful.

[0092] Specifically, if C (i) If R satisfies the first relationship set in Table 3 below, then further determine C. (i) R, B and r (i) The second relationship, as defined in Table 4 below, is satisfied:

[0093] Table 3

[0094]

[0095] Table 4

[0096]

[0097]

[0098] C (i) R, B and r (i) If the second relationship as set in Table 4 below is met, it indicates that the identity verification is successful. The relay server will then send the user's transaction list, transaction request, process processing, and other authentication requests to the gateway for forwarding.

[0099] The technical solution of this invention involves the user terminal sending an authentication request to the relay server and receiving a returned random number r. (i) ∈(0,1) n Then, prepare n GHz state particles, and send the second particle to the relay server; the user terminal according to m(i) ||ID (i) Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r (i) ||m (i) Perform a gate transformation on the third particle and calculate C. (i) =m (i) ||ID (i) ⊕r (i) ||m (i) , will C (i) The first particle and the third particle are sent to the relay server; where ID (i) Represents user identity information, m (i) The relay server represents the transaction information; it measures the second particle to obtain the measurement result R; it uses Bell states to jointly measure the first and third particles to obtain the measurement result B; the relay server then calculates the result based on C. (i) R, B and r (i) A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed as successful. Therefore, a secure and efficient privacy-preserving quantum authentication technology is designed using GHZ states. This technology can verify identity while concealing sensitive information such as identity and transaction details, without requiring the storage of quantum keys. In other words, an identity authentication method that protects user privacy is designed using a three-particle GHZ state and parameter-controlled operational quantum gate flipping, enabling secure identity authentication while concealing user identity information and sensitive transaction information. Regarding security, this invention ensures the security of random numbers through the BB84 protocol and guarantees the correctness of the method through the physical properties of quantum entanglement. Security analysis shows that the authentication method of this invention possesses the security attributes of being unforgeable and non-repudiable.

[0100] Figure 3 This illustration schematically shows the hardware architecture of a computer device 1300 based on a GHz-mode privacy-preserving authentication method according to an embodiment of this application. In this embodiment, the computer device 1300 is a device capable of automatically performing numerical calculations and / or information processing according to pre-set or stored instructions. For example, it may be a smartphone, tablet computer, laptop computer, desktop computer, rack server, blade server, tower server, or cabinet server (including standalone servers or server clusters composed of multiple servers), etc. Figure 3 As shown, the computer device 1300 includes, but is not limited to, at least: a memory 1310, a processor 1320, and a network interface 1330 that can communicate with each other via a system bus. Wherein:

[0101] The memory 1310 includes at least one type of computer-readable storage medium, including flash memory, hard disk, multimedia card, card-type memory (e.g., SD or DX memory), random access memory (RAM), static random access memory (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), magnetic memory, magnetic disk, optical disk, etc. In some embodiments, the memory 1310 may be an internal storage module of the computer device 1300, such as the hard disk or memory of the computer device 1300. In other embodiments, the memory 1310 may also be an external storage device of the computer device 1300, such as a plug-in hard disk, smart media card (SMC), secure digital (SD) card, flash card, etc. Of course, the memory 1310 may also include both the internal storage module and the external storage device of the computer device 1300. In this embodiment, the memory 1310 is typically used to store the operating system and various application software installed on the computer device 1300, such as program code for a privacy-preserving authentication method based on GHz mode. Furthermore, the memory 1310 can also be used to temporarily store various types of data that have been output or will be output.

[0102] In some embodiments, processor 1320 may be a central processing unit (CPU), controller, microcontroller, microprocessor, or other data processing chip. Processor 1320 is typically used to control the overall operation of computer device 1300, such as performing control and processing related to data interaction or communication with computer device 1300. In this embodiment, processor 1320 is used to run program code stored in memory 1310 or process data.

[0103] Network interface 1330 may include a wireless network interface or a wired network interface, which is typically used to establish a communication link between computer device 1300 and other computer devices. For example, network interface 1330 is used to connect computer device 1300 to an external terminal via a network, establishing a data transmission channel and communication link between computer device 1300 and the external terminal. The network may be an intranet, the Internet, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), 4G network, 5G network, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or other wireless or wired networks.

[0104] It should be pointed out that, Figure 3 Only computer devices with components 1310-1330 are shown; however, it should be understood that it is not required to implement all of the components shown, and more or fewer components may be implemented instead.

[0105] In this embodiment, the privacy-preserving authentication method based on GHZ state stored in memory 1310 can be further divided into one or more program modules and executed by one or more processors (processor 1320 in this embodiment) to complete the embodiment of this application.

[0106] This application also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program thereon. When the computer program is executed by a processor, it implements the steps of the privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state in the embodiments.

[0107] The computer-readable medium of this embodiment includes permanent and non-permanent, removable and non-removable media, and information storage can be implemented by any method or technology. Information can be computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer storage media include, but are not limited to, phase-change memory (PRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), other types of random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technologies, CD-ROM, digital versatile optical disc (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic tape, magnetic magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transfer medium that can be used to store information accessible by a computing device.

[0108] Those skilled in the art should understand that the discussion of any of the above embodiments is merely exemplary and is not intended to imply that the scope of this disclosure (including the claims) is limited to these examples; within the framework of this invention, the technical features of the above embodiments or different embodiments can also be combined, the steps can be implemented in any order, and there are many other variations of the different aspects of the invention as described above, which are not provided in the details for the sake of brevity.

[0109] Additionally, to simplify the description and discussion, and to avoid obscuring the invention, the well-known power / ground connections to integrated circuit (IC) chips and other components may or may not be shown in the provided drawings. Furthermore, the apparatus may be shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the invention, and this also takes into account the fact that the details of implementation of these block diagram apparatuses are highly dependent on the platform on which the invention will be implemented (i.e., these details should be fully understood by those skilled in the art). While specific details (e.g., circuits) are set forth to describe exemplary embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details or with variations thereof. Therefore, these descriptions should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

[0110] Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, many substitutions, modifications, and variations of these embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. For example, other memory architectures (e.g., dynamic RAM (DRAM)) may be used with the embodiments discussed.

[0111] The embodiments of this invention are intended to cover all such substitutions, modifications, and variations falling within the broad scope of the appended claims. Therefore, any omissions, modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of this invention should be included within the scope of protection of this invention.

Claims

1. A privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state, characterized in that, include: The client sends an authentication request to the relay server and receives a returned random number. r （i） Afterwards, preparation n A GHZ state particle is sent, and a second particle is sent to the relay server; The user terminal according to m （i） ID （i） Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r （i） m （i） Perform a gate transformation on the third particle and calculate... C （i） = m （i） ID （i） ⊕ r （i） m （i） ,Will C （i） The first and third particles, after undergoing quantum gate transformation, are sent to the relay server; wherein, ID （i） Indicates user identity information, m （i） Indicates transaction information; The relay server measures the second particle and obtains the measurement result. R The first and third particles were jointly measured using Bell states to obtain the measurement results. B ; The relay server according to C （i） , R , B and r （i） A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed to be successful.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The measurement results were obtained by jointly measuring the first and third particles using Bell states. B Specifically: The first and third particles are jointly measured using Bell states, where the Bell states are represented as follows: The obtained measurement results are denoted as B .

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The relay server according to C （i） , R , B and r （i） A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is deemed successful. This includes: The relay server determines C （i） and R After satisfying the initial relationship, if further judgment is made... C （i） , R , B and r （i） If the established second relationship is satisfied, then the identity authentication is considered successful. The first relationship includes: when R =0、 C （i） When it is 00, B = ; R =1、 C （i） When it is 00, B = ; when R =0、 C （i） When it is 01, B = or ; R =1、 C （i） When it is 01, B = ; when R =0、 C （i） It is 10 o'clock. B = or ; R =1、 C （i） It is 10 o'clock. B = ; when R =0、 C （i） It was 11 o'clock. B = ; R =1、 C （i） It was 11 o'clock. B = ; The second relationship includes: when R =0、 r （i） =0、 C （i） When =00, B = ;when R =0、 r （i） =0、 C （i） When =01, B = ; when R =0、 r （i） =0、 C （i） When =11, B = ;when R =0、 r （i） =0、 C （i） When =10, B = ; when R =0、 r （i） =1、 C （i） When =00, B = ;when R =0、 r （i） =1、 C （i） When =01, B = ; when R =0、 r （i） =1、 C （i） When =11, B = ;when R =0、 r （i） =1、 C （i） When =10, B = ; when R =1、 r （i） =0、 C （i） When =00, B = ;when R =1、 r （i） =0、 C （i） When =01, B = ; when R =1、 r （i） =0、 C （i） When =11, B = ;when R =1、 r （i） =0、 C （i） When =10, B = ; when R =1、 r （i） =1、 C （i） When =00, B = ;when R =1、 r （i） =1、 C （i） When =01, B = ; when R =1、 r （i） =1、 C （i） When =11, B = ;when R =1、 r （i） =1、 C （i） When =10, B = .

4. A privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state, characterized in that, include: The client sends an authentication request to the relay server and receives a returned random number. r （i） Afterwards, preparation n A GHZ state particle is sent, and a second particle is sent to the relay server; The user terminal according to m （i） ID （i） Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, where, ID （i） Indicates user identity information, m （i） Indicates transaction information; according to r （i） m （i） Perform a gate transformation on the third particle and calculate... C （i） = m （i） ID （i） ⊕ r （i） m （i） ; as well as The user terminal will C （i） The first and third particles, after undergoing quantum gate transformation, are sent to the relay server; the relay server measures the second particle and obtains the measurement result. R The first and third particles were jointly measured using Bell states to obtain the measurement results. B The relay server according to C （i） , R , B and r （i） A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed to be successful.

5. A privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on GHZ state, characterized in that, include: After receiving the authentication request from the client, the relay server returns a random number. r （i） ;and Upon receiving the second particle sent by the user terminal, and C （i） After the first and third particles undergoing quantum gate transformations, the second particle is measured to obtain the measurement result. R The first and third particles were jointly measured using Bell states to obtain the measurement results. B ;and then according to C （i） , R , B and r （i） A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed to be successful. Wherein, the user terminal is based on m （i） ID （i） Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r （i） m （i） Perform a gate transformation on the third particle. C （i） For the user terminal according to m （i） ID （i） ,as well as r （i） m （i） Calculated; where, ID （i） Indicates user identity information, m （i） This indicates transaction information.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, According to C （i） , R , B and r （i） A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is deemed successful. This includes: The relay server determines C （i） and R After satisfying the initial relationship, if further judgment is made... C （i） , R , B and r （i） If the established second relationship is satisfied, then the identity authentication is considered successful.

7. A privacy-preserving identity authentication system based on GHZ state, characterized in that, include: Client and relay server; in The user terminal is used to send an authentication request to the relay server and, upon receiving the returned random number... r （i） Afterwards, preparation n A GHz state particle is generated, and a second particle is sent to the relay server; then, according to... m （i） ID （i） Perform a quantum gate transformation on the first particle, according to r （i） m （i） Perform a gate transformation on the third particle and calculate... C （i） = m （i） ID （i） ⊕ r （i） m （i） ,Will C （i） The first and third particles, after undergoing quantum gate transformation, are sent to the relay server; wherein, ID （i） Indicates user identity information, m （i） Indicates transaction information; The relay server is used to measure the second particle and obtain the measurement result. R The first and third particles were jointly measured using Bell states to obtain the measurement results. B ; and according to C （i） , R , B and r （i） A comparison is performed; if the relationship is satisfied, the identity authentication is confirmed to be successful.

8. A computer device, the computer device comprising a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored in the memory and executable on the processor, characterized in that, When the processor executes the computer program, it implements the steps of the privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on any one of claims 4 to 6.

9. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that, The computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program that can be executed by at least one processor to cause the at least one processor to perform the steps of the privacy-preserving identity authentication method based on any one of claims 4 to 6.

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