High sensitivity chemiluminescent detection system and method

Abstract

A luminescent detection system for an immunoassay assay. The luminescent detection system includes: a sample reservoir configured to store a test sample comprising a labeled component, wherein the labeled component in the test sample undergoes a chemiluminescent reaction and emits light emission in a first wavelength range; a photodetector having a light incident window configured to receive the light emission, the photodetector having a maximum detection efficiency wavelength range; and a conversion member provided adjacent to the light incident window, the conversion member operating to cause the light emission in the first wavelength range to be converted into incident emission in a second wavelength range, wherein the incident peak of the incident emission falls within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range in which the quantum efficiency of the photodetector is 10% or greater. As another aspect, a method for luminescent detection is provided.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 145,396, filed February 3, 2021, entitled “HIGH-SENSITIVITY CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION SYSTEMS AND METHODS,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure relates to photoelectric detection in immunoassays, and more particularly to chemiluminescence detection systems and methods configured to perform measurements of luminescent light emission from a reaction vessel. Background Technology

[0004] Chemiluminescence (CL) is defined as the emission of electromagnetic radiation caused by a chemical reaction that produces light. Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is a assay that combines chemiluminescence technology with an immunochemical reaction. For example, [the following is available from the assignee] IM 1300 1000 and Centaur is an instrument based on chemiluminescence immunoassay.

[0005] Similar to other labeled immunoassays (e.g., RIA, FIA, ELISA), CLIA systems use chemical probes capable of generating luminescent emission through a chemical reaction to quantify the analyte (component of interest). In some automated immunoassay systems, the sample container (e.g., a cuvette) contains an extract (e.g., a DNA probe) extracted from a specimen (e.g., a biological specimen such as serum, plasma, or urine), which has been labeled to form a labeled component that can be placed at a desired location using the system. Subsequently, by inducing a reaction, a reading of the intensity of the luminescent emission from the labeled component can be obtained.

[0006] For example, in some embodiments, acridine ester labeling is used to label components such as, for example, antibodies, proteins, and some peptides. Exposure of the acridine ester label to an alkaline solution causes the ester bond to break, releasing an unstable compound that decomposes to trigger a flash of light emitted at a well-defined wavelength peak (hereinafter, the emission peak). As defined herein, luminescence is the emission of light from a substance when it returns from an excited state to its ground state.

[0007] However, existing luminescence detection systems may be insufficient in some aspects, particularly in terms of the potentially inadequate luminescence intensity they produce. Therefore, improved systems and methods for luminescence detection, such as those used in immunoassay systems, are desired. Summary of the Invention

[0008] In some embodiments, a luminescence detection system is provided. The luminescence detection system includes: a sample reservoir configured to store a test sample comprising a labeled component in a solution, wherein the labeled component in the test sample undergoes a chemiluminescence reaction and emits luminescence emission in a first wavelength range; a photodetector having a light incident window configured to receive the luminescence emission, the photodetector having a maximum detection efficiency wavelength range; and a conversion member provided adjacent to the light incident window of the photodetector, wherein the conversion member operates to cause the luminescence emission in the first wavelength range to be converted into incident emission in a second wavelength range, wherein the incident peak of the incident emission falls within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range, wherein the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range is a range of wavelengths in which the quantum efficiency of the photodetector is 10% or greater.

[0009] In some embodiments, a luminescence detection system is provided. The luminescence detection system includes: a sample reservoir configured to store a labeled component in a solution, wherein the labeled component undergoes a chemiluminescence reaction and produces luminescence emission having a radiation peak in a first wavelength range from 550 nm to 800 nm; and a photodetector having a light-receiving region configured to receive the luminescence emission, the photodetector having a maximum detection efficiency wavelength range, wherein all wavelengths in the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range have a quantum efficiency of 10% or greater, and the photodetector having a conversion coating applied to the light-receiving region, wherein the conversion coating operates to convert the luminescence emission into incident emission having an incident peak falling within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range.

[0010] In some embodiments, a method for luminescence detection is provided. The method includes: providing a luminescence detection system comprising a sample reservoir storing a labeled component in solution and a photodetector having a light-receiving region and a wavelength range with maximum detection efficiency, wherein a conversion coating is provided adjacent to the light-receiving region; inducing a chemiluminescent reaction with the labeled component to generate luminescence emission in a first wavelength range; receiving the luminescence emission and converting the luminescence emission into a second wavelength range using the conversion coating, the second wavelength range having an incident peak located within the wavelength range with maximum detection efficiency, wherein the quantum efficiency is at least 10%.

[0011] Based on these and other aspects of this disclosure, numerous other aspects are provided. Other features and aspects of this disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description, claims, and drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0012] Figure 1A This is a schematic diagram of a chemiluminescence detection system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 1B According to embodiments of this disclosure Figure 1A A magnified cross-sectional schematic diagram of a part of a chemiluminescence detection system.

[0014] Figure 1C This is an enlarged cross-sectional schematic diagram of a portion of an alternative chemiluminescence detection system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the chemiluminescence detection system including a slide-in substrate having a conversion coating thereon.

[0015] Figure 2A It is a spectrum of light emission (e.g., red light emission) from a treated specimen contained in a storage container and including a red dye label attached to the component, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 2B This is a spectrum of quantum efficiency (%) versus wavelength (nm) of a photomultiplier tube (PMT) in a light-emitting detection system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 2C It is a spectrum of light emission that has been downconverted to a second wavelength range by the operation of a conversion coating adjacent to the light incident window, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 3 The illustration is a spectrum of the incident peak of converted emission, quantum efficiency (%) and downconverted emission versus wavelength (nm) falling within the wavelength range of maximum detection efficiency, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 4 This is a flowchart depicting an exemplary method for detecting light emission according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0020] In view of the problems and concerns mentioned above, a system and method with relatively improved sensitivity are provided. Chemiluminescence techniques in immunoassays rely on chemiluminescent tags on chemiluminescent labels, which have high quantum yields at specific emission wavelengths of the tag and conjugate. Current photomultiplier tube (PMT) detectors used to read chemiluminescence emission have maximum sensitivity (maximum quantum efficiency %) at a specific wavelength. Unfortunately, as the inventors have recognized, this maximum quantum efficiency may not coincide with the highest quantum yield of chemiluminescence emission at the same wavelength. Therefore, the detection sensitivity of existing chemiluminescence detection systems may be insufficient.

[0021] Specifically, existing systems have used, for example, blue dye labeling (e.g., with a nominal emission wavelength from approximately 398 nm to 420 nm) because it best matches the wavelength of the detector's maximum quantum efficiency (%), which is approximately 375 nm. However, the inventors have further realized that light intensity or energy flux is proportional to photon flux (i.e., the number of photons per unit time per unit surface area) rather than to the energy of individual photons. Therefore, the number of photons at lower frequencies (higher wavelengths) will be greater than the number of photons at higher frequencies (lower wavelengths). Thus, the photon flux using blue dye labeling can be improved, for example, by using dye labeling with a higher range of emission wavelengths (e.g., red dye labeling). However, when using red dye labeling, the quantum efficiency of conventional sensors decreases because the emission wavelength is shifted away from the maximum quantum efficiency. In fact, by switching to red dye labeling, quantum sensitivity can be reduced by more than a hundredfold.

[0022] Therefore, to improve detection sensitivity, and according to the first aspect of this disclosure, chemiluminescence emission should be matched to the wavelength of maximum sensitivity of the detector. However, this is challenging for existing systems because the blue-labeled detector, as described above, has a relatively low photon flux. Consequently, in existing luminescence detection systems, there is a loss of sensitivity due to the mismatch between the incident emission spectrum and the spectral absorption properties of the detector. Using a single detector to read out the intensities of various measurements, regardless of their maximum quantum yield, results in a loss of intensity and affects the sensitivity at at least some wavelengths. The resulting lower sensitivity is simply tolerated in existing systems.

[0023] Therefore, according to one aspect, a light emission detection system is provided, which is capable of sensitively measuring light emission. In some embodiments, the light emission detection system can be implemented as a hardware upgrade on an existing analyzer. For example, the light emission detection system can replace an existing light emission detection system used in an analyzer. According to one or more features of this disclosure, the improved light emission detector system allows photons already within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range (maximum detection window) to pass through. However, photons outside the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range (maximum detection window) are converted (e.g., down-converted) to fall within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range (maximum detection window). Therefore, when the conversion (e.g., down-conversion) is used, minimal intensity loss can be caused.

[0024] Therefore, according to aspects of this disclosure, higher total readout in photoluminescence immunoassays can be achieved, resulting in higher sensitivity. Additionally, aspects of this disclosure allow for the selection of higher quantum yield markers (e.g., red dye markers) that are currently outside the range of conventional instruments. Furthermore, by using a light conversion layer (conversion layer) added to or used in conjunction with a photodetector, aspects of this disclosure allow for the conversion of “waste photons” into detectable photons. Therefore, a wider range of immunoassays with potentially higher sensitivity can be used with the photoluminescence detection system of this disclosure.

[0025] Therefore, according to embodiments of this disclosure, a luminescence detection system is provided that can be implemented within an immunoassay instrument to provide improved intensity of luminescence emission and improved detection sensitivity of luminescence emission. Additionally, a luminescence detection method is provided, which is adapted to provide improved detection of luminescence emitted from chemiluminescence reactions.

[0026] Therefore, it should be recognized that the methods and systems described in this paper can not only improve the intensity of emitted light, but also improve the overall detection sensitivity. Consequently, the overall signal strength of the emission detection system can be significantly improved.

[0027] References in this article Figure 1A-4 Further details and examples of the devices, systems and methods disclosed herein are provided.

[0028] Figure 1A-1BAn exemplary embodiment of a luminescence detection system 100 is depicted, which is configured and operable to perform a method for measuring the intensity of light emitted (e.g., light emission) from a chemiluminescent reaction of a labeled component 114 provided in a solution 112 of a test sample contained in a sample reservoir 110 located at a sample location 111 within the luminescence detection system 100. The test sample solution 112 comprises a solution containing the labeled component 114 plus a solution added to induce a chemiluminescent reaction with the labeled component. Therefore, the sample reservoir 110 is configured to store a test sample containing the labeled component 114 in the solution 112, wherein the component has been obtained from a processed biological specimen. The biological specimen can be any biological fluid, such as serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. The sample reservoir 110 can be a cuvette or other optically transparent or translucent vessel, such as plastic or glass. The walls of the sample reservoir 110 can be planar, or can be curved, or a combination thereof. The sample storage 110 can be provided at the sample location 111 by means of access through a door or cover 113 or other suitable introduction method.

[0029] The dye label can be any suitable dye label that undergoes a chemiluminescent reaction and thus emits light emission 116 in a first wavelength range. For example, the dye label can emit light emission 116 in a wavelength range 222, such as from 550 nm to 800 nm. Figure 2A As shown in the figure. Additionally, the emission 116 can have a spectral response with an emission peak 236 and a spectral distribution of emission intensity 237 around the emission peak 236, as shown in the figure. This particular dye label has an emission peak 236 between approximately 605 nm and approximately 650 nm. The spectral distribution of the emission intensity 237 can be a non-normal distribution as shown in the figure, where more than 50% of the normalized intensity is located above the emission peak 236.

[0030] Therefore, the labeled component 114 undergoes a chemiluminescent reaction upon the addition of a suitable reagent and emits light emission 116 in a first wavelength range 222. The labeled component can be any labeled analyte of interest, such as labeled antibodies, labeled autoantibodies, labeled antigens, labeled proteins, labeled DNA probes, labeled markers, etc. Nucleic acid probes and haptens can also be labeled. Labeling can be accomplished indirectly, either by binding conjugates or directly via direct enzyme conjugation. For example, acridine esters are direct chemiluminescent labels for antibodies and DNA probes. Acridine esters used as direct labels can be attached to probes via hybridization reactions. Acridine esters can react with alkaline peroxides (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) under alkaline conditions to generate an excited state that emits light at a defined wavelength. Derivatives labeled with acridine sulfonamide esters can also be used. Other types of luminescent agents and enzymes can be used for labeling. As a biochemical technique used in immunology, this method can be used to identify and detect the concentrations of various components (e.g., antibodies, autoantibodies used to diagnose autoimmune diseases, peptides, drugs, vitamins, tumor markers, infectious disease markers, inflammatory markers, myocardial injury markers, serum hormone concentrations, etc.).

[0031] Refer again Figure 1A and 1B The luminescence detection system 100 also includes a photodetector 118, such as a photomultiplier tube (PMT), having a light incident window 120 configured to receive at least a portion of the luminescence emission 116 (photons) emitted from the chemiluminescence reaction. The light incident window 120 may have a circular shape and, for example, a sufficiently large receiving area in a plan view. Other shapes are possible. Figure 2B As shown, the photodetector 118 has a maximum detection efficiency wavelength range 224. The maximum detection efficiency wavelength range 224 is the range where the quantum efficiency is 10% or greater, as shown in the figure. However, in some portions of the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range 224, the quantum efficiency can be 15% or greater, 20% or greater, or even 22% or greater.

[0032] from Figure 2B It can be seen that the photodetector 118 is quite efficient in the wavelength range 224 when receiving blue light emission, which has a wavelength range from approximately 398 nm to 420 nm. However, the blue dye label emits relatively low photon emission intensity, and therefore cannot provide a high level of detection. Red dye label, however, has a much higher photon emission intensity, but as from... Figure 2A It can be seen that red light emitted in the range of approximately 550 nm to 800 nm would have too low a quantum efficiency (e.g., less than approximately 1%). Therefore, using red dye labeling with a blue-dominated detector would result in very low detection sensitivity.

[0033] However, according to various embodiments described herein, such as Figure 1A And magnified Figure 1B As shown, the conversion coating 122 is provided at a location adjacent to the light incident window 120. For example, in a first embodiment, the conversion coating 122 can be applied directly to the substrate of the photocathode 118C in the light incident window 120, which includes the photodetector 118.

[0034] The conversion coating 122 is used to convert at least some of the light emission 116 into incident emission 126, which has been shifted in wavelength to fall into the range of wavelengths such that... Figure 2C The second wavelength range 228 is shown. In some embodiments, the second wavelength range 228 can be from 300 nm to 550 nm, or even from 325 nm to 525 nm. As shown, the incident emission 126 (photons) of the photocathode 118C of the contact photodetector 118 can have an incident peak 230 ( Figure 2C The 118C photocathode converts incident photons into electrons.

[0035] The conversion coating 122 is designed so that the incident peak 230 falls within the wavelength range 224 of the photodetector 118, which is the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range. Figure 3 As best shown in the diagram. Therefore, in this embodiment, the red-dominant light is effectively converted or shifted to the blue-dominant light. This achieves the dual benefits of higher photon emission generated by using the red-dominant light and improved sensitivity through downshifting, ensuring the incident peak 230 falls within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range 224. The maximum detection efficiency wavelength range 224 can be, for example, from 300 nm to 530 nm. In some embodiments, it is desirable that the incident peak 230 substantially coincides with the position of the quantum efficiency peak 232 within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range 224. "Substantially coincident" means that the two peaks 230, 232 differ in position by no more than 50 nm, thereby achieving maximum or near-maximum detection sensitivity. After the reagent is introduced to induce a chemiluminescent reaction, detection using the photodetector 118 can occur in one or more suitable time increments.

[0036] Refer again Figure 1AThe luminescence detection system 100 also includes a suitable controller 134 and can be controlled by the suitable controller 134. The controller 134 can include a suitable processor and memory to store the signal obtained from the output detection circuit 136. The output of the output detection circuit 136 can be provided from the anode 138 at the end of a series of dynode stages 140. As a result of the photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected from the surface of the photocathode 118C. The absorbed energy causes electron emission. These electrons are guided by the focusing electrode 118F toward an electron multiplier including the dynode stages 140, where the electrons are multiplied through a secondary emission process. This arrangement of the dynode stages 140 can typically amplify the small current emitted by the photocathode 118C by a factor of one million or more. The output detection circuit 136 can then measure the current obtained at the cathode 138, which provides an estimate of the amount of spectral luminescence emission. Any suitable conventional output detection circuit and high-voltage power supply 139 can be used.

[0037] The photodetector 118, including a photomultiplier tube (PMT), can be configured with an evacuated glass housing surrounding the series of dynodes 140. A conversion coating 122 can be designed such that emission 116 passes through the conversion coating 122 to become incident emission 126 colliding with the photocathode 118C, shifting the emission peak 236. Specifically, the wavelength shift can be sufficient to place the shifted incident peak 230 within the wavelength range 224 of maximum detection efficiency. In some embodiments, the shift can be, for example, 100 nm or greater, 120 nm or greater, or even 150 nm or greater.

[0038] The conversion coating 122 may be provided, for example, in the form of a transparent carrier matrix having suspended dye molecules or quantum dots. The conversion coating 122 can be applied by directly coating the light incident window 120 with the conversion coating 122. Alternatively, in an alternative embodiment, the transparent substrate 123 (e.g., a windowpane element) may include the conversion coating 122 applied thereto, and may be mounted in front of the photocathode 118C, for example, by accommodating the transparent substrate 123 in a slot 127. Each of these embodiments may be refurbishable for existing PMT detectors.

[0039] The conversion coating 122 can be a thin transparent layer from 10 nm to 100 nm, provided with conversion elements (suspended dye molecules or quantum dots). A reflective member 124, such as a reflective coating (e.g., a narrow-band reflective coating), can be applied over the conversion coating 122. The reflective member 124 may have a narrow band surrounding the quantum efficiency peak 232 of the photocathode 118c. Figure 2BAnd it can be centered on the quantum efficiency peak 232. In some embodiments, the reflective member 124 can include a long-pass dichroic mirror that allows light emission 116 in the first wavelength range 222 to pass through and rejects at least some light outside the first wavelength range 222. This helps to avoid absorption of other parts of the spectrum. In another embodiment, the reflective member 124 includes a universal detector that allows all light emission to pass through but reflects and back-reflects incident emission 126 in the second wavelength range 228 toward the photodetector 118.

[0040] As should be understood, examples of downconversion have been described. However, this disclosure is equally applicable to upconversion. Thus, regardless of the dye chosen, and regardless of the photodetector selected for the luminescence detection system, the emission can be shifted in wavelength to substantially coincide with the maximum quantum efficiency range 224 of the photodetector 118. Any suitable upconversion coating can be used.

[0041] Figure 4 The illustration shows a flowchart depicting a method 400 for luminescent detection, such as an immunoassay. Method 400 includes, in block 402, providing a luminescent detection system (e.g., luminescent detection system 100) comprising: a sample reservoir (e.g., sample reservoir 110) storing a labeled component (e.g., labeled component 114) from a biological sample in a solution (e.g., solution 112); and a photodetector (e.g., photodetector 118) having a light-receiving region (e.g., light incident window 120) and a maximum detection efficiency wavelength range (e.g., maximum detection efficiency wavelength range 224), wherein a conversion coating (e.g., conversion coating 122) is applied adjacent to the light-receiving region (e.g., light incident window 120). The conversion coating 122 can be applied directly to the surface of a cathode 118C. Alternatively, the conversion coating 122 can be applied as a coating onto a transparent substrate 123 provided in front of the cathode 118C, such as... Figure 1C The slide-in transparent glass panel shown is coated with a conversion coating 122.

[0042] Method 400 further includes, in block 404, inducing a chemiluminescent reaction with the labeled component to produce emission of light in a first wavelength range (e.g., emission 116), wherein the first wavelength range may be, for example, from 550 nm to 800 nm. This range may be achieved if the dye label undergoes emission of light in other suitable ranges.

[0043] Method 400 further includes, in block 406, receiving light emission (e.g., light emission 116) and converting the light emission (e.g., light emission 116) into a second wavelength range (second wavelength range 228) using a conversion coating (e.g., conversion coating 122), the second wavelength range having an incident peak (e.g., incident peak 230) located within a maximum detection efficiency wavelength range (e.g., maximum detection efficiency wavelength range 224), wherein the quantum efficiency (%) is at least 10% within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range. In some embodiments, the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range is from 300 nm to 530 nm.

[0044] While embodiments have been described herein with reference to specific examples, the scope of this disclosure is not intended to be limited to the details and specific examples described herein. Rather, various modifications may be made to the embodiments and details within the scope of the equivalents of the claims.

Claims

1. A luminescence detection system, comprising: A sample storage device is configured to store a test sample comprising a labeled component in a solution, wherein the labeled component in the test sample undergoes a chemiluminescent reaction and emits light emission in a first wavelength range, wherein the first wavelength range is from 550 nm to 800 nm; A photodetector having a light incident window configured to receive light emission, the photodetector having a maximum detection efficiency wavelength range, wherein the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range is from 300 nm to 530 nm; and A conversion element is provided adjacent to the light incident window of the photodetector, wherein the conversion element operates to cause the emission of light in the first wavelength range to be converted into incident emission in a second wavelength range, wherein the second wavelength range is from 300 nm to 550 nm, wherein the incident peak of the incident emission falls within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range, wherein the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range is the range of wavelengths in which the quantum efficiency of the photodetector is 10% or greater.

2. The light emission detection system of claim 1, wherein the conversion component comprises a conversion coating applied directly to the light incident window.

3. The light emission detection system of claim 1, wherein the conversion member comprises a conversion coating applied to a transparent substrate located in front of the light incident window.

4. The luminescence detection system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conversion is an upconversion.

5. The luminescence detection system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conversion is a downconversion.

6. The luminescence detection system of claim 1, wherein the quantum efficiency is 15% or greater.

7. The light emission detection system of claim 6, wherein the quantum efficiency is 20% or greater.

8. The light emission detection system of claim 6, wherein the quantum efficiency is 22% or greater.

9. The luminescence detection system of claim 1, wherein the first wavelength range has luminescence peaks from 605 nm and 650 nm.

10. The luminescence detection system of claim 1, wherein the second wavelength range is from 325 nm to 525 nm.

11. The light emission detection system of claim 1, wherein the photodetector comprises a photomultiplier tube.

12. The luminescence detection system of claim 1, comprising: A reflective element is provided in front of the conversion element.

13. The light emission detection system of claim 12, wherein the reflective member comprises a long-pass dichroic mirror that allows the light emission in a first wavelength range to pass through and rejects at least some light outside the first wavelength range.

14. The light emission detection system of claim 12, wherein the reflective member comprises a universal detector that allows all light emission to pass through but reflects incident emission in a second wavelength range toward the back of the photodetector.

15. A luminescence detection system, comprising: A sample storage device is configured to store a labeled component in a solution, wherein the labeled component undergoes a chemiluminescent reaction and produces luminescence emission with a radiation peak in a first wavelength range; and A photodetector has a light-receiving region configured to receive the emitted light, the photodetector having a maximum detection efficiency wavelength range, wherein all wavelengths within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range have a quantum efficiency of 10% or greater, and the photodetector has a conversion coating applied to the light-receiving region, wherein the conversion coating operates to convert the emitted light into incident emission having an incident peak falling within the maximum detection efficiency wavelength range. The first wavelength range is from 550 nm to 800 nm. The wavelength range for maximum detection efficiency is from 300 nm to 530 nm.

16. A method for detecting luminescence, comprising: A luminescence detection system is provided, the luminescence detection system comprising a sample reservoir storing a labeled component in solution and a photodetector having a light-receiving region and a wavelength range of maximum detection efficiency, wherein the wavelength range of maximum detection efficiency is from 300 nm to 530 nm, wherein a conversion coating is applied adjacent to the light-receiving region; This induces a chemiluminescent reaction with the labeled component, producing emission of light in a first wavelength range, wherein the first wavelength range is from 550 nm to 800 nm; and The light emission is received and converted into a second wavelength range using the conversion coating, wherein the second wavelength range is from 300 nm to 550 nm, the second wavelength range having an incident peak within the wavelength range of maximum detection efficiency, wherein the quantum efficiency is at least 10% within the wavelength range of maximum detection efficiency.

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