Infrared material rod processing method

Abstract

An infrared material rod processing method includes the following steps: step one, a plurality of infrared material rods are fixed on a support plate of a cutting machine by an adhesive material in a multi-layer staggered stack, the infrared material rods in each layer are side by side in a first direction, the multi-layer infrared material rods are stacked in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, the centers of the infrared material rods in an upper layer of two adjacent layers are between the centers of two corresponding infrared material rods in a lower layer of the two adjacent layers in the first direction, and the adhesive material is filled at least in the gap between the adjacent infrared material rods and on the support plate of the cutting machine; step two, the fixed plurality of infrared material rods are cut together with the support plate to form a plurality of infrared material pieces; step three, each infrared material piece is spherical milled; step four, centering and edging are performed to form a rough lens; and step five, the rough lens is detected at least for perpendicularity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to the field of infrared materials, and more specifically to a method for processing infrared material rods. Background Technology

[0002] In infrared materials, optical crystals are commonly used optical lens materials. There are three types of blank materials for optical lenses: bulk materials, shaped materials, and rod materials. Rod materials are widely used due to their higher utilization rate, simplified manufacturing process, and reduced costs compared to bulk and shaped materials. However, in rod-based production, continuous improvements are needed in the processing of infrared material rods to meet the requirements of large-scale production, including processing efficiency, material loss, and the perpendicularity, ellipticity, and yield of the processed blank lenses. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of the problems existing in the background art, one object of this disclosure is to provide a method for processing infrared material rods, which can improve the perpendicularity of the processed blank lens.

[0004] Another objective of this disclosure is to provide a method for processing infrared material rods, which can reduce the ellipticity of the processed blank lenses.

[0005] Another object of this disclosure is to provide a method for processing infrared material rods, which can improve the bonding efficiency of bonding infrared material rods.

[0006] Another objective of this disclosure is to provide a method for processing infrared material rods, which can improve cutting efficiency.

[0007] Another object of this disclosure is to provide a method for processing infrared material rods, which can reduce material loss of infrared material rods with a certain degree of flexibility.

[0008] The present disclosure also aims to provide a method for processing infrared material rods, which can improve the product qualification rate.

[0009] Therefore, a method for processing infrared material rods includes the following steps: S1, using an adhesive material to bond and fix the infrared material rods to a support plate of a cutting machine; S2, cutting the bonded and fixed infrared material rods together with the inner circle / multi-wire of the support plate to form multiple infrared material sheets; S3, milling each infrared material sheet spherically to form a lens with a convex surface; S4, centering and grinding the convex lens to form a blank lens; S5, inspecting the blank lens for at least perpendicularity.

[0010] A method for processing infrared material rods includes the following steps: Step 1, using an adhesive material to bond and fix multiple infrared material rods in a multi-layered, staggered stack to a support plate of a cutting machine. The infrared material rods in each layer are arranged side by side in a first direction, and the multiple layers of infrared material rods are stacked in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. The center of each outer material rod in the upper layer of two adjacent layers is located between the centers of two adjacent corresponding infrared material rods in the lower layer of two adjacent layers in the first direction. The adhesive material fills at least the gaps between adjacent infrared material rods and the support plate of the cutting machine; Step 2, the bonded and fixed multiple infrared material rods, together with the support plate, are cut into an inner circle / multi-wire cut to form multiple infrared material sheets; Step 3, each infrared material sheet is spherically milled to form a lens with a convex surface; Step 4, the convex lens is centered and edge-ground to form a blank lens; Step 5, the blank lens is inspected for at least perpendicularity.

[0011] The beneficial effects of this disclosure are as follows: In the infrared material rod processing method of this disclosure, whether for a single infrared material rod or multiple infrared material rods, it is not necessary to control the perpendicularity during cutting (steps S2 and S2). For multiple infrared material rods, the bonding method used when stacking them in an alternating manner can maximize the cutting speed and efficiency. After the spherical milling is completed, the edge is ground with a centering edge grinding machine, which can control the perpendicularity within 0.002mm. Through centering edge grinding, the eccentricity can be effectively corrected (i.e., the ellipticity is reduced). Especially for infrared material rods of extruded chalcogenide glass, which have a certain degree of curvature, the outer cylindrical rolling grinding in the original infrared material rod processing method causes particularly large material loss. However, the new infrared material rod processing method of this disclosure can greatly reduce the material loss of infrared material rods of chalcogenide glass (this is also applicable to infrared material rods of other materials with a certain degree of curvature). The new infrared material bar processing method allows for edge chipping and root breakage of infrared material sheets within 0.5mm because the diameter is milled and ground. This effectively improves the product qualification rate. Attached Figure Description

[0012] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the original infrared material rod processing method for single infrared material rods.

[0013] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of the original infrared material rod processing method for multiple infrared material rods.

[0014] Figure 3 This is a photograph of an example of an infrared material bar.

[0015] Figure 4This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for inner circle cutting in the original infrared material rod processing method.

[0016] Figure 5 This is a photograph of the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for inner circle cutting in the original infrared material rod processing method.

[0017] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for multi-wire cutting in the original infrared material rod processing method.

[0018] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of infrared material sheets formed from infrared material rods through inner circle / multi-wire cutting.

[0019] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of a lens with a convex surface formed by milling an infrared material sheet onto a spherical surface.

[0020] Figure 9 This is a flowchart of a new infrared material rod processing method for single infrared material rods.

[0021] Figure 10 This is a flowchart of a new infrared material rod processing method for multiple infrared material rods.

[0022] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for inner circle cutting in a new infrared material rod processing method.

[0023] Figure 12 These are photographs of the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for inner circle cutting in a new infrared material rod processing method. The photograph on the right is taken from a different angle relative to the photograph on the left.

[0024] Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for multi-wire cutting in a new infrared material rod processing method.

[0025] Figure 14 This is another example of an infrared material bar.

[0026] The reference numerals in the attached figures are explained as follows:

[0027] 1 Infrared material rods

[0028] 11 Centers

[0029] D1 First Direction

[0030] D2 Second Direction

[0031] D3 Longitudinal direction

[0032] G gap

[0033] 2 Support plate

[0034] 3 Infrared material sheet

[0035] 4. Lenses with convex surfaces Detailed Implementation

[0036] The accompanying drawings illustrate embodiments of this disclosure, and it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples of this disclosure, which can be implemented in various forms. Therefore, the specific details disclosed herein should not be construed as limiting, but are intended only as the basis for the claims and as an illustrative basis to teach those skilled in the art how to implement this disclosure in various ways.

[0037] [Existing infrared material rod processing methods]

[0038] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the original infrared material rod processing method for single infrared material rods.

[0039] Reference Figure 1 The original method for processing single infrared material rods included the following steps: cylindrically grinding the infrared material rod; bonding and fixing the cylindrically ground infrared material rod to the support plate of the cutting machine using an adhesive material; and cutting the bonded infrared material rod along with the support plate into multiple infrared material slices (i.e., slices, see [link]). Figure 7 The infrared material sheets are spherically milled to form convex lenses as blank lenses (see...). Figure 8 At least the perpendicularity of the unfinished lens must be checked.

[0040] Figure 2 This is a flowchart of the original infrared material rod processing method for multiple infrared material rods.

[0041] Reference Figure 2 The original method for processing multiple infrared material rods included the following steps: externally grinding each infrared material rod; using an adhesive to bond the multiple externally ground infrared material rods side-by-side in a single layer to the support plate of the cutting machine; and then cutting the bonded infrared material rods along with the support plate internally / multi-wire to form multiple infrared material slices (i.e., slices, see reference). Figure 7 The infrared material sheets are spherically milled to form convex lenses as blank lenses (refer to...). Figure 8 At least the perpendicularity of the unfinished lens must be checked.

[0042] Figure 3 This is a photograph of an example of an infrared material bar. Figure 3 The infrared material rods are germanium crystal rods used as blank materials before processing. Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for inner circle cutting in the original infrared material rod processing method. Figure 5 The photo shows the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for inner circle cutting (bonded to a support plate that is covered by multiple infrared material rods) in the original infrared material rod processing method. The multiple infrared material rods are germanium crystal rods that have been rolled to a fixed diameter on the outer circle. Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for multi-wire cutting in the original infrared material rod processing method.

[0043] In the original infrared material rod processing method, whether for a single or multiple infrared material rods, the outer diameter of the rod is first rolled to ensure it is within the diameter tolerance specified in the drawing. Then, an internal diameter cutter or multi-wire cutter (for batch processing) is used for thickness cutting. The perpendicularity to the drawing is controlled at this stage. Because the infrared material rod has a certain taper after rolling, and for multiple rods, the gap between the bonding layers must be considered, making it difficult to achieve perpendicularity within 0.01mm. Furthermore, to ensure perpendicularity accuracy, generally only one layer can be bonded (e.g., ...). Figures 4 to 6 As shown), whether it's inner circle cutting or multi-line cutting, the setup time is generally over 30-60 minutes, and the amount of rods bonded at one time is small, seriously affecting production efficiency. In the subsequent spherical milling process, due to perpendicularity deviations, whether for a single infrared material rod or an infrared material sheet formed from multiple infrared material rods, it will also affect the spherical eccentricity. Since the diameter is already in place before spherical milling, during processes such as slicing, debonding (i.e., removing the adhesive material), chamfering, inspection, and product turnover, it is easy for the inner circle of the infrared material sheet to break (i.e., when the infrared material sheet and support plate are cut off, chipping occurs at the quick-cutting separation point due to separation), and chipping from impacts will lead to poor edge quality. This is especially true for extruded chalcogenide glass (see...). Figure 14 The infrared material rod shown is made of chalcogenide glass and has a certain degree of flexibility. The outer cylindrical grinding process causes particularly large material loss.

[0044] For single infrared material rods and multiple infrared material rods, between the cutting step and the spherical milling step, a degumming process is used to remove the adhesive material and remove the cut-off support plate.

[0045] [New Method for Processing Infrared Material Rods]

[0046] Figure 9 This is a flowchart of a new infrared material rod processing method for single infrared material rods.

[0047] Reference Figure 9 The new method for processing single infrared material rods includes the following steps: S1, bonding and fixing the infrared material rod to a graphite plate using an adhesive material; S2, cutting the bonded infrared material rod along with the inner circle / multi-wire cutting of the support plate to form multiple infrared material slices (i.e., slices, see reference). Figure 7 S3, Spherically mill each infrared material sheet to form a convex lens (refer to...). Figure 8 S4, Center and grind the convex lens to form a blank lens; S5, Perform at least a perpendicularity test on the blank lens.

[0048] Figure 10 This is a flowchart of a new infrared material rod processing method for multiple infrared material rods.

[0049] Reference Figure 10 The new method for processing infrared material rods with multiple rods includes the following steps: Step 1, using an adhesive material (not shown, combined with...) Figure 12 Multiple infrared material rods 1 are bonded and fixed to the support plate 2 of the cutting machine table in a multi-layered, staggered stack. The infrared material rods 1 in each layer are arranged side by side in the first direction D1, and the multiple layers of infrared material rods 1 are stacked in the second direction D2, which is perpendicular to the first direction D1. The center 11 of each outer material rod 1 in the upper layer of two adjacent layers is located between the centers 11 of two adjacent corresponding infrared material rods 1 in the lower layer of two adjacent layers in the first direction D1. The adhesive material fills at least the gap G between adjacent infrared material rods 1 and the support plate 2 of the cutting machine table (see reference). Figure 11 and Figure 13 Step 2: Cut the multiple infrared material rods 1, which are bonded and fixed together, along with the inner circle / multi-line cut of the support plate 2 to form multiple infrared material sheets 3 (i.e., slices, see reference). Figure 7 Step 3: Spherically mill each infrared material sheet 3 to form a lens 4 with a convex surface (refer to...). Figure 8 Step 4: Center and grind the convex lens 4 to form a blank lens; Step 5: Perform at least a perpendicularity test on the blank lens.

[0050] In the new infrared material rod processing method, whether for a single or multiple infrared material rods, perpendicularity control is not required during cutting (steps S2 and S2). For multiple infrared material rods, the bonding method used during staggered stacking maximizes cutting speed and efficiency. After spherical milling, edge grinding with a centering edge grinding machine can control perpendicularity within 0.002mm. Centering edge grinding effectively corrects eccentricity (i.e., reduces ellipticity). This is particularly beneficial for extruded chalcogenide glass (see...). Figure 14 The infrared material rods shown (as illustrated) are made of chalcogenide glass and have a certain degree of flexibility. The original processing method for infrared material rods, involving external cylindrical grinding, resulted in significant material loss. The new processing method, however, greatly reduces material loss in chalcogenide glass infrared material rods (this also applies to infrared material rods made of other materials with a certain degree of flexibility). Because the diameter is milled before processing, the new method allows for edge chipping and broken infrared material roots within 0.5mm, effectively improving the product yield.

[0051] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and bonding (bonded to support plate 2) of multiple infrared material rods for inner circle cutting in a new infrared material rod processing method.

[0052] Figure 12 These are photographs of the arrangement and bonding of multiple infrared material rods for inner circle cutting in a new infrared material rod processing method. The photograph on the right is taken from a different angle relative to the photograph on the left. Multiple infrared material rods are... Figure 3 germanium crystal rods used as blank materials before processing. Figure 13 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement and bonding (bonded to support plate 2) of multiple infrared material rods for multi-wire cutting in a new infrared material rod processing method.

[0053] For single infrared material rods and multiple infrared material rods, in one example, in steps S1 and step one, the infrared material rods are made of zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, germanium, or chalcogenide glass.

[0054] For both single and multiple infrared material rods, in one example, the support plate 2 is a graphite plate.

[0055] For single infrared material rods and multiple infrared material rods, in one example, in steps S1 and step one, the bonding material is sealing wax. When the infrared material rod is made of germanium, zinc selenide, or zinc sulfide, the bonding and fixing is done by heating the sealing wax and then cooling it. When the infrared material rod is made of chalcogenide glass, the bonding and fixing is done by using epoxy resin adhesive without heating.

[0056] For both single and multiple infrared material rods, between steps S2 and S3, and between steps two and three, the adhesive material is removed and the cut-off portion of the support plate is unloaded through a degumming process. For sealing wax, the cut-off infrared material sheet 3 along with the cut-off portion of the support plate 2 can be soaked in sodium hydroxide alkaline solution; for epoxy resin adhesive, the cut-off portion of the support plate 2 can be directly pried off by hand.

[0057] For both single and multiple infrared material rods, in steps S3 and three, the lens with the convex surface is a plano-convex lens.

[0058] For single infrared material rods and multiple infrared material rods, in steps S4 and four, centering and grinding the convex lens 4 can be done by centering and grinding each convex lens 4 independently or by stacking multiple convex lenses 4 together for centering and grinding.

[0059] For multiple infrared material rods, in one example, in step one, adjacent infrared material rods 1 in each layer are bonded together with adhesive material. In two adjacent layers, each infrared material rod 1 in the upper layer and two adjacent corresponding infrared material rods 1 in the lower layer are bonded together at their outer peripheries with adhesive material. Figure 12 As shown.

[0060] [test]

[0061] [Existing infrared material rod processing methods]

[0062] The original method for processing infrared material rods with multiple rods involved the following steps:

[0063] Step I: External cylindrical grinding of each infrared material bar. Each infrared material bar is... Figure 3 The blank material germanium crystal rods (4 in total) are 26mm (diameter) × 120mm (length) and the infrared material rods after outer circle grinding are (25+0.025)mm × 120mm.

[0064] Step II: Using adhesive material, bond and fix multiple infrared material rods, after outer cylindrical grinding, to the support plate of the cutting machine table in a single layer side by side (refer to...). Figure 4 and Figure 5 The bonding and fixing process involves heating the sealing wax and then cooling it to fix the bonding. The support plate is a graphite plate.

[0065] Step III: Cut the bonded infrared material rod along with the inner circle of the support plate to form multiple infrared material sheets (see reference). Figure 7The thickness of each infrared material sheet is (3.17+0.05) mm, and the thickness of the inner circle cutting blade is 0.5 mm;

[0066] Step IV: Spherically mill each infrared material sheet to form a convex lens as a blank lens (refer to...). Figure 8 The lens with a convex surface is a plano-convex lens. The radius of curvature of the plano-convex lens is R114.32mm, and the sag is (3.07+0.05)mm (that is, from the bottom of the cylindrical part of the plano-convex lens to the top of the spherical part).

[0067] Step V: Perform perpendicularity and ellipticity tests on the blank lens. The perpendicularity test involves fixing the blank lens on the rotating mechanism, using a dial indicator to contact the circumferential surface of the cylindrical portion of the plano-convex lens, and measuring the same circumference. The ellipticity is measured on the entire circumference of the cylindrical portion of the plano-convex lens using a micrometer. The perpendicularity of the cylindrical portion of the plano-convex lens is 0.012 mm, and the ellipticity of the cylindrical portion of the plano-convex lens is 0.01 mm.

[0068] Between steps III and IV, the adhesive material is removed and the cut-off portion of the support plate is unloaded through a degumming process. For sealing wax, the cut-off infrared material sheet along with the cut-off portion of the support plate is soaked in sodium hydroxide alkaline solution.

[0069] In the original infrared material rod processing method for the four infrared material rods during the testing process:

[0070] In step II, the bonding time is 30 minutes, and the bonding time for each strand is 7.5 minutes;

[0071] In step III, the cutting time is 310 minutes, the machine setup time is 30 minutes (machine setup includes adjusting the verticality of the inner circle cutting machine, setting the cutting parameters, cutting the heads of the 4 infrared material rods, etc. The cut heads are not counted in the number of infrared material sheets, and similarly, the tails left at the end of the 4 infrared material rods are not counted in the number of infrared material sheets), and the operation time is 46.5 minutes (that is, taking the cut infrared material sheets (with part of the support plate) off the machine table of the inner circle cutting machine, measuring the thickness, visually inspecting the surface quality of the cut (such as cutting marks), and preparing for the next cut, etc.), cutting out 124 infrared material sheets (31 sheets per rod), and the processing time for each infrared material sheet is 3.11 minutes, (310+30+46.5) / 124=3.11.

[0072] [New Method for Processing Infrared Material Rods]

[0073] The new method for processing infrared material rods with multiple rods adopts the following steps:

[0074] Step 1, using adhesive material (bonding) Figure 12Ten infrared material rods 1 are bonded and fixed to the support plate 2 of the cutting machine table in four staggered layers (see reference). Figure 11 Infrared material rods 1 in each layer are arranged side by side in the first direction D1. Multiple layers of infrared material rods 1 are stacked in the second direction D2, perpendicular to the first direction D1. The center 11 of each outer material rod 1 in the upper layer of two adjacent layers is located between the centers 11 of two adjacent corresponding infrared material rods 1 in the lower layer of two adjacent layers in the first direction D1. Adhesive material is filled in the gaps G between adjacent infrared material rods 1 and on the support plate 2 of the cutting machine. Adjacent infrared material rods 1 in each layer are bonded together with adhesive material. Infrared material rods 1 in the upper layer of two adjacent layers and two adjacent corresponding infrared material rods 1 in the lower layer of two adjacent layers are bonded together on their outer peripheries with adhesive material. The bonding and fixing are achieved by heating with sealing wax and then cooling. The support plate is a graphite plate, and each infrared material rod is... Figure 3 The blank material is germanium crystal rod (in the new infrared material rod processing method for multiple infrared material rods, there are 10 rods), and each blank material germanium crystal rod is 26mm (diameter) × 120mm (length).

[0075] Step 2: Cut the multiple infrared material rods 1, which are bonded and fixed together, along with the inner circle of the support plate 2 to form multiple infrared material sheets 3 (i.e., slices, see reference). Figure 7 The thickness of each infrared material sheet is (3.17+0.05) mm, and the thickness of the inner circle cutting blade is 0.5 mm;

[0076] Step 3: Spherically mill each infrared material sheet 3 to form a convex lens 4 (refer to...) Figure 8 ), the convex lens 4 is a plano-convex lens with a radius of curvature R114.32mm and a sagitta (3.07+0.05)mm;

[0077] Step 4: Center and grind the convex lens 4 to form a blank lens. The centering and grinding process involves independently centering and grinding each convex lens 4. The diameter of the convex lens 4 after centering and grinding is (25+0.025)mm.

[0078] Step 5: Perform perpendicularity and ellipticity tests on the blank lens. Similarly, for perpendicularity testing, fix the blank lens on the rotating mechanism, use a dial indicator to contact the circumferential surface of the cylindrical portion of the plano-convex lens, and measure the same circumference. For ellipticity, use a micrometer to measure the entire circumference of the cylindrical portion of the plano-convex lens. The perpendicularity of the cylindrical portion of the plano-convex lens is 0.002 mm, and the ellipticity of the cylindrical portion of the plano-convex lens is 0.005 mm.

[0079] Between steps two and three, the adhesive material is removed and the cut-off support plate is unloaded through a degumming process. For the sealing wax, the cut-off infrared material sheet 3, along with the cut-off support plate 2, is soaked in sodium hydroxide alkaline water.

[0080] In the new infrared material rod processing method for 10 infrared material rods during the testing process:

[0081] In step one, the bonding time is 32 minutes, and the bonding time for each strand is 3.2 minutes;

[0082] In step two, the cutting time is 775 minutes, the machine setup time is 30 minutes, the operation time is 46.5 minutes, and 310 pieces are cut out. The processing time for each infrared material piece is 2.74 minutes, i.e. (775+30+46.5) / 310=2.74;

[0083] Based on the comparison between step II and step I, the bonding efficiency is improved by 57%, which is calculated for each strand as (7.5-3.2) / 7.5×100%=57%.

[0084] Based on the comparison between step III and step II, the cutting production efficiency is increased by 12%, which is the processing time for each infrared material sheet: (3.12-2.74) / 3.12×100%=12%.

[0085] Several exemplary embodiments have been described in detail above, but this document is not intended to limit itself to the explicitly disclosed combinations. Therefore, unless otherwise stated, the various features disclosed herein can be combined to form several other combinations, which are not shown for simplicity.

Claims

1. A method for processing infrared material rods, characterized in that, Including the following steps: Step 1: Using adhesive material, multiple infrared material rods (1) are bonded and fixed to the support plate (2) of the cutting machine table in a multi-layered staggered stack. The infrared material rods (1) in each layer are arranged side by side in the first direction (D1). The multiple layers of infrared material rods (1) are stacked in the second direction (D2) perpendicular to the first direction (D1). The center (11) of each infrared material rod (1) in the upper layer of two adjacent layers is located between the centers (11) of two adjacent corresponding infrared material rods (1) in the lower layer of two adjacent layers in the first direction (D1). The adhesive material is filled at least in the gap (G) between adjacent infrared material rods (1) and on the support plate (2) of the cutting machine table. The material of each infrared material rod (1) is chalcogenide glass with a certain degree of bending formed by extrusion. The bonding and fixing is done with epoxy resin glue without heating. The support plate is a graphite plate. Step 2: Cut the inner circle / multi-line of the multiple infrared material rods (1) that are bonded and fixed together with the support plate (2) to form multiple infrared material sheets (3). Then, directly break off part of the support plate (2) on the cut infrared material sheet (3) by hand. Step 3: Spherically mill each infrared material sheet (3) to form a lens (4) with a convex surface. Step 4: Center and grind the convex lens (4) to form a blank lens; Step 5: Check the perpendicularity of at least the cylindrical portion of the blank lens.

2. The method for processing infrared material rods according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step one, adjacent infrared material rods (1) in each layer are bonded together with adhesive material. In the upper layer of two adjacent layers, each infrared material rod (1) is bonded to the two adjacent corresponding infrared material rods (1) in the lower layer of two adjacent layers with adhesive material on their outer periphery.

3. The method for processing infrared material rods according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step three, the convex lens (4) is a plano-convex lens; In step four, centering and edging the convex lens (4) can be done by centering and edging each convex lens (4) independently or by stacking multiple convex lenses (4) together for centering and edging.

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