Rare earth element modification method of lithium nickel manganese oxide positive electrode and wide temperature range application

Abstract

The present application belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery cathode material, and particularly relates to a rare earth element surface and bulk phase modification method of lithium nickel manganese oxide as a lithium ion battery cathode material and wide temperature range application. In the preparation of lithium nickel manganese oxide, trace rare earth metal elements are added to obtain lithium nickel manganese oxide with manganese group rare earth oxide second phase existing on the surface and in the bulk phase, so that the lithium nickel manganese oxide battery has excellent electrochemical performance in a wide temperature range. The lithium nickel manganese oxide modified by the rare earth element surface and bulk phase can be used in a relatively wide temperature range, i.e. -40-60 DEG C. The present application is the surface and bulk phase structure and component regulation of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material applied to wide temperature range high-performance lithium ion batteries, and has practical application value.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of lithium-ion battery cathode material technology, specifically relating to a rare earth element surface and bulk modification method for lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material and its wide-temperature range application. Background Technology

[0002] Compared to lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide, and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (ternary) cathode materials, lithium nickel manganese oxide cathodes have the advantages of high voltage platform and high energy density, making them one of the development directions for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Because lithium nickel manganese oxide has a spinel crystal structure, lithium ions diffuse more rapidly within it, offering a significant advantage over olivine-structured lithium iron phosphate and layered ternary cathodes. However, the dissolution of the transition metal manganese causes structural collapse and the formation of a thick passivation film at the electrode / electrolyte interface, resulting in poor cycle stability and severe capacity decay in lithium nickel manganese oxide materials.

[0003] Currently, lithium nickel manganese oxide (chemical formula LiNi) 0.5 Mn 1.5 Common modification methods for O4 include surface coating or bulk doping. Surface coating can suppress manganese dissolution and accelerate interfacial diffusion of lithium ions, thus accelerating lithium ion transport kinetics at low temperatures; bulk doping can improve lattice stability, cycle performance, and electrode stability at high temperatures. However, these two modification methods are mostly used alone, with limited improvement in cycle performance and unable to achieve excellent performance over a wide temperature range. Therefore, by controlling the surface and bulk structure, it is possible to accelerate ion diffusion at the electrode / electrolyte interface, suppress manganese dissolution, and stabilize the internal crystal structure. This is a convenient, practical, and potentially widely applicable solution for obtaining high-capacity, long-cycle-life, and high-rate performance nickel-manganese lithium oxide batteries for use over a wide temperature range. Compared to transition metal nickel (r... Ni 2+ =0.069nm), manganese (r Mn 4+ =0.053nm), rare earth elements have a larger radius, about twice that of transition metals (r Sm 3+ =0.096nm, r La 3+ =0.103nm, r Ce 3+=0.102nm... etc. During the preparation process, rare earth elements with larger ionic radii are added. These elements cannot enter the lithium nickel manganese oxide lattice for elemental substitution doping (or occupy lattice vacancies). Instead, they form a new phase of manganese group rare earth oxides (MMn2O5, where M represents a rare earth metal element) in the lithium nickel manganese oxide bulk phase. This new phase not only exists in the lithium nickel manganese oxide bulk phase but also segregates on the surface of lithium nickel manganese oxide particles, improving the lithium nickel manganese oxide / electrolyte interface properties during cycling. This method of introducing rare earth elements with large ionic radii during preparation is fundamentally different from the commonly reported elemental substitution doping (where the dopant element enters the lattice). It involves the formation of a second phase distinct from the bulk in certain micro-regions. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To overcome the shortcomings of existing modification methods, the present invention aims to provide a rare earth element surface and bulk modification method for lithium nickel manganese oxide cathodes and its wide-temperature range application, thereby obtaining lithium nickel manganese oxide cathodes with long cycle life, high capacity, and wide temperature range. This method can alleviate the violent reaction between the electrode surface and the electrolyte under high voltage, improve the transport of lithium ions inside the electrode and at the electrode / electrolyte interface at low temperatures, stabilize the electrode structure during cycling, and has good cycle performance and rate performance.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0006] A method for rare earth element modification of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode involves adding rare earth elements during the preparation of lithium nickel manganese oxide to obtain rare earth element-modified lithium nickel manganese oxide for both surface and bulk phase, with the chemical formula [LiNi]. 0.5 Mn 1.5 O4]·[MMn2O5] x , 0.01 < x < 0.05; where M includes one of the rare earth metal elements samarium (Sm), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), and ytterbium (Yb).

[0007] The method for rare earth element modification of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode includes, but is not limited to, one of the following: sol-gel method, solid-phase sintering method, co-precipitation method, complexation method, ion exchange method, hydrothermal method, and spray pyrolysis method.

[0008] The rare earth element modification method for lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode is described above. The lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material is prepared by the following method:

[0009] Step (1): Soluble lithium salt, nickel salt, manganese salt and M salt are uniformly mixed and dissolved in deionized water to prepare a mixed metal salt solution. Citric acid aqueous solution is added dropwise and heated in a water bath to obtain a wet gel.

[0010] Step (2) The wet gel is dried and ground, and sintered in an air atmosphere. First, a first sintering is performed at a lower temperature, and then a second sintering is performed at a higher temperature. After sintering, a lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material with rare earth element surface and bulk modification is obtained.

[0011] In the rare earth element modification method of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode, in step (1), the mixed metal salt solution is a mixed aqueous solution of lithium nitrate, nickel nitrate hexahydrate, manganese nitrate hexahydrate, plus one of samarium nitrate hydrate, lanthanum nitrate hydrate, cerium nitrate hydrate, praseodymium nitrate hydrate, neodymium nitrate hydrate, europium nitrate hydrate, gadolinium nitrate hydrate, terbium nitrate hydrate, dysprosium nitrate hydrate, holmium nitrate hydrate, erbium nitrate hydrate, thulium nitrate hydrate, and ytterbium nitrate hydrate. The total concentration of metal ions in the mixed metal salt solution is 1-2 mol / L, and the molar ratio of metal elements in the mixed metal salt solution is Li∶Ni∶Mn∶M=22∶10∶30∶(0.2-1).

[0012] In the rare earth element modification method for lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode, in step (1), the concentration of citric acid aqueous solution is 2.5-3.5 mol / L, the molar ratio of citric acid to metal ions is (2.5-3.5):1, and the dropping rate of citric acid aqueous solution is 0.05-0.3 mL / s.

[0013] In the rare earth element modification method of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode, in step (1), the water bath heating temperature is 60-80℃, the stirring rate is 200-400r / min, and the heating time is 5-8 hours.

[0014] In the rare earth element modification method for lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode, step (2) involves drying at a temperature of 100–140°C for 36–48 hours.

[0015] In the rare earth element modification method of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode, in step (2), the first sintering temperature is 400-500℃, the sintering time is 5-7 hours, and the heating rate is 8-10℃ / min; the second sintering temperature is 850-950℃, the sintering time is 10-12 hours, and the heating rate is 8-10℃ / min.

[0016] The lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode described above has a wide temperature range application. The lithium nickel manganese oxide modified with rare earth elements on the surface and in the bulk phase can be used in a wide temperature range of -40 to 60°C.

[0017] The design concept of this invention is as follows: This invention introduces rare earth elements through the sol-gel method, thereby achieving surface and bulk phase modification of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material particles in one step, improving the diffusion rate of lithium ions on the particle surface and inside, and synergistically inhibiting the dissolution of manganese elements inside and near the surface, thus improving the electrode / electrolyte interface performance.

[0018] The advantages and beneficial effects of this invention are as follows:

[0019] 1. The modification method proposed in this invention can simultaneously regulate the surface and bulk phase of lithium nickel manganese oxide particles.

[0020] 2. The electrode material obtained by this invention has a high surface and bulk lithium-ion diffusion coefficient at low temperatures, which can improve the interfacial dynamics of the passivation film on the positive electrode surface and enhance its thermodynamic stability.

[0021] 3. The electrode material obtained by this invention inhibits the dissolution of metallic manganese during cycling, maintains good crystal structure integrity, and has little capacity loss.

[0022] 4. The electrode material obtained by this invention significantly improves the cycling performance at high rates at room temperature.

[0023] 5. The electrode material obtained by this invention significantly improves the low-temperature charge and discharge capacity and the low-temperature cycling performance.

[0024] 6. The electrode material obtained by this invention significantly improves the rate performance at room temperature and low temperature. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the preparation process of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 2 The image shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the electrode material sample from Example 1. In the figure, the horizontal axis 2theta represents the diffraction angle (°), and the vertical axis Intensity represents the relative intensity (au).

[0027] Figure 3 This is an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) sputtering pattern of the electrode material sample from Example 1. In the figure, the horizontal axis represents binding energy (eV), and the vertical axis represents intensity (au).

[0028] Figure 4 shows transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the interior of lithium nickel manganese oxide particles. Among them, Figure 4(a) shows the samarium manganate particles inside lithium nickel manganese oxide, Figure 4(b) shows the samarium element distribution in samarium manganate, Figure 4(c) shows the manganese element distribution, and Figure 4(d) shows the nickel element distribution.

[0029] Figure 5 This is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the surface of lithium nickel manganese oxide particles.

[0030] Figure 6 This is a comparison graph of the cycling performance of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at room temperature and 10C. In the graph, the horizontal axis represents the number of cycles, and the vertical axis represents the specific capacity (mAh·g).-1 ).

[0031] Figure 7 This is a comparison graph of the 1C cycle performance of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at a low temperature of -20°C. In the graph, the horizontal axis "Cyclenumber" represents the number of cycles, and the vertical axis "Specific capacity" represents the specific capacity (mAh·g). -1 ).

[0032] Figure 8 This is a comparison graph of the rate performance of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at a low temperature of -20℃. In the graph, the horizontal axis Cyclenumber represents the number of cycles, and the vertical axis Specific capacity represents the specific capacity (mAh·g). -1 ).

[0033] Figure 9 This is a comparison graph of the rate performance of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 at room temperature. In the graph, the horizontal axis represents the number of cycles, and the vertical axis represents the specific capacity (mAh·g). -1 ).

[0034] Figure 10 This is a comparison graph of the cycling performance of Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 at -20°C and 0.2C. In the graph, the horizontal axis represents the number of cycles, and the vertical axis represents the specific capacity (mAh·g). -1 ).

[0035] Figure 11 This is a comparison graph of the cycling performance of Example 3 and Comparative Example 1 at -20°C and 0.2C. In the graph, the horizontal axis represents the number of cycles, and the vertical axis represents the specific capacity (mAh·g). -1 ). Detailed Implementation

[0036] In its specific implementation, this invention proposes a method for preparing lithium nickel manganese oxide modified by surface and bulk modification using rare earth metal elements. This method includes, but is not limited to, sol-gel method, solid-state sintering method, co-precipitation method, complexation method, ion exchange method, hydrothermal method, and spray pyrolysis method. Preferably, the sol-gel method is used to synthesize lithium nickel manganese oxide, and the specific steps are as follows:

[0037] (1) Soluble lithium salt, nickel salt, manganese salt and M salt were uniformly mixed according to the molar ratio Li∶Ni∶Mn∶M=22∶10∶30∶(0.2~1) to prepare a mixed metal salt solution, and solution A was obtained.

[0038] (2) Dissolve citric acid solid particles in deionized water to obtain solution B.

[0039] (3) Slowly and evenly add solution B to solution A, heat and stir to obtain wet gel.

[0040] (4) After drying and pulverizing the wet gel, sintering is performed to obtain lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material with rare earth element surface and bulk modification.

[0041] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0042] Example 1

[0043] This embodiment provides a method for preparing a lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode with high cycle stability. After modifying lithium nickel manganese oxide with rare earth elements, the general chemical formula of the lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode is [LiNi]. 0.5 Mn 1.5 O4]·[SmMn2O5] 0.02 .like Figure 1 As shown, the method specifically includes the following steps:

[0044] (1) Lithium nitrate, nickel nitrate, manganese nitrate and samarium nitrate were uniformly mixed according to the molar ratio Li∶Ni∶Mn∶Sm=22∶10∶30∶0.4 and then dissolved in deionized water. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hours to prepare a mixed metal salt solution A with a concentration of about 1.5 mol / L.

[0045] (2) Dissolve solid citric acid particles in deionized water to obtain a citric acid concentration of approximately 3 mol / L. Stir at room temperature for 0.5 hours to obtain citric acid solution B.

[0046] (3) Citric acid solution B was slowly and uniformly added dropwise to mixed metal salt solution A at a rate of approximately 0.1 mL / s. The mixed solution was heated in a water bath at 70°C with a stirring rate of 250 r / min. After 7 hours, a wet gel was obtained.

[0047] (4) Dry the wet gel by using a forced-air drying oven at 120°C for 48 hours.

[0048] (5) After grinding and pulverizing, the sintering is carried out in an air atmosphere using a muffle furnace. The sintering process is divided into two parts: the first sintering is carried out at 450℃ for 6 hours, with a heating rate of 10℃ / min from room temperature to 450℃; the second sintering is carried out at 900℃ for 10 hours, with a heating rate of 10℃ / min from room temperature to 900℃.

[0049] The prepared electrode powder showed clearly visible peaks of samarium manganate (SmMn2O5) in its XRD pattern. Figure 2This confirmed the existence of the new phase SmMn2O5. The Sm element signal in the XPS image of the prepared electrode powder gradually decreased from the surface to the bulk phase. Figure 3 This indicates that Sm elements are enriched on the surface. Furthermore, the surface and bulk phases of lithium nickel manganese oxide were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, revealing the presence of a SmMn2O5 second phase inside the lithium nickel manganese oxide (Figure 4) and on the surface of the lithium nickel manganese oxide (Figure 5). Figure 5 ).

[0050] Electrochemical performance testing: By mass ratio, the positive electrode formulation uses an active material: conductive agent: binder ratio of 8:1:1, with an active material loading of 1 mg / cm³. 2 R2032 coin cells were fabricated using lithium metal sheets as the negative electrode. Tests were conducted using a blue electrode testing instrument under a charge-discharge regime of 4.95V followed by a discharge to 3.5V. The test temperature was room temperature, and the cells were cycled 1000 times at a rate of 10C (1C = 147 mAh / g). In Example 1, the capacity retention was 84.78%. Figure 6 Using a blue-light testing instrument, tests were conducted under a charge-discharge regime of charging to 4.95V and then discharging to 3.5V. The test temperature was -20℃, and the cycle life was 300 cycles at 1C. Compared with Comparative Example 1, Example 1 showed an increase in specific capacity of approximately 20mAh / g. Figure 7 Using a blue-chip testing instrument, tests were conducted under a charge-discharge regime of charging to 4.95V and then discharging to 3.5V. The test temperature was -20℃, and the cycles were performed at different rates: 0.2C for 5 cycles, 0.5C for 5 cycles, 1C for 5 cycles, 1.5C for 5 cycles, and finally 0.2C for 5 cycles. Compared with Comparative Example 1, Example 1 showed improved specific capacity at all different rates. Figure 8 Similarly, rate performance was also improved when the test temperature was room temperature. Figure 9 ).

[0051] Example 2

[0052] The difference from Example 1 is that the active material loading of the positive electrode in this example is 1 mg / cm³. 2 Increased to 10 mg / cm 2 .

[0053] Electrochemical performance testing: By mass ratio, the positive electrode formulation uses an active material: conductive agent: binder ratio of 8:1:1, with an active material loading of 10 mg / cm³. 2 R2032 coin cells were fabricated using lithium metal sheets as the negative electrode. Tests were conducted using a blue electrode testing instrument under a charge-discharge regime of 4.95V followed by a discharge to 3.5V, at a test temperature of -20℃, and after 200 cycles at 0.2C. The specific capacity of Example 2 was increased by approximately 40 mAh / g compared to Comparative Example 2. Figure 10).

[0054] Example 3

[0055] The difference from Example 1 is that in this example, the metal element M is replaced by La instead of Sm.

[0056] Electrochemical performance testing: By mass ratio, the positive electrode formulation uses an active material: conductive agent: binder ratio of 8:1:1, with an active material loading of 1 mg / cm³. 2 R2032 coin cells were fabricated using lithium metal sheets as the negative electrode. Tests were conducted using a blue electrode testing instrument under a charge-discharge regime of 4.95V followed by a discharge to 3.5V, at a test temperature of -20℃, and after 145 cycles at a 1C rate. The specific capacity of Example 1 was increased by approximately 20 mAh / g compared to Comparative Example 1. Figure 11 ).

[0057] Comparative Example 1

[0058] In this comparative example, the general chemical formula of lithium nickel manganese oxide is LiNi. 0.5 Mn 1.5 O4, the preparation method of which includes the following steps:

[0059] (1) Lithium nitrate, nickel nitrate and manganese nitrate were uniformly mixed according to the molar ratio Li∶Ni∶Mn=22∶10∶30 and then dissolved in deionized water. The concentration of the mixed metal salt solution was about 1.5 mol / L. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hours to obtain solution A.

[0060] (2) Dissolve solid citric acid particles in deionized water. The concentration of citric acid is about 3 mol / L. Stir at room temperature for 0.5 hours to obtain solution B.

[0061] (3) Solution B was slowly and evenly added to solution A at a rate of approximately 0.1 mL / s. The mixed solution was heated in a water bath at 70°C with a stirring rate of 250 r / min. After 7 hours, a wet gel was obtained.

[0062] (4) Dry the wet gel by using a forced-air drying oven at 120°C for 48 hours.

[0063] (5) After crushing, sintering is carried out in air atmosphere. The sintering process is divided into two parts: the first sintering is carried out at 450℃ for 6 hours, with a heating rate of 10℃ / min from room temperature to 450℃; the second sintering is carried out at 900℃ for 10 hours, with a heating rate of 10℃ / min from room temperature to 900℃.

[0064] Electrochemical performance testing: By mass ratio, the positive electrode formulation uses an active material: conductive agent: binder ratio of 8:1:1, with an active material loading of 1 mg / cm³. 2R2032 coin cells were fabricated using lithium metal sheets as the negative electrode. Testing was conducted using a Blue Electric testing instrument under a charge-discharge regime of 4.95V followed by a discharge to 3.5V. The test temperature was room temperature, and the cells were cycled 1000 times at a rate of 10C (1C = 147 mAh / g). The capacity retention of Comparative Example 1 was 58.18%. Figure 6 The test was conducted using a blue-light testing instrument, under a charge-discharge cycle of 4.95V to 3.5V, at a test temperature of -20℃, and 300 cycles at a 1C rate. Figure 7 ).

[0065] Comparative Example 2

[0066] The difference from Comparative Example 1 is that the active material loading of the positive electrode in this comparative example is 1 mg / cm³. 2 It becomes 10mg / cm 2 .

[0067] Electrochemical performance testing: By mass ratio, the positive electrode formulation uses an active material: conductive agent: binder ratio of 8:1:1, with an active material loading of 10 mg / cm³. 2 R2032 coin cells were fabricated using lithium metal sheets as the negative electrode. Testing was conducted using a blue electrode testing instrument under a charge-discharge regime of 4.95V followed by a discharge to 3.5V, at a test temperature of -20℃, and 200 cycles at 0.2C. Figure 10 ).

[0068] The results show that by adding trace amounts of rare earth metal elements during the preparation of lithium nickel manganese oxide, this invention yields lithium nickel manganese oxide with a second phase of manganese group rare earth oxides on both the surface and in the bulk phase. This results in lithium nickel manganese oxide batteries exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance over a wide temperature range, with the following performance indicators: 1 mg / cm³ 2 The capacity retention of the loaded electrode after 1000 cycles at room temperature at 10C rate is no less than 84.78%; 1 mg / cm³ 2 The specific capacity of the loaded electrode at 1C rate and -20℃ after 300 cycles is not less than 70mAh / g; 10mg / cm³ 2 The specific capacity of the loaded electrode is no less than 60 mAh / g after 200 cycles at 0.2C rate and -20℃. This invention relates to the surface and bulk structure and composition control of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries with a wide temperature range, and has practical application value.

Claims

1. A method for rare earth element modification of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode, characterized in that, A rare earth element is added during the preparation of lithium nickel manganese oxide to obtain lithium nickel manganese oxide modified by the rare earth element on the surface and in the bulk phase, with a chemical formula of [LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O4 ]·[MMn2O5] x , 0.01<x<0.05, and M is the rare earth metal element samarium (Sm); Lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material is prepared by the following method: Step (1): Soluble lithium salt, nickel salt, manganese salt and samarium salt are uniformly mixed and dissolved in deionized water to prepare a mixed metal salt solution. Citric acid aqueous solution is added dropwise and heated in a water bath to obtain a wet gel. Step (2) Dry and grind the wet gel, and sinter it in an air atmosphere. First, sinter at a lower temperature, and then sinter at a higher temperature. After sintering, a lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode material with rare earth element surface and bulk modification is obtained. In step (1), the mixed metal salt solution is a mixed aqueous solution of lithium nitrate, nickel nitrate hexahydrate, manganese nitrate hexahydrate, and samarium nitrate hydrate. The total concentration of metal ions in the mixed metal salt solution is 1-2 mol / L, and the molar ratio of metal elements in the mixed metal salt solution is Li:Ni:Mn:Sm = 22:10:30:(0.2-1). In step (1), the concentration of citric acid aqueous solution is 2.5-3.5 mol / L, the molar ratio of citric acid to metal ions is (2.5-3.5):1, and the dropping rate of citric acid aqueous solution is 0.05-0.3 mL / s; In step (2), the first sintering temperature is 400-450℃, the sintering time is 5-7 hours, and the heating rate is 8-10℃ / min; the second sintering temperature is 850-950℃, the sintering time is 10-12 hours, and the heating rate is 8-10℃ / min. During the preparation process, the rare earth metal element samarium cannot enter the lithium nickel manganese oxide lattice for elemental substitution doping. Instead, a new phase of manganese group rare earth oxide SmMn2O5 is formed in the lithium nickel manganese oxide bulk phase. This new phase not only exists in the lithium nickel manganese oxide bulk phase but also segregates on the surface of lithium nickel manganese oxide particles, improving the interface properties of lithium nickel manganese oxide / electrolyte during cycling.

2. The method for rare earth element modification of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode according to claim 1, characterized in that, This method includes one of the following: sol-gel method, solid-phase sintering method, coprecipitation method, complexation method, ion exchange method, hydrothermal method, and spray pyrolysis method.

3. The method for rare earth element modification of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), the water bath heating temperature is 60-80 ℃, the stirring rate is 200-400 r / min, and the heating time is 5-8 hours.

4. The method for rare earth element modification of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (2), the drying temperature is 100-140 ℃ and the drying time is 36-48 hours.

5. A wide-temperature-range application of a lithium nickel manganese oxide cathode prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, Lithium nickel manganese oxide modified with rare earth elements on the surface and in bulk can be used in a wide temperature range of -40 to 60℃.

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