Controlling operation of a plurality of wind turbines

Abstract

A method of controlling operation of a plurality of wind turbines is provided, wherein each wind turbine (101-104) is operable in different modes of operation, wherein operational parameters and / or operational characteristics of the wind turbines (101-104) are set differently in the different modes of operation. For at least a first one of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104), wherein at least some of the different modes of operation in which the first wind turbine is operable have different effects on the remaining lifetime of at least a second one of the plurality of wind turbines. The method comprises providing at least one candidate operational scenario and estimating the remaining lifetime and / or at least one optimization parameter of the operation of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) from the provided candidate operational scenario. The estimation of the remaining lifetime and / or the optimization parameter takes into account the effect of the mode of operation of the first wind turbine (101, 102) specified in the candidate operational scenario on the remaining lifetime of the second wind turbine (103, 104). The plurality of wind turbines (101-104) is then operated according to an operational scenario selected from the candidate operational scenarios.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a method for controlling the operation of multiple wind turbines, each operable in different operating modes. The invention further relates to a corresponding control system and computer program for controlling the operation of the multiple wind turbines. Background Technology

[0002] The use of wind energy is booming. Wind turbines are installed in various locations around the world and exposed to different environmental conditions. This also applies to the different wind turbines within a wind farm, which may be exposed to significantly different fatigue loads. Wind turbines in a wind farm are often of the same type and model, but the conditions they experience are very different, making the remaining lifespan of wind turbines in the same wind farm quite different after several years of operation.

[0003] This could lead to reduced energy output, as some wind turbines may fail earlier than others or require excessive maintenance. On the other hand, the potential of other wind turbines may not be fully realized. The goal is to avoid this situation and improve energy production in such wind farms while preventing some wind turbines from reaching the end of their lifespan prematurely.

[0004] Document US 2018 / 0171979 A1 describes a control scheduling method for wind turbines, in which the maximum power level is changed until the estimated future fatigue life of the wind turbine is sufficient to allow the target minimum wind turbine life to be achieved.

[0005] Document US 2017 / 0284368 A1 describes the operation of an upstream wind turbine's yaw drive to minimize the wake effect on the downstream turbine. If the power required to operate the yaw drive exceeds the power gain expected from changing the yaw angle, no change is made. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Therefore, there is a need to improve the operation of wind turbines and, in particular, to avoid such large differences in lifespan or to increase energy production.

[0007] Some aspects of the invention fulfill this need. Other aspects of the invention describe embodiments of the invention.

[0008] According to embodiments of the present invention, a method for controlling the operation of a plurality of wind turbines is provided. Each wind turbine is operable in different operating modes, wherein one or more operating parameters and / or operating characteristics of the wind turbine are set differently in the different operating modes. For at least a first of the plurality of wind turbines, at least some of the different operating modes in which the first wind turbine is operable have different effects on lifetime consumption and therefore have different effects on the remaining lifetime of at least a second of the plurality of wind turbines. The method includes providing at least one candidate operating scheme, wherein each operating scheme is for each specified operating mode of the plurality of wind turbines; estimating the remaining lifetime and / or at least one optimization parameter for the operation of the plurality of wind turbines based on the provided candidate operating scheme, wherein estimating the optimization parameter includes, for a predetermined future time period, estimating at least one of energy production or revenue generated by operating the plurality of wind turbines with the candidate operating scheme. The estimation of the remaining lifetime and / or optimization parameter takes into account the impact of the operating mode of the first wind turbine (specified in the candidate operating scheme) on the remaining lifetime of the second wind turbine. The method further includes selecting an operating scheme from at least one candidate operating scheme, for which the estimated remaining lifetime and / or optimization parameters meet predetermined criteria, and operating multiple wind turbines according to the selected operating scheme.

[0009] Therefore, such a control method considers the impact of the operation of some wind turbines on the lifespan of other wind turbines, enabling the acquisition of an overall operating scheme that meets predefined criteria, such as the remaining lifespan of all wind turbines exceeding a limit or maximizing the energy production of multiple wind turbines. For example, a target remaining lifespan can be set as a predetermined criterion, and candidate operating schemes can be selected for which the remaining lifespan of an individual wind turbine deviates least from the target. This, in turn, leads to increased energy production from multiple wind turbines, as the lifespan of some wind turbines can be extended, while others can operate at higher loads to reduce their remaining lifespan towards such a target. As another example, the criterion could be maximizing energy production over a predetermined time period, which also depends on the lifespan of individual wind turbines, as wind turbines whose remaining lifespan has expired can no longer contribute to energy production. The energy production of wind farms where wind turbines experience significantly different loads can thus be maximized. Both are valid: wind turbines subjected to higher fatigue loads can contribute more to energy production by extending their remaining lifespan, and wind turbines subjected to only lower fatigue loads can contribute to increased energy production by operating them closer to or above their limits, as they have excess remaining lifespan and can therefore be driven more aggressively. Preferably, in the candidate operating schemes, at least one wind turbine operates in a mode different from the current operating mode of the corresponding wind turbine (this can apply at least to the first wind turbine, all wind turbines eligible as the "first wind turbine," or each of a plurality of wind turbines).

[0010] It should be clear that this method can be performed for multiple candidate operating schemes (e.g., two or more), and the estimation can be part of an iterative or optimization process for multiple such candidate operating schemes. Different candidate operating schemes can define different operating modes for multiple wind turbines. If the criterion is not met, the method can be repeated for different candidate operating schemes, or the operator can be notified and the criterion can be adjusted or relaxed. The criteria for remaining lifetime and optimization parameters can, of course, be combined, such as requiring all wind turbines to have a minimum remaining lifetime (e.g., determined by the decommissioning dates of multiple wind turbines), which can be considered as boundary conditions, and the maximization of energy production or revenue. Revenue refers to the income obtained through the sale of energy generated, which can generally be calculated as the electricity price multiplied by the generated electricity and can therefore be considered as a substitute for the optimization parameters of energy production. As a substitute for revenue, the power demand satisfaction from the power demand of the grid coupled to the wind turbines can be estimated as an optimization parameter (the electricity price is often proportional to the power demand). Improved grid stability can be achieved by using maximizing power demand as the optimization criterion (minimizing the deviation between the power generated by the wind turbine and the power demand), as the required power is supplied to the grid.

[0011] The first wind turbine may be operable, for example, in a first mode having a first impact on the remaining life of the second wind turbine and a second mode having a different impact on the remaining life of the second wind turbine, for example by inducing less turbulence at the location of the second wind turbine that may be in the wake of the first wind turbine, for example by defining power reduction, and / or by including the activation of operating features such as wake-steering. Different candidate operating schemes may accordingly include different operating modes of the first wind turbine, thus resulting in different effects on the remaining life of the second wind turbine, which are taken into account in the estimation. The operating modes of the wind turbine may also include a baseline operating mode, which corresponds to the standard operation of the wind turbine without reducing or activating specific operating features. It should be clear that some of the multiple wind turbines may affect the life of other wind turbines, particularly the life of the wind turbines in the wake of these first-mentioned wind turbines, while others may not be affected. In any case, because the mutual effects on lifespan are considered in the selection of operating schemes for multiple wind turbines, the lifespan of individual wind turbines can be aligned and the energy production of multiple wind turbines can be increased.

[0012] In an embodiment, meeting a predetermined criterion includes at least one of the following: the estimated remaining lifetime of each of the plurality of wind turbines reaches or exceeds a predetermined minimum lifetime, particularly the decommissioning date of the plurality of wind turbines; the estimated optimization parameter is higher than a predetermined threshold; or the estimated optimization parameter is greater than the optimization parameter estimated for other candidate operating scenarios, which may correspond, for example, to maximizing energy production or revenue for different candidate operating scenarios. As mentioned above, these criteria can be combined, for example, by maximizing energy production while ensuring the minimum lifetime of all wind turbines.

[0013] In an embodiment, the method further includes estimating the actual remaining life of each of a plurality of wind turbines; identifying wind turbines among the plurality of wind turbines whose estimated actual remaining life is below a predetermined threshold, or identifying a plurality of wind turbines with the lowest actual remaining life; and determining at least one candidate operating scheme by selecting an operating mode of one or more first wind turbines (whose operation has an impact on the life of the identified wind turbines, i.e., they are “first wind turbines” in the sense of some aspects of the present invention) such that the remaining life of the identified wind turbines is increased.

[0014] For example, an operating mode can be selected from candidate operating schemes for one or more first wind turbines, which reduces wind turbulence at the identified wind turbine. Power reduction, wake deflection, or similar techniques can be used on the first wind turbine to reduce turbulence.

[0015] One or more first wind turbines (which have an impact on the lifespan of the identified wind turbine) are preferably located adjacent to the identified wind turbine and / or positioned upstream of the identified wind turbine in the predominant wind direction relative to the location of the first wind turbine (in other words, the identified wind turbines are in the wake of the first wind turbine or downstream of the first wind turbine; therefore, they may correspond to the second wind turbine described above). For example, wind turbines with an actual remaining lifespan below the predetermined decommissioning date may be identified, or one, two, three, four, five, or more wind turbines with a minimum actual remaining lifespan may be identified.

[0016] Based on the estimated actual remaining lifetime for multiple wind turbines, wind turbines with an estimated actual remaining lifetime exceeding a predetermined threshold can be identified, or multiple wind turbines with the highest remaining lifetime can be identified. For these wind turbines, candidate operating schemes can be determined such that the operating mode of the identified wind turbines increases the energy production of the respective wind turbines at the expense of their remaining lifetime. Again, the threshold can be a decommissioning date, and the energy output of these wind turbines can be increased if it is ensured that the remaining lifetime does not decrease below the decommissioning date. Therefore, energy production can be increased.

[0017] The actual remaining life of each of the multiple wind turbines can be estimated, for example, based on the current operating mode of the corresponding wind turbine in which it is currently operating. This current operating mode can be a baseline operating mode or an operating mode determined according to previous applications of this method. Therefore, the increase in energy production is related to this current operation.

[0018] In an exemplary implementation, candidate and / or selected operating schemes may include operating modes for each of the first and second wind turbines, which are selected such that the lifespan of the second wind turbine is increased at the expense of the lifespan and / or energy production of the first wind turbine. However, this may occur under the additional criterion that the remaining lifespan of the first wind turbine remains greater than a predefined minimum lifespan, such as a decommissioning date. Additionally, candidate and / or selected operating schemes may include operating modes for wind turbines with an actual remaining lifespan exceeding a predetermined threshold, which increase the energy production of these wind turbines at the expense of their remaining lifespan. Such operating schemes result in an overall improved lifespan and energy production for multiple wind turbines.

[0019] The second wind turbine can be specifically positioned in the wake of the first wind turbine, and it can be specifically arranged downstream of the first wind turbine relative to the prevailing wind direction. Being in the wake means that the second wind turbine experiences turbulence generated by the first wind turbine or a group of first wind turbines.

[0020] The predetermined future time period is preferably until at least one of the first and second wind turbines, and more preferably until the decommissioning of the plurality of wind turbines. The corresponding decommissioning dates can be predefined at future points in time. The future time period can be longer than one week, one month, three months, six months, or even one year.

[0021] In embodiments, the wind turbine's operating mode determines at least one of the following: activation of a peakshaving operating feature, which alters the operating curve used by the wind turbine controller to operate the wind turbine, the operating curve depending on wind speed to determine wind turbine settings, particularly rotor speed and pitch; reduction of the wind turbine's power output (which may be performed as part of the activation of a corresponding operating feature such as ACS); activation of a wake steering operating feature; operating parameters of the wake steering operating feature; activation of an (extended) power boost operating feature and / or operating parameters, the activation of which increases the wind turbine's power output by increasing the wind turbine's power limit under predetermined wind conditions; and high wind ride. The activation status of the HWRT operating feature, which performs a load-based reduction of the wind turbine's output power under predetermined wind conditions; the activation status of the Power Curve Upgrade Kit (PCUK) operating feature, which depends on hardware modifications installed on the wind turbine, particularly its rotor blades, to modify the wind turbine controller's control functions, particularly pitch angle control; and the activation status of the Adaptive Control System (ACS) operating feature, which reduces the wind turbine's output power if turbulence is determined to be above a threshold at the wind turbine.

[0022] These operating parameters and / or operating characteristics of wind turbines allow for the control of the power production and remaining lifespan of the respective wind turbines, for example, by increasing power output at the expense of lifespan, or by increasing lifespan by reducing power output. Simultaneously, these operating characteristics also allow for the control of the impact of a particular wind turbine on the lifespan of other wind turbines located in its wake, for example, by reducing turbulence when providing wake deflection or by reducing its own power output through power reduction. Therefore, these operating characteristics allow for the selection of operating schemes that optimize the energy production of multiple wind turbines, and in particular, ensure that the lifespan of all wind turbines does not expire before a defined time point, such as the decommissioning date of multiple wind turbines. For example, at least two, three, four, five, or more of the mentioned operating characteristics can be defined in the operating mode of each wind turbine (e.g., the activation state of these operating characteristics can be defined). Candidate operating schemes can define the activation state of at least two different operating characteristics of the wind turbine. As an example, a candidate operating scheme can specify an operating mode for one wind turbine in which one or more overrating features are activated, and can specify an operating mode for another wind turbine in which one or more de-rating features are activated.

[0023] Preferably, the activation state of the wake steering feature is defined at least in the candidate operating schemes, and optionally, the reduction of power output is further defined. Preferably, the activation states of peak shaving and power boost are also defined in the candidate operating schemes. Significant adjustments to lifetime and power output can be achieved through these operating features.

[0024] At least one candidate operating scheme may include multiple different candidate operating schemes, and the remaining lifetime and / or optimization parameters may be estimated for each of the multiple different candidate operating schemes. This may be performed, for example, as part of an optimization algorithm or iterative process that changes one or more operating modes of the corresponding candidate operating scheme at each step, which may be performed, for example, to find the operating scheme that provides maximum energy production or revenue.

[0025] At least one candidate operating scheme can be determined based on prior knowledge of the impact of the operating mode of the first wind turbine on the lifespan of the second wind turbine. Such knowledge could include, for example, that some operating modes, including the activation of wake-shifting features or power reduction, will result in a reduction in turbulence experienced by downstream wind turbines, thus positively affecting their lifespan. Similarly, prior knowledge of different operating modes can be used to select operating modes for wind turbines with excess remaining lifespan in order to increase their energy production, for example, by activating power-boosting features in the corresponding operating modes or the like. Using prior knowledge, candidate operating schemes may thus have been configured such that the estimates show they meet predetermined criteria, such as ensuring that all wind turbines have a remaining lifespan exceeding a threshold corresponding to a minimum lifespan. Further testing of candidate operating schemes may then be unnecessary.

[0026] When using multiple different candidate operating schemes, the same prior knowledge can be used, for example, by changing them only in a way that the operating modes in the candidate operating schemes contribute to the desired outcome. For example, by activating different combinations of operating features that have a positive impact on the lifespan of a wind turbine that will increase lifespan (e.g., derated characteristics), or by activating different combinations of operating features that increase power output at the expense of the lifespan of a wind turbine that will increase power output (e.g., overrated characteristics).

[0027] In any case, if none of the multiple different operating schemes meet the predetermined criteria, additional candidate operating schemes may be considered, or the criteria may be adapted by, for example, lowering the relevant thresholds or relaxing the relevant requirements regarding lifetime or minimum energy production.

[0028] In an exemplary implementation, the estimation of remaining lifetime and / or optimization parameters is repeatedly performed for multiple different candidate operating schemes, wherein the candidate operating scheme that achieves the highest value of the optimization parameters is selected. Such optimization can be performed using one of the well-known optimization algorithms that maximizes the optimization parameters by changing the operating modes of multiple wind turbines in the candidate operating schemes, and may include, for example, an iterative process that changes the wind turbine operating modes of the candidate operating schemes in each iteration until the desired optimum is reached.

[0029] In estimating optimization parameters, time periods further away from the current point in time can be weighted less than time periods closer to the current point in time. Therefore, the estimation of optimization parameters can take into account the higher uncertainties involved in energy production in the more distant future, such as due to changes in environmental conditions, damage to wind turbines, or the like.

[0030] For different components of a given wind turbine, the remaining life can be estimated at the component level for each wind turbine. The effects of different operating modes on different components of the wind turbine—such as blades, gearboxes, bearings, generators, and the like—can be considered individually, allowing for accurate estimation of the remaining life.

[0031] Estimates of remaining lifetime and / or optimization parameters can be based on simulations using engineering models of multiple wind turbines. This allows for sufficiently accurate and efficient estimations. Alternatively, a trained model can be used, employing training data, such as statistical data, to predict lifetime and energy production based on operating modes and estimated future environmental conditions. This estimation can specifically employ estimated or predicted wind conditions over a future time period, which can be based, for example, on past sample wind distributions.

[0032] Multiple wind turbines may include a first group of wind turbines containing a first wind turbine and a second group of wind turbines containing a second wind turbine. The second group may be located downstream of the first group relative to the prevailing wind direction at the locations of the first and second groups. For example, the second group may be a wind farm located downstream of a first wind farm relative to the prevailing wind direction. For example, in such a case, an operating scheme that reduces the power output of the first group of wind turbines (power reduction) may be selected, thereby reducing the turbulence exposed to the second group of wind turbines. Therefore, the lifespan and total energy production of the second group of wind turbines can be significantly increased, which can lead to an overall increase in energy production from the combined two groups of wind turbines.

[0033] The corresponding method can be repeated over the remaining lifespan of multiple wind turbines. Therefore, after an appropriate operating plan has been selected and the wind turbines have operated according to the selected plan, the method can be repeated to account for changes in environmental conditions and conditions of one or more of the multiple wind turbines. This method can be repeated, for example, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually.

[0034] This method can be executed automatically by the control system. Users can specify only the criteria to be optimized, such as whether a minimum lifetime should be achieved, whether energy production should be maximized, or the like. Once this is specified, the control system can then simulate operation with one or more candidate operating schemes to determine which schemes meet the criteria, such as those meeting the minimum lifetime criterion or those maximizing power production / revenue.

[0035] Estimates of the lifespan of wind turbines, and particularly of their actual remaining lifespan, can be performed using any known method. This can be achieved, for example, by using sensor measurements from wind turbine sensors, such as those measuring the mechanical, thermal, and / or electrical loads on wind turbine components, load changes, environmental conditions (wind speed, temperature, humidity), and the like. Historical data, such as that from a fleet of wind turbines of the same type / model, can be further employed in such estimates. Since the corresponding lifespan estimation methods are known, they will not be explained in more detail here.

[0036] According to another embodiment of the invention, a control system for controlling the operation of a plurality of wind turbines is provided, wherein each wind turbine is operable in different operating modes under the control of the control system. In the different operating modes, one or more operating parameters and / or operating characteristics of the wind turbines are set differently. As indicated above, at least some of the different operating modes of at least one of the plurality of wind turbines have different effects on the remaining lifespan of at least a second of the plurality of wind turbines. The control system includes a processing unit and a memory storing control instructions that, when executed by the processing unit of the control system, perform any of the methods further described herein above and below.

[0037] Such a control system can achieve advantages similar to those further outlined above.

[0038] The control system may include, for example, a central controller (wind farm controller) configured to couple to wind turbine controllers of multiple wind turbines to provide control commands to the wind turbine controllers for operating the wind turbines according to operating modes included in selected operating schemes for the respective wind turbines. Such wind turbine controllers may also form part of the control system. Decentralized control systems are also conceivable.

[0039] According to another embodiment, a wind farm including such a control system is provided.

[0040] Another embodiment of the present invention provides a computer program for controlling the operation of a plurality of wind turbines, wherein the computer program includes control instructions that, when executed by a processing unit of a control system controlling the operation of the plurality of wind turbines, cause the processing unit to perform any of the methods described herein.

[0041] It should be understood that, without departing from the scope of the invention, the features mentioned above and those to be explained below can be used not only in the indicated corresponding combinations, but also in other combinations or individually. In particular, features of different aspects and embodiments of the invention can be combined with each other unless otherwise stated. Attached Figure Description

[0042] The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will become clearer from the following detailed description, which is taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, the same reference numerals refer to the same elements.

[0043] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram showing multiple wind turbines exposed to wind in the prevailing wind direction.

[0044] Figure 2 It is shown Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the remaining lifespan of a wind turbine.

[0045] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the estimated actual remaining life and estimated actual energy production of two exemplary wind turbines.

[0046] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a control system for multiple wind turbines according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0047] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of the operating mode on the power output of a wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0048] Figure 6This is a schematic diagram illustrating the effect of the operating mode on the power output of a wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0049] Figure 7 This is a schematic flowchart illustrating a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0050] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the estimated remaining life and estimated energy production of two exemplary wind turbines operating according to embodiments of the present invention.

[0051] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the control of two sets of wind turbines according to an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0052] In the following, embodiments of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following description of the embodiments is given for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be limiting. It should be noted that the drawings are to be regarded as schematic representations only, and the elements in the drawings are not necessarily to scale. Rather, various representations of elements have been chosen so that their function and general purpose will become clear to those skilled in the art. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are also intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Unless otherwise stated, the terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” will be interpreted as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to”).

[0053] Figure 1 Four wind turbines 101 to 104 are schematically illustrated as examples of multiple wind turbines. Furthermore, the dominant wind direction at the location of these wind turbines is illustrated. As can be seen, the wind primarily originates from the west, causing wind turbines A and B to be upstream of wind turbines C and D, and correspondingly, wind turbines C and D to be in the wake of wind turbines A and B. Typically, wind turbines operate similarly within the same wind farm. However, the wind turbines are exposed to different fatigue loads due to the different wind speeds and turbulence they experience, which are, for example, higher for downstream wind turbines C and D. Due to these different loads, the wind turbines have different remaining lifetimes, such as... Figure 2 As shown in the diagram. Wind turbines typically shut down at the same point in time. At time t x At this point, due to higher loads, wind turbines C and D may have reached the end of their service life, while wind turbines A and B still have a sufficient amount of remaining life. If the decommissioning date of these wind turbines is later than t... x At that point in time, energy production may be lost, and the potential of wind turbines A and B may be partially wasted. This is in Figure 3 The diagrams in the middle provide more detailed illustrations of exemplary wind turbines A and C operating in baseline mode. Figure 3 The upper part of the diagram illustrates the time from t0 (the start of the operation) to the current time point (t). now The remaining lifespan t of wind turbines A and C res And from the current time point t now The estimated actual remaining lifespan for the future (dotted line). Figure 3 The lower part of the diagram illustrates the time from t0 to t now The cumulative energy production and from the current time point t now Until the end of its service life (wind turbine C) and until the decommissioning date t de-c (Wind turbine A) Estimated actual energy production, which is plotted as a dotted line. As can be seen, the wind turbine in Figure 1 The conditions illustrated in the diagram result in higher loads and therefore reduced lifespan, leading to lower performance of wind turbine C. Furthermore, due to the shutdown date t for turbine C... de-c The first wind turbine reached the end of its lifespan, thus potentially resulting in the loss of additional energy production. On the other hand, wind turbine A produced significantly more electricity over its lifespan and reached its decommissioning date t. de-c The remaining lifespan is significantly higher at these locations. Note that these charts are provided at the aggregated wind turbine level, but they can also be provided at the component level, allowing for a more detailed observation of the behavior of individual wind turbine components.

[0054] Embodiments of the present invention now provide an operating scheme that better utilizes the available remaining lifetime of wind turbines A and B, while further increasing the remaining lifetime of wind turbines C and D, which are adversely affected by turbulence and other effects caused by other wind turbines. The operating modes of the multiple wind turbines are specifically adjusted such that the "first" wind turbine (A, B) affecting the lifetime of the "second" (downstream) wind turbines (C, D) is operated such that the lifetime of the downstream wind turbine is increased, for example by reducing turbulence or other control measures, even if this may occur at the expense of the lifetime and / or energy production of the upstream wind turbines (A, B).

[0055] Figure 4A corresponding control system 10 is schematically illustrated, which may include, for example, a central (wind farm) controller 20. Controller 20 includes a processing unit 21 and a memory 22. The processing unit 21 may include any type of processor, such as a microprocessor, application-specific integrated circuit, digital signal processor, or the like. The memory 22 may include volatile and non-volatile memory, particularly RAM, ROM, flash memory, hard disk drive, and the like. Controller 20 includes input and output interfaces for receiving data and for transmitting control data and control commands to wind turbine controllers 41-44. Such communication may be performed wirelessly or via appropriate wires such as a control bus, Ethernet, or the like. Control system 10 may include a user interface (e.g., including a display and input devices) through which user input from the wind turbine operator can be received.

[0056] Memory 22 can store control instructions that, when executed by processing unit 21, cause control system 10 to perform any of the methods described herein. Central controller 20 can, for example, be configured to set operating parameters and / or on / off operating characteristics of wind turbines 101 to 104. Corresponding communication connections are provided to the respective wind turbine controllers 41, 42, 43, and 44. Each of wind turbines 101 to 104 is operable according to an operating mode that defines the corresponding operating parameters and / or operating characteristics. Thus, a particular operating characteristic can be activated in one operating mode and deactivated in another different operating mode. Operating parameters and operating characteristics generally have an impact on the energy production of the respective wind turbine and on the remaining lifespan of the respective wind turbine. For example, the energy production performance of a wind turbine can generally be increased at the expense of its remaining lifespan, and vice versa. Therefore, central controller 20 can select a corresponding operating mode for each individual wind turbine that achieves a desired increase or decrease in remaining lifespan or energy production.

[0057] Control system 10, particularly central controller 20, is configured to estimate both the remaining lifetime and energy production (estimated actual remaining lifetime; estimated actual power production) of each wind turbine based on the current operating mode (e.g., baseline) from the current point in time, and may further estimate other operating modes accordingly. The different operating modes of the wind turbines are summarized herein as operating schemes upon which the central controller 20 operates. To achieve an operating scheme that realizes a desired objective, particularly one that causes the estimated remaining lifetime and / or power production or revenue to meet predetermined criteria, control system 10 estimates at least one or more different candidate operating schemes for the remaining lifetime and power production, which define different operating modes for wind turbines 101 to 104. If the corresponding criteria are met, a candidate operating scheme is selected and used to control wind turbines 101 to 104.

[0058] Estimates of lifespan and energy production can be made using data obtained from wind turbines 101 to 104, such as sensor data associated with the respective wind turbines and environmental data such as wind speed, temperature, and the like. It can further utilize data from data source 30, such as historical wind data, predicted wind data, historical data related to the lifespan of the wind turbines or wind turbine components, and the like. It is generally known to perform corresponding estimates of the remaining lifespan and energy production of wind turbines based on such data sources and sensor data from the wind turbines, and will not be explained in more detail here.

[0059] The control system 10 now considers not only the impact of different control modes on the energy production and remaining lifespan of the respective wind turbines operating in those modes, but also the impact of wind turbine operation on other wind turbines, particularly on their remaining lifespan. Therefore, the control system 10 can, for example, align the lifespans of multiple wind turbines with a specific date such as a decommissioning date, extending the lifespan of wind turbines with low remaining lifespans while better utilizing the energy production potential of wind turbines with high remaining lifespans. This can thereby increase the overall energy production of multiple wind turbines, such as one or two wind farms.

[0060] Figure 5 and Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating examples of the corresponding operating modes in which wind turbines 101 to 104 can be operated. Figure 5 and Figure 6 Each of the figures illustrates a conventional power curve 201, according to which the wind turbine operation is conventionally controlled (solid line; baseline operation), indicating the electrical power output P of the wind turbine in kW for different wind speeds v given in m / s. (See Figure 201 for details.) Figure 5As can be seen, power production begins at the minimum wind speed and remains constant once rated power output is reached. Above a certain maximum wind speed, the wind turbine shuts off (dashed line 220). Figure 5 Two operating features are illustrated. Dashed curve 210 illustrates the operation when the power boost or extended power boost feature is turned on or activated. As can be seen, the wind turbine's power output is for a certain wind speed range extending beyond its rated power output. Therefore, more power is generated, and the load on the wind turbine components increases beyond the rated load, thus reducing the wind turbine's lifespan. Furthermore, the dashed portion of the curve designated by reference numeral 220 illustrates the deactivation of the High Wind Through (HWRT) operating feature, causing the wind turbine's power output to be maintained up to the maximum wind speed and then reduced to zero, following the baseline curve. Thus, the wind turbine continues to generate maximum power output up to the maximum wind speed, but is then shut down, reducing fatigue load at higher wind speeds at the cost of energy production. The operating mode illustrated by curve 210 (activated power boost) and the possible activated HWRT (see below) would, for example, be an operating mode set for maximum energy production (maximum performance) at the cost of lifespan.

[0061] Figure 6 The diagram illustrates the activation / deactivation of different operating characteristics similar to power curve 201. At 230, the activation of the operating characteristic that modifies operating curve 201 depending on aerodynamic modifications installed on the wind turbine is illustrated. With such activation, stress on the wind turbine is reduced at the expense of power output, thus increasing lifespan. Similarly, the dashed line at 240 illustrates the activation of a peak-shaving operating characteristic that modifies operating curve 201 depending on wind speed. Therefore, at such higher wind speeds, rotor speed and pitch are set to reduce the load on the wind turbine, where power output is reduced as shown. Again, with the activation of this operating characteristic, wind turbine lifespan is increased at the expense of power output. At 250, Figure 6 The diagram illustrates the activation of the HWRT feature. The wind turbine's power output is maintained until maximum wind speed is reached. Above maximum wind speed, the wind turbine's power output gradually ramps down until it reaches zero. Therefore, energy production can be increased while the wind turbine experiences only minor additional mechanical stress. Energy production is increased at the expense of remaining lifespan through the activation of HWRT. Furthermore, it avoids the simultaneous shutdown of a large number of wind turbines in the wind farm. Therefore, Figure 6 The activation of operating features 230 and 240 in the diagram extends the lifespan of the wind turbine at the expense of energy production (de-rated feature), while the activation of HWRT increases energy production at the expense of lifespan (over-rated feature). This relates to... Figure 6The dashed portion of the curve, operating modes 230 and 240, can be considered the maximum lifespan operating modes, in which the lifespan of the wind turbine increases.

[0062] It should be clear that the operating modes of a wind turbine can include different combinations of activation / deactivation of corresponding operating features, and may also include activation / deactivation of other features and settings of corresponding operating parameters. As an example, HWRT can... Figure 6 It is deactivated in the operating mode to reach a new operating mode.

[0063] As another example, power reduction can be used in operating modes. This means, for example, reducing generator torque and / or pitching the rotor blades away from the wind, that the wind turbine's power output is reduced. Another example is the activation or deactivation of wake steering, or the setting of operating parameters for such wake steering. Wake steering can be achieved by pointing the wind turbine slightly away from the oncoming wind, for example, by using the wind turbine's yaw drive. The amount of angular misalignment can be set, for example, as a parameter for wake steering.

[0064] It should be clear that the activation and deactivation of the operating characteristics indicated above for wind turbines, or the setting of operating parameters, can affect downstream wind turbines and the lifespan of these turbines. These effects should be taken into account when estimating the remaining lifespan of wind turbines and their energy production based on candidate operating schemes that define the operating modes for each wind turbine.

[0065] Optimization parameters can also involve power demand satisfaction from the power demand of the grid to which the wind turbines are connected. In this approach, power demand satisfaction can be estimated as a substitute for income. Electricity prices are often proportional to power demand, making equivalent optimization possible. Operating schemes will also influence how well the power output of multiple wind turbines will meet anticipated future power demand. For example, if anticipated power demand is high on certain days of a week, energy production on those days can be increased and reduced on other days to meet power demand (by activating / deactivating the corresponding operating features), particularly avoiding overproduction or underproduction. Meeting grid demand leads to a more stable grid operation. This, in turn, can prevent wind turbines from encountering unstable operating modes, such as low-voltage ride-through. Furthermore, since electricity prices are typically high when demand is high, supplying electricity during periods of high demand can also have the side effect of increasing the income of wind turbine operators.

[0066] Figure 7This is a flowchart illustrating a method according to an embodiment of the present invention. In step 701, for a plurality of wind turbines 101 to 104, the actual remaining lifespan of each wind turbine is estimated based on the current point in time and the current operating mode of the wind turbine, which may be, for example, a baseline operating mode. The remaining lifespan may in particular be the fatigue life of the wind turbine, i.e., the end of the predicted lifespan. In step 702, for a predetermined future time period, particularly from the current date until the decommissioning date, the total energy production and / or revenue realized by the plurality of wind turbines is estimated. Revenue is typically approximately proportional to energy production, with the proportionality factor being the electricity price. Thus, for the plurality of wind turbines, after steps 701 and 702, their lifespans are known and what energy production can be expected if these wind turbines continue to operate in their current operating modes. In step 703, wind turbines with an actual remaining lifespan less than the decommissioning date are identified, or a certain number of wind turbines (e.g., one, two, three, four, or more wind turbines) with the lowest possible lifespan are identified. Because these wind turbines may cease power production before their decommissioning date, they could result in a reduction in overall power production across multiple wind turbines. To mitigate this negative impact, wind turbines whose operation affects the lifespan of the wind turbine identified in step 703 are identified in step 704. These may be, for example, wind turbines that are neighbors of the wind turbine identified in step 703, and particularly may be turbines located upstream of the identified turbine relative to the prevailing wind direction. The wind turbines selected in step 704 may be positioned such that the wind turbines identified in step 703 are within their wakes. In steps 705 through 708, the effects of modified operations on these adjacent wind turbines identified in step 704 on the wind turbine with the shortest lifespan identified in step 703 are evaluated, and in particular, simulated. For this purpose, candidate operating schemes are provided in step 705, which include operating modes for at least the modifications to the wind turbines identified in step 704. For these “adjacent” wind turbines, operating modes may, for example, be included in candidate operating schemes that modify one or more operating parameters and / or operating characteristics. This can be done based on prior knowledge of the impact of such operating characteristics on downstream wind turbines. For example, such modified operating modes may activate wake steering characteristics, or may change the operating parameters of such wake steering, or may deactivate operating characteristics such as power enhancement, or may include power reduction, thus providing less turbulent airflow to downstream wind turbines.

[0067] It should be clear that such candidate operating schemes may include modified operating modes for other wind turbines, and such modified operating modes may be selected to achieve optimization objectives, for example, by identifying wind turbines with actual remaining lifespans exceeding the decommissioning date determined in step 701 and by selecting modified operating modes for these wind turbines that include increased power production from these wind turbines. This may involve, for example, the activation of power-boosting features and the deactivation of HWRT features, as referenced above. Figure 5 As explained. Therefore, the energy production of such wind turbines can be increased at the expense of their lifespan; however, this is not a problem because their lifespan exceeds their decommissioning date.

[0068] In step 706, the operation of multiple wind turbines is simulated for operation according to candidate operating schemes, which include modified operating modes of multiple wind turbines. Such simulations can utilize, for example, historical and statistical data on wind speeds, data on how operation at certain wind speeds using certain operating modes affects lifespan, and the like. Models such as engineering models can be employed in such simulations. As an example, a trained model can be used, taking into account predicted wind conditions predominant at the corresponding location of the wind turbine, considering the effects caused by adjacent wind turbines, and, depending on the selected operating mode, providing an estimate of the fatigue life of the wind turbine under these conditions, i.e., for the case where the wind turbine operates under these conditions until the end of its lifespan. It should be understood that such models used in the simulations can be provided for individual components of the wind turbine, and the lifespans of such components can be aggregated to reach the fatigue life of the corresponding wind turbine. Furthermore, the influence of a wind turbine operating at a certain speed on the airflow passing through the wind turbine is well known and is considered in the corresponding model, so that the influence of the upstream or downstream wind turbine is considered in the simulation in step 706.

[0069] The above has already referred to Figure 5 and Figure 6Exemplary operating parameters and / or operating characteristics that can be altered when modifying the operating mode of a wind turbine are explained. These include (extended) power-boosting operating characteristics, HWRT operating characteristics, peak-shaving operating characteristics, aerodynamically-added operating characteristics, and activation / deactivation of such characteristics. Preferably, the operating mode of the wind turbine specifies at least the activation / deactivation state of a wake steering operating characteristic and / or the operating parameters of such a wake steering operating characteristic. In wake steering, the wind turbine may not, for example, be set at an optimal angle relative to the wind direction, but may be tilted slightly, for example, via yaw control, such that the direction of the wake caused by the wind turbine operation is changed (i.e., the direction of the turbulent airflow is changed). The operating parameters of such a yaw steering characteristic may, for example, be an angular displacement against the wind direction.

[0070] Another modification to the operating mode could be the implementation of power reduction, where the rated power output of the wind turbine is reduced, for example by reducing generator torque and / or by changing the pitch angle of the rotor blades to reduce the amount of energy extracted from the wind. Such power reduction reduces energy production, but also reduces turbulence in the downstream airflow.

[0071] Another modification could be the activation / deactivation of the Power Curve Upgrade Kit (PCUK) control features. Such features alter the control functionality of the wind turbine controller. For example, after deployment, hardware upgrades can be installed on the wind turbine, such as aerodynamic improvements to the blades, like flaps or vortex generators installed at the trailing edge of the blade root to increase lift. These are applied to alter flow characteristics in the boundary layer, resulting in higher lift. The PCUK control features modify the wind turbine control to account for such hardware modifications and enhance energy production, for example, by adjusting pitch control.

[0072] Another modification could be the activation / deactivation of the adaptive control system (ACS) control characteristics. If relatively strong turbulence is present in the air impacting the wind turbine, overload of the wind power system and excessive material fatigue may occur. If the ACS is deactivated, the wind turbine can be shut down to prevent such overload conditions. If the ACS is activated, turbulence is detected at the wind turbine, and if this turbulence exceeds a certain threshold, the controller reduces the wind turbine's output power. Fatigue load on the wind turbine can thus be reduced. If the turbulence in the airflow decreases again, the output power can be ramped back up to its previous value under the control of the ACS characteristics.

[0073] Therefore, it should be clear that different operating modes can be set for each wind turbine, including different combinations of corresponding operating parameters and / or operating characteristics.

[0074] In step 707, for each candidate operating scheme, it is checked whether a predefined criterion is met. Different possibilities for achieving such a criterion are conceivable. For example, the criterion could be that the remaining lifetime of all wind turbines exceeds a minimum lifetime, which is determined, for example, by the decommissioning date. As another example, the criterion could be that an increase in energy production has been achieved compared to the baseline energy production determined in step 702. As yet another example, the criterion could be maximizing energy production (or corresponding revenue). In a preferred example, the criterion is to ensure that the lifetime of all wind turbines exceeds the decommissioning date, and to reduce the lifetime of wind turbines with excess remaining lifetime (not below the decommissioning date) by increasing the energy output of the respective wind turbines (i.e., operating the wind turbines more aggressively). Thus, energy production is increased at the expense of the lifetime of these wind turbines. The lifetimes of all the multiple wind turbines can be aligned accordingly such that the lifetimes fall within a band above the decommissioning date, for example, within a time span of one, two, three, or more years from the decommissioning date to a point after the decommissioning date. Therefore, it is possible to achieve the aligned lifespan of multiple wind turbines, resulting in correspondingly higher energy production, since all wind turbines can be produced until their decommissioning date, and the power output can be increased because wind turbines with less fatigue load can be used to increase power output.

[0075] If the criteria are not met in step 707, the candidate operating scheme is modified in step 708, and steps 706 and 707 are repeated. Such modifications may include the modifications outlined above for one or more of a plurality of wind turbines or for each of the wind turbines. As mentioned, such modifications may take into account prior knowledge of the impact of changes in the corresponding operating parameters or characteristics on the operation of the corresponding wind turbine and adjacent or downstream wind turbines.

[0076] If the criteria are met in step 707, then in step 709, a corresponding candidate operating scheme is selected as the operating scheme to achieve the desired operating objective, such as lifetime alignment or maximization of energy production. In step 710, the plurality of wind turbines then operate with the selected operating scheme, wherein each of the plurality of wind turbines operates according to the operating mode specified in the selected operating scheme. Thus, the plurality of wind turbines can operate with optimized remaining lifetime or optimized energy production / revenue. It should be understood that this method can be repeated periodically, for example, after a defined time period, such as a week, a month, six months, a year, or the like.

[0077] Furthermore, it should be clear that the optimization type illustrated in steps 706 to 708 is merely an example, and other possibilities exist. For instance, if the criterion is maximizing energy production / revenue, an optimization algorithm can be employed that modifies different possible combinations of operating modes of multiple wind turbines among multiple candidate operating schemes and thus finds the candidate operating scheme that results in the highest energy production / revenue or power demand being met. As another example, multiple different candidate operating schemes can be provided in step 706, for each of which wind turbine operation is simulated in step 706, and the resulting total energy production of each of the candidate operating schemes is compared in step 707 to identify the candidate operating scheme that results in maximum energy production. In such an implementation, step 708 can then be omitted. Furthermore, if sufficient prior knowledge is available, modifications made in step 706 can be made to determine candidate operating schemes such that there is a high probability that the criterion has already been met in step 707, making it possible that additional steps are not required.

[0078] Preferably, the provision of candidate operating schemes, the estimation of remaining lifetime and / or at least one optimization parameter, and the selection of operating schemes can be performed automatically as part of an iterative process or as part of an optimization process.

[0079] Figure 8 The illustration shows two exemplary wind turbines A and C (see Figure 1) employing minimum lifespan criteria and maximum power output when a corresponding method for selecting an optimized operating scheme is applied according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 The diagram above illustrates the remaining lifespan of two wind turbines, specifically for an extension to the decommissioning date t. de-c Wind turbine C, which was carried out at the cost of the remaining lifespan of wind turbine A (please refer to...). Figure 3 (Compare with the above diagram). On the other hand, as illustrated in the diagram below, the generated energy E gen The decrease is slight for wind turbine A, but significant for wind turbine C, especially since wind turbine C can now continue operating until the decommissioning date t. de-c Therefore, this lifespan alignment method enables higher total energy output from multiple wind turbines.

[0080] like Figure 9 As illustrated in the diagram, this method is applicable not only to wind turbines but also to wind farms. Figure 9In the example, wind turbines A and B form part of a first group 301 of wind turbines, which may be, for example, a first wind farm or wind power park. Wind turbines C and D form part of a second group 302 of wind turbines, which may be a second wind farm or wind power park. Wind power park 302 is located in the wake and downstream of wind power park 301 relative to the prevailing wind direction. Therefore, wind power park 302 experiences turbulence caused by wind power park 301, resulting in a corresponding reduction in lifespan and energy production. Figure 7 The method can target two wind farms, identifying operating schemes that reduce turbulence experienced by downstream wind farm 302 at the expense of energy production and / or lifespan of the wind turbines in the first wind farm 301. For example, power reduction can be performed on the wind turbines of wind farm 301, which can lead to an increase in the lifespan and performance (power production) of the second wind farm 302. Therefore, the overall power production from the two wind farms 301 and 302 can be increased. Similarly, in this case, the operating mode of wind turbine A has an impact on the lifespan and power production of wind turbine C, which is considered in the method of this application and particularly according to... Figure 7 Steps 705 to 709 or the selection of a corresponding operating scheme for a modification of such a method as described are taken into consideration.

[0081] While specific embodiments have been disclosed herein, various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. These embodiments are to be considered illustrative and non-limiting in all respects, and all changes presented within the meaning and equivalents of the appended claims are intended to be included therein.

Claims

1. A method for controlling the operation of multiple wind turbines, wherein, Each wind turbine (101-104) is operable in different operating modes, wherein one or more operating parameters and / or operating characteristics of the wind turbine (101-104) are set differently in the different operating modes, wherein at least some of the different operating modes in which at least a first wind turbine of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) is operable have different effects on the remaining life of at least a second wind turbine of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104), wherein the method includes: - Provides multiple different candidate operating schemes, wherein each operating scheme is a specified operating mode for each of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104), wherein at least one of the plurality of different candidate operating schemes includes an operating mode for each of the first and second wind turbines, the operating mode being selected such that the lifetime of the second wind turbine (103, 104) is increased at the expense of the lifetime and / or energy production of the first wind turbine (101, 102). - Estimate the remaining lifetime and at least one optimized parameter of operation of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) based on the provided candidate operating schemes, wherein estimating the optimized parameter includes, for a predetermined future time period, estimating at least one of the energy production or revenue generated by operating the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) under the candidate operating schemes, and wherein the estimation of the remaining lifetime and the optimized parameter takes into account the impact of the operating mode of the first wind turbine (101, 102) specified in the candidate operating schemes on the remaining lifetime of the second wind turbine (103, 104). - An operating scheme is selected from the plurality of different candidate operating schemes. For the selected operating scheme, the estimated remaining lifetime and / or the optimization parameters respectively meet predetermined criteria, such that the remaining lifetime of all wind turbines is higher than the limit or the energy production or revenue of multiple wind turbines is maximized. The estimation is part of an iterative or optimization process for the plurality of candidate operating schemes, and the plurality of different candidate operating schemes define different operating modes for multiple wind turbines. If the predetermined criteria are not met, the method is repeated for the plurality of different candidate operating schemes, or the operator is notified and the predetermined criteria are adjusted or relaxed. - Operate the multiple wind turbines (101-104) according to the selected operating scheme.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, Meeting the predetermined criteria includes at least one of the following: - The estimated remaining life of each of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) has reached or exceeded the predetermined minimum life; - The estimated optimization parameters are higher than the predetermined threshold; - The estimated optimization parameters are greater than the optimization parameters estimated for other candidate operation schemes.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein, The predetermined minimum lifespan is the date on which the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) are decommissioned.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The method further includes: - Estimate the actual remaining life of each of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104); - Identify wind turbines (103, 104) among the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) whose estimated actual remaining lifetime is below a predetermined threshold, or identify a plurality of wind turbines among the plurality of wind turbines with the lowest estimated actual remaining lifetime; and - One or more of the plurality of different candidate operating schemes are determined by selecting one or more operating modes of the first wind turbines (101, 102), the operation of which affects the life of the identified wind turbines (103, 104) such that the remaining life of the identified wind turbines (103, 104) is increased.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein, The one or more first wind turbines (102, 103) are neighbors of the identified wind turbine (103, 104) and / or are arranged upstream of the identified wind turbine (103, 104) relative to the location of the first wind turbine in the prevailing wind direction (110).

6. The method according to claim 4, wherein, Select an operating mode from the candidate operating schemes of the one or more first wind turbines (101, 102) that reduces wind turbulence at the identified wind turbine (103, 104).

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The selected operating scheme includes selecting an operating mode for each of the first and second wind turbines such that the lifespan of the second wind turbine (103, 104) is increased at the expense of the lifespan and / or energy production of the first wind turbine (101, 102).

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The second wind turbine (103, 104) is positioned in the wake of the first wind turbine (101, 102).

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The predetermined future time period is the period until at least one of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) is decommissioned.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The operating mode of the wind turbine determines at least one of the following: - The activation state of the peak shaving operation feature, which changes the operation curve, and the wind turbine controller uses the operation curve to operate the wind turbine, the operation curve depending on the wind speed to determine the wind turbine settings. - The reduction in the power output of the wind turbine; - The activation state of the wake steering operation feature; - Operating parameters for wake steering maneuvering characteristics; - The activation state and / or operating parameters of the power boosting operation feature, which are activated by increasing the power output of the wind turbine by increasing the power limit of the wind turbine under predetermined wind conditions; - The activation state of the high wind crossing HWRT operating characteristics, which activates the load-based reduction of the output power of the wind turbine in predetermined wind conditions; - The activation status of the PCUK control feature in the power curve upgrade kit, whose activation depends on hardware modifications installed on the wind turbine that modify the control functions of the wind turbine controller; and - The adaptive control system (ACS) control feature is activated, which reduces the output power of the wind turbine if turbulence above a threshold is detected at the wind turbine.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein, The wind turbine is configured with rotor speed and blade pitch; the control function of the wind turbine controller is blade pitch angle control; and the hardware modification installed on the wind turbine is a hardware modification installed on its rotor blades.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, For each of the plurality of different candidate operating schemes, estimate the remaining lifetime and the optimization parameters.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, At least one of the multiple different candidate operating schemes is determined based on prior knowledge of the impact of the operating mode of the first wind turbine (101, 102) on the lifespan of the second wind turbine (103, 104).

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The remaining lifetime and / or the optimization parameters are repeatedly estimated for the multiple different candidate operation schemes, wherein the candidate operation scheme that achieves the highest value of the optimization parameters is selected.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The remaining life is estimated at the component level for different components of the corresponding wind turbine.

16. A control system (10) for controlling the operation of a plurality of wind turbines (101-104), wherein each wind turbine (101-104) is operable in different operating modes under the control of the control system (10), wherein one or more operating parameters and / or operating characteristics of the wind turbines (101-104) are set differently in the different operating modes, wherein, The fact that at least some of the different operating modes operable by at least the first wind turbine (101, 102) of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) have different effects on the remaining lifespan of at least the second wind turbine (103, 104) of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) is further explained by the fact that the remaining lifespan of at least the second wind turbine (103, 104) of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104) is further explained by the fact that the remaining lifespan of at least the first wind turbine (101, 102 ... The control system (10) includes a processing unit (21) and a memory (22), the memory (22) storing control instructions that, when executed by the processing unit (21) of the control system (10), perform the method according to any one of the preceding claims.

17. A computer program for controlling the operation of a plurality of wind turbines, wherein the computer program includes control instructions that, when executed by a processing unit (21) of a control system (10) for controlling the operation of the plurality of wind turbines (101-104), cause the processing unit (21) to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 15.

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