Solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell system utilizing exhaust heat

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell systems using tail gas treatment waste heat, it is related to fuel cell power generation technical field, including: air supply module is connected with fuel cell stack air inlet, fuel cell stack air outlet is connected with tail gas processor first inlet, fuel cell stack hydrogen gas outlet is connected with tail gas processor second inlet, solid-state hydrogen storage bottle cooling liquid outlet is connected with tail gas processor third inlet and heat management module second inlet, solid-state hydrogen storage bottle hydrogen gas outlet is connected with fuel cell stack hydrogen gas inlet by hydrogen gas supply module, heat management module second outlet and tail gas processor second outlet are connected with solid-state hydrogen storage bottle cooling liquid inlet, heat management module first outlet is connected with fuel cell stack cooling liquid inlet, heat management module first inlet is connected with fuel cell stack cooling liquid outlet.The application can reduce the dependence on auxiliary battery, improve hydrogen energy comprehensive utilization rate.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of fuel cell power generation technology, and in particular to a solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell system that utilizes waste heat from exhaust gas treatment. Background Technology

[0002] Hydrogen fuel cell power systems are gradually approaching industrialization in military and civilian fields such as transportation, distributed power stations, aerospace, and underwater vehicles. Therefore, efficient, safe, and economical hydrogen storage technology is crucial for the practical application of hydrogen fuel cell power systems and is a key link in promoting the large-scale utilization of hydrogen fuel cell technology. Based on the state of hydrogen, hydrogen storage methods include compressed gaseous hydrogen storage, cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage, and solid-state hydrogen storage. High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technology suffers from limitations such as large system volume, significant energy loss, high cost, and low safety. Cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage has significant technological difficulties and manufacturing costs. Solid-state hydrogen storage technology is a novel and efficient indirect hydrogen storage method. Its storage principle mainly involves the physical or chemical reaction between solid hydrogen storage materials and hydrogen to absorb hydrogen. When certain external conditions are provided, the hydrogen storage reaction proceeds in reverse, releasing hydrogen. Solid-state hydrogen storage has significant advantages such as high energy density, large hydrogen storage capacity per unit volume, stable and safe compounds, and low cost.

[0003] When solid-state hydrogen storage is used in fuel cell systems, sufficient heat needs to be absorbed for hydrogen release. Therefore, heating pipes and electric heaters are often required for solid-state hydrogen storage tanks. This undoubtedly increases the system's economic and space costs and reduces the overall energy efficiency of the system. In addition, the hysteresis of temperature response and the hydrogen release rate will affect the dynamic response of the fuel cell. Therefore, making reasonable use of the heat generated during system operation is an important way to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Based on this, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell system that utilizes waste heat from exhaust gas treatment.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a solid-state hydrogen fuel cell system that utilizes waste heat from exhaust gas treatment, comprising: a fuel cell stack, a solid-state hydrogen storage cylinder, an exhaust gas processor, a thermal management module, a hydrogen supply module, and an air supply module.

[0006] The air supply module is connected to the air inlet of the fuel cell stack, the air outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the first inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the second inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the coolant outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank is connected to the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor and the second inlet of the thermal management module, the hydrogen outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell stack through the hydrogen supply module, the second outlet of the thermal management module and the second outlet of the exhaust gas processor are both connected to the coolant inlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank, the first outlet of the thermal management module is connected to the coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack, and the first inlet of the thermal management module is connected to the coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack.

[0007] Optionally, the hydrogen supply module includes, in sequence, a hydrogen cylinder outlet pressure sensor, a flow meter, a one-way valve, a hydrogen buffer tank, a hydrogen high-pressure sensor, a pressure reducing valve, a pressure regulating valve, and a hydrogen circulation device, arranged on the pipeline connecting the hydrogen outlet of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell stack.

[0008] Optionally, the hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the hydrogen circulation device via a gas-water separator; the gas-water separator is connected to an exhaust solenoid valve and a drain solenoid valve that are periodically opened respectively.

[0009] Optionally, the exhaust gas processor has a double-layer container structure, comprising an inner container, an outer container, insulation material, and a liquid circulation pipeline; the insulation material is filled in the interlayer between the inner container and the outer container; the liquid circulation pipeline is disposed within the insulation layer and surrounds the inner container.

[0010] Optionally, the inner container is a tail gas catalytic combustion reactor; the insulation material is a low-temperature phase change thermal storage material.

[0011] Optionally, the thermal management module includes: a heat exchanger, a radiator, a first three-way valve, and a first circulating water pump; the inlet of the first three-way valve is the first inlet of the thermal management module, the second inlet of the heat exchanger is the second inlet of the thermal management module, the outlet of the first circulating water pump is the first outlet of the thermal management module, and the second outlet of the heat exchanger is the second outlet of the thermal management module.

[0012] The coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the inlet of the first three-way valve. The first outlet of the first three-way valve is connected to the first inlet of the heat exchanger. The second inlet of the heat exchanger is connected to the coolant outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank. The first outlet of the heat exchanger is connected to the inlet of the radiator. The second outlet of the heat exchanger is connected to the coolant inlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank. The outlet of the radiator and the second outlet of the first three-way valve are connected to the inlet of the first circulating water pump. The outlet of the first circulating water pump is connected to the coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack.

[0013] Optionally, a back pressure valve and a second three-way valve are provided on the connecting pipe between the air outlet of the fuel cell stack and the first inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a gas-water separator and an exhaust solenoid valve are provided on the connecting pipe between the hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack and the second inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a throttling valve is provided on the connecting pipe between the coolant outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank and the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a second circulating water pump and a heater are provided on the connecting pipe between the second outlet of the heat exchanger and the second outlet of the exhaust gas processor and the coolant inlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank.

[0014] To achieve the above objectives, another aspect of the present invention provides a solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell system that utilizes waste heat from exhaust gas treatment, comprising: a fuel cell stack, a solid-state hydrogen storage cylinder, an exhaust gas processor, a thermal management module, a hydrogen supply module, and an air supply module.

[0015] The air supply module is connected to the air inlet of the fuel cell stack, the air outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the first inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the second inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the coolant outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank is connected to the second inlet of the thermal management module, the hydrogen outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell stack through the hydrogen supply module, the second outlet of the thermal management module is connected to the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor is connected to the coolant inlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank, the first outlet of the thermal management module is connected to the coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack, and the first inlet of the thermal management module is connected to the coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack.

[0016] Optionally, a back pressure valve and a second three-way valve are provided on the connecting pipe between the air outlet of the fuel cell stack and the first inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a gas-water separator and an exhaust solenoid valve are provided on the connecting pipe between the hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack and the second inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a throttling valve is provided on the connecting pipe between the second outlet of the thermal management module and the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor; and a second circulating water pump and a heater are provided on the connecting pipe between the second outlet of the exhaust gas processor and the inlet of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder.

[0017] According to specific embodiments provided by the present invention, the present invention discloses the following technical effects:

[0018] The solid-state hydrogen fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas treatment provided by this invention uses the waste heat from the catalytic combustion of hydrogen in the exhaust gas processor to heat the solid-state hydrogen storage tank. This maximizes the utilization of the chemical and thermal energy of the hydrogen input to the fuel cell system, reduces reliance on auxiliary batteries, and improves the overall utilization rate of hydrogen energy. Furthermore, while reducing the safety risks posed by exhaust hydrogen, this invention effectively utilizes waste heat to improve the efficiency of the fuel cell system and the driving range of the power system. Attached Figure Description

[0019] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a solid hydrogen storage fuel cell system that utilizes waste heat from exhaust gas treatment, as provided in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0021] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the solid hydrogen storage fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas treatment, provided in Embodiment 2 of the present invention.

[0022] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the exhaust gas processor.

[0023] Figure 4 This is a flowchart of the control method for a solid hydrogen storage fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas treatment, provided in Embodiment 3 of the present invention.

[0024] Reference numerals: 1-Air supply module, 2-Fuel cell stack, 3-Back pressure valve, 4-Second three-way valve, 5-Exhaust gas processor, 6-Solid hydrogen storage tank, 7-Hydrogen tank outlet pressure sensor, 8-Hydrogen flow meter, 9-Check valve, 10-Hydrogen buffer tank, 11-Hydrogen high-pressure sensor, 12-Pressure reducing valve, 13-Pressure regulating valve, 14-Hydrogen circulation device, 15-Gas-liquid separator, 16-Exhaust solenoid valve, 17-Drain solenoid valve, 18-First circulating water pump, 19-Fuel cell stack coolant inlet Temperature sensor, 20-Stack coolant outlet temperature sensor, 21-First three-way valve, 22-Heat exchanger, 23-Radiator, 24-Throttle valve, 25-Second circulating water pump, 26-Heater, 27-Power converter, 28-Exhaust gas processor first inlet, 29-Exhaust gas processor second inlet, 30-Insulation material, 31-Liquid circulation pipeline, 32-Exhaust gas processor first outlet, 33-Exhaust gas catalytic combustion reactor, 34-Exhaust gas processor third inlet, 35-Exhaust gas processor second outlet. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] To make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0027] Example 1

[0028] like Figure 1 and Figure 3 As shown, the solid-state hydrogen fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas provided in this embodiment includes: a fuel cell stack 2, a solid-state hydrogen storage cylinder 6, an exhaust gas processor 5, a thermal management module, a hydrogen supply module, and an air supply module 1. The thermal management module includes a heat exchanger 22, a radiator 23, a first three-way valve 21, and a first circulating water pump 18. The inlet of the first three-way valve 21 is the first inlet of the thermal management module, the second inlet of the heat exchanger 22 is the second inlet of the thermal management module, the outlet of the first circulating water pump 18 is the first outlet of the thermal management module, and the second outlet of the heat exchanger 22 is the second outlet of the thermal management module.

[0029] Air supply module 1 is connected to the air inlet of fuel cell stack 2. The air outlet of fuel cell stack 2 is connected to the first outlet of the second three-way valve 4 via back pressure valve 3, and then to the first inlet 28 of the exhaust gas processor. The hydrogen outlet of fuel cell stack 2 is connected to the second inlet 29 of the exhaust gas processor via the exhaust solenoid valve 16 integrated on gas-water separator 15. The exhaust gas from the catalytic combustion reaction is discharged from the first outlet 32 ​​of the exhaust gas processor. The coolant outlet of solid hydrogen storage tank 6 is connected to the third inlet 34 of the exhaust gas processor via throttle valve 24. The coolant outlet of solid hydrogen storage tank 6 is connected to the second inlet of heat exchanger 22. The second outlet of heat exchanger 22 and the second outlet 35 of exhaust gas processor are combined and connected to the inlet of second circulating water pump 25. The outlet of second circulating water pump 25 is connected to the coolant inlet of solid hydrogen storage tank 6 via heater 26.

[0030] Among them, the back pressure valve 3 and the air supply module 1 jointly regulate the air pressure and air flow connected to the fuel cell stack 2, the opening degree of the throttle valve 24 is adjustable, and the second circulating water pump 25 is used to provide circulating power for the coolant in the solid hydrogen storage tank 6. The speed can be adjustable or fixed.

[0031] like Figure 2 As shown, the exhaust gas processor 5 has a double-layer container structure. The inner container is the exhaust gas catalytic combustion reactor 33, and there is a sandwich between the inner and outer containers. The sandwich is filled with insulation material 30, and there is a liquid circulation pipeline 31 surrounding the inner exhaust gas catalytic combustion reactor 33 within the insulation material 30. The insulation material 30 includes, but is not limited to, single-phase high heat capacity insulation materials and phase change heat storage materials, such as ceramic fiber, glass fiber, paraffin wax, etc. In this embodiment, the insulation material 30 is a low-temperature phase change heat storage material. When the temperature rises after startup, the phase change material stores heat and maintains it within a certain temperature range. This can effectively prevent the reactor temperature from dropping during the hydrogen discharge interval, thus avoiding the inability to effectively heat the coolant in the solid hydrogen storage tank 6. In addition, during the shutdown phase of the fuel cell system, there will be a long purging time. During this period, the residual heat of the reactor can be stored in the insulation material 30, extending its effective preheating time for the solid hydrogen storage tank 6, which is beneficial for a quick restart after cold start. The tail gas catalytic combustion reactor 33 uses Pt-based or Pd-based catalysts with composite metal oxides or non-metals as supports. The operating temperature is controlled to be ≤800℃. While burning tail gas to discharge hydrogen and recovering heat energy, it effectively inhibits the reaction of N2 in the air to generate NOx, thus avoiding the generation of polluting products.

[0032] The two outlet openings of the second three-way valve 4 are adjustable from 0 to 90°, corresponding to 0 to 100% opening respectively, and the sum of the openings is 100%. The second three-way valve 4 is used to adjust the air flow rate entering the tail gas catalytic combustion reactor 33 to adjust the hydrogen concentration in the tail gas catalytic combustion reactor 33, thereby indirectly adjusting the temperature of the tail gas catalytic combustion reactor 33.

[0033] In the thermal management module, the coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack 2 is connected to the inlet of the first three-way valve 21. The first outlet of the first three-way valve 21 is connected to the first inlet of the heat exchanger 2. The first outlet of the heat exchanger 22 is connected to the inlet of the radiator 23. The outlet of the radiator 23 merges with the second outlet of the first three-way valve 21 and then connects to the coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack 2 via the first circulating water pump 18. The opening degrees of the two outlets of the first three-way valve 21 are adjustable from 0 to 90°, corresponding to 0 to 100% opening degrees respectively, and the sum of the opening degrees is 100%. The opening degree change is only used to adjust the fuel cell stack coolant inlet temperature to the target temperature under the current operating conditions according to the fuel cell stack coolant inlet temperature sensor 19. The radiator 23 is used to cool the fuel cell stack coolant when the heat exchanger 22 cannot lower the fuel cell stack coolant to the target temperature. The first circulating water pump 18 is used to provide coolant circulation power for the fuel cell stack 2 and is only used to control the difference between the fuel cell stack coolant outlet temperature sensor 20 and the fuel cell stack coolant inlet temperature sensor 19 to remain stable within the expected range. Heat exchanger 22 is used to exchange the heat generated by the electrochemical reaction in fuel cell stack 2 with the coolant in solid hydrogen storage tank 6. Equipment such as air supply system motors and power converters 27 also generate heat during operation; therefore, the cooling pipes of the thermal management module are connected to the coolant circuit in solid hydrogen storage tank 6 to more directly utilize the heat generated by auxiliary equipment.

[0034] Solid-state hydrogen storage tank 6 provides the hydrogen required by fuel cell stack 2. High-pressure hydrogen released from the hydrogen outlet of solid-state hydrogen storage tank 6 sequentially passes through the hydrogen cylinder outlet pressure sensor 7, flow meter 8, one-way valve 9, hydrogen buffer tank 10, hydrogen high-pressure sensor 11, pressure reducing valve 12, pressure regulating valve 13, and hydrogen recirculation device 14 in the hydrogen supply module before entering the hydrogen inlet of fuel cell stack 2. The hydrogen outlet of fuel cell stack 2 is connected to gas-liquid separator 15, and the outlet of gas-liquid separator 15 is connected to hydrogen recirculation device 14. Gas-liquid separator 15 includes an exhaust solenoid valve 16 and a drain solenoid valve 17 that open periodically. Among them, the flow meter 8 is used to observe the hydrogen release rate of the solid hydrogen storage tank; the one-way valve 9 prevents the backflow of hydrogen in the hydrogen buffer tube 10 from being adsorbed at low temperature; the hydrogen buffer tank 10 is high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, used to improve the hydrogen supply responsiveness during startup or load change conditions; the pressure reducing valve 12 is used to reduce the pressure of high-pressure hydrogen to the front-end pressure required by the pressure regulating valve 13; the pressure regulating valve 13 is used to provide hydrogen supply at the target pressure for the fuel cell stack 2; the hydrogen circulation device 14 is used to guide the hydrogen at the outlet of the fuel cell stack 2 back to the stack for reaction; the gas-liquid separator 15 is used to separate the liquid water at the outlet of the fuel cell stack 2; when the liquid water accumulates to a certain level, the drain solenoid valve 17 is opened; the exhaust solenoid valve 16 is used to discharge the nitrogen that permeates into the anode during the operation of the fuel cell stack 2 to increase the hydrogen partial pressure, but at the same time, it inevitably discharges a portion of hydrogen; the exhaust solenoid valve 16 is usually opened according to a specific cycle and duty cycle based on the operating conditions.

[0035] This embodiment utilizes the waste heat from the fast-responding exhaust gas processor 5 to preheat and heat the solid hydrogen storage tank 6, minimizing reliance on auxiliary electric heating.

[0036] Example 2

[0037] like Figure 2 As shown, the difference between this example and Embodiment 1 is that the exhaust gas processor 5 is connected in series between the second outlet of the heat exchanger 22 and the inlet of the second circulating water pump 25. This embodiment is for fuel cell systems where the exhaust gas catalytic combustion reactor 33 generates a large amount of heat or has a high temperature. The waste heat from the catalytic combustion reaction is no longer mixed in parallel with the heat absorbed by the auxiliary equipment (air supply module 1 and power conversion equipment 27) and the heat absorbed by the heat exchanger 22 to heat the solid hydrogen storage cylinder 6. Instead, it is used only to heat the coolant that has already been heated by the auxiliary equipment and the heat exchanger 22 before entering the second circulating water pump 25.

[0038] A branch is provided between the second outlet of heat exchanger 22 and the third inlet of exhaust gas processor 5. The other end of the branch merges with the second outlet of exhaust gas processor 5 and enters the second circulating water pump 25 to bypass the exhaust gas processor 5 for secondary heating of the pre-heated coolant. Throttling valve 24 is located between the branch node and the third inlet of exhaust gas processor 5. By controlling the opening degree, it regulates the flow rate of the secondary-heated coolant, and is used to adjust the temperature of the solid hydrogen storage tank 6 according to the hydrogen release rate and outlet pressure, so that the solid hydrogen storage tank operates within the expected range.

[0039] Example 3

[0040] For the solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell systems utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas as provided in Embodiments 1 and 2, this embodiment provides a control method. First, the theoretical flow rate Q required for the operation of the fuel cell stack 2 under the current is calculated according to the following formula. m :

[0041]

[0042] Among them, Q m Let F be the mass flow rate of hydrogen, and F be the Faraday constant. Where is the molar mass of hydrogen, I is the fuel cell stack current, and N is the number of fuel cell stack plates.

[0043] According to pressure regulating valve K v The low outlet pressure threshold of solid hydrogen storage cylinder 6 is calculated using the following formula, based on the hydrogen demand, hydrogen flow rate, and hydrogen inlet pressure (P2) of the fuel cell stack:

[0044]

[0045]

[0046] Among them, K v Q is the flow coefficient of the pressure regulating valve. v P1 is the standard volumetric flow rate of hydrogen, P2 is the inlet pressure of the pressure regulating valve, and ρ is the outlet pressure of the pressure regulating valve. N Here, T represents the standard density of hydrogen gas, and T represents the temperature of hydrogen gas.

[0047] Based on the pressure obtained experimentally or provided by the supplier at the corresponding hydrogen cylinder temperature that causes the solid alloy hydrogen storage material to release hydrogen at a rate of zero, multiplied by a safety factor (less than 1), the high pressure threshold of the outlet of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder 6 is obtained.

[0048] like Figure 4 As shown, when the fuel cell receives the start command, it enters the start-up purging stage. In this stage, the hydrogen buffer tank 10 is opened, the exhaust solenoid valve 16 is fully opened, the first circulating water pump 18 is started, the second circulating water pump 25 is started, the air supply module 1 is opened, the back pressure valve 3 is fully opened, the throttle valve 24 is fully opened, the second outlet of the first three-way valve 21 is 100% open, the first outlet of the first three-way valve 21 is 0% open, and the heater 26 is turned on. The high-concentration exhaust gas during purging passes through the exhaust gas processor 5 and is rapidly heated by catalytic combustion, which rapidly heats the solid hydrogen storage tank 6.

[0049] During normal operation, the exhaust solenoid valve 16 is opened according to a specific duty cycle based on operating conditions. The opening degree of the back pressure valve 3 is controlled according to the required airflow and pressure. The opening degree of the second outlet of the first three-way valve 21 and the opening degree of the radiator 23 are adjusted according to the fuel cell coolant inlet temperature sensor 19.

[0050] When the outlet flow rate of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder 6 is less than the required hydrogen flow rate under operating conditions, or when the outlet pressure of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder 6 is lower than the low pressure threshold, the opening of the throttle valve 24 is increased to increase the flow rate of the coolant heated by the exhaust gas processor 5. The outlet opening of the second three-way valve 4 is controlled to adjust the air concentration entering the exhaust gas processor 5 to increase the temperature of the exhaust gas processor 5 and increase the heat exchange of the coolant. Finally, the heater 26 can be turned on according to the flow rate and pressure of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder 6.

[0051] When the outlet pressure of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder 6 is greater than the high pressure threshold, it indicates that the rate at which the alloy hydrogen storage material releases hydrogen is much greater than or for a long time greater than the required hydrogen flow rate. Therefore, the heater 26 is first turned off, and the opening of the throttle valve 24 is reduced to decrease the flow rate of the coolant heated by the exhaust gas processor 5. The outlet opening of the second three-way valve 4 is controlled to adjust the air concentration entering the exhaust gas processor 5 to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas processor 5, and finally the heating of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder 6 is reduced.

[0052] When the fuel cell system receives a shutdown command, it enters the shutdown purging phase. Generally, the shutdown purging time is significantly longer than the startup purging time. Therefore, a large amount of hydrogen will be directly discharged to the backup exhaust gas processor 5 for catalytic combustion and heat release. At this time, the insulation material 30 will absorb and store this heat. When the fuel cell system is restarted before the insulation material 30 in the exhaust gas processor 5 cools down to the ambient temperature, this heat can heat the coolant in the solid hydrogen storage tank 6 as quickly as possible to promote the rapid heating and hydrogen release of the solid hydrogen storage alloy.

[0053] This invention utilizes the waste heat from the catalytic combustion of hydrogen in the exhaust gas processor to heat the solid-state hydrogen storage tank, maximizing the utilization of the chemical and thermal energy of the hydrogen input to the system, reducing reliance on auxiliary batteries, and improving the overall utilization rate of hydrogen energy. When the pressure or hydrogen release rate of the solid-state hydrogen storage tank does not meet the requirements, the temperature of the exhaust gas processor can be adjusted by regulating the airflow entering the exhaust gas processor, or the heat exchange flow rate entering the exhaust gas processor can be adjusted by regulating the throttle valve opening. This effectively solves the problem of uncontrollable hydrogen tank temperature caused by the inability of the stack coolant temperature to adjust with the hydrogen tank status. The reaction heat of the high-concentration exhaust gas mixture during startup purging is used to rapidly heat the solid-state hydrogen storage tank, and the phase change heat storage material filled in the jacket of the exhaust gas processor stores the reaction heat of the long-term high-concentration exhaust gas mixture during shutdown purging, thereby extending the heat preservation time of the solid-state hydrogen storage tank. This is beneficial for the rapid startup of the fuel cell system next time and greatly reduces or even eliminates the reliance on the auxiliary electric heating device for the solid-state hydrogen storage tank. In addition, while reducing the safety risks caused by exhaust hydrogen, this invention effectively utilizes waste heat to improve the efficiency of the fuel cell system and the driving range of the power system.

[0054] It should be noted that some non-critical components have been omitted in the above embodiments, such as air compressor, air inlet valve, air flow meter, air humidifier, intercooler, hydrogen (air) inlet and outlet temperature and pressure sensors of the fuel cell stack, particulate filter, expansion tank, hydrogen cylinder safety valve or hydrogen pressure relief valve, etc.

[0055] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, with each embodiment focusing on its differences from other embodiments. Similar or identical parts between embodiments can be referred to interchangeably. Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of the invention. The descriptions of the embodiments above are only for the purpose of helping to understand the method and core ideas of the invention; furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that, based on the ideas of the invention, there will be changes in specific implementation methods and application scope. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of the invention.

Claims

1. A solid-state hydrogen fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas treatment, characterized in that, include: Fuel cell stack, solid hydrogen storage tank, exhaust gas processor, thermal management module, hydrogen supply module and air supply module; The air supply module is connected to the air inlet of the fuel cell stack, the air outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the first inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the second inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the coolant outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank is connected to the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor and the second inlet of the thermal management module, the hydrogen outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell stack through the hydrogen supply module, the second outlet of the thermal management module and the second outlet of the exhaust gas processor are both connected to the coolant inlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank, the first outlet of the thermal management module is connected to the coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack, and the first inlet of the thermal management module is connected to the coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack. A back pressure valve and a second three-way valve are installed on the connecting pipe between the air outlet of the fuel cell stack and the first inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a gas-water separator and an exhaust solenoid valve are installed on the connecting pipe between the hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack and the second inlet of the exhaust gas processor. A throttling valve is installed on the connecting pipe between the coolant outlet of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder and the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a second circulating water pump and a heater are installed on the connecting pipe between the second outlet of the thermal management module and the second outlet of the exhaust gas processor and the coolant inlet of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder.

2. The solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The hydrogen supply module includes, in sequence, a hydrogen cylinder outlet pressure sensor, a flow meter, a one-way valve, a hydrogen buffer tank, a hydrogen high-pressure sensor, a pressure reducing valve, a pressure regulating valve, and a hydrogen circulation device, arranged on the pipeline connecting the hydrogen outlet of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell stack.

3. The solid-state hydrogen fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas treatment according to claim 2, characterized in that, The hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the hydrogen circulation device via a gas-water separator; the gas-water separator is connected to an exhaust solenoid valve and a drain solenoid valve that are periodically opened respectively.

4. The solid-state hydrogen fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The exhaust gas processor has a double-layer container structure, comprising an inner container, an outer container, insulation material, and a liquid circulation pipeline; the insulation material is filled in the interlayer between the inner and outer containers; the liquid circulation pipeline is disposed within the insulation material and surrounds the inner container.

5. The solid-state hydrogen storage fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas treatment according to claim 4, characterized in that, The inner container is a tail gas catalytic combustion reactor; the insulation material is a low-temperature phase change thermal storage material.

6. The solid-state hydrogen fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas treatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thermal management module includes: a heat exchanger, a radiator, a first three-way valve, and a first circulating water pump; the inlet of the first three-way valve is the first inlet of the thermal management module, the second inlet of the heat exchanger is the second inlet of the thermal management module, the outlet of the first circulating water pump is the first outlet of the thermal management module, and the second outlet of the heat exchanger is the second outlet of the thermal management module. The coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the inlet of the first three-way valve. The first outlet of the first three-way valve is connected to the first inlet of the heat exchanger. The second inlet of the heat exchanger is connected to the coolant outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank. The first outlet of the heat exchanger is connected to the inlet of the radiator. The second outlet of the heat exchanger is connected to the coolant inlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank. The outlet of the radiator and the second outlet of the first three-way valve are connected to the inlet of the first circulating water pump. The outlet of the first circulating water pump is connected to the coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack.

7. A solid-state hydrogen fuel cell system utilizing waste heat from exhaust gas treatment, characterized in that, include: Fuel cell stack, solid hydrogen storage tank, exhaust gas processor, thermal management module, hydrogen supply module and air supply module; The air supply module is connected to the air inlet of the fuel cell stack, the air outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the first inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack is connected to the second inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the coolant outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank is connected to the second inlet of the thermal management module, the hydrogen outlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank is connected to the hydrogen inlet of the fuel cell stack through the hydrogen supply module, the second outlet of the thermal management module is connected to the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor, the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor is connected to the coolant inlet of the solid hydrogen storage tank, the first outlet of the thermal management module is connected to the coolant inlet of the fuel cell stack, and the first inlet of the thermal management module is connected to the coolant outlet of the fuel cell stack. A back pressure valve and a second three-way valve are installed on the connecting pipe between the air outlet of the fuel cell stack and the first inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a gas-water separator and an exhaust solenoid valve are installed on the connecting pipe between the hydrogen outlet of the fuel cell stack and the second inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a throttling valve is installed on the connecting pipe between the second outlet of the thermal management module and the third inlet of the exhaust gas processor; a second circulating water pump and a heater are installed on the connecting pipe between the second outlet of the exhaust gas processor and the inlet of the solid hydrogen storage cylinder.

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