Monitoring system and monitoring data processing method for open-pit to underground mining experimental model

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of open pit to underground mining experimental model monitoring system and monitoring data processing method, the monitoring system includes experimental model, three-dimensional camera, monitoring device and terminal.In experimental model outside place three-dimensional camera is used to obtain the deformation condition of overburden and steep slope, and the point cloud and RGB image information collected are transmitted to terminal for three-dimensional reconstruction and morphological analysis.Monitoring device is used to measure the lateral earth pressure, water pressure and displacement change of soil body.Terminal is connected to monitoring device through data collector, receives and stores monitoring data from each device, and processes, analyzes and displays.The application has the advantages that: all-around, multi-angle observation of mine room and pillar mining on the change of internal stress, displacement, moisture content of mine;Instantly, effectively reflect the change of rock mass around mine room and pillar in different mining stages.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of mining technology, and in particular to a monitoring system and monitoring data processing method for an experimental model of open-pit to underground mining. Background Technology

[0002] After decades of continuous high-intensity mining, most open-pit mines have entered the deep-pit open-pit mining stage, and most mines are currently or have already transitioned to underground mining. Underground mining activities will create several underground negative spaces within a certain area, disrupting the original stress distribution and equilibrium, and forming mining-induced fractures in the surrounding rock and overlying strata. Underground rivers continuously infiltrate and transport to the surrounding areas through these fractures, causing soil softening, loss of original stable mechanical characteristics, and leading to roof falls and collapses in working platforms and roadways. Surface water and atmospheric precipitation easily converge into the mine pit and underground roadways through various channels, eroding the working platforms and affecting the stability of the overlying strata-slope system.

[0003] Currently, many researchers have established similar simulation experiments for open-pit to underground mining in laboratories to study changes in stress, water content, and displacement during the transition. However, due to the specific nature of the equipment used to monitor changes in the physical properties of rock strata, existing monitoring equipment and methods are difficult to widely implement in laboratory models, and the monitored data has certain limitations and inconsistencies. Therefore, it is necessary to design a monitoring system and data processing method for the open-pit to underground mining experimental model to ensure the reliability of the conclusions and to verify them against theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention addresses the shortcomings of existing technologies by providing a monitoring system and data processing method for an experimental model of open-pit to underground mining. It enables the study of the mechanical characteristics of the overlying rock-slope system during the open-pit to underground mining transition, exploring the interaction mechanisms between open-pit to underground mining and atmospheric precipitation, surface water, and groundwater. It also allows for effective monitoring of stress, displacement, and water content, thereby guiding efficient and safe mining operations.

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0006] A monitoring system for an open-pit to underground mining experimental model includes: an experimental model, a trinocular stereo camera, a monitoring device, and a terminal;

[0007] A three-lens stereo camera was placed on the front and both sides of the steep slope of the experimental model to acquire information on the deformation of the overlying rock and the slope, including morphological changes, crack propagation, and landslide phenomena. The acquired point cloud and RGB image information were transmitted to the terminal for 3D reconstruction and morphological analysis.

[0008] The monitoring device is deployed at the monitoring points;

[0009] The monitoring points include: multiple three-dimensional spatial monitoring points and multiple stope-pillar monitoring points;

[0010] Multiple three-dimensional spatial monitoring points are located in the experimental model. A Cartesian coordinate system with X, Y, and Z axes is established in the experimental model, and the position of each three-dimensional spatial monitoring point is set.

[0011] The lower right corner of the experimental model is located near the internal three-dimensional spatial monitoring point, which serves as the origin of the coordinate system. Following the rules of the Cartesian coordinate system for the X, Y, and Z axes, a three-dimensional spatial monitoring point is set every 20 cm.

[0012] Set up stope-pillar monitoring points around the stope and pillars: set up a stope-pillar monitoring point every 20cm at a distance of 5cm perpendicular to the center line of the stope and pillar.

[0013] The terminal connects to the monitoring device via a data acquisition unit. The acquisition unit processes and converts electrical signals from the monitoring device, and the terminal processes and analyzes the data collected by the monitoring device to obtain the data required by the user.

[0014] Furthermore, the monitoring device includes: an earth pressure cell, a pore water pressure gauge, a displacement sensor, and a data acquisition unit;

[0015] Earth pressure cell: An earth pressure cell is used to measure the lateral earth pressure in the soil within an experimental model.

[0016] Void water pressure gauge: A void water pressure gauge is used to measure the water pressure in the soil and rock within an experimental model in order to monitor the water pressure within the soil and rock.

[0017] Displacement sensor: The displacement sensor is used to measure the deformation of the soil in the experimental model in order to monitor the displacement changes of the soil and rock.

[0018] Furthermore, the terminal functions as follows:

[0019] Data reception and storage: The terminal receives and stores monitoring data from various monitoring devices, including earth pressure cells, pore water pressure gauges, displacement sensors, and stereo cameras. This data includes information such as soil stress, displacement, and pore water pressure, as well as point cloud and RGB image information captured by the stereo camera.

[0020] Data Processing and Analysis: The terminal is equipped with corresponding software tools and algorithms to process and analyze the received monitoring data. It can interpret, analyze, and calculate data from earth pressure cells, pore water pressure gauges, and displacement sensors to obtain data on deformation characteristics, stress state, and water pressure. Simultaneously, the terminal can also perform 3D reconstruction and morphological analysis on point cloud and RGB image information acquired by the camera through image processing and analysis technology, further providing an understanding of the deformation characteristics and instability mechanisms of the experimental model.

[0021] Data display and visualization: The terminal can display the processed and analyzed data results in the form of graphs and charts.

[0022] Anomaly monitoring and early warning: The terminal can monitor the deformation process of the experimental model in real time by receiving real-time data through the monitoring device, and use preset thresholds and algorithms to monitor and warn of anomalies.

[0023] The present invention also discloses the processing steps of the terminal for data from the trinocular stereo camera, as follows:

[0024] Step 1: Crop the images captured by the trinocular stereo camera to remove information irrelevant to the experimental model.

[0025] Step 2: Perform adaptive thresholding and grayscale processing on the cropped image to improve image quality.

[0026] Step 3: Plant multi-pixel seed points in the local damaged area of ​​the slope and combine them with point cloud coordinates to start growth in order to determine the outline of the damaged area.

[0027] Step 4: Use median filtering and the ContourArea function to remove isolated and non-destructive regions to improve the accuracy of destructive regions.

[0028] Step 5: Use the Canny operator to further extract and optimize the contours of the identified damaged areas to obtain more accurate edge information.

[0029] Step 6: Calculate the width, depth, and length of the crack by extracting the contour of the damaged area, and describe the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal variation of the crack.

[0030] Step 7: Based on the data on the changes in the area and volume of the damaged area as the slope slips, the evolution mechanism of the steep slope from local damage to overall instability is obtained.

[0031] The present invention also discloses the steps for the terminal to process the data from the monitoring device, as follows:

[0032] Step 1: Establish a numerical calculation model using the discrete element method software MatDem: Based on the geometry and material properties of the experimental model, establish a numerical calculation model in MatDem that is completely similar to the experimental model. The calculation model will be used to calculate the changes in stress, displacement, and water content parameters.

[0033] Step 2: Calculate and compare experimental data: Perform numerical calculations in MatDem to obtain stress, displacement, and moisture content data corresponding to the monitoring points of the experimental model. Compare the calculation results with the monitoring values ​​of the experimental model to evaluate the authenticity and accuracy of the similar experimental data.

[0034] Step 3: Use MATLAB's griddata function for interpolation: Export the stress, pore water pressure, and displacement data calculated by MatDem, and use MATLAB's griddata function for interpolation. During the interpolation process, obtain the stress, pore water pressure, and displacement data for the cross-section, longitudinal section, and strata.

[0035] Step 4: Visualization Analysis: Using MATLAB's surf and contour functions, based on the data obtained through interpolation, plot the distribution maps and contour maps of various physical fields within the overburden and steep slopes to obtain visualization results.

[0036] Step 5: Combining the data and visualization results of the instability evolution of the steep slope system, we further obtained the instability mechanism of the overburden and steep slope caused by the complex stress disturbance process coupled with rainfall-groundwater seepage erosion.

[0037] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows:

[0038] 1. Comprehensive, multi-angle observation of the impact of stope and pillar mining on stress, displacement, and moisture content changes within the mine. Innovatively, three-dimensional spatial monitoring points are set up within the mine to monitor stress, displacement, and moisture content changes in large local areas of the mine at different stages of mining from three vertical directions. Combined with the failure location coordinates of steep slopes monitored at various time points by external tri-lens stereo cameras from multiple directions, the intrinsic relationship between local and overall failure of steep slopes in space is further examined.

[0039] 2. It provides real-time and effective feedback on changes in the surrounding rock mass of the stope and pillars at different mining stages. By pre-embedding sensors in the stope and pillars, it provides real-time observation and measurement data, which can offer effective safety decision-making support for actual mining processes. The experimental model's monitoring system comprises three main monitoring areas: a stope-pillar monitoring area, a three-dimensional spatial monitoring area within the mine, and an external deformation monitoring area. It effectively records key parameters such as stress, water content, pore water pressure, and displacement deformation during the experiment, acquiring the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the stress field, seepage field, and displacement field during the system's failure process. This allows for the revelation of the progressive failure mechanism of the overlying rock-slope system under fluid seepage and erosion at an engineering scale.

[0040] 3. Observation and Measurement: The obtained data can be used to monitor and record changes in various factors, such as groundwater level, water quality, and soil changes. This observation and measurement data can be used to assess and analyze various impacts and effects during the mining process.

[0041] 4. This study can investigate the relationship between local fracturing and overall failure of steep slopes during surface runoff erosion. A deployed tri-lens stereo camera can monitor the entire deformation and failure process of steep slopes during heavy rainfall, recording failure images at various time points, obtaining the coordinates of failure locations within the image area, determining the spatial distribution characteristics of failure locations at each time point, and further examining the intrinsic connection between local and overall failure of steep slopes in space. Combining the temporal and spatial evolution patterns of steep slope deformation and fracturing, this study can further reveal the fracturing and instability evolution mechanism of steep slopes during rainfall erosion and infiltration processes.

[0042] 5. Instability Mechanism of Overburden-Steep Slope System under Combined Mining Processes. According to experimental requirements, sensors were used to record key parameters such as geostress, water content, pore pressure, and displacement deformation during the test process. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the stress field, seepage field, and displacement field during the system failure process were obtained, thereby revealing the progressive failure mechanism of the overburden-steep slope system under fluid seepage erosion at an engineering scale. Attached Figure Description

[0043] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the monitoring system structure in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional spatial monitoring points inside the experimental model of this invention embodiment;

[0045] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the stope-pillar monitoring point according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram showing the connection between the monitoring device, data collector, and terminal in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0047] Figure 5This is a schematic diagram of the top-view orientation monitoring using a trinocular stereo camera according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0048] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the side-view orientation monitoring of a trinocular stereo camera according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0049] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the orthographic orientation monitoring of a trinocular stereo camera according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0050] Figure 8 This is a two-dimensional diagram of traditional stress distribution in existing technologies;

[0051] Figure 9 A three-dimensional spatial stress distribution diagram established according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0052] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.

[0053] I. Monitoring System

[0054] like Figure 1 As shown, the monitoring system includes: an experimental model, a trinocular stereo camera 1, a monitoring device, and a terminal 13;

[0055] The experimental model includes: stope 2, pillar 3, bedrock 4, deep ore body 5, aquifer 6, and shallow ore body 7.

[0056] like Figures 5 to 7 As shown, a three-lens stereo camera 1 is placed on the front and two sides of the steep slope of the experimental model to acquire the deformation of the overlying rock and the steep slope, including morphological changes, crack propagation, and landslide phenomena. The acquired point cloud and RGB image information is transmitted to the terminal 13 for three-dimensional reconstruction and morphological analysis, which helps to understand the deformation characteristics and instability mechanisms of the system, provides important experimental data, and provides a reference for mine engineering stability assessment and disaster prevention and mitigation. The three-lens stereo camera can continuously monitor the deformation process of the experimental model, provide quantitative deformation data through image processing and analysis technology, and promptly detect anomalies, providing a scientific basis for mine management and engineering design.

[0057] The monitoring points include: 8 three-dimensional spatial monitoring points inside the mine and 9 stope-pillar monitoring points.

[0058] like Figure 2 As shown, multiple three-dimensional spatial monitoring points 8 are located in the center of the experimental model. A Cartesian coordinate system with X, Y, and Z axes is established in the experimental model, and the position of each three-dimensional spatial monitoring point 8 is set.

[0059] The three-dimensional spatial monitoring point 8 is located at the lower right corner of the experimental model, with the origin of the coordinate system as the point. Following the rules of the XYZ axis Cartesian coordinate system, a three-dimensional spatial monitoring point 8 is set every 20 cm. The positions of these monitoring points are distributed along the surface or interior space of the entire experimental model.

[0060] like Figure 3 As shown, stope-pillar monitoring points 9 are set up around the stope 2 and pillar 3 of the monitoring device: one stope-pillar monitoring point 9 is set up every 20cm at a position 5cm perpendicular to the center line of the stope and pillar. These monitoring points should cover the entire area around the stope and pillar.

[0061] like Figure 4 As shown, the monitoring device is arranged at the monitoring point, and the monitoring device includes: earth pressure cell 10, pore water pressure gauge 11 and displacement sensor 12;

[0062] Earth pressure cell 10: The earth pressure cell is used to measure lateral earth pressure in the soil within the experimental model. It should be installed close to the point of interest and underground. The specific installation location depends on the specific circumstances; it is usually chosen to be buried on the side of the slope, ensuring an appropriate distance from the point of interest to guarantee the representativeness of the measurement.

[0063] Porous water pressure gauge 11: The porous water pressure gauge is used to measure the water pressure in the soil and rock within an experimental model to monitor the water pressure situation within the soil and rock mass. When installing the porous water pressure gauge, local water pressure variations in media such as fissures and pores must be considered. The specific location should be chosen based on the needs of the specific project, but generally, it can be embedded or fixed inside the soil and rock mass in the region of interest.

[0064] Displacement sensor 12: The displacement sensor is used to measure the deformation of the soil within the experimental model to monitor displacement changes in the soil and rock mass. The installation location of the displacement sensor will vary depending on the specific research objective. Generally, the sensor needs to be installed in key locations to ensure effective monitoring of important displacement changes. The sensor can be fixed at the measurement point of interest or buried inside the soil.

[0065] The terminal 13 has the following function:

[0066] Data reception and storage: The terminal connects to various monitoring devices via a data acquisition unit to receive and store monitoring data from equipment such as earth pressure cells, pore water pressure gauges, displacement sensors, and stereo cameras. This data includes information on soil stress, displacement, pore water pressure, as well as point cloud and RGB image information captured by the stereo camera.

[0067] The data acquisition unit is used to process and convert electrical signals from the earth pressure cell, pore water pressure gauge, and displacement sensor.

[0068] Data Processing and Analysis: The terminal is equipped with corresponding software tools and algorithms to process and analyze the received monitoring data. It can interpret, analyze, and calculate data from devices such as earth pressure cells, pore water pressure gauges, and displacement sensors to obtain relevant data such as deformation characteristics, stress state, and water pressure conditions. Simultaneously, the terminal can also perform 3D reconstruction and morphological analysis on point cloud and RGB image information acquired by the camera through image processing and analysis technology, further providing an understanding of the deformation characteristics and instability mechanisms of the experimental model.

[0069] Data Display and Visualization: The terminal can display the processed and analyzed data results in the form of graphics, charts, and other formats. Through software tools, it generates visualizations such as 3D distribution maps, contour maps, and deformation curves, intuitively showing the distribution of various physical fields within the overlying rock-slope system. These graphics and charts are of great significance for understanding the system's evolutionary characteristics, assessing the stability of mining projects, and providing references for disaster prevention and mitigation.

[0070] Anomaly monitoring and early warning: The terminal can monitor the deformation process of the experimental model in real time by receiving real-time data through the monitoring device, and use preset thresholds and algorithms to monitor and warn of anomalies.

[0071] II. Monitoring of the interior of the overlying rock and steep slope

[0072] To comprehensively monitor the internal stress, displacement, and seepage fields of a steep overburden slope system, an earth pressure cell, a pore water pressure gauge, and a displacement sensor are required. The earth pressure cell is a measuring device used to detect lateral earth pressure in the soil. It should be located underground, close to the measuring point. Before the experiment, ensure the integrity of the cable to prevent water damage and ensure experimental safety. The pore water pressure gauge is a specialized instrument for measuring water pressure in soil and rock. It can measure pore water pressure in media such as fissures and pores. It needs to be calibrated before use to ensure accurate measurements. Note that the pore water pressure gauge should not be exposed to sunlight. The displacement sensor is a specialized instrument for soil deformation. The sensor needs to be calibrated before first use.

[0073] like Figure 1 As shown, the point on the lower right side of the similar model is defined as the origin, and a Cartesian coordinate system is established for the XYZ axes. Monitoring points are set every 20m in three-dimensional space. Figure 2 To monitor the changes in stress, displacement, and moisture content around the stope and pillars during mining, monitoring points were set at 5cm perpendicular to the centerline of stope 2 and pillar 3, and every 20cm, with relevant monitoring devices placed there. Figure 3 To comprehensively monitor the evolution characteristics of stress field, displacement field, and seepage field in the open-pit to underground mining experimental model.

[0074] The terminal processes the data from the monitoring device as follows:

[0075] Step 1: Establish a numerical calculation model using the discrete element method software MatDem: Based on the geometry and material properties of the experimental model, establish a numerical calculation model in MatDem that is completely similar to the experimental model. This calculation model will be used to calculate changes in parameters such as stress, displacement, and water content. Partial code is shown below:

[0076] d1=load('slope / XYZData.txt'); ateIJ(X1,Y1,90); x1=min(X1); x2=max(X1); y1=min(Y1); y2=max(Y1); F1=scatteredInte rpolant(X1,Y1,Z1,'natural','nearest');gSide=20;[gX,gY]=meshgrid(x1:gSide:x2,y1:gSid e:y2);gZ=F1(gX,gY);figuresurface(gX,gY,gZ,gZ);fs.general3Dset();

[0077] Step 2: Calculate and compare experimental data: Perform numerical calculations in MatDem to obtain data such as stress, displacement, and moisture content corresponding to the monitoring points of the experimental model. Compare the calculation results with the monitoring values ​​of the experimental model to evaluate the authenticity and accuracy of the similar experimental data.

[0078] Step 3: Perform interpolation using MATLAB's griddata function: Export the stress, pore water pressure, and displacement data calculated by MatDem, and then perform interpolation using MATLAB's griddata function. During the interpolation process, you can choose to use the V4 interpolation method to obtain stress, pore water pressure, and displacement data for cross-sections, longitudinal sections, and bedding planes.

[0079] Step 4: Visualization Analysis: Using MATLAB's `surf` and `contour` functions, based on the interpolated data, distribution maps and contour maps of various physical fields within the overlying rock and steep slope were plotted, yielding visualization results. These visualizations provide a more intuitive understanding of the changes and evolution characteristics of the physical fields.

[0080] Step 5: Combine steep slope system failure and instability evolution data: Combine the steep slope system failure and instability evolution data obtained from the above analysis with the visualization results to further obtain the overburden and steep slope instability mechanism of complex stress disturbance process coupled with rainfall-groundwater seepage erosion.

[0081] III. External Image Data Acquisition

[0082] To monitor the displacement field during slope landslides and understand the dynamic process of landslides in a timely manner, one PointGreyBumblebee×3 tri-lens stereo camera and one high-definition camera were placed on the front and side of the steep slope to acquire point cloud and RGB image information for monitoring the deformation and instability process of the overburden-slope system.

[0083] The terminal processes the data from the trinocular stereo camera as follows:

[0084] Step 1: Crop the images captured by the trinocular stereo camera to remove information irrelevant to the experimental model.

[0085] Images captured by a trinocular stereo camera are loaded into the computer. Then, according to the requirements and needs of the experimental model, image processing software or image processing functions in a programming language are used to crop the images. By adjusting the position and size of the cropping frame, information irrelevant to the experimental model is removed from the image, retaining only the parts related to the damaged area.

[0086] Step 2: Perform adaptive thresholding and grayscale processing on the cropped image to improve image quality.

[0087] After cropping, an adaptive thresholding algorithm is applied to binarize the image. This algorithm automatically adjusts the threshold based on brightness variations in different regions of the image, making target objects in the image more clearly visible. Next, the binarized image is converted to grayscale. This reduces computational load and improves the effectiveness of subsequent processing steps.

[0088] Step 3: Plant multi-pixel seed points in the local damaged area of ​​the slope and combine them with point cloud coordinates to start growth in order to determine the outline of the damaged area.

[0089] For the cropped image, multiple seed pixels are planted within the damaged area of ​​the slope. Simultaneously, point cloud coordinates are mapped to the image. Then, a region growing algorithm is used to grow from the seed pixels, gradually extending the edges until the outline of the damaged area is determined. During the growing process, the color or intensity features of the pixels can be used as criteria to ensure the accuracy of the damaged area outline.

[0090] Step 4: Use median filtering and the ContourArea function to remove isolated and non-destructive regions to improve the accuracy of destructive regions.

[0091] Based on the characteristics of the damaged areas, median filtering is used to smooth the image, removing noise and small interfering areas to improve the accuracy of the damaged areas. Then, the ContourArea function is used to calculate the area of ​​the contours. According to a set threshold, contours with excessively small areas are considered as isolated or non-damaged areas and are removed.

[0092] Step 5: Use the Canny operator to further extract and optimize the contours of the identified damaged areas to obtain more accurate edge information.

[0093] The Canny operator is used for edge detection in the image to further extract and optimize the contours of identified damaged areas. The Canny operator identifies regions with significant gradient changes in the image and uses them as candidate points for contours. By adjusting the parameters of the Canny operator, the sensitivity and accuracy of the contours can be controlled, resulting in more precise edge information.

[0094] Step 6: Calculate the width, depth, and length of the crack by extracting the contour of the damaged area, and describe the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal variation of the crack.

[0095] Step 7: Based on the data on the changes in the area and volume of the damaged area as the slope slips, the evolution mechanism of the steep slope from local damage to overall instability is obtained.

[0096] To verify the effectiveness and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention, the following experiments were conducted:

[0097] like Figure 8 As shown, the internal stress of the traditional processing experimental model in the existing technology is usually taken from a cross-section of a certain area. The resulting image shows a blurry and non-specific stress distribution, and the selected area is limited, so it cannot represent the overall stress change pattern.

[0098] Three-dimensional spatial stress distribution maps can effectively reflect the stress variation process and distribution law within the experimental model. Furthermore, according to the technical solution of this invention, three-dimensional spatial distribution cloud maps of displacement and water content can be established. Figure 9 ).

[0099] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments described herein are intended to help the reader understand the implementation methods of the present invention, and should be understood that the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to such specific statements and embodiments. Those skilled in the art can make various other specific modifications and combinations based on the technical teachings disclosed in this invention without departing from the spirit of the invention, and these modifications and combinations are still within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A monitoring system for an experimental model of open-pit to underground mining, characterized in that, Includes: experimental model, trinocular stereo camera, monitoring device and terminal; A three-eye stereo camera was placed on the front and both sides of the steep slope of the experimental model to obtain the deformation of the overlying rock and the steep slope, including morphological changes, crack propagation, and landslide phenomena. The collected point cloud and RGB image information are transmitted to the terminal for 3D reconstruction and morphological analysis. The monitoring device is deployed at the monitoring points; The monitoring device includes: an earth pressure cell, a pore water pressure gauge, a displacement sensor, and a data acquisition unit; Earth pressure cell: An earth pressure cell is used to measure the lateral earth pressure in the soil within an experimental model; Porous water pressure gauge: A porous water pressure gauge is used to measure the water pressure in the soil and rock within an experimental model in order to monitor the water pressure within the soil and rock. Displacement sensor: The displacement sensor is used to measure the deformation of the soil in the experimental model in order to monitor the displacement changes of the soil and rock mass; The monitoring points include: multiple three-dimensional spatial monitoring points and multiple stope-pillar monitoring points; Multiple three-dimensional spatial monitoring points are located in the experimental model. A Cartesian coordinate system with X, Y, and Z axes is established in the experimental model, and the position of each three-dimensional spatial monitoring point is set. The lower right corner of the experimental model is located near the internal three-dimensional space monitoring point, which serves as the origin of the coordinate system. Following the rules of the Cartesian coordinate system for the X, Y, and Z axes, a three-dimensional space monitoring point is set every 20 cm. Set up stope-pillar monitoring points around the stope and pillars: set up a stope-pillar monitoring point every 20cm at a point 5cm perpendicular to the center line of the stope and pillars; The terminal connects to the monitoring device via a data acquisition unit. The acquisition unit processes and converts electrical signals from the monitoring device, and the terminal processes and analyzes the data collected by the monitoring device to obtain the data needed by the user.

2. The monitoring system for an open-pit to underground mining experimental model according to claim 1, characterized in that, The terminal serves the following functions: Data reception and storage: The terminal receives and stores monitoring data from the earth pressure cell, pore water pressure gauge, displacement sensor and stereo camera by connecting to various monitoring devices; these data include soil stress, displacement, pore water pressure information, as well as point cloud and RGB image information captured by the stereo camera. Data processing and analysis: The terminal is equipped with corresponding software tools and algorithms to process and analyze the received monitoring data; it can interpret, analyze and calculate the data from the earth pressure cell, pore water pressure gauge and displacement sensor to obtain data on deformation characteristics, stress state and water pressure; at the same time, the terminal can also perform three-dimensional reconstruction and morphological analysis on the point cloud and RGB image information acquired by the camera through image processing and analysis technology, further providing an understanding of the deformation characteristics and instability mechanism of the experimental model; Data display and visualization: The terminal can display the processed and analyzed data results in the form of graphs and charts; Anomaly monitoring and early warning: The terminal can monitor the deformation process of the experimental model in real time by receiving real-time data through the monitoring device, and use preset thresholds and algorithms to monitor and warn of anomalies.

3. The monitoring system for an open-pit to underground mining experimental model according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The terminal processes the data from the trinocular stereo camera as follows: Step 1: Crop the images captured by the trinocular stereo camera to remove information irrelevant to the experimental model; Step 2: Perform adaptive thresholding and grayscale processing on the cropped image to improve image quality; Step 3: Plant multi-pixel seed points in the local damaged area of ​​the slope and combine them with point cloud coordinates to start growth in order to determine the outline of the damaged area; Step 4: Use median filtering and the ContourArea function to remove isolated and non-destructive regions to improve the accuracy of removing destroyed regions; Step 5: Use the Canny operator to further extract and optimize the contours of the identified damaged areas to obtain more accurate edge information; Step 6: Calculate the width, depth, and length of the crack by extracting the outline of the damaged area, and describe the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal variation law of the crack; Step 7: Based on the data on the changes in the area and volume of the damaged area as the slope slips, the evolution mechanism of the steep slope from local damage to overall instability is obtained.

4. The monitoring system for an open-pit to underground mining experimental model according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The terminal processes the data from the monitoring device as follows: Step 1: Establish a numerical calculation model using the discrete element method software MatDem: Based on the geometry and material properties of the experimental model, establish a numerical calculation model in MatDem that is completely similar to the experimental model; the calculation model will be used to calculate the changes in stress, displacement, and moisture content parameters. Step 2: Calculate and compare experimental data: Perform numerical calculations in MatDem to obtain stress, displacement, and moisture content data corresponding to the monitoring points of the experimental model; compare the calculation results with the monitoring values ​​of the experimental model to evaluate the authenticity and accuracy of similar experimental data; Step 3: Use MATLAB's griddata function for interpolation: Export the stress, pore water pressure, and displacement data calculated by MatDem, and use MATLAB's griddata function for interpolation; during the interpolation process, obtain the stress, pore water pressure, and displacement data of the cross section, longitudinal section, and layer. Step 4: Visualization Analysis: Using MATLAB's surf and contour functions, based on the data obtained through interpolation, plot the distribution maps and contour maps of various physical fields within the overburden and steep slope, respectively, to obtain visualization results; Step 5: Combining the data and visualization results of the instability evolution of the steep slope system, we further obtained the instability mechanism of the overburden and steep slope caused by the complex stress disturbance process coupled with rainfall-groundwater seepage erosion.

Images