Insulating mold plate, forging press and ceramic insulator

Abstract

An insulated die plate (1) suitable for the field of sufficient, a forging press (10) suitable for the field of sufficient and a ceramic insulator (40) suitable for the field of sufficient to provide the most effective insulation possible with the most effective force or pressure transmission.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to an insulating mold plate comprising two end plates arranged parallel to each other and an insulating layer disposed between the two end plates. The insulating layer comprises a ceramic insulator, wherein the insulating layer defines at least an insulator plane arranged parallel to the end plates, wherein the insulators are spaced apart adjacent to each other on the insulating plane, such that an intermediate space is disposed between the insulators on the insulating plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portion of the insulators and the surface portion of the intermediate space. The invention also relates to a forging press for pressing a semi-finished product along a pressing direction, comprising a pressing pusher and including at least one traction rod, and including at least one upper die and at least one lower die, wherein each die includes a cold die component and a hot die component, wherein each die includes an insulating mold plate arranged perpendicular to the pressing direction, wherein the insulating mold plate is correspondingly disposed between the cold die component and the hot die component, wherein each mold plate is disposed between a cold-covered side and a hot-covered side, the cold-covered side being located on the side of the cold die component and the hot-covered side being located on the side of the hot die component. Similarly, the present invention relates to a forging press for pressing semi-finished products along a pressing direction, comprising a pressing pusher and including at least one traction rod, and including at least one upper die and at least one lower die, wherein each die includes a cold die component and a hot die component, wherein each die includes an insulating layer arranged perpendicular to the pressing direction, wherein the insulating layer is correspondingly arranged between the cold die component and the hot die component, wherein each insulating layer is arranged between a cold cover side and a hot cover side, the cold cover side being located on the side of the cold die component and the hot cover side being located on the side of the hot die component, wherein the insulating layer comprises a ceramic insulator, wherein an insulator plane is defined for the insulating layer at least parallel to the end plate, wherein the insulators are spaced apart adjacent to each other on the insulating plane, such that an intermediate space is formed between the insulators on the insulating plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portion of the insulator and the surface portion of the intermediate space. Furthermore, the present invention includes a ceramic insulator for insulation in the dies of the forging press. Background Technology

[0002] Forging presses, especially isothermal forging presses, are generally known from the prior art. Here, isothermal forging presses are used, for example, to isothermally forge near-net-shape metal semi-finished products under vacuum. These methods can also be called HIF methods (hot isothermal forging), in which titanium or molybdenum materials or so-called superalloys can be forged at high temperatures with low deformation rates under superplastic conditions, for example.

[0003] Isothermal forging using a suitable forging press is characterized by forging at high and constant temperatures, even within the forming zone. For this reason, it is necessary that the material near the forming zone be particularly heat-resistant. Examples of forging presses where all dies are made of correspondingly heat-resistant materials have proven uneconomical, noting that this is particularly expensive. For this reason, only the area adjacent to the forming zone is typically made of correspondingly expensive heat-resistant materials. However, since the remaining components of the forging press or the dies should be protected from relatively high temperatures, it is known from the prior art to isolate less heat-resistant areas from the particularly high temperatures within the dies. This insulation is known to take the form of an insulating layer extending across the entire surface of the die to isolate the entire area of ​​the die, thereby insulating it from the areas of the die with particularly high temperatures.

[0004] In forging presses as described in US 2006 / 0156783 A1 or DE 60 2006 000241T2, for example, the insulating layer is composed of two materials. The first material is ceramic, with multiple tall and narrow ceramic towers arranged adjacent to each other on a second material, designed as hot-pressed mica paper. JP 2013-049071 A also discloses relatively cubic ceramic bodies as components for the insulating layer of forging presses.

[0005] For example, from DE 20 2021 104 680 U1, it is known that an insulator is assembled from three individual bodies, wherein two plate-shaped bodies with different top and bottom sides are connected in such a way as to a cylindrically shaped body located in the center between the two plate-shaped bodies, such that an embodiment of the insulator resembles a dumbbell-shaped structure.

[0006] In contrast, US 3,926,029 discloses a forging press in which each forging press has exactly a single flat insulator in the insulating layer.

[0007] NESTER, Winfried discusses various ceramics (emphasizing cup-shaped reverse extrusion dies made of ceramics due to mechanical stress and temperature. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 1986, in a report from the Institute of Molding Technology, University of Stuttgart: 86; -ISBN 978-3-540-16845-4), in particular, in the tables on page 24, comparing the different material properties, such as density, porosity, average particle size, elastic modulus, compressive strength, flexural strength, hardness, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity of other compounds ZrO2, Al2O3, and SiN4. According to Hecht et al. (Elektrokeramik, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 1967, ISBN 978-3-642-80950-7), in particular, according to paragraph 3 on page 7, the proportions of soapstone, silica, and magnesium oxide can be varied within a wide range of constraints to achieve certain mechanical and thermal properties.

[0008] In forging presses, especially through forging dies, very high levels of force are naturally transmitted through the forging process. Therefore, high demands are placed not only on the temperature resistance of all die materials, but also on their compressive strength and other mechanical properties to reliably transmit these high levels of force. For particularly good insulation, the use of ceramic materials as insulators is known from existing technologies (e.g., DE 2021 104 680U1, DE 60 2006000241T2, and US 2006 / 0156783 A1). However, in addition to their relatively different thermal properties, ceramic materials also exhibit relatively different mechanical properties compared to metallic materials. In particular, care should be taken to ensure that the ceramic insulator can also resist or transmit high forming forces without damage. Summary of the Invention

[0009] The object of this invention is to provide the most effective insulation possible with the most efficient force or pressure transmission.

[0010] The object of the present invention is achieved by an insulating die plate, a forging press, and a ceramic insulator having the features described herein. Further advantageous embodiments thereof may also be found independently in the following description, where applicable.

[0011] To provide the most effective insulation possible with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, a forging press for pressing a semi-finished product along a pressing direction includes a pressing pusher and includes at least one traction rod, as well as at least one upper die and at least one lower die, wherein each die includes a cold die component and a hot die component, wherein each die includes an insulating layer arranged perpendicular to the pressing direction, wherein the insulating layer is correspondingly arranged between the cold die component and the hot die component, wherein the insulating layer is arranged between a cold cover side and a hot cover side, the cold cover side being located on the side of the cold die component and the hot cover side being located on the side of the hot die component, wherein the insulating layer includes a ceramic insulator, wherein an insulator plane is defined for the insulating layer at least parallel to the end plate, wherein the insulators are arranged adjacent to each other on the insulating plane, thereby forming an intermediate space between the insulators on the insulating plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portion of the insulator and the surface portion of the intermediate space, wherein a plurality of insulators are arranged in each insulating plane, wherein in each portion passing through the insulator parallel to the insulating plane, the surface portion of the insulator is at least 50% of the total area of ​​the insulating layer.

[0012] To provide the most effective insulation possible with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, an insulating mold plate has two end plates arranged parallel to each other and an insulating layer disposed between the two end plates. The insulating layer comprises a ceramic insulator, wherein an insulator plane is defined for the insulating layer at least parallel to the end plates, wherein the insulators are arranged adjacent to each other on the insulating plane and spaced apart, thereby forming an intermediate space between the insulators on the insulating plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portion of the insulators and the surface portion of the intermediate space, and in each portion passing through the insulator parallel to the insulating plane, the surface portion of the insulator is at least 50% of the total area of ​​the insulating layer.

[0013] In appropriate embodiments, the above design also allows for a long service life of the components involved (particularly insulators) because forces can be distributed as evenly as possible across the insulators.

[0014] In the current context, "forging press" can be specifically understood as an isothermal forging press, in which a semi-finished product is pressed or deformed at a constant temperature. On the other hand, the term "forging press" preferably refers to any forming machine in which a workpiece is formed on a large scale under the basic linear relative motion of two tools approaching and moving away from each other, wherein the forging method and therefore the forging press, especially compared with an extruder, retains not only the pressing residue between the tools but also the forging material to be used.

[0015] "Pressing direction" preferably describes the direction of the die of the forging press along which the die applies force to the semi-finished product, or along the direction in which the die presses against the semi-finished product. For example, if the upper and lower dies of the forging press move relative to each other, there can be two opposing pressure directions. Furthermore, depending on a specific embodiment of the forging press, the pressing directions may be bent or intersecting each other.

[0016] The "pressing rod" can be specifically understood as a component that transmits pressing force to the mold.

[0017] In addition, a forging press includes an upper die and a lower die. The die is a component of the forging press, and during the pressing method, the dies are pressed together or even in contact with each other, with only the pressed semi-finished product arranged between the two cavities.

[0018] In the current context, "upper die" can preferably be understood as the die located above the semi-finished product. On the other hand, "lower die" can be understood as the die placed below the semi-finished product. Depending on the specific implementation, the upper or lower die can be moved during the forging process. It is also conceivable to move both dies. It is also conceivable to have a forging press positioned in such a way that which of the dies is called the upper die and which is called the lower die is ultimately a matter of pure definition.

[0019] Each of the two molds also specifically has a cold mold component and a hot mold component. In the current context, the "hot mold component" can preferably be understood as the mold component arranged on the side of the mold facing the semi-finished product, while the cold mold component is arranged on the side facing away from the semi-finished product. This name comes from the fact that the hot mold component is arranged directly on the tool or is arranged closer to the semi-finished product than the cold mold component. Therefore, the cold mold component is farther from the semi-finished product than the hot mold component. Since the temperature is relatively high in the forming or pressing area, the mold component located closer to the forming area is naturally hotter than the mold component farther away from the forming area. Furthermore, the temperature difference between the cold mold component and the hot mold component is achieved by the fact that an insulating layer is arranged between the two mold components, thus isolating the cold mold component from the high temperature.

[0020] The side of the two mold components that contacts the insulating layer arranged between the two mold components is referred to as the cover side in the current context.

[0021] In the following context, "insulating mold plate" can be understood as a unit comprising two end plates arranged parallel to each other and an insulating layer disposed between the two end plates, and is particularly suitable and intended to be disposed between hot and cold mold components of a mold for insulation and force transmission. The end plates preferably describe rigid bodies forming the top and bottom sides of the mold plate.

[0022] In the current context, "insulating layer" can preferably be understood as a layer or a layer with thermal insulation properties, wherein the layer can be arranged between the bodies in such a way that the insulating layer isolates the bodies from each other and thus transfers as little heat as possible from one body to another. Simultaneously, the insulating layer can be understood as a layer that, in addition to thermal insulation, can also transmit force, particularly compressive force. The insulating layer may also include ceramic insulators.

[0023] In the current context, "insulator plane" can be understood as a theoretical plane that is parallel to the end plate and used to describe the arrangement of the insulators. Preferably, the insulators are arranged on the insulator plane in such a way that the insulator plane also describes the arrangement of insulators at the same height.

[0024] The intermediate space is described as follows: although multiple insulators are arranged on an insulator plane, preferably these insulators do not contact each other, so that there is free space between the insulators located on the insulator plane.

[0025] Therefore, a total area is also created in the insulation layer, which includes the surface portion of the insulator and the surface portion of the intermediate space. The ratio then describes the density of the insulator arrangement on the insulator surface or the number of insulators and intermediate spaces.

[0026] As shown above, it is also advantageous for the surface portion of the insulator to constitute at least 50% of the total area of ​​the insulating layer, because the force or compressive force is distributed over a larger area of ​​the insulator. The insulator must be able to transmit or absorb the entire compressive force to withstand it. The larger the surface portion of the insulator is in the total area of ​​the insulating layer, the less pressure the individual insulators within the insulator must withstand during the forging process. Therefore, such embodiments have a particular advantage in achieving the longest possible service life of the insulator.

[0027] It's important to understand that ceramic insulators also expand at high temperatures; therefore, the insulators in this forging press will expand at very high temperatures as well. For this reason, it's advantageous to use multiple insulators instead of a single large insulator for the insulation layer. Furthermore, the surface area of ​​the insulator should not be exactly 100% of the total area of ​​the insulation layer, because there is no space between individual insulators for thermal expansion. Otherwise, the insulation will be damaged under the influence of high temperatures.

[0028] Cumulatively or alternatively, a forging press for pressing a semi-finished product along a pressing direction includes a pressing pusher and includes at least one traction rod, as well as at least one upper die and at least one lower die, wherein each die includes a cold die component and a hot die component, wherein each die includes an insulating layer arranged perpendicular to the pressing direction, wherein the insulating layer is correspondingly arranged between the cold die component and the hot die component, wherein each insulating layer is arranged between a cold cover side and a hot cover side, the cold cover side being located on the side of the cold die component and the hot cover side being located on the side of the hot die component, wherein the insulating layer includes a ceramic insulator, wherein an insulator plane is defined for the insulating layer at least parallel to the end plate, wherein the insulators are arranged adjacent to each other on the insulating plane, thereby forming an intermediate space between the insulators on the insulating plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portion of the insulator and the surface portion of the intermediate space, wherein a plurality of insulators are arranged on each insulating plane, wherein the insulators have an angular basic shape to provide the most effective insulation possible with the most efficient force or pressure transmission.

[0029] Cumulatively or alternatively, in order to achieve the most effective insulation possible with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, an insulating mold plate includes two end plates arranged parallel to each other and an insulating layer disposed between the two end plates, the insulating layer comprising ceramic insulators, wherein an insulator plane is defined for the insulating layer at least parallel to the end plates, wherein the insulators are arranged adjacent to each other on the insulating plane and spaced apart, thereby forming an intermediate space between the insulators on the insulating plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portion of the insulators and the surface portion of the intermediate space, the insulators having an angular basic shape.

[0030] In the current context, "angular basic shape" is preferably understood as a shape deviating from a circular or elliptical basic shape. An angular basic shape can be advantageous if it is desired to arrange insulators on an insulating plane, for example, with equal distances between them, i.e., with intermediate spaces of the same size across the entire insulating plane. Furthermore, embodiments of insulators with angular basic shapes offer greater flexibility for different arrangements of insulators on an insulating plane.

[0031] It is important to understand here that, on the plane of the insulator, angular basic shapes are preferably important because their advantages are thus realized. In the portion perpendicular to the plane of the insulator, other considerations may be important.

[0032] Here, in a suitable embodiment, the angular basic shape allows the insulators to be arranged close to each other, which is advantageous for the service life of the components involved (especially the insulators) because the forces can be distributed as evenly as possible on the insulators.

[0033] A forging press for pressing a semi-finished product along a pressing direction includes a pressing pusher and at least one traction rod, and includes at least one upper die and at least one lower die, wherein each die includes a cold die component and a hot die component, wherein each die includes an insulating layer arranged perpendicular to the pressing direction, wherein the insulating layer is correspondingly arranged between the cold die component and the hot die component, wherein each insulating layer is arranged between a cold cover side and a hot cover side, the cold cover side being arranged on the side of the cold die component and the hot cover side being arranged on the side of the hot die component, wherein the insulating layer includes a ceramic insulator, wherein an insulator plane is defined for the insulating layer at least parallel to an end plate, wherein the insulators are arranged adjacent to each other on the insulating plane, thereby forming an intermediate space between the insulators on the insulating plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portion of the insulator and the surface portion of the intermediate space, cumulatively or alternatively, the insulator is anisotropically shaped to provide the most effective insulation possible with the most efficient force or pressure transmission.

[0034] An insulating mold plate having two end plates arranged parallel to each other and an insulating layer disposed between the two end plates, the insulating layer comprising ceramic insulators, wherein an insulating plane is defined for the insulating layer at least parallel to the end plates, wherein the insulators are arranged adjacent to each other on the insulating plane and spaced apart, thereby forming an intermediate space between the insulators on the insulating plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portions of the insulators and the surface portions of the intermediate space, thus cumulatively or alternatively, the insulators are anisotropically shaped to provide the most effective insulation possible with the most efficient force or pressure transmission.

[0035] Here, anisotropic formation helps avoid undesirable radial initial stresses on the insulator. Because the insulator is under particularly high pressure to transmit force, any possible radial initial stress represents an additional level of stress on the insulator and no longer provides the required or desired strength. If the insulator is placed under a certain radial bias, it may fail more quickly. Through appropriate embodiments, this design of the insulator allows it to remain stable even under high pressures without being subjected to radial initial stresses.

[0036] Especially in isothermal pressing, there may be a temperature difference of at least 500K between the cold-covered side and the hot-covered side. If there is a correspondingly high temperature difference between the cold-covered side and the hot-covered side, the insulation layer provides sufficient insulation between the two mold components. This achieves the high temperature that should exist on the semi-finished product or workpiece in the isothermal pressing method, and on the other hand, it allows for heat release to the cold mold component and the remaining components accordingly.

[0037] "Cold Cover Side" in the current context describes the cover side of the cold mold component, and "Hot Cover Side" in the current context can preferably be understood as the cover side of the hot mold component, each of the cold cover side and the hot cover side being in contact with the insulating layer.

[0038] A particularly high temperature difference is advantageous here, necessitating or allowing for corresponding insulation. During pressing, very high temperatures dominate in the semi-finished area, and the good thermal conductivity of the metal material of the hot mold components also ensures a correspondingly high temperature on the hot-covered side. Such a high temperature difference (e.g., at least 500K) between the hot-covered and cold-covered sides is only possible if the insulation layer provides correspondingly good insulation.

[0039] Preferably, there is a temperature difference of at least 550K between the cold-covered side and the hot-covered side. A temperature difference of at least 600K between the cold-covered side and the hot-covered side is particularly advantageous to achieve the corresponding benefits.

[0040] Preferably, the hot die component is at a temperature of at least 800°C. Depending on the specific circumstances, the material processed by the forging press during forging exhibits this high temperature because the desired effect in the material's crystal structure only occurs at such a high temperature under given conditions. Therefore, the high temperature required to achieve the desired material properties after forming or forging is crucial for the material being forged. To achieve the corresponding advantages, a temperature of at least 900°C can be applied to the hot die component. Applying a temperature of at least 1000°C to the hot die component is particularly advantageous.

[0041] In particular, the forging press can be an isothermal forging press, because in an isothermal forging press, the temperature is predominantly very high, in which case, as explained and utilized in this case, the insulating layer can be used particularly advantageously.

[0042] Cumulatively or alternatively, to provide the most effective insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, an insulating mold plate includes two end plates arranged parallel to each other and an insulating layer disposed between the two end plates, the insulating layer comprising ceramic insulators, wherein an insulator plane is defined for the insulating layer at least parallel to the end plates, wherein the insulators are arranged adjacent to each other on the insulator plane and spaced apart, thereby forming an intermediate space between the insulators on the insulator plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portion of the insulators and the surface portion of the intermediate space, the insulators are anisotropically shaped, wherein the top side surface of the insulator is the same as the bottom side surface of the insulator and all the insulators are plate-shaped, wherein the plate has a height and a maximum width and is designed to be wider than its height.

[0043] To provide the most efficient insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, a ceramic insulator is used for insulation in the die of a forging press. Accordingly, the insulator has a plate shape, wherein the plate has a height and a maximum width and is designed to be wider than its height.

[0044] In the current context, "ceramic insulator" can be understood as a body made of ceramics (especially technical ceramics). Technical ceramics are preferably composed of non-metallic inorganic materials. Technical ceramics differ from conventional ceramics in their precise processing. For example, only specific particle sizes are suitable for forming. In most cases, ceramic powders are synthetically produced because naturally occurring raw materials do not meet the requirements for chemical purity or homogeneity.

[0045] Cumulatively or alternatively, in order to provide the most effective insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, a ceramic insulator is used for insulation in the die of a forging press, wherein the insulator is symmetrically formed, wherein the top side surface of the insulator is the same as the bottom side surface of the insulator.

[0046] In this regard, a forging press for pressing a semi-finished product along a pressing direction includes a pressing pusher and includes at least one traction rod and includes at least one upper die and one lower die, wherein each die includes a cold die component and a hot die component, wherein each die includes an insulating layer arranged perpendicular to the pressing direction, wherein the insulating layer is correspondingly arranged between the cold die component and the hot die component, wherein each insulating layer is arranged between a cold cover side and a hot cover side, the cold cover side being arranged on the side of the cold die component and the hot cover side being arranged on the side of the hot die component, wherein the insulating layer includes a ceramic insulator, wherein an insulator plane is defined for the insulating layer at least parallel to the end plate, wherein the insulators are arranged adjacent to each other on the insulating plane, thereby forming an intermediate space between the insulators on the insulating plane, wherein the total area of ​​the insulating layer includes at least the surface portion of the insulator and the surface portion of the intermediate space, the top side surface of the insulator is the same as the bottom side surface of the insulator, and all the insulators are plate-shaped, wherein the plates have a height and a maximum width and are designed to be wider than their height, cumulatively or alternatively, which makes the most efficient insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission possible.

[0047] In suitable embodiments of the insulator, the shape of the insulator particularly allows for its relatively simple production. Furthermore, in suitable embodiments, this shape of the insulator can ensure optimal power transmission because, in these cases, the risk of force spikes or other irregularities can be minimized. In particular, in suitable embodiments of the insulator, the possibility of maximizing the possible surface area for power transmission, flexible arrangement options for adapting to different situations, and / or conventional or uniform arrangements of the insulator with a correspondingly uniform force distribution still remain.

[0048] In this context, symmetry particularly allows for a uniform force distribution across the individual insulators.

[0049] Here, a mirror-symmetric embodiment is preferably present, wherein the mirror symmetry exists along a plane arranged parallel to the top and bottom sides at the same distance from the top and bottom sides. However, it is also conceivable that a rotational symmetry exists about the central axis of the insulator, perpendicular to the top and bottom sides. The equality of the top and bottom sides of the insulator can preferably be expressed in both sides. Cumulatively or alternatively, the equality of the top and bottom sides can also preferably be understood as the geometry of the two sides. In particular, this geometric embodiment achieves a uniform force distribution in the individual insulators, which protects the insulators from excessive local stress peaks even under high mechanical stress, making it possible to use relatively brittle ceramics, especially at high levels of force.

[0050] In the current context, "plate" can preferably be understood as a flat sheet of a rigid material (e.g., ceramic) that exhibits the same thickness everywhere, thus limiting the expansion of the two opposite sides of the flat surface relative to the thickness. Therefore, the characteristic of a plate being wider than its height describes a typical feature of a plate in the current context.

[0051] For example, while a circular plate can have the same width everywhere due to its circular composition, a rectangular plate, for example, has different widths, where the diagonal represents the maximum width, and the widths of the four sides of the basic rectangular shape of the main body correspondingly describe the minimum width of the plate. Therefore, the plate in this case specifically has a maximum width that is the same everywhere in the circular plate.

[0052] Of particular advantage is that plate-shaped embodiments are generally relatively easy to manufacture and therefore relatively inexpensive. Since ceramic insulators can be wear parts and, where applicable, must be replaced after some time, and since multiple insulators are used for the insulating layer in certain embodiments, the correspondingly cost-effective production of the insulators is advantageous.

[0053] Furthermore, the plate provides optimal power transmission because the forces between the hot and cold mold components are optimally transmitted through symmetry and the same top and bottom sides. Additionally, the above embodiments allow for the use of the largest possible area for power transmission. The larger the area of ​​the insulator (particularly the total area of ​​the insulator used for power transmission between the two mold components), the lower the stress level on a single insulator, and therefore the longer the insulator's service life. If the insulator distributes the force over the largest possible area, it can also reliably withstand significantly larger forces used for power transmission.

[0054] Furthermore, the symmetrical embodiment of the plate provides flexible arrangement options for individual insulators on the insulator plane. For example, the insulators (i.e., the plates) can be arranged in a conventional or uniform manner in the simplest way, thus allowing for a uniform distribution of the transmitted force between the two mold components. Therefore, all insulators can be subjected to stress in substantially the same way, preventing situations where a single insulator is subjected to a higher level of stress and can no longer withstand the corresponding pressure, potentially leading to failure.

[0055] Preferably, the end plates are subjected to initial stress. Besides the insulation itself, power transmission plays a particularly important role. However, due to the use of ceramic insulators, it may be impossible to achieve stress resistance similar to that of corresponding metallic materials. To avoid additional stress on the insulator, the end plates can be subjected to initial stress. The end plates are preferably formed on the top and bottom sides of the entire mold plate as a unit. These end plates can be subjected to initial stress in such a way that a force acting in conjunction with the initial stress acts on the end plates when stressed. As a result, excessive relief of the insulator (especially if they are made of ceramic material) can be avoided if the compressive force does not work, which could lead to undesirable tensile stresses in the insulator. In this way, in suitable embodiments, for example, the cyclic stress resistance of the mold plate and the service life of the insulator can be extended.

[0056] Advantageously, multiple insulators are arranged on each insulator plane of the insulating die plate in such a manner that reliable power transmission can be achieved on the insulators and thus on the die plate. Like all other metal components of the die of a forging press or all components of the forging press itself, the ceramic insulator undergoes expansion due to high temperatures. Due to this expansion caused by high temperatures, the ceramic insulator (e.g., the very large insulator or very large insulating plate that extends across the entire surface of the die and thus transmits force) also experiences very high levels of internal stress. Due to the high temperature and high level of stress, a single large insulator may not be able to withstand the requirements and may fail during operation. Since a single small insulator experiences a much lower level of expansion or internal stress, it is advantageous to arrange multiple insulators on the insulator plane. Therefore, each individual insulator experiences only a small amount of thermal expansion or stress caused by the level of internal stress, allowing multiple insulators to withstand the requirements of power transmission at high temperatures.

[0057] Understandably, multiple insulators can be arranged in such a way that they are spaced apart from each other on an insulating plane, so that each insulator has the intermediate space required for thermal expansion.

[0058] It is advantageous to arrange ceramic insulators within an insulating layer on at least two insulator planes. This allows for the influence of heat transfer within the tool, particularly between the two mold components of the upper or lower die. Consequently, better insulation can be achieved because the insulating layer can be stronger and contain more insulating material. In particular, internal stresses can be minimized because the material thickness of individual insulators does not need to be as large. Overall, a stronger insulating layer can be provided in such a way that adjacent walls of the mold components are spaced apart from each other at very different temperatures.

[0059] An arrangement of two insulating planes means that the insulator of one insulating plane is positioned above or below the second insulating plane. In such an arrangement, the ceramic insulators of one insulating plane and the other insulating plane can be in contact with each other or transmit corresponding compressive forces on their surfaces. It is conceivable that insulators composed of different insulating planes are in direct contact with each other. However, insulators composed of different insulating planes can be in contact with each other through any other gasket and therefore are not in direct contact with each other.

[0060] Preferably, and particularly in order to achieve the above advantages, the ceramic insulator is arranged in the insulating layer in at least three insulator planes, wherein the corresponding insulating effect at the acceptable strength of the insulator is further enhanced, and the insulating layer is further developed.

[0061] Preferably, the insulators of individual planes are arranged coaxially with each other. This coaxial arrangement ensures reliable plate retention under stress because each individual plane insulator is stressed over its entire upper or lower side surface against the insulators of other planes. Furthermore, this ensures uniform force distribution, as all insulators of a single plane distribute the force to be transmitted over the largest possible area. Additionally, the coaxial arrangement of the individual plane insulators with each other can be advantageous to prevent edge breakage of the plate. This is particularly applicable if the individual insulators are of the same design. Overall, the pressing surface can be maximized in this way, resulting in safer power transmission within the insulators due to a lower risk of damage during pressing.

[0062] It should be understood that if these provide advantages for the respective embodiments, arrangements different from the coaxial arrangement of insulators on a single plane can be used.

[0063] In the current context, coaxial orientation can preferably be understood as the arrangement of two insulators on a single plane, coaxially arranged on a common central axis. Each insulator has its own central axis, preferably perpendicular to the plane of the insulator. In a coaxial arrangement, the two central axes of the insulators on a single plane are identical, such that the insulators (possibly spaced apart by angular offsets) each have their respective central axes. In particular, the individual insulators may optionally be aligned at the same angle about the central axis. In short, this can also be understood to mean that, preferably, the insulators on a single plane are arranged as precisely as possible on top of each other.

[0064] Preferably, the insulators are aligned identically such that, in addition to having the same orientation, they are also arranged coaxially on top of each other. Specifically, in angular embodiments of the insulators, the same orientation is reflected. The corners and edges of the coaxially arranged insulators are then aligned perfectly and positioned on top of each other accordingly. For example, this orientation is irrelevant to circular insulators, as there is no difference in how circular and coaxially arranged insulators are ultimately aligned. In angular embodiments of the insulators, and also in triangular or hexagonal embodiments, there may be an arrangement of insulators based on edge-to-edge or corner-to-corner. This ensures that the plate or insulator remains reliably held in place under stress, as well as the uniform distribution of force. Most importantly, this arrangement minimizes the risk of edge breakage of the plate, because otherwise, an edge or corner of an insulator might protrude over the edge of another insulator, potentially creating increased force in the area of ​​the protruding edge or corner, which could cause the edge to break under stress.

[0065] It is advantageous to place an intermediate layer between insulators arranged on their top sides, which can provide additional insulation, improving the overall insulation performance of the insulation layer, if only due to material transfer. Specifically, in the coaxial arrangement of the insulators, the hot-cover side can see the cold-cover side due to the intermediate space between them within the insulator plane, meaning an unobstructed path from the hot-cover side to the cold-cover side. In this case, heat transfer between the two mold components is also possible via air due to radiation. Because of the intermediate layer, especially if designed as continuous, the hot-cover side cannot "see" the cold-cover side, resulting in lower heat transfer from the hot-cover side to the cold-cover side. Additionally, the intermediate layer can facilitate reliable stacking of the plates on top of each other. Specifically, the intermediate layer can serve as a positioning device, allowing an insulator of one insulator plane to be positioned accurately and in the simplest possible way relative to the second insulator plane. Furthermore, a particularly good force distribution and high-pressure surface can be achieved in the insulation layer because the force can be better distributed through the intermediate layer.

[0066] In the current context, "intermediate layer" can preferably be understood as a very narrow plate-like embodiment made of any suitable material (e.g., ceramic, mylar, or similar material), which can be very flat but large and have good insulating properties and can simultaneously withstand or transmit high levels of force.

[0067] Advantageously, the insulating layer includes positioning devices for positioning the insulators. These positioning devices allow the insulators to be held in place to prevent unwanted offset or unintentional slippage of the plate or insulators. Specifically, in suitable embodiments, the positioning devices can thus ensure that the insulators are held externally and, when stressed during forging, are arranged coaxially or in a similarly aligned arrangement. Furthermore, the intermediate spaces between insulators within the plane of the insulator can be kept uniform, allowing the distance between insulators to be kept as constant as possible. Therefore, the positioning devices can also contribute to the uniform distribution of forces within the insulating layer.

[0068] Insulators naturally expand at high temperatures. This expansion of the plates occurs particularly in the intermediate spaces between the insulators in the insulator plane, provided that such intermediate spaces are provided. For this reason, it is advantageous, on the one hand, if the intermediate spaces required for the expansion between the plates can be maintained constantly and safely. On the other hand, it is advantageous if these intermediate spaces are maintained only to the required size to achieve the maximum possible capacity distribution and the maximum possible pressing surface. For this purpose, positioning devices can be particularly advantageous because, for example, the maximum expansion of the insulator can be determined in advance, and based on this understanding, the necessary dimensions of the intermediate spaces can be determined. Preferably, these dimensions can then be adjusted and maintained by the positioning devices. Theoretically, the optimal technical situation would be that, under stress, at the maximum thermal expansion of the insulator in a given specific case, the distance between the insulators in the insulator plane tends to zero, because the maximum pressing surface or the maximum possible capacity distribution is generated in the insulating layers between the insulators, without the insulators pressing against each other or exerting pressure on each other.

[0069] It is conceivable that positioning devices, such as rod-shaped or pin-shaped ones, are designed and / or securely mounted on the hot-covered or cold-covered side. The positioning devices are then engaged, for example, in an opening within the insulator, thus holding the insulator in place. It should be understood that many embodiments of positioning devices are discussed herein, which can hold the insulator in its position in any manner. For example, the aforementioned positioning devices can be formed as long as they protrude through openings in multiple insulators and thus hold multiple insulators in their positions simultaneously. Thus, the positioning devices can hold the insulator in position, for example, by positive locking adapters. However, for example, positive locking adapters can be designed such that it is not necessary to pass through a complete opening in the plate, but rather, for example, to hold the insulator by a tenon-and-groove connection between the insulator and one of the two cover sides or between the insulator and the intermediate layer. It is understood that in a single-sided arrangement of grooves or tenons on the insulator, the symmetry between the top and bottom sides of the insulator may no longer be 100%, but even so, according to the current definition, the two sides are understood to be symmetrical. According to the current definition, the arrangement of the corresponding positioning devices does not preclude the symmetry of the insulator.

[0070] It is advantageous to form the positioning device as a gasket, for example, to provide a gasket for placement in the intermediate space between insulators to maintain or retain the distance between the plates. Then, uniform force distribution can occur on the insulators. Furthermore, the positioning device can provide protection against unwanted displacement or slippage of the insulators. Here, the gaskets can be formed in various ways, wherein these gaskets preferably maintain the distance between the plates through a positive locking fit.

[0071] Due to the thermal expansion of the insulator during operation, it should be understood that the gaskets are preferably designed in such a way that they do not completely impede the thermal expansion of the insulator. For this reason, it is advantageous if the gaskets are arranged only in the edge regions between the insulators, and thus, for example, only in a very small area laterally across the insulator plates, so that the insulator can still expand through the largest area into the intermediate space. It is also conceivable that the gaskets are formed of a material with sufficient strength to hold the insulator in its position or to space the insulators at a certain distance, but which deforms with respect to the thermal expansion of the insulator, such that the material does not significantly impede the thermal expansion of the insulator and cannot ensure that the pressure generated from the thermal expansion of the insulator is transmitted through the gaskets to the adjacent insulators.

[0072] In addition, insulators can also be designed in such a way that the thermal conductivity of the insulator is at most 10 W / mK, because low thermal conductivity requires correspondingly good insulation.

[0073] In addition, cumulatively or alternatively, a ceramic insulator used for insulation in the die of a forging press has an open porosity of 0 vol% to provide the most effective insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission.

[0074] In the current context, "open porosity" can be understood as porosity, which describes the pore spaces involved in the exchange of liquids and gases. Therefore, 0 vol% open porosity provides an airtight structure for the insulator, enabling it to have particularly good insulation properties while still being able to transmit high pressures.

[0075] Cumulatively or alternatively, in order to provide the most effective insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, a ceramic insulator used for insulation in the die of a forging press is provided, wherein the insulator has a strength of 2.2 to 5.0 g / cm³. 3 The density is between 2.2 and 5.0 g / cm³. In the search for suitable materials for insulators, it has been shown that those with a density between 2.2 and 5.0 g / cm³ are preferred. 3 Insulators with appropriate densities possess the desired properties, particularly sufficient pressure transmission and insulation capacity, and the appropriate material composition provides the density.

[0076] If the insulator has a strength of 2.5 to 4.0 g / cm³ 3 The density between these values ​​is advantageous. This density is due to the material composition, which, as indicated, imparts the desired advantageous material properties to insulators having this material composition.

[0077] A ceramic insulator for insulation in the die of a forging press, cumulatively or alternatively, has a flexural strength between 100 and 400 MPa in its unglazed state to provide the most efficient insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission. The ceramic insulator then preferably has sufficient flexural strength to withstand stress levels during the forging process.

[0078] It is also advantageous if the insulator has a flexural strength between 110 and 300 MPa in its unglazed state.

[0079] Cumulatively or alternatively, to provide the most efficient insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, a ceramic insulator used for insulation in the die of a forging press, the insulator having an elastic modulus between 70 and 200 GPa. It has been shown that insulators made of materials with corresponding elastic moduli can deliver the desired properties of the insulator.

[0080] In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the insulator has an elastic modulus between 75 and 160 GPa.

[0081] Cumulatively or alternatively, a ceramic insulator used for insulation in the die of a forging press to provide the most effective insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, the insulator having a strength of 5 × 10⁻⁶ at 300 to 600°C. -6 Up to 10×10 - 6 K -1 The average linear expansion coefficient between. Such an average linear expansion coefficient has proven to be particularly advantageous for insulating materials in order to achieve the desired target in forging presses (especially isothermal forging presses).

[0082] If the insulator has a temperature of 6×10 at 30 to 600°C -6 Up to 9×10 -6 K -1 The average linear expansion coefficient between these values ​​is advantageous in providing the desired properties for the insulator.

[0083] To provide the most efficient insulation for the most efficient transmission of force or pressure, cumulatively or alternatively, a ceramic insulator is provided for insulation in the die of a forging press, the insulator having a strength of 700 to 1000 J / kg at 300 to 600°C. - 1 K -1 The specific heat capacity between [the two values]. It has been shown that insulators made of materials with corresponding specific heat capacities can provide the desired insulation properties while simultaneously providing sufficient compressive strength during the forging process.

[0084] Cumulatively or alternatively, for particularly suitable insulation properties, the insulator can have 750 to 970 J / kg at 30 to 600°C. -1 K -1 The specific heat capacity between them.

[0085] Cumulatively or alternatively, a ceramic insulator used for insulation in the die of a forging press, the insulator having a strength of 1.5 to 5 Wm -1 K -1 The thermal conductivity is between [specific values]. For use as an insulator in forging presses at high temperatures, insulators with corresponding thermal conductivity have proven particularly suitable for delivering the desired advantageous properties. In particular, the thermal conductivity should be as low as possible, because the insulator should provide insulation and heat should not be transferred poorly.

[0086] Furthermore, cumulatively or alternatively, the insulator preferably has a strength of 1.7 to 4.5 Wm. -1 K -1 The thermal conductivity between these values ​​has proven particularly advantageous for use as an insulator in forging presses at high temperatures.

[0087] To provide the most efficient insulation for the most efficient transmission of force or pressure, cumulatively or alternatively, a ceramic insulator is provided for insulation in the die of a forging press, the insulator having a strength of 5 × 10⁻⁶ at 20°C. 10 Up to 5×10 12 A specific resistance between Ohm·cm. Admittedly, a temperature of 20°C does not correspond to the high temperatures of forging (especially isothermal forging); on the other hand, this material constant already provides a good general description of the thermal conductivity of the material, since the temperature variation of ceramics is generally well known. To provide the most efficient insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, cumulatively or alternatively, a ceramic insulator, used for insulation in the die of a forging press, has a resistance of 5 × 10⁻⁶ at 600°C. 2 Up to 5×10 6 A specific resistance between Ohm·cm. The correspondingly high resistance ensures improved thermal insulation properties of the insulator, since electrical conduction also conducts heat, which is undesirable for current insulators, thus allowing for further improvement of the insulator's insulation properties.

[0088] Preferably, the insulator has an 8×10⁻⁶ temperature at 20°C. 10 Up to 5×10 11 A specific resistance between Ohm·cm. Cumulatively or alternatively, in a particularly advantageous embodiment, the insulator has a resistance of 7 × 10⁻⁶ at 600°C. 2 Up to 9×10 5 A specific resistance between Ohm·cm.

[0089] Cumulatively or alternatively, a ceramic insulator used for insulation in the die of a forging press to achieve the most efficient insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, the insulator having a proportion between 50% and 95% soapstone.

[0090] In the current context, soapstone is preferably understood as a naturally occurring, massive or shale chemical substance that, based on its composition, is considered a mineral or rock. Its main component is talc; this makes soapstone a mineral in its purest form. In the current context, soapstone refers to an important component of materials that can form insulators. Ceramics with appropriate proportions of soapstone exhibit particularly good dimensional retention and good insulating properties, and have suitable choices in composition and structure.

[0091] It is advantageous if the insulator has a soapstone content between 60% and 92%.

[0092] Cumulatively or alternatively, a ceramic insulator used for insulation in the dies of a forging press has a SiO2 content of 50% to 85%. This proportion has proven particularly advantageous for the desired properties of the insulator material.

[0093] Preferably, cumulatively or alternatively, the insulator has a SiO2 content of 55% to 75%.

[0094] To provide the most efficient insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission, a ceramic insulator, used for insulation in the die of a forging press, cumulatively or alternatively, has a proportion of 20% to 40% MgO. This proportion has proven to be highly suitable for the formation of insulators with particularly advantageous properties.

[0095] Cumulatively or alternatively, the insulator has a proportion of 25% to 35% MgO.

[0096] In this context, it is important to understand that, in particular, the combination of the aforementioned materials leads to the use of correspondingly advantageous ceramics. While it is conceivable that a single combination does not represent the completely optimal ceramic, an optimized combination can be found through different adjustments and experiments.

[0097] Preferably, as explained above, the insulator is anisotropically shaped to avoid radial bias. The anisotropic configuration described below can preferably be understood in the current context as a direction dependence of properties or a method of insulator or a material of insulator.

[0098] Advantageously, the insulator has an angular basic shape, which, as explained above, makes it possible to arrange the insulators closely together.

[0099] It is advantageous if the insulator has a rectangular basic shape. With a rectangular basic shape, the insulator can be produced as simply and cost-effectively as possible, which is particularly advantageous for typical wear-prone materials. Furthermore, the rectangular basic shape allows the insulators to be arranged on the insulator plane with minimal possible intermediate space. A uniform arrangement with uniformly sized intermediate spaces between the insulators is also possible for the uniform distribution of forces.

[0100] When a single insulator has a basic triangular shape, particularly flexible arrangement options for the insulators are obtained, especially on the insulator plane. These insulators also allow for an arrangement with small intermediate spaces between insulators to provide the largest possible area for power transmission, and with equal distances between insulators for uniform force distribution. In particular, the triangular basic shape offers very flexible arrangement options.

[0101] Advantageously, the insulator has a basic hexagonal shape, which allows for flexible arrangement of the insulators on the insulator plane. Furthermore, the insulators can then be arranged with smaller intermediate spaces to form the largest possible area for power transmission. Moreover, uniformly sized intermediate spaces between the insulators can be achieved in a particularly simple manner for the uniform distribution of forces on the insulator.

[0102] Preferably, the maximum width of the insulator is at least twice the height of the insulator. In this way, a plate-like size can be achieved, where sufficient strength can be ensured during the pressing process. Furthermore, in this way, the plate-like embodiment is relatively flat, allowing multiple panels to be stacked within the available intermediate space for the insulation layer.

[0103] This size is also particularly advantageous regarding thermal expansion, because plates that are too wide during thermal expansion may introduce undesirable internal stresses.

[0104] To achieve the same benefits, the maximum width of the insulator can be at least 2.5 times the height of the insulator.

[0105] To achieve the above advantages, it is particularly advantageous if the maximum width of the insulator is at least three times the height of the insulator.

[0106] It should be understood that, where applicable, features of the solutions described above or in this document can also be combined to enable the corresponding cumulative implementation of advantages. Attached Figure Description

[0107] Further advantages, objectives, and features of the invention will be explained by the following description of exemplary embodiments, particularly illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:

[0108] Figure 1 The upper and lower dies of a forging press are shown in the diagram, and each die has a die plate in the schematic diagram;

[0109] Figure 2 A perspective view of an isothermal forging press is shown, which includes an upper die and a lower die;

[0110] Figure 3 A first arrangement of multiple insulators is shown in a schematic diagram of an insulator plane;

[0111] Figure 4 A second arrangement of multiple insulators is shown in a schematic diagram of an insulator plane;

[0112] Figure 5 A third arrangement of multiple insulators is shown in a schematic diagram of an insulator plane;

[0113] Figure 6A fourth arrangement of multiple insulators is shown in a schematic diagram of an insulator plane;

[0114] Figure 7 A fifth arrangement of multiple insulators is shown in a schematic diagram of an insulator plane;

[0115] Figure 8 A first mold plate with an intermediate layer is shown in a schematic cross-section perpendicular to the plane of the insulator;

[0116] Figure 9 A second mold plate with a positioning device is shown in a schematic cross-section perpendicular to the plane of the insulator;

[0117] Figure 10 A third mold plate with a gasket is shown in a schematic cross-section perpendicular to the plane of the insulator; and

[0118] Figure 11 The fourth mold plate is shown in a schematic cross-section perpendicular to the plane of the insulator, with two intermediate layers. Detailed Implementation

[0119] like Figure 2 The forging press 10 shown as an example in the form of an isothermal forging press includes four externally arranged columns 11 (only in...). Figure 2 (Using the numbered examples as an example), the column 11 supports the upper belt 17 and the lower belt 18 on one hand, and surrounds the tension rod 14 on the other hand. The tension rod 14 is attached to the upper belt 17 and the lower belt 18. The upper mold 20 is arranged between the columns 11, and the lower mold 30 is arranged between the columns 11. Above the upper mold 20, in this exemplary embodiment, a pressing rod 12 is also arranged. The pressing rod 12 can apply force to the upper mold 20 and is supported on the upper mold 17, wherein the tension rod 14 can bear the force through the lower belt 18 and the lower mold 30.

[0120] In this exemplary embodiment, the lower belt 18 is disposed on the floor, such that the attachment of the tension bar 14 to the lower belt takes place beneath the floor. It is understood that, in deviations, but also in principle in known embodiments of forging presses, for example, the tension bar 14 and the column 11 may be designed as separate components. Similarly, the pressing rod 12 may also function, for example, between the lower belt 18 and the lower die 30. As the die plate 1 will be used in this exemplary embodiment, the embodiment of the die plate 1 explained below can ultimately be used in almost every known type of forging press.

[0121] According to Figure 1 In this exemplary embodiment, the lower die 30 is held firmly in its position during the forging method, while the upper die 20 moves in the direction of the lower die 30, thus defining the pressing direction 50.

[0122] Furthermore, the forging press 10 includes a vacuum forging chamber 58 in the forming area 51 between the upper die 20 and the lower die 30, allowing the corresponding workpiece to be forged in a vacuum-occupied space to avoid unnecessary reaction with ambient air. The actual forging area can be maintained through a maintenance opening 55, which can be opened and closed via a maintenance door 56.

[0123] Furthermore, the current forging press 10 can be used as an isothermal forging press, in which a relatively high temperature predominates and is maintained at the same relatively high temperature during the forging process. Similarly, in this context, it should be emphasized again that the exact and specific structure of the forging press 10 does not necessarily have to correspond to this exemplary embodiment, provided that the die plate 1 described below is used.

[0124] In the current forging press 10, a semi-finished product 15 to be formed for forging is arranged in a forming zone 51 between the upper die 20 and the lower die 30. The forming zone 51 is located between the upper die 20 and the lower die 30. The manipulator 16 brings the semi-finished product 15 to its position in the forming zone 51 and can also remove it, so that loading within the vacuum forging chamber 58 can also be performed without manual operation. The forging semi-finished product 15 can be ejected in the simplest possible way by the ejector 13 to facilitate the operation of the manipulator 16.

[0125] The semi-finished product 15 is moved to the forming area 51 by the manipulator 16, and then the upper die 20 is pressed onto the semi-finished product 15 along the pressing direction 50. In this case, the temperature at the hot die parts 26 and 36 is mainly above 800°C, because the forging method is preferably performed as isothermal pressing in this exemplary embodiment, and therefore a very high temperature exists in the forming area 51.

[0126] In order to withstand the high temperatures at the upper die 20 and the lower die 30, the upper die 20 and the lower die 30 must be made of appropriate heat-resistant materials. However, the high requirements for materials necessitate an extremely expensive material, making it uneconomical to manufacture the entire upper die 20 and lower die 30 of the forging press 10 using particularly expensive materials.

[0127] In this exemplary embodiment, for this reason, the upper mold 20 includes a hot mold component 26 and a cold mold component 25. The hot mold component 26 is arranged here toward the molding region 51, while the cold mold component 25 is a component of the upper mold 20 arranged away from the molding region 51. Since the highest temperature is predominant, especially in the molding region 51, the temperature in the hot mold component 26 is higher than the temperature in the cold mold component 25, hence the names of the two mold components.

[0128] Therefore, the lower mold 30 also includes a hot mold component 36 and a cold mold component 35, wherein the hot mold component 36 is also arranged toward the molding area 51, and the cold mold component 35 is a component of the lower mold 30 that is away from the molding area 51.

[0129] In the upper mold 20, a mold plate 1 is disposed between the cold mold component 25 and the hot mold component 26. The mold plate 1 contacts the cold-covering side 23 and the hot-covering side 24 of the upper mold 20. The cold-covering side 23 is the side of the cold mold component 25 facing the hot mold component 26. The hot-covering side 24 is the side of the hot mold component 26 facing the cold mold component 25. Therefore, in this exemplary embodiment, the mold plate 1 is arranged between and contacts the hot-covering side 24 and the cold-covering side 23.

[0130] Therefore, mold plate 1 is also arranged between the cold mold component 35 and the hot mold component 36 in the lower mold 30. Similarly, in the case of the lower mold 30, the hot mold component 36 includes a heat-covering side 34 arranged along the direction of the cold mold component 35 and a cold-covering side 33 arranged along the direction of the hot mold component 36. Therefore, mold plate 1 of the lower mold 30 is also arranged between the heat-covering side 34 and the cold-covering side 33, and contacts both sides.

[0131] The upper mold plate 1 includes two end plates 27 and 28 arranged in parallel with each other, and the lower mold plate 1 includes two end plates 37 and 38 arranged in parallel with each other. An insulating layer 21 is arranged between the two end plates 27 and 28, and an insulating layer 31 is arranged between the two end plates 37 and 38.

[0132] Furthermore, insulating layers 21 and 31 each include ceramic insulators 40, which are arranged adjacent to each other at intervals in insulating planes 22 and 32. Insulating planes 22 and 32 are defined here as being parallel to end plates 27, 28, 37, and 38, but according to... Figure 1 Reference numerals are not provided separately in this illustration. It is to be understood that, depending on requirements, fewer or more insulating planes 22, 32 may be provided in off-specific embodiments. In particular, insulating planes 22, 32 may be sufficient.

[0133] Since the insulators 40 are arranged spaced apart from each other on the insulator plane, intermediate spaces 41 are formed between the insulators 40. These intermediate spaces 41 allow for the thermal expansion of individual insulators 40.

[0134] In the case of the upper mold 20, the mold plate 1 is in contact with both the hot mold component 26 and the cold mold component 25. The end plate 27 of the mold plate 1 adjacent to the cold mold component 25 forms the cold end plate 27, and the end plate 28 of the mold plate 1 in contact with the hot mold component 26 forms the hot end plate 28.

[0135] Therefore, in the case of the lower mold 30, the end plate 38 of the mold plate 1 that contacts the hot mold component 36 forms the hot end plate 38, and the end plate 37 of the mold plate 1 that contacts the cold mold component 35 forms the cold end plate 37.

[0136] To provide relief for the cold mold components 25, 35, the insulating mold plates 1, especially their insulating layers 21, 31, provide insulation in the upper mold 20 or lower mold 30 in such a way that only the corresponding hot mold components 26, 36 must be made of expensive and, in particular, heat-resistant materials. The insulating layers 21 or mold plates 1 then ensure insulation of the cold mold components 25, 35 in such a way that very low temperatures are applied to them, allowing them to be made of more cost-effective materials. Therefore, the insulating mold plates 1 or insulating layers 21, 31 ensure that, in this exemplary embodiment, a temperature difference of at least 500K can dominate between the cold-covered sides 23, 33 and the hot-covered sides 24, 34.

[0137] On the one hand, the insulator 40 should therefore have a correspondingly good insulating effect in order to achieve the desired insulation between the hot die parts 26, 36 and the cold die parts 35, 25. On the other hand, the insulator 40 should have the required strength because the forging or pressing method is dominated by a high level of force, and this high level of force must be transmitted through the insulator 40 in such a way that the insulator 40 is not damaged during the pressing method.

[0138] In order to resist forces, insulators 40 can be arranged or formed in various ways, especially through... Figures 3 to 7 As shown, it is particularly advantageous if the pressing surface is designed to be as large as possible so that the force can be better distributed across the entire insulator 40.

[0139] According to Figure 3 In a first exemplary embodiment, the insulator 40 is formed to have a basic triangular shape, wherein each insulator 40 has a maximum width 43.

[0140] The insulators 40 are also spaced apart from each other, with equal intermediate spaces 41 between each insulator 40. Even to provide the maximum possible force distribution on the maximum possible pressing surface, intermediate spaces 41 should be provided between the insulators 40 because the insulators 40 also thermally expand when heated, and thus expansion into the intermediate spaces 41 is possible. Otherwise, the risk of insulators 40 pressing against other insulators 40 increases during expansion and the application of pressure to each other, which could lead to damage to the insulators 40.

[0141] Due to the triangular embodiment of the insulators 40, these insulators 40 can be arranged very flexibly in the insulator planes 22, 32. Furthermore, the triangular configuration of the insulators 40 allows them to be arranged in a particularly simple manner, with a very small intermediate space 41, but also with an intermediate space 41 of the same size. In addition, the production of insulators 40 with a basic triangular shape is also particularly simple.

[0142] Furthermore, positioning devices 44, designed as gaskets 45, are arranged in the intermediate space 41 between the insulators 40. These gaskets 45 ensure that the insulators 40 remain in their position and do not accidentally slip or move. The gaskets 45 maintain the desired distance between the insulators 40, so that the intermediate space 41 remains the same size. Due to the expansion of the insulators 40 when heated, the gaskets 45 are designed such that they maintain a certain distance between the insulators 40 only in the region of their outer edges. This is sufficient to maintain the appropriate distance, but is designed only in such a way that although the insulators 40 can thermally expand into the intermediate space 41 as a whole, they will not be significantly damaged by the gaskets 45 during the expansion. It is conceivable that the gaskets 45 could also be designed in such a way that they maintain the distance between the insulators, but abandon this when the insulators 40 expand, and therefore do not affect the expansion of the insulators 40. Similarly, an appropriate gap can also be provided between the gaskets 45 and the insulators 40.

[0143] Since the arrangement of insulator 40 is flexible in the case of a basic triangular shape, insulator 40 can also be arranged in an offset manner, as according to... Figure 4 As shown in the second exemplary embodiment. Here, the insulator 40 is formed as according to Figure 3 In the first exemplary embodiment, however, the corners of the triangular basic shape of the insulator 40 point to the corners of adjacent insulators 40, or the corners of adjacent insulators 40 are aligned at points. However, according to... Figure 3 In the first exemplary embodiment, the angles of the triangular basic shape of the insulator 40 point to the sides of the triangular basic shape of the insulator 40. It is understood that the insulator 40 can move or flexibly move arbitrarily within the intermediate space 41 of the same size.

[0144] According to Figure 5 In a further exemplary embodiment, the insulators 40 having a maximum width 43 are also spaced apart from each other by intermediate spaces 41 of the same size, wherein the gaskets 45 are also joined to the intermediate spaces between the insulators 40.

[0145] However, according to Figure 5In an exemplary embodiment, the insulator 40 is designed with a hexagonal basic shape, which is also easy to manufacture. Furthermore, the insulators 40 with the hexagonal basic shape can be flexibly arranged relative to each other, thereby keeping the intermediate space 41 as small as possible while maintaining the same dimensions. It can be assumed here that, with this basic shape, the thermal load under tension is lower than with the triangular basic shape because the insulator 40 expands more uniformly on the insulator planes 22, 32.

[0146] According to Figure 6 In a further exemplary embodiment, it is also conceivable that the insulator 40 having a maximum width 43 is designed to have a basic circular shape, wherein it is technically impossible for these insulators 40 with a basic circular shape to include intermediate spaces 41 of the same size everywhere. However, the insulators 40 with a basic circular shape can also be easily manufactured and flexibly placed. In addition, in this basic form, very low thermal stress is expected in the insulator 40.

[0147] According to Figure 7 In a further exemplary embodiment, the insulator 40, having a maximum width 43, is designed in a basic square shape, thereby making it as easy as possible to arrange the insulators 40 apart from each other by the intermediate space 41.

[0148] Furthermore, gaskets 45 are arranged between the individual insulators 40, and unlike the previous exemplary embodiments, the gaskets 45 are not arranged at the outer corners or edges of the insulators 40, but rather at the center of the edges of the insulators 40. However, these gaskets 45 are designed or sized in such a way that they do not significantly impede the expansion when the insulators 40 expand, but only ensure that the insulators 40 remain in their position. Alternatively, the insulators 40 can resist thermal expansion and reduce the intermediate space 41 by tilting on the insulator planes 22, 32 without applying too much force to the gaskets 45.

[0149] It should be understood that further embodiments of the insulator 40 and its arrangement are also possible, provided that the highest possible pressing surface is created to achieve the maximum possible force distribution, and the same intermediate space is preferably used for good force distribution.

[0150] Furthermore, mold plate 1 can also be represented in different ways by its cross-section, such as Figures 8 to 11 As shown.

[0151] According to Figure 8 In a first exemplary embodiment, the mold plate 1 includes two parallel end plates 27, 28, 37, 38, wherein insulating layers 21, 31 are arranged between the two end plates 27, 28, 37, 38.

[0152] In this exemplary embodiment, the insulating layer includes two insulating planes 22 and 32, wherein insulators 40 are spaced apart in each insulating plane.

[0153] exist Figure 8 In the exemplary embodiment explained, the insulator 40 of the first insulator plane 22 and the insulator 40 of the second insulator plane 32 are arranged coaxially.

[0154] The coaxial arrangement of the insulators 40 allows for particularly good force distribution and a high pressing surface, so that the force transmitted during pressing can be well distributed on the insulators 40.

[0155] Furthermore, the intermediate layer 46 is arranged parallel to the end plates 27, 28, 37, 38 between the insulators 40 of the two insulator planes 22, 32, wherein the intermediate layer 46 may be omitted in the off-center embodiments.

[0156] The intermediate layer 46 also has a force distribution effect, which allows for better transmission of the transmitted force between the insulators 40. In addition, the intermediate layer 46 allows for radiation protection from the corresponding hot end plates 28, 38 to the corresponding cold end plates 27, 37 through the intermediate space 41.

[0157] For example, the intermediate layer 46 can be formed of a microfilm or a similar material.

[0158] A positioning device 44, serving as a gasket 45, is also arranged in the intermediate space 41 between the insulators 40. The positioning device 44 maintains the distance between the insulators 40 and thus provides the same intermediate space 41 between the insulators 40. Therefore, accidental slippage and displacement of the insulators 40 can be prevented. According to a specific embodiment, these positioning devices 44 can also be used for radiation protection.

[0159] Depending on the specific implementation, these gaskets 45 or these positioning devices may be formed as rods or supports or continuously formed in the form of a net.

[0160] like Figure 9 As shown, the second exemplary embodiment of the mold plate 1 is consistent with that according to Figure 8 The first exemplary embodiment differs in that only the intermediate layer 46 is not used, and the insulators 40 are arranged coaxially on three insulator planes 22, 32. Furthermore, the insulators 40 are arranged at equal distances from each other, such that there is an intermediate space 41 of the same size between the insulators 40.

[0161] To hold the insulator 40 in place and prevent accidental slippage or displacement, the mold plate 1 includes a positioning device 44, which in this exemplary embodiment is designed such that a long, narrow rod-like member protrudes perpendicularly from the end plates 27, 37 from the cold end plates 27, 37 and engages with an opening centrally located within the insulator. Preferably, the positioning device 44 is arranged on the cold end plates 27, 37 because it can be made of a less heat-resistant material compared to if it were arranged on, for example, the hot end plates 28, 38. It is understood that the positioning device can also be formed in any other manner, such as a rod, to securely attach to the corresponding opening of the insulator 40. In particular, the insulators 40 can also be held in place relative to each other, which can be accomplished, for example, by suitable protrusions and recesses, wherein optionally the end plates 27, 37 or even 28, 38 may also have protrusions and recesses to achieve this positioning.

[0162] Since the insulators 40 of individual planes 22 and 32 are arranged coaxially, the openings of the insulators 40 are also arranged coaxially with each other, so that the corresponding positioning device 44 can be firmly attached by the insulators 40 arranged coaxially on the three insulator planes 22 and 32.

[0163] according to Figure 10 Further exemplary embodiments and according to Figure 9 The difference from the previous exemplary embodiments is that the insulators 40 of the individual planes 22, 32 are no longer coaxial with each other, but offset from each other.

[0164] exist Figure 10 In the exemplary embodiment explained, slight elevations are formed on the insulator 40 of the two lowest planes 22, 32 as positioning devices 44 and gaskets 45, which are arranged in the region of the intermediate space 41 between the adjacent insulator planes 22, 32 of the insulator 40. In this case, they are sufficient to hold the insulator 40 in its position without significantly impairing the expansion of the insulator 40 at high temperatures.

[0165] Understandably, the slightly raised pad 45 can be formed on the insulator 40 on different insulator planes 22, 32 and on different sides, such as the top side and the bottom side.

[0166] According to Figure 11 In the final exemplary embodiment, the mold plate 1 and according to Figure 10The difference from the previous exemplary embodiments is that, on the one hand, the insulators 40 of the individual insulator planes 22, 32 are arranged coaxially with each other, and in addition, intermediate layers 46 are arranged respectively, i.e., a total of two intermediate layers 46. Furthermore, in this exemplary embodiment, the positioning device 44 is formed as a gasket 45, which is designed to be slightly raised and precisely not disposed on the insulator 40 but disposed on the intermediate layer 46 and on the cold end plates 27, 37 in the region of the intermediate space 41, as shown by way of example only at one point. In this way, all insulators 40 can be designed identically, and it is not necessary to form additional positioning devices 44 on these insulators 40 themselves. The positioning device 44 can be provided here through the intermediate layer 46 and the cold end plates 27, 37.

[0167] It should be understood that all other combinations, such as the number of insulator planes 22, 32 or the type of positioning device 44 or, for example, the arrangement of insulators 40 to each other, are also possible, thus enabling various forms of mold plate 1 to be formed.

[0168] In all exemplary embodiments, in each portion of the insulator 40 parallel to the insulator planes 22 and 32, the surface portion of the insulator 40 constitutes at least 50% of the total area of ​​the insulating layers 21 and 32. In this manner, the most effective insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission can be provided. Specific advantages of such embodiments also include a particularly long service life for the mold plate 1 or the insulator 40. It is understood that the surface portion can also be greater than 50%, as a larger surface portion is more advantageous for the most effective insulation with the most efficient force or pressure transmission.

[0169] In addition, according to Figures 1 to 11 In an exemplary embodiment, the insulator 40 is formed symmetrically, wherein the top side surface of the insulator 40 is the same as the bottom side surface of the insulator 40, and all the insulators 40 are formed as plates.

[0170] The board has a height of 42 (e.g.) Figure 8 As shown), the maximum width is 43, and it is also wider than its height. The plate-like embodiment of the insulator 40 provides the possibility of easy manufacturing and optimal power transmission because the maximum possible surface area is available for power transmission.

[0171] For example, if based on Figures 8 to 11 The mold plate 1 of the exemplary embodiment is used for... Figure 2 Forging press or used according to Figure 1 In the case of the upper die 20 or the lower die 30, it is conceivable that, in a particular embodiment of the exemplary embodiment, the end plates 27, 28, 37, 38 are subjected to initial stress to intercept a portion of the force already acting on the forging press 10, thereby reducing the total load on the die plate 1.

[0172] Furthermore, the insulators 40 arranged coaxially with each other can be based on Figure 2 Aligned in the same manner to have an edge-to-edge arrangement, this reliably holds the plate in place under stress and also ensures a uniform distribution of force. This also prevents edge breakage of the plate, as increased pressure or stress in areas protruding from the edges can be avoided. Furthermore, the pressed surface can be maximized.

[0173] It is understandable that even if the insulation is particularly good through the insulation layers 21, 31 or through the mold plate 1, there can be a very high temperature difference between the cold-covered sides 23, 33 and the hot-covered sides 24, 34, for example, exceeding 600K.

[0174] Furthermore, depending on the material being forged, a higher temperature in the forming region 51 is necessary or recommended, so that a higher temperature, such as up to 1000°C or more, can also be applied to the hot die parts 26, 36.

[0175] Furthermore, for exceptionally good insulation performance, according to Figures 1 to 11 In an exemplary embodiment, the insulator 40 is formed of a ceramic material. The ceramic material is designed in such a way that it meets the required requirements for insulation and load-bearing capacity.

[0176] The corresponding advantageous ceramic materials for insulator 40 have different properties.

[0177] The insulator 40 of this exemplary embodiment has an open porosity of 0 vol% under current conditions, thus making the insulator 40 hermetically tight, which provides better insulation performance. Furthermore, the insulator 40 of this exemplary embodiment has a porosity of 2.2 to 5.0 g / cm³. 3 The density is between [specific values]. Furthermore, the flexural strength of insulator 40 in its unglazed state is between 100 and 400 MPa. Furthermore, the elastic modulus of insulator 40 is between 70 and 200 GPa. Furthermore, insulator 40 has a strength of 5 × 10⁻⁶ g / L at 30 to 600 °C. -6 Up to 10×10 -6 K -1 The average linear expansion coefficient between 30 and 600 °C and 700 to 1000 J / kg -1 K -1 The specific heat capacity between [various parameters]. Furthermore, the insulator has a specific heat capacity of 1.5 to 5 W / m². -1 K -1 The thermal conductivity between.

[0178] Since current flow can also produce a thermal effect on insulator 40, insulator 40 includes 5 × 10⁻⁶ Ω·cm at 20°C. 10 Up to 5×10 12A specific resistance between Ohm·cm and 5×10 at 600℃ 2 Up to 5×10 6 The resistance between Ohm·cm.

[0179] Furthermore, based on Figures 1 to 11 The insulator 40 of the exemplary embodiment has a proportion of soapstone between 50% and 95%, SiO2 between 50% and 85%, and MgO between 20% and 40%.

[0180] Finally, the insulator is also anisotropically shaped to avoid initial radial stress levels.

[0181] It should be understood that, in particularly advantageous embodiments, the insulator 40 may have very specific values ​​or even a range of values ​​smaller than the range of values ​​for the different material properties described above. Furthermore, it is conceivable that in suitable embodiments, the insulator 40 may possess only a few of the aforementioned material properties, or any combination of said material properties, which has yielded advantageous results.

[0182] List of reference numerals in the attached diagram:

[0183] Insulation layer of mold plate 31 and lower mold 30

[0184] 32 Insulator Plane

[0185] Cold-covered side of the lower die 30 of the 10 forging press 33

[0186] 11 pillars, 34 lower mold, 30 heat-covered side

[0187] 12-pressure push rod, 35-inch lower die, 30-inch cold die component

[0188] 13 ejector, 36 lower mold, 30 hot mold component

[0189] 14 traction bars

[0190] 15 semi-finished products, 37 lower mold, 30 mold plate 1 cold end plate

[0191] 16 Manipulator 38 Lower mold 30 Mold plate 1 hot end plate

[0192] 17 Upper band

[0193] 18. Lower part with 40 insulator

[0194] 41 Intermediate Space

[0195] 20 Upper mold 42 Insulator 40 Height

[0196] The maximum width of the insulating layer 43 of the upper mold 20 and the insulator 40.

[0197] 22 Insulator Plane 44 Positioning Device

[0198] 23 upper mold 20 cold cover side 45 gasket

[0199] 24 Upper mold 20 Heat-covered side 46 Intermediate layer

[0200] 25 upper mold 20 cold mold component

[0201] 26 Upper mold 20 Hot mold component 50 Pressing direction

[0202] 27 Upper mold 20 mold plate 1 cold end plate 51 forming area

[0203] 28 Upper mold 20 mold plate 1 hot end plate 55 maintenance opening

[0204] 56 Maintenance Door

[0205] 30 Lower die 58 Vacuum forging chamber

Claims

1. An insulating mold plate, comprising: Two end plates arranged in parallel to each other; as well as An insulating layer (21, 31) is disposed between the two end plates, the insulating layer (21, 31) comprising a ceramic insulator (40). The insulating layers (21, 31) are defined with insulator planes (22, 32) arranged at least parallel to the end plates. The ceramic insulators (40) are spaced apart from each other on the insulator planes (22, 32), such that an intermediate space (41) is arranged between the ceramic insulators (40) on the insulator planes (22, 32). The total area of ​​the insulating layers (21, 31) includes at least the surface portion of the ceramic insulator (40) and the surface portion of the intermediate space (41), characterized in that, In each portion of the ceramic insulator (40) parallel to the planes (22, 32) of the insulator, the surface portion of the ceramic insulator (40) comprises at least 50% of the total area of ​​the insulating layers (21, 31), wherein the ceramic insulator (40) is symmetrically formed. The top side surface of the ceramic insulator (40) is the same as the bottom side surface of the ceramic insulator (40), and all the ceramic insulators (40) are designed as plates, wherein the plates have a height (42) and a maximum width (43) and are designed to be wider than their height. In the insulating layers (21, 31), ceramic insulators (40) are disposed on at least two insulator planes (22, 32); The ceramic insulator (40) is formed with a basic triangular shape, the corners of the basic triangular shape of the ceramic insulator (40) pointing to the corners of the adjacent ceramic insulator (40), or the corners of the adjacent ceramic insulators (40) are aligned at a point, or the corners of the basic triangular shape of the ceramic insulator (40) point to the sides of the basic triangular shape of the ceramic insulator (40).

2. The mold plate according to claim 1, characterized in that, This causes the end plate to be subjected to initial stress.

3. The mold plate according to claim 1, characterized in that, Multiple ceramic insulators (40) are arranged on each insulator plane (22, 32).

4. The mold plate according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, In the insulating layers (21, 31), ceramic insulators (40) are arranged on at least three insulator planes (22, 32).

5. The mold plate according to claim 4, characterized in that, The individual planar ceramic insulators (40) are arranged coaxially with each other, and / or the ceramic insulators (40) are aligned in the same way.

6. The mold plate according to claim 4, characterized in that, An intermediate layer (46) is arranged between the ceramic insulators (40), which are arranged on top of each other.

7. A forging press for pressing a semi-finished product (15) along a pressing direction (17), comprising: Pressing the pushrod (12); At least one traction rod (14); At least one upper mold (20); and At least one lower die (30); Each mold (20, 30) includes: Cold mold components (25, 35); and Hot mold components (26, 36). Each mold (20, 30) includes a mold plate according to any one of claims 1 to 6, which is arranged perpendicular to the pressing direction (17). The insulating mold plate (1) is correspondingly arranged between the cold mold components (25, 35) and the hot mold components (26, 36). Each of the mold plates (1) is arranged between a cold-covered side (23, 33) and a hot-covered side (24, 34), wherein the cold-covered side (23, 33) is arranged on the side of the cold mold component (25, 35) and the hot-covered side (24, 34) is arranged on the side of the hot mold component (26, 36).

8. A forging press for pressing a semi-finished product (15) along a pressing direction (17), comprising: Pressing the pushrod (12); At least one traction rod (14); At least one upper mold (20); and At least one lower die (30). Each mold (20, 30) includes: Cold mold components (25, 35); and Hot mold components (26, 36). Each of the molds (20, 30) includes an insulating layer (21, 31) arranged perpendicular to the pressing direction (17). The insulating layers (21, 31) are respectively arranged between the cold mold components (25, 35) and the hot mold components (26, 36). Each of the insulating layers (21, 31) is arranged between a cold-covering side (23, 33) and a hot-covering side (24, 34), wherein the cold-covering side (23, 33) is located on the side of the cold mold component (25, 35), and the hot-covering side (24, 34) is located on the side of the hot mold component (26, 36). The insulating layers (21, 31) include ceramic insulators (40). The insulating layers (21, 31) are defined by an insulating plane (22, 32) arranged at least parallel to the end plates (27, 28, 37, 38). The ceramic insulators (40) are spaced apart from each other on the insulator planes (22, 32), thereby forming an intermediate space (41) between the ceramic insulators (40) on the insulator planes (22, 32). The total area of ​​the insulating layers (21, 31) includes at least the surface portion of the ceramic insulator (40) and the surface portion of the intermediate space (41), characterized in that, Among them, multiple ceramic insulators (40) are arranged in each insulator plane (22, 32), In each portion of the ceramic insulator (40) parallel to the plane of the insulator (22, 32), the surface portion of the ceramic insulator (40) constitutes at least 50% of the total area of ​​the insulating layers (21, 31), wherein the insulator is symmetrically formed. The top and bottom sides of the insulator are identical, and all insulators are designed as plates. The plates described herein have a height (42) and a maximum width (43) and are designed to be wider than their height, and In the insulating layers (21, 31), ceramic insulators (40) are disposed on at least two insulator planes (22, 32); The ceramic insulator (40) is formed with a basic triangular shape, the corners of the basic triangular shape of the ceramic insulator (40) pointing to the corners of the adjacent ceramic insulator (40), or the corners of the adjacent ceramic insulators (40) are aligned at a point, or the corners of the basic triangular shape of the ceramic insulator (40) point to the sides of the basic triangular shape of the ceramic insulator (40).

9. The forging press according to claim 8, characterized in that, In the insulating layers (21, 31), ceramic insulators (40) are arranged on at least three insulator planes (22, 32).

10. The forging press according to claim 9, characterized in that, The individual planar ceramic insulators (40) are arranged coaxially with each other, and / or the ceramic insulators (40) are aligned in the same way.

11. The forging press according to claim 9, characterized in that, An intermediate layer (46) is arranged between the ceramic insulators (40), which are arranged on top of each other.

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