Ice layer thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power station in severe cold region

Abstract

The patent relates to an ice layer thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power stations in cold regions, and relates to the technical field of measurement. The monitoring column is provided with a pressure measurement area and a temperature measurement area. The pressure measurement area is provided with a plurality of pressure sensors. The temperature measurement area is provided with a plurality of temperature sensors. When the monitoring column is located in the water body, the height position of the pressure measurement area is at least partially located in the air and the ice layer. The height position of the temperature measurement area is at least partially located in the ice layer and the water body. The application determines the air / ice layer interface pressure distortion to determine the position of the upper surface of the ice layer. The application determines the ice layer / water layer interface temperature distortion to determine the position of the lower surface of the ice layer. The application monitors the thickness of the ice layer in real time through the preset positions of the upper and lower surfaces of the ice layer.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of real-time monitoring technology, and in particular to a device for monitoring ice thickness in pumped storage power stations in frigid regions. Background Technology

[0002] Pumped storage power stations are currently a type of energy storage hydroelectric power station used to balance the peak and off-peak loads of the power grid. Pumped storage power stations are a low-carbon, clean, green, and energy-storing power source for the power grid system. During off-peak hours, excess electrical energy in the power grid is converted into water potential energy and stored by pumping water; during peak hours, the water potential energy is converted into electrical energy through turbines to supplement the power grid. It is currently the most technologically mature, economically optimal, and readily deployable backbone power grid energy storage and regulation method.

[0003] Pumped storage power stations are located throughout China, with about one-third of them situated in frigid regions where temperatures drop below -15°C.

[0004] In winter, the water in pumped-storage power stations in cold regions freezes, causing significant water level fluctuations that can lead to damage such as impacts on hydraulic structures, blockages at inlets and outlets, and frost heave of concrete dam surfaces. Real-time monitoring of ice thickness is necessary to prevent threats to the safe operation of pumped-storage power stations. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This application provides a device for monitoring ice thickness in pumped storage power stations in frigid regions, used to monitor and obtain accurate ice thickness in real time.

[0006] This application provides a device for monitoring ice thickness in pumped-storage power stations in frigid regions, including a monitoring column, pressure sensors, and temperature sensors. The monitoring column is equipped with a pressure measuring area and a temperature measuring area. The pressure measuring area is equipped with multiple pressure sensors; the temperature measuring area is equipped with multiple temperature sensors. When the monitoring column is located in water, the height of the pressure measuring area is at least partially located within the ice layer and in the air, with the multiple pressure sensors located at at least two height positions to determine the height of the upper surface of the ice layer. Similarly, the height of the temperature measuring area is at least partially located within the water layer and in the ice layer, with the multiple temperature sensors located at at least two height positions to determine the height of the lower surface of the ice layer.

[0007] In the above technical solution, the patent innovatively discovers that the pressure on the surface of the monitoring column is distorted by the air layer and the ice layer. The upper surface of the ice layer can be determined by the pressure distortion. The pressure inside the ice layer is greater than atmospheric pressure, while the pressure near the ice surface is equal to atmospheric pressure. The relative position of the upper surface of the ice layer can be determined by the location of the pressure value distortion of the pressure sensor.

[0008] In the above technical solution, the patent innovatively discovers that the temperature of the ice layer and the water layer on the surface of the monitoring column is distorted, and the lower surface of the ice layer can be determined by the temperature distortion. The temperature sensor located in the ice layer of the monitoring column measures a temperature less than 0°C, while the temperature sensor located in the water layer measures a temperature greater than 0°C. The temperature in the ice-water mixing zone is 0°C. The relative position of the lower surface of the ice layer can be determined by the location of the temperature distortion point of the temperature sensor.

[0009] In the above technical solution, the ice thickness is calculated by real-time monitoring of the relative height positions of the upper and lower surfaces of the ice layer, thus achieving the goal of real-time monitoring of ice thickness.

[0010] In the above technical solution, this patent innovatively discovers that during the icing process, the monitoring column is easily squeezed and deformed, damaging its surface and destroying the temperature and pressure sensors. By setting an elastic protective layer on the surface of the monitoring column, the impact of the icing process on the monitoring column can be dispersed, thus solving the above problem.

[0011] In the above technical solution, an elastic protective layer is provided on the surface of the monitoring column. The elastic protective layer covers the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor to prevent the expansion force of ice from damaging the monitoring column, the pressure sensor and the temperature sensor.

[0012] In the above technical solution, this patent innovatively discovers that: during the freezing process, the monitoring column needs a suitable density; when the density is light, the monitoring column tends to float towards the air layer; when the density is heavy, the monitoring column tends to float towards the water layer below the ice.

[0013] In the above technical solution, this invention innovatively adopts two technical methods: first, controlling the density of the monitoring column; and second, setting up protruding rods. The protruding rods on the surface of the monitoring column prevent the monitoring column from becoming too light (≤0.88 g / cm³) during the freezing process. 3 The ice is pushed out of the ice layer into the air layer above the ice surface; this also prevents the monitoring column density from being too high (≥0.96 g / cm³). 3 The ice layer pushes the column into the water layer, keeping a portion of the monitoring column submerged in ice.

[0014] In the above technical solutions, this invention found that the perpendicularity of the monitoring column to the horizontal plane affects the monitoring accuracy. This invention studied the center of gravity position of the monitoring device and found that when the center of gravity is located at 65% to 100% of the height from the top, the monitoring device can be kept vertically positioned in the ice layer, ensuring the accuracy of ice thickness monitoring.

[0015] In the above technical solution, the transmission device includes multiple input terminals, each connected to a corresponding temperature sensor and pressure sensor. The signal transmission device can be placed inside the cavity of the monitoring column or on its surface. It is used for real-time recording and monitoring of ice thickness.

[0016] In the above technical solution, the ice thickness monitoring device of the pumped storage power station in the cold region monitors the changes in ice thickness data in real time, and adopts corresponding anti-icing solutions, including but not limited to mechanical ice breaking, water flow de-icing, or pollution prevention and ice blocking, to eliminate ice damage such as ice impacting hydraulic structures, blocking inlet and outlet, freezing heave of concrete dam surfaces, and ice erosion of structures, and ensure the safe and stable operation of the pumped storage power station in the cold region. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a device for monitoring ice thickness in a pumped storage power station in a frigid region. Figure 2 This is a top view (direction A) of the structure of an ice thickness monitoring device for a pumped storage power station in a frigid region. Figure 3 This is a magnified schematic diagram of part B of a pumped storage power station ice thickness monitoring device in a frigid region. Figure 4 This is a line graph plotted from temperature and pressure data collected by a pumped-storage power station ice thickness monitoring device in a frigid region.

[0018] 1. Air; 2. Ice layer; 3. Water body; 4. Data transmission device; 5. Monitoring column; 6. Temperature sensor; 7. Pressure sensor; 8. Central area; 9. Protruding rod; 10. Elastic protective layer. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The present application will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Through these descriptions, the features and advantages of the present application will become clearer and more apparent.

[0020] The term “exemplary” as used herein means “serving as an example, embodiment, or illustration.” Any embodiment illustrated herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as superior to or better than other embodiments. Although various aspects of embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specifically indicated otherwise.

[0021] Furthermore, the technical features involved in the different embodiments of this application described below can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.

[0022] This application discloses an ice thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power stations in frigid regions, used to monitor the ice thickness in real time.

[0023] The formation, development, and disappearance of reservoir ice can be divided into the following four stages: The first stage is the initial freezing stage (ice formation stage). The ice formation stage refers to the period from when the daily average temperature begins to fall below zero degrees Celsius to when it enters a stable sub-zero temperature range, during which thin ice forms on part of the reservoir's surface.

[0024] The second stage is the ice growth stage. Once the daytime and nighttime temperatures reach a stable sub-zero level, the ice layer gradually develops on the reservoir surface, forming stable, large-area ice cover until it reaches a significant portion of the reservoir. This stage is characterized by a general gradual decrease in temperature. Due to the unique operating environment of pumped-storage power stations, frequent back-and-forth water flows and vigorous movement occur. Increased surface turbulence inhibits ice formation; therefore, in the early stages of ice formation, only small areas of ice form near the gate wells and concrete dams, where they are unaffected by water flow.

[0025] The third stage is the ice cap freezing stage (ice cap stage), which refers to the ice layer growing huge and its thickness increasing rapidly, forming a large area, a large thickness, and a large weight of ice (ice cap). The large volume and weight of the ice cap pose a significant hazard to reservoir construction and safe operation.

[0026] The fourth stage is the ice melting stage, which refers to the process in which the ice area gradually decreases until it disappears as the average daily temperature gradually rises.

[0027] Compared to ordinary reservoirs, pumped-storage power stations experience greater water level fluctuations, turbulent water flows, longer flow paths, and faster flow speeds, resulting in more severe ice-related hazards. Once ice forms on a reservoir, it moves frequently across the water surface as the power station operates. However, due to the cyclical rise and fall of water levels, as well as unique thermal conditions and wind forces, the dynamics of the ice in pumped-storage power station reservoirs exhibit their own characteristics. Throughout the freezing period, the ice generally rises and falls with the water level. During the descent, the ice breaks into fragments of varying sizes due to the constraints of the bank slopes. As the ice rises, a thin ice-fragment zone, approximately 30-40 meters wide, forms around the perimeter due to the freezing of mixed ice and water. Despite frequent water level fluctuations, the extent of this thin ice zone remains largely unchanged, indicating no significant horizontal movement.

[0028] Existing instruments for measuring ice thickness mainly include ice thickness monitoring devices with intelligent control of resistance wire heating, ice thickness monitoring instruments based on radar technology, ice thickness monitoring methods based on remote sensing technology, and ice thickness monitoring methods based on sonar technology.

[0029] An ice thickness monitoring device with intelligent control via resistance wire heating. This device utilizes the principle of resistance wire heating, and a motor controls the up-and-down movement of a linkage slider and a second stainless steel baffle, allowing a laser rangefinder to measure the distance between the upper and lower surfaces of the ice layer, thereby calculating the ice thickness. The advantages of this device are high accuracy, ease of operation, and high mobility, enabling real-time monitoring of ice thickness. The disadvantages are that it consumes electrical energy, may cause some damage to the ice layer, and is not suitable for large-scale ice layer monitoring.

[0030] An ice thickness monitoring instrument based on radar technology. This instrument utilizes the principle of radar electromagnetic wave reflection. By transmitting and receiving electromagnetic wave signals, it determines the position of the upper and lower surfaces of the ice layer based on the signal delay and intensity, thereby calculating the ice thickness. The advantages of this instrument are high efficiency, simple software operation, strong cold resistance, and the ability to monitor ice thickness over the entire site. The disadvantages are high instrument cost, susceptibility to electromagnetic interference, and unsuitability for monitoring underwater ice layers or complex terrain.

[0031] Ice thickness monitoring methods based on remote sensing technology. This method utilizes satellite remote sensing to measure the height of the ice above the water surface by observing the difference in microwave reflectivity between ice and water. Then, it estimates the underwater depth based on Archimedes' principle, thereby calculating the ice thickness. The advantages of this method are wide coverage, good timeliness, and low cost, enabling monitoring of ice thickness over large areas. The disadvantages are low accuracy, susceptibility to cloud or snow cover effects, and unsuitability for localized or detailed monitoring.

[0032] Sonar-based ice thickness monitoring methods utilize sonar technology to transmit and receive sound signals. By analyzing the reflection of these signals at water-ice and ice-air interfaces, the depth of the underwater ice layer is measured, thus calculating its thickness. The advantages of this method are high accuracy, adaptability, and minimal interference, enabling the monitoring of underwater ice thickness. Disadvantages include high instrument cost, the need for contact measurement which may damage the ice layer, and its unsuitability for monitoring in air or complex terrain.

[0033] Reference Figures 1-3 The monitoring device is described as follows: a monitoring column 5, a temperature sensor 6, and a pressure sensor 7 are provided on the monitoring column 5; the temperature measuring area is provided with multiple temperature sensors 6, and the pressure measuring area is provided with multiple pressure sensors 7.

[0034] When the monitoring column 5 is located in the water layer 3, the height position of the temperature measuring zone is at least partially located in the water layer 3 and the ice layer 2, and multiple temperature sensors 6 are located at at least two height positions to determine the height position of the lower surface of the ice layer 2.

[0035] The height of the pressure measurement zone is located in at least part of the ice layer 2 and in the air 1, and multiple pressure sensors 7 are located at at least two height positions to determine the height position of the upper surface of the ice layer 2.

[0036] Specifically, the monitoring column 5 is a column that can float on the water surface. For example, the overall density of the monitoring column 5 is less than that of water, and a part of the length of the monitoring column 5 is located in the water layer 3, while a part is located above the water surface. Optionally, the monitoring column 5 is fixed on the dam body, and the height of the monitoring column 5 remains unchanged. When the water level in the dam rises or falls, a part of the length of the monitoring column 5 is always located in the water layer 3, while a part is located above the water surface.

[0037] The monitoring column 5 is provided with a temperature measuring area and a pressure measuring area. For example, the temperature measuring area and the pressure measuring area overlap along the length of the monitoring column 5. In this embodiment, the temperature measuring area and the pressure measuring area completely overlap along the length of the measuring column. In the accompanying drawings, a circular frame represents the temperature measuring area, and a square frame represents the pressure measuring area. Optionally, a portion of the length of the monitoring column 5 is designated as the temperature measuring area, and another portion as the pressure measuring area.

[0038] At least a portion of the pressure measurement zone is located within air layer 1 and ice layer 2. The study found that when multiple pressure sensors 7 are arranged sequentially in both regions, the pressure measured by the sensors 7 in air layer 1 remains constant at 0 MPa; while the pressure measured by the sensors 7 in ice layer 2 is greater than 0.01 MPa. Arranging the sensors 7 sequentially from air layer 1 to ice layer 2, the pressure measured increases progressively, with the measured values ​​increasing from 0 MPa and +0.01 MPa to higher pressures. From air layer 1 to ice layer 2, the pressure gradually increases, and a pressure distortion point exists—the location of the pressure sensor where the pressure changes from 0 MPa to +0.01 MPa. This pressure distortion point is the critical position between air layer 1 and ice layer 2, and can be identified as being between the upper surface of ice layer 2.

[0039] At least a portion of the temperature measurement zone is located within water layer 3 and ice layer 2. The study found that when multiple temperature sensors 6 are arranged sequentially in both regions, the temperature measured by the temperature sensors 6 in water layer 3 is not less than 0℃; the temperature measured by the temperature sensors 6 in ice layer 2 is not greater than 0℃. As the temperature sensors 6 are arranged sequentially from water layer 3 to ice layer 2, the measured temperatures decrease sequentially, with the measured values ​​from the positive temperature zone and 0℃ to the negative temperature zone. A distorted temperature measurement point (0℃) exists in the direction from the water layer to the ice layer of the self-monitoring column. This temperature point is located at the critical point between the water and ice layers, and can be identified as being between the lower surface of ice layer 2.

[0040] Research has found that the technique of determining the position of the upper surface of the ice layer using pressure measurement distortion has the advantages of anti-interference and high accuracy. At the pressure sensor test points of air layer 1 and ice layer 2, the pressure of air layer 1 is close to absolute atmospheric pressure (0.098 MPa, gauge pressure 0 MPa). At the pressure test points, the pressure on the upper surface of ice layer 2 suddenly increases compared to air layer 1; it continues to increase with increasing distance from the upper surface of ice layer 2, reaching a maximum value in ice layer 2, and then continuously decreasing, approaching 0 at the lower surface of ice layer 2. Compared to using only temperature sensor 6 to monitor the position of the upper surface of ice layer 2, the temperatures of air layer 1 and the upper surface of ice layer 2 are easily affected by environmental factors such as sunlight, wind, rain, and snow, resulting in low accuracy when using the measured values ​​to determine the position of the upper surface of ice layer 2. In this embodiment, pressure sensor 7 is selected to measure the height of the upper surface of ice layer 2, thereby enabling accurate monitoring of the position of the upper surface of ice layer 2.

[0041] Since the temperature of ice is less than 0℃ and the temperature of water is greater than 0℃, the temperature sensor 6 located in ice layer 2 measures a temperature less than 0℃, while the temperature sensor 6 located in water layer 3 measures a temperature greater than 0℃. The data measured by the temperature sensor 6 in ice layer 2 and the temperature sensor 6 located in water layer 3 are significantly different. Therefore, the height position of the lower surface of ice layer 2 can be determined by the height position of temperature sensor 6.

[0042] As water freezes, the pressure inside ice layer 2 increases, becoming greater than atmospheric pressure. The pressure near the ice surface equals atmospheric pressure, resulting in a significant difference between the data measured by pressure sensor 7 located within ice layer 2 and pressure sensor 7 located in air layer 1. Therefore, the height of the upper surface of ice layer 2 can be determined by the height of pressure sensor 7.

[0043] The thickness of ice layer 2 is obtained by calculating the difference between the height position of the lower surface of ice layer 2 and the height position of the upper surface of ice layer 2.

[0044] This scheme utilizes the temperature changes in ice layer 2 and water layer 3, as well as the pressure changes in ice layer 2 and air layer 1, to obtain the positions of the lower and upper surfaces of ice layer 2, and then calculates the thickness of ice layer 2.

[0045] It should be noted that the wider the distribution range of the temperature sensors 6 at both ends along the height direction, the greater the range of changes in the height position of the lower surface of the ice layer 2 to which the ice layer 2 thickness measuring device is applicable.

[0046] For example, when the height of the lower surface of ice layer 2 changes within 1m, the distribution range of temperature sensors 6 along the height direction is 1m, which can determine the height of the lower surface of ice layer 2 within 1m. The larger monitoring column length and the wider distribution range of temperature sensors 6 can be adapted to the monitoring of the lower surface position of thicker ice layers.

[0047] It should be noted that the smaller the gap between two adjacent temperature sensors 6 along the height direction, the more accurate the height position of the lower surface of the ice layer 2 will be.

[0048] For example, the center-to-center distance between adjacent temperature sensors 6 is 10 mm, and the distance between the temperature sensors (temperature monitoring value near 0℃) on the lower surface of the ice layer 2 is 10 mm, thus the error in determining the position of the lower surface of the ice layer is ±5 mm; for example, the center-to-center distance between adjacent temperature sensors 6 is 2 mm, and the distance between the temperature sensors (temperature monitoring value near 0℃) on the lower surface of the ice layer 2 is 2 mm, thus the error in determining the position of the lower surface of the ice layer is ±1 mm; therefore, a smaller temperature sensor spacing can improve the monitoring accuracy of the position of the lower surface of the ice layer.

[0049] It should be noted that the wider the distribution range of the pressure sensors 7 at both ends along the height direction, the greater the range of changes in the height position of the upper surface of the ice layer 2 to which the ice layer 2 thickness measuring device is applicable.

[0050] For example, when the height of the upper surface of ice layer 2 changes within 0.5m, the distribution range of temperature sensors 7 along the height direction is 0.5m, which can determine the height of the upper surface of ice layer 2 within 0.5m. A larger monitoring column length and a wider distribution range of pressure sensors 7 can be adapted to the monitoring of the upper surface position of thicker ice layers.

[0051] The larger the gap between the two pressure sensors 7 at both ends along the height direction, the greater the range of variation in the height position of the upper surface of the ice layer 2 to which the ice layer 2 thickness measuring device is applicable. For example, when the height position of the upper surface of the ice layer 2 varies within 1m, a gap of 1m between the two pressure sensors 7 at both ends along the height direction can be used to determine the height position of the upper surface of the ice layer 2.

[0052] The smaller the gap between two adjacent pressure sensors 7 along the height direction, the more accurate the height position of the upper surface of the ice layer 2 will be.

[0053] It should be noted that the height position described in this solution refers to the height position of the pressure sensor 7 or the temperature sensor 6 when the length of the monitoring column 5 is set in the vertical direction.

[0054] Reference Figure 1 As an optional solution, the center-to-center distance between two adjacent temperature sensors 6 along the height direction is greater than 0 mm and less than or equal to 5 mm.

[0055] Specifically, the center-to-center distance between two adjacent temperature sensors 6 along the height direction is any distance greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5 mm. For example, the center-to-center distance between two adjacent temperature sensors 6 along the height direction is 1 mm; optionally, the center-to-center distance between two adjacent temperature sensors 6 along the height direction is 0.5 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm or 5 mm.

[0056] Reference Figure 1 As an optional solution, the center-to-center distance between two adjacent pressure sensors 7 along the height direction is greater than 0 mm and less than or equal to 5 mm.

[0057] Specifically, the center-to-center distance between two adjacent pressure sensors 7 along the height direction is any distance greater than 0 and less than or equal to 5 mm. For example, the center-to-center distance between two adjacent pressure sensors 7 along the height direction is 1 mm. Optionally, the center-to-center distance between two adjacent pressure sensors 7 along the height direction is 0.5 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm or 5 mm.

[0058] Reference Figure 1 As an alternative, the height positions of multiple temperature sensors 6 can be 5 to 400.

[0059] Specifically, the multiple temperature sensors 6 have a height position greater than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 400. For example, the multiple temperature sensors 6 have a height position of 100, and a total of 100 temperature sensors 6 are provided.

[0060] It should be noted that two temperature sensors 6 are allowed to exist at the same height. When there are 100 height locations for multiple temperature sensors 6, the total number of temperature sensors 6 can be 101. In another embodiment, the height positions of the plurality of temperature sensors 6 are 2, 3 or 4.

[0061] Reference Figure 1 As an optional solution, the height positions of multiple pressure sensors 7 can be 5 to 400.

[0062] Specifically, the multiple pressure sensors 7 have a height position greater than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 400. For example, the multiple pressure sensors 7 have 100 height positions, and a total of 100 pressure sensors 7 are provided.

[0063] It should be noted that two pressure sensors 7 are allowed to exist at the same height position, and the number of pressure sensors 7 is 102.

[0064] In another embodiment, the height positions of the plurality of pressure sensors 7 are 2, 3 or 4.

[0065] As an alternative, the monitoring column 5 is made of a rigid material, including concrete or metal.

[0066] As an alternative, the monitoring column 5 can be made of a flexible material. Flexible materials include foam materials.

[0067] Reference Figure 1 As an optional solution, the temperature sensor 6 has a temperature measurement range of -50℃ to 130℃ and a measurement accuracy of 0.01℃ to 1℃.

[0068] Specifically, the minimum temperature measurement range is determined based on the geographical location of the planned pumped storage power station; the maximum temperature range is determined based on the maximum temperature of the existing pumped storage power station equipment exposed to long-term sunlight in summer and its lifespan.

[0069] The higher the temperature measurement accuracy, the higher the cost of temperature sensor 6, and the more timely and accurate the measured temperature changes, the more timely and accurate the obtained changes in ice layer 2 thickness.

[0070] Reference Figure 1 As an optional solution, the pressure sensor 7 has a pressure testing range of 0 ~ 2.0 MPa and an accuracy of 0.1%FS ~ 0.5%FS.

[0071] Specifically, the minimum pressure test range is set considering that the air pressure 1 is close to atmospheric pressure. The pressure and temperature measurement range of pressure sensor 7 is determined according to the dam's requirements. The higher the pressure test accuracy, the higher the cost of pressure sensor 7, and the more timely and accurate the measured pressure changes, the more timely and accurate the obtained changes in ice layer 2 thickness.

[0072] Reference Figure 1 As an optional solution, the length of the monitoring column 5 is 30mm ~ 3000mm; Specifically, the length of the monitoring column 5 is any length between 30 mm and 3000 mm. For example, the length of the monitoring column 5 is 1500 mm.

[0073] The length of the monitoring column 5 is determined based on the thickness of the ice layer 2, and is generally 1.5 to 2 times the maximum ice thickness.

[0074] The longer the monitoring column 5, the better the reliability of the monitoring data. When the length of the monitoring column 5 is too small, such as less than 1.5 times the maximum ice thickness, complete data of "air layer 1 - ice layer 2 - water layer" cannot be obtained. When the length of the monitoring column 5 is too large, such as more than twice the maximum ice thickness, the damage to the reservoir bank caused by the movement of the monitoring column 5 with the ice layer 2 increases, and the cost is too high.

[0075] The thickness of the ice layer 2 can be estimated based on the location of the pumped storage power station, and an ice layer 2 thickness measuring device of the corresponding specification can be set up.

[0076] Reference Figure 1 As an optional solution, the cross-sectional area of ​​monitoring column 5 is 0.1 cm². 2 ~ 40000cm 2 ; Specifically, the cross-sectional area of ​​monitoring column 5 is greater than or equal to 0.1 cm³. 2 And less than or equal to 40000cm 2 Any area within it. For example, the cross-sectional area of ​​monitoring column 5 is 100 cm². 2 .

[0077] The cross-sectional area of ​​the monitoring column 5 is controlled to ensure the installation and positioning of the temperature sensor 6 and the pressure sensor 7. When the cross-sectional area of ​​the monitoring column 5 is small, the cost is low and the design is flexible; when the cross-sectional area of ​​the monitoring column 5 is large, the reliability is good and it can adapt to the large-scale ice conditions of the pumped storage power station.

[0078] As an alternative, the monitoring column 5 includes a body and a protruding rod 9, which is fixed to the outside of the body.

[0079] Specifically, the main body is a column with its length arranged vertically; for example, the main body is a quadrangular prism. The protruding rod 9 is fixed to the side of the main body, and the length of the protruding rod 9 is perpendicular to the side of the main body.

[0080] During the freezing process, it can prevent the monitoring column 5 from being too light (≤0.88g / cm³). 3 The air layer 1, pushed out of the ice surface by ice layer 2, can also prevent the density of monitoring column 5 from being too high (≥0.96g / cm³). 3 ( ), pushed into the water layer by the ice layer 2; keeping part of the monitoring column 5 in the ice layer 2.

[0081] As an optional solution, there are 9 to 90 protruding rods 9 arranged along the height direction on the main body. The minimum distance from the connection point of the protruding rod 9 to the top of the main body is L1, and the length of the main body is L2, wherein 10%≤L1 / L2≤50%.

[0082] Reference Figure 1 As an alternative, the overall apparent density of column 5 was monitored to be 0.90 g / cm³. 3 ~ 0.94g / cm 3 .

[0083] Specifically, the density of monitoring column 5 is determined based on the density of ice layer 2 and should be close to that of ice layer 2. A density that is too high (>0.94 g / cm³) will result in a density that is too low. 3 It cannot float on the water surface; its density is too low (<0.90g / cm³). 3 Therefore, there are fewer sensors in the water layer. The monitoring column 5 has a counterweight; by adjusting the mass of the counterweight, the overall density of the monitoring column 5 is adjusted. For example, the overall density of the monitoring column 5 is 0.92 g / cm³. 3 .

[0084] Reference Figure 1 As an alternative, the center of gravity of the monitoring device is located at 65% to 100% of the height from the top along the vertical direction.

[0085] Specifically, the height direction from top to bottom refers to the length of the monitoring column 5 placed vertically from top to bottom. The distance from the top is the distance to the top of the monitoring device. The center of gravity of the monitoring device is located at 65% to 100% of the distance from the top, meaning the ratio of the distance from the center of gravity of the monitoring device to the top of the monitoring column 5 to the overall height of the monitoring column 5 is any ratio within the range of 65% to 100%, including the endpoints.

[0086] It should be noted that when the monitoring column 5 is placed vertically in the water layer 3, the center of gravity of the counterweight is located below the water surface, and the distance between the center of gravity and the bottom of the monitoring column is 5%-30% of the length of the monitoring column 5, thus maintaining good stability of the counterweight. If the center of gravity is too high (>30%), the monitoring column 5 cannot maintain good stability during the movement of the ice layer 2.

[0087] Reference Figure 1 As an optional solution, the surface of the monitoring column 5 is provided with an elastic protective layer 10, which covers the temperature sensor 6 and the pressure sensor 7.

[0088] Specifically, the protective layer thickness is 0.1mm~3mm; the thermal conductivity is 0.5w / (m²). k)-20 w / (m k); The Shore A hardness of the material in the elastic protective layer 10 is 5°~50°. The water absorption rate of the elastic protective layer 10 is 0~1%, under the condition of immersion at room temperature for 30 days.

[0089] The elastic protective layer 10 includes a volume-compressible elastomer that can release the static pressure of the ice layer 2 during the growth of the ice cap, reducing damage to the monitoring column 5 and the temperature sensor 6. The protective layer 10 includes an elastomer material and a microporous elastomer material, with the elastomer material encapsulating the microporous elastomer material.

[0090] The thicker the elastic protective layer 10, the better the protection, but the lower the sensor monitoring accuracy. When the thickness is too large (>10mm), the pressure sensor 7 cannot sense the pressure of the ice layer 2, affecting the measurement results. When the thickness is too small (<1mm), the protective layer is easily damaged, and the monitoring column 5 cannot be prevented from being damaged by the ice layer 2.

[0091] When the thermal conductivity is too high (>20 W / (m) k), excessive use of thermally conductive filler, excessively hard material, poor measurement accuracy, and excessively low thermal conductivity (<0.5w / (m)). (k) Temperature sensor 6 cannot measure the accurate temperature; when the hardness is too high (>50°), the material is too hard and the measurement accuracy is poor; when the hardness is too low, the protective layer is easily damaged and the monitoring column 5 cannot be prevented from being damaged by the ice layer 2.

[0092] The higher the water absorption rate, the shorter the lifespan of the elastic protective layer 10 and the lower the test accuracy. When the water absorption rate is too high (>1%), the protective layer is more easily damaged during the freezing process.

[0093] In another embodiment, a plurality of temperature sensors 6 are arranged in a spiral pattern on the monitoring column 5.

[0094] The spiral arrangement of multiple temperature sensors 6 can reduce interference between two adjacent temperature sensors 6 along the length of the monitoring column 5, and help to reduce the gap between two adjacent temperature sensors 6 along the length of the monitoring column 5.

[0095] In another embodiment, a plurality of pressure sensors 7 are arranged in a spiral pattern on the monitoring column 5.

[0096] The spiral arrangement of multiple pressure sensors 7 can reduce interference between two adjacent pressure sensors 7 along the length of the monitoring column 5, and help to reduce the gap between two adjacent pressure sensors 7 along the length of the monitoring column 5.

[0097] Furthermore, the monitoring column 5 is equipped with scale lines.

[0098] Furthermore, the monitoring column 5 is a ruler. When the monitoring column 5 is in water, its height is vertical.

[0099] As an optional solution, the ice layer 2 thickness measuring device also includes a data transmission device 4, which includes multiple input terminals, each of which is connected to a signal corresponding to a multiple temperature sensor 6 and a multiple pressure sensor 7.

[0100] Specifically, the data transmission device 4 is connected to the pressure sensor 7 and the temperature sensor 6 via a signal. Alternatively, the data transmission device 4 can be connected to the pressure sensor 7 and the temperature sensor 6 via a wireless signal.

[0101] Reference Figure 1 As an alternative, the data transmission device 4 can be placed inside the cavity of the monitoring column 5, or the data transmission device 4 can be placed on the surface of the monitoring column 5.

[0102] For example, the data transmission device 4 is located in the central area 8 of the monitoring subject.

[0103] In another embodiment, the data transmission device 4 is located on the surface of the monitoring column 5.

[0104] Furthermore, the ice layer 2 thickness measuring device also includes a processor and an output device. The data transmission device 4 transmits the measured pressure data and temperature data to the processor. After processing and calculation, the processor sends a signal of the ice layer 2 thickness to the output device, and the output device outputs the ice layer 2 thickness.

[0105] By measuring the ice layer thickness using an ice layer thickness measuring device, the changes in ice layer 2 thickness data are monitored in real time. Corresponding anti-icing schemes are adopted to reduce operational ice damage such as ice layer 2 impacting hydraulic structures, blocking inlet and outlet water outlets, freezing and swelling concrete dam surfaces, and building ice erosion, thereby ensuring the safe operation of the pumped storage power station.

[0106] The following description uses a concrete-faced rockfill dam as an example, located in a frigid region. The dam crest elevation is 729.20m, the dam axis length is 510m, and the maximum dam height is 89.2m. The concrete face consists of 54 panels, and the historical lowest recorded temperature in the upper reservoir is approximately -39.7℃. Temperature monitoring points are set 50m in front of 27 panels.

[0107] The forecast minimum temperature is -19℃, and the maximum ice thickness is 90mm.

[0108] Ice layer thickness measuring device: The length of monitoring column 5 is determined based on the thickness of ice layer 2, generally 1.5 to 3 times the maximum ice thickness. The historical maximum ice thickness of this reservoir is 470 mm, therefore the length of monitoring column 5 is 1500 mm, and its density is 0.91 g / cm³. 3 The cross-section is a square with a side length of 1.5m.

[0109] Test points: 148 temperature measurement points with a center-to-center spacing of 10mm and a measurement accuracy of 0.1℃.

[0110] Data collection device: sampling frequency 10s.

[0111] Positioning device: 2.5T concrete anchor block, 150m anchor chain.

[0112] Power supply device: 220V, 100W solar power station.

[0113] Ambient temperature: -10.0℃; Actual thickness: 90mm.

[0114] Reference Figure 4 The measured temperature and pressure data are plotted in a graph. The horizontal axis represents the test positions of the sensors along the temperature and pressure monitoring column 5 from top to bottom, with intervals of 1 cm. The first point is 1 cm from the top edge of the temperature and pressure monitoring column 5. The second sensor is 2 cm from the top edge of the temperature and pressure monitoring column 5, and so on, with the nth sensor being n (cm) from the top edge of the temperature and pressure monitoring column 5. The left vertical axis represents the measured temperatures, namely ambient air 1 temperature, ice layer 2 temperature, and water layer temperature. The graph shows that the air 1 temperature, ice layer 2 temperature, and water layer temperature were measured sequentially from top to bottom. The right vertical axis represents the measured pressure, namely ambient air 1 pressure, ice layer 2 pressure, and water layer pressure. The graph shows that the air 1 pressure, ice layer 2 pressure, and water layer pressure were measured sequentially from top to bottom. Small squares are used to indicate the pressure values ​​measured by multiple pressure sensors, and small triangles are used to indicate the temperature values ​​measured by multiple temperature sensors.

[0115] At the air temperature test point 1, the closer to the upper surface of ice layer 2, the lower the temperature, with the lowest temperature at the upper surface of ice layer 2 being -12.12℃; at the ice layer 2 temperature test point, the closer to the lower surface of ice layer 2, the higher the temperature, with the temperature at the lower surface of ice layer 2 approaching 0℃; at the water layer temperature test point, the deeper underwater, the higher the temperature.

[0116] At the air pressure test point 1, the pressure is close to atmospheric pressure, 0.1 MPa. At the ice layer pressure test point 2, the pressure on the upper surface of ice layer 2 suddenly increases compared to air 1, and then continuously increases to a maximum and then decreases as the distance from the upper surface of ice layer 2 increases, approaching 0 at the lower surface of ice layer 2. At the water layer pressure test point, the pressure increases with the depth underwater.

[0117] The temperatures of the air 1 and the upper surface of the ice layer 2 are easily affected by environmental factors such as sunlight, wind, rain and snow. The measured values ​​are not suitable for determining the position of the upper surface of the ice layer 2. In this embodiment, a pressure sensor 7 is selected to measure the height position of the upper surface of the ice layer 2.

[0118] In the description of this application, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "inner", "outer", "front", "rear", "left", "right", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship in the working state of this application. They are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this application.

[0119] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise expressly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of these terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0120] The present application has been described above with reference to preferred embodiments; however, these embodiments are merely exemplary and illustrative. Various substitutions and modifications can be made to the present application based on these embodiments, all of which fall within the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A device for monitoring ice thickness in pumped-storage power stations in frigid regions, characterized in that, This includes a monitoring column, pressure sensors, and temperature sensors; among which, The monitoring column is provided with a pressure measuring area and a temperature measuring area; the pressure measuring area is provided with a plurality of pressure sensors, the temperature measuring area is provided with a plurality of temperature sensors, the plurality of temperature sensors are arranged in a spiral shape on the monitoring column, and the plurality of pressure sensors are arranged in a spiral shape on the monitoring column. When the monitoring column is located in water, the height position of the pressure measuring area is at least partially located in the air and in the ice layer, and the multiple pressure sensors are located at at least two height positions to determine the height position of the upper surface of the ice layer; When the monitoring column is located in the water, the height position of the temperature measuring zone is at least partially located in the ice layer and in the water, and the multiple temperature sensors are located at at least two height positions to determine the height position of the lower surface of the ice layer. The monitoring column includes a main body and a protruding rod, the protruding rod being fixed to the outside of the main body; the monitoring column has a counterweight for adjusting the overall density of the monitoring column. The surface of the monitoring column is provided with an elastic protective layer, which covers the temperature sensor and the pressure sensor. The elastic protective layer includes a volume-compressible elastomer for releasing the static pressure of the ice layer. It also includes a data transmission device, which includes multiple input terminals. A portion of the multiple input terminals is connected to signals corresponding to the multiple temperature sensors, and another portion of the input terminals is connected to signals corresponding to the multiple pressure sensors. It also includes a processor and an output device. The data transmission device transmits the measured pressure and temperature data to the processor, and the processor sends a signal to the output device, which outputs the ice thickness.

2. The ice thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power stations in frigid regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, Five to 400 pressure sensors are arranged along the height.

3. The ice thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power stations in frigid regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, Five to 400 of the aforementioned temperature sensors are arranged along the height.

4. The ice thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power stations in frigid regions according to claim 2, characterized in that, The pressure sensor has a pressure testing range of 0 ~ 2.0 MPa and an accuracy of 0.1%FS ~ 0.5%FS; And / or the temperature sensor has a temperature measurement range of -50℃ to 130℃ and a measurement accuracy of 0.01℃ to 1.0℃.

5. The ice thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power stations in frigid regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The length of the monitoring column is 30mm to 3000mm.

6. The ice thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power stations in frigid regions according to claim 5, characterized in that, The protruding rods are provided in 9 to 90 portions, and the protruding rods are arranged along the height direction on the body. The minimum distance from the connection position of the protruding rod to the body to the top of the body is L1, and the length of the body is L2, wherein 10%≤L1 / L2≤50%.

7. The ice thickness monitoring device for a pumped storage power station in a frigid region according to claim 1, wherein the center of gravity of the monitoring device is located at 65% to 100% of the height from the top along the vertical direction from top to bottom.

8. The ice thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power stations in frigid regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The material in the elastic protective layer has a hardness of 5 to 50, and the hardness standard is Shore A. And / or the thickness of the material of the elastic protective layer is 0.1mm to 3mm; And / or the water absorption rate of the material of the elastic protective layer is 0~1%, the water absorption rate is by weight percentage, under the condition of soaking at room temperature for 30 days; And / or the thermal conductivity of the material of the elastic protective layer is 0.5 W / (m²). K) ~ 20W / (m K).

9. The ice thickness monitoring device for pumped storage power stations in frigid regions according to claim 1, characterized in that, The data transmission device is placed inside the cavity of the monitoring column, or the data transmission device is placed on the surface of the monitoring column.

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