Solar cell and electric device

Abstract

The application discloses a solar cell and an electric device. The solar cell comprises a substrate, a first electrode, a first transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a second transport layer and a second electrode which are arranged in layers. The photoelectric conversion layer comprises a perovskite material and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles comprise a noble metal core and a coating layer covering the outer surface of the noble metal core. The coating layer comprises a passivation functional group modified silicon oxide. The passivation functional group is a Lewis acid or a Lewis base. The application can improve light absorption and scattering. The coating layer can avoid direct contact between the nanoparticles and the perovskite material. The passivation functional group can passivate defects of the perovskite material, thereby improving the stability of the device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application belongs to the field of solar cell technology, and in particular relates to a solar cell and an electrical device. Background Technology

[0002] A solar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy through the photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. Perovskite solar cells generate electricity by absorbing light waves through a perovskite layer. Due to their low cost and environmentally friendly materials, perovskite solar cells are gradually becoming a popular type of solar cell. However, the absorption rate of light waves by the perovskite layer is limited, which restricts the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this application is to provide a display module and display device that aim to solve the problem of decreased touch performance in display devices.

[0004] The first aspect of this application provides a solar cell, which includes a substrate, a first electrode, a first transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a second transport layer, and a second electrode stacked together. The photoelectric conversion layer includes perovskite material and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles include a noble metal core and a coating layer covering the outer surface of the noble metal core. The coating layer includes silicon oxide modified with passivation functional groups, and the passivation functional groups are Lewis acids or Lewis bases.

[0005] In some embodiments, the passivating functional group includes at least one of thiol, cyano, or amino.

[0006] In some embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer includes a perovskite layer and a plasmonic layer, the plasmonic layer being stacked on at least one side of the perovskite layer, the perovskite layer comprising a perovskite material, and the plasmonic layer comprising nanoparticles.

[0007] In some embodiments, plasmon layers are disposed on opposite sides of the perovskite layer perpendicular to the substrate.

[0008] In some embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer includes a perovskite layer and nanoparticles filled in the perovskite layer, wherein the perovskite layer comprises a perovskite material.

[0009] In some embodiments, nanoparticles include spherical particles and rod-shaped particles.

[0010] In some embodiments, the diameter of the spherical particles is D1, and D1 satisfies the following condition: 30nm≤D1≤60nm;

[0011] Preferably, the diameter of the rod-shaped particles is D2, and D2 satisfies the following condition: 30nm≤D2≤40nm.

[0012] In some embodiments, the length of the rod-shaped particle is L, where L satisfies the following condition: 1nm≤L≤200nm;

[0013] Preferably, the aspect ratio of the rod-shaped particles is R, and R satisfies the following condition: 1.5≤R≤6.

[0014] In some embodiments, the thickness of the coating layer is H, where H satisfies the following condition: 2nm≤H≤5nm.

[0015] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes an encapsulation cover plate disposed on the side of the second electrode away from the substrate;

[0016] Preferably, the solar cell further includes a first sealant layer, which is disposed on the substrate and surrounds the first electrode in the circumferential direction. The encapsulation cover is bonded to the substrate through the first sealant layer.

[0017] Preferably, there is a gap between the package cover and the second electrode in a direction perpendicular to the substrate.

[0018] Preferably, the solar cell further includes a second sealant layer, which fills the gap between the encapsulation cover and the second electrode.

[0019] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes an encapsulation layer disposed on the side of the second electrode away from the substrate, and the encapsulation layer covers the edges of the first electrode, the first transport layer, the photoelectric conversion layer, the second transport layer, and the second electrode, respectively.

[0020] Preferably, the encapsulation layer includes a first inorganic encapsulation layer, an organic encapsulation layer, and a second inorganic encapsulation layer stacked in a direction away from the substrate;

[0021] Preferably, the solar cell further includes an encapsulation cover plate disposed on the side of the encapsulation layer away from the substrate.

[0022] A second aspect of this application provides an electrical device including a solar cell according to any of the above embodiments.

[0023] The solar cell of this application embodiment includes a substrate, a first electrode, a first transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a second transport layer, and a second electrode stacked together. The photoelectric conversion layer includes perovskite material and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles include a noble metal core and a coating layer covering the outer surface of the noble metal core. The noble metal core has plasmon properties, which can generate near-field field enhancement on the surface of the nanoparticles, improving light absorption and scattering. The coating layer includes silicon oxide modified with passivation functional groups, which are Lewis acids or Lewis bases. The coating layer can prevent nanoparticles from directly contacting the perovskite material, thus preventing an increase in the nonradiative recombination probability of photogenerated carriers and suppressing the performance of the battery device. Moreover, the passivation functional groups can passivate defects in the perovskite material, improving the stability of the device. Attached Figure Description

[0024] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, the drawings used in the embodiments of this application will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0025] Figure 1 A cross-sectional schematic diagram of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of nanoparticles provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0027] Figure 3 A cross-sectional schematic diagram of a solar cell provided for other embodiments of this application;

[0028] Figures 4-8 This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application.

[0029] The attached icons are numbered as follows:

[0030] Solar cell 100; substrate 10; first electrode 20; first transport layer 30; photoelectric conversion layer 40; second transport layer 50; second electrode 60; nanoparticles 41; noble metal core 411; coating layer 412; spherical particles 413; rod-shaped particles 414; perovskite layer 42; plasmonic layer 43; encapsulation cover plate 71; first sealant layer 72; second sealant layer 73; gap 74; encapsulation layer 80; first inorganic encapsulation layer 81; organic encapsulation layer 82; second inorganic encapsulation layer 83. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The embodiments of this application will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. The detailed description of the following embodiments and the accompanying drawings are used to illustrate the principles of this application by way of example, but should not be used to limit the scope of this application, that is, this application is not limited to the described embodiments.

[0032] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more; the terms "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicating orientation or positional relationships, are only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation on this application. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance. "Vertical" is not vertical in the strict sense, but within the allowable tolerance range. "Parallel" is not parallel in the strict sense, but within the allowable tolerance range.

[0033] In this application, the reference to "embodiment" means that a specific feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of this application. The appearance of this phrase in various places throughout the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it a mutually exclusive, independent, or alternative embodiment. It will be explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described in this application can be combined with other embodiments.

[0034] The directional terms used in the following description refer to the directions shown in the figures and are not intended to limit the specific structure of this application. It should also be noted in the description of this application that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "joining" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application based on the specific circumstances.

[0035] Perovskite solar cells, as a novel third-generation solar cell that converts light energy into electrical energy, have become one of the current research hotspots in photoelectric conversion materials due to their advantages such as high conversion efficiency, low cost, and simple manufacturing process. They are the most promising new solar energy conversion materials to replace traditional solar cells. In related technologies, a perovskite layer is incorporated into the solar cell to absorb light waves and generate electricity. However, the absorption rate of the perovskite layer is limited, resulting in limited utilization of light waves by the solar cell.

[0036] To address the aforementioned problems, this application provides a solar cell and an electrical device. The following description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrates various embodiments of the solar cell and the electrical device.

[0037] Please refer to the following: Figure 1 and Figure 2 The first aspect of this application provides a solar cell 100, including a substrate 10, a first electrode 20, a first transport layer 30, a photoelectric conversion layer 40, a second transport layer 50, and a second electrode 60 stacked together. The photoelectric conversion layer 40 includes perovskite material and nanoparticles 41. The nanoparticles 41 include a noble metal core 411 and a coating layer 412 covering the outer surface of the noble metal core 411. The coating layer 412 includes silicon oxide modified with passivation functional groups, and the passivation functional groups are Lewis acids or Lewis bases.

[0038] The substrate 10 can be a glass substrate. The substrate 10 provides physical support for the solar cell 100, maintaining a stable structure for the entire device. It also protects the active materials inside the solar cell 100 from dust, moisture, and other contaminants in the environment. Moreover, the glass substrate 10 is transparent, allowing sunlight to pass through and illuminate the active layer of the solar cell 100 to generate electron-hole pairs. This enables the solar cell 100 to absorb light and convert it into electrical energy.

[0039] When light waves enter a perovskite material, the material absorbs photons and generates charge carriers. These carriers then pass through the transport layer and electrodes to form an electric current, thus converting light energy into electrical energy. This light wave can be sunlight. The perovskite material can be Cs. 0.05 FA 0.9 MA 0.05 Pb(I 0.95 Br 0.05 )3 or Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3.

[0040] The noble metal core 411 of nanoparticle 41 can be gold or silver and exhibits plasmon properties. When light waves act on nanoparticle 41, the noble metal core 411 in nanoparticle 41 can generate localized surface plasmons (LSPs). Localized surface plasmons are the phenomenon where electrons tightly surrounding nanoparticle 41 oscillate back and forth with the frequency of the incident light when light waves are incident on nanoparticle 41. When the oscillation frequency of the surface electrons of nanoparticle 41 matches the frequency of the incident light wave, the surface electrons will resonate. In the resonant state, the energy of the near-field strength is effectively converted into the collective vibrational energy of the surface electrons of nanoparticle 41, and the near-field strength is confined to a very small range within nanoparticle 41 and is enhanced. Furthermore, since the near-field field strength enhancement can significantly improve the light absorption and scattering on the surface of nanoparticles 41, when local surface plasmons are generated in the noble metal core 411, the near-field field strength of the noble metal core 411 is enhanced. The near-field field strength enhancement can improve the absorption rate of light waves by the photoelectric conversion layer 40, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion layer 40.

[0041] The solar cell 100 in this embodiment can be either a conventional structure or an inverted structure. If the solar cell 100 is a conventional structure, then the first transport layer 30 is an electron transport layer and the second transport layer 50 is a hole transport layer. If the solar cell 100 is an inverted structure, then the first transport layer 30 is a hole transport layer and the second transport layer 50 is an electron transport layer.

[0042] For example, the first electrode 20 is an electrode made of indium tin oxide (FTO), the second electrode 60 is an aluminum electrode, the first transport layer 30 is a hole transport layer, and the second transport layer 50 is an electron transport layer. The hole transport layer can be made of nickel oxide, and the electron transport layer can be made of tin oxide or zinc oxide. Light waves enter the interior of the solar cell 100 from the substrate 10. The light waves pass through the first electrode 20 and the first transport layer 30, and act on the metal core of the photoelectric conversion layer 40, generating local surface plasmons. The perovskite material absorbs photons and generates electrons and holes. Holes are collected by the first electrode 20 after passing through the first transport layer 30, and electrons are collected by the second electrode 60 after passing through the second transport layer 50. A photocurrent is generated by connecting the first electrode 20 and the second electrode 60.

[0043] Silicon oxide is a light-transmitting insulating material to ensure that light waves can pass through the cladding layer 412 and act on the noble metal core 411. When the noble metal core 411 is in direct contact with the perovskite material, the probability of non-radiative recombination of charge carriers by the perovskite material after absorbing photons increases, thereby suppressing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photoelectric conversion layer 40. In this embodiment, by providing the cladding layer 412 to cover the outside of the noble metal core 411, light waves can pass through the cladding layer 412 to irradiate the noble metal core 411, and the cladding layer 412 can prevent direct contact between the noble metal core 411 and the perovskite material, reducing carrier loss due to non-radiative recombination.

[0044] Lewis acids are chemical substances that can accept electron pairs (also known as Lewis basic electron pair acceptors). They are electron pair acceptors, possessing unpaired electrons that can bind to free electron pairs in other substances. Lewis bases are chemical substances that can donate electron pairs (also known as Lewis basic electron pair donors). They are electron pair donors, whose lone pairs of electrons can bind to empty orbitals or unpaired electrons in Lewis acids.

[0045] The stability of the perovskite solar cell 100 is mainly affected by the performance of the perovskite material. On the one hand, since the perovskite solar cell 100 is a layered structure, defects are prone to occur on the white surface of the photoelectric conversion layer 40. These surface defects can easily cause the decomposition of the perovskite bulk phase, resulting in a decrease in device performance. On the other hand, the morphology of the perovskite material has a significant impact on charge transport performance. When the perovskite crystal structure changes or the number of perovskite crystal defects increases, it can also lead to a decrease in device performance.

[0046] The silicon oxide coating layer 412 of the nanoparticles 41 in this embodiment is modified with Lewis acids or Lewis bases. Passivating functional groups can passivate defects in the perovskite material and improve device stability. Specifically, Lewis acid or Lewis base molecules can occupy or fill defect sites in the perovskite, thereby reducing the influence of these sites. For example, some Lewis base molecules can bind to oxygen vacancies in the perovskite, filling these vacancies and reducing obstacles in electron transport. Lewis acids or Lewis bases can alter the electron transport pathway within the material, making it easier for electrons to pass through. By chemically reacting with defect sites, they can improve electron transport performance and reduce electron recombination and loss caused by defects. Lewis acids or Lewis bases can also stabilize the perovskite material, reducing its degradation and deterioration during long-term use.

[0047] In summary, the solar cell 100 of this application embodiment includes a substrate 10, a first electrode 20, a first transport layer 30, a photoelectric conversion layer 40, a second transport layer 50, and a second electrode 60 stacked together. The photoelectric conversion layer 40 includes perovskite material and nanoparticles 41. The nanoparticles 41 include a noble metal core 411 and a coating layer 412 covering the outer surface of the noble metal core 411. The noble metal core 411 has plasmon properties, which can generate near-field field enhancement on the surface of the nanoparticles 41, improving light absorption and scattering. The coating layer 412 includes silicon oxide modified with passivation functional groups, which are Lewis acids or Lewis bases. The coating layer 412 can prevent the nanoparticles 41 from directly contacting the perovskite material, thus preventing an increase in the nonradiative recombination probability of photogenerated carriers and suppressing the performance of the battery device. Moreover, the passivation functional groups can passivate defects in the perovskite material, improving the stability of the device.

[0048] In some embodiments, the passivating functional group includes at least one of thiol (-SH), cyano (-CN), or amino (NH2).

[0049] For example, (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane is used, and silica with a 3-aminopropyl group is formed through hydrolysis and condensation polymerization, wherein the passivating functional group is an amino group, which is a Lewis base. Alternatively, 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane is used, and silica with a 3-mercaptopropyl group is formed through hydrolysis and condensation polymerization, wherein the passivating functional group is a mercapto group, which is a Lewis base. Alternatively, 2-cyanoethyltriethoxysilane is used, and silica with a 2-cyanoethyl group is formed through hydrolysis and condensation polymerization, wherein the passivating functional group is a cyano group, which can act as both a Lewis base and a Lewis acid.

[0050] The nanoparticles 41 in this embodiment have thiol, cyano, or amino groups. These functional groups can attach to the surface of the nanoparticles 41, passivating defects in the perovskite material and thereby improving the stability of the solar cell 100. Furthermore, thiol, cyano, or amino groups have good biocompatibility, making them easy to use in the nanoparticles 41 and facilitating their fabrication process.

[0051] In some embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer 40 includes a perovskite layer 42 and a plasmonic layer 43, with the plasmonic layer 43 stacked on at least one side of the perovskite layer 42. The perovskite layer 42 includes a perovskite material, and the plasmonic layer 43 includes nanoparticles 41.

[0052] The plasmon layer 43 can be disposed on either side of the perovskite layer 42 as needed. The plasmon layer 43 can be disposed on the light-incident side of the perovskite layer 42, where light waves first enter the plasmon layer 43 and then the perovskite layer 42. Alternatively, the plasmon layer 43 can be disposed on the light-outceasing side of the perovskite layer 42, where light waves first enter the perovskite layer 42 and then the plasmon layer 43. Or, plasmon layers 43 can be disposed on both the light-incident and light-outceasing sides of the perovskite layer 42.

[0053] The plasmon layer 43 in this embodiment can generate near-field enhancement on the surface of nanoparticles 41, thereby improving light absorption and scattering. The coating layer 412 includes silicon oxide modified with passivation functional groups, which are Lewis acids or Lewis bases. The coating layer 412 prevents nanoparticles 41 from directly contacting the perovskite layer 42, thus avoiding an increase in the nonradiative recombination probability of photogenerated carriers and suppressing performance issues in the battery device. Furthermore, the passivation functional groups can passivate defects in the perovskite layer 42, improving device stability.

[0054] In some embodiments, plasmon layers 43 are disposed on both opposite sides of the perovskite layer 42 perpendicular to the substrate 10, that is, plasmon layers 43 are disposed on both the light incident side and the light emitting side of the perovskite layer 42. The photoelectric conversion layer 40 has a sandwich structure, which further enhances the plasmon effect, thereby further improving light absorption and scattering, and further passivating the defects of the perovskite layer 42.

[0055] like Figure 3 As shown, in some other embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer 40 includes a perovskite layer 42 and nanoparticles 41 filled in the perovskite layer 42, the perovskite layer 42 comprising a perovskite material.

[0056] In other words, the photoelectric conversion layer 40 is a single, continuous layer, with nanoparticles 41 filling the perovskite layer 42 to form the photoelectric conversion layer 40. Filling the perovskite layer 42 with nanoparticles 41 reduces the electron transport distance, thereby reducing electron loss during transport. This helps improve the electron transport efficiency of the battery, thus improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency. Filling the perovskite layer 42 with nanoparticles 41 reduces electron-hole recombination because the nanoparticles 41 can provide additional electron receiving sites, thereby increasing the opportunities for electron capture and transport. Filling the perovskite layer with nanoparticles 41 allows for tighter integration, preventing separation or detachment of the surface layer and maintaining the integrity of the material. Compared to setting a plasmonic layer 43 on one side of the perovskite layer 42, filling with nanoparticles 41 is simpler in terms of fabrication process, requiring no additional material processing steps, reducing fabrication costs and complexity.

[0057] like Figure 4As shown, in some embodiments, nanoparticles 41 include spherical particles 413 and rod-shaped particles 414. The mixed-morphology nanoparticles 41 combine the characteristics of spherical particles 413 and rod-shaped particles 414, making them suitable for a variety of applications. By adjusting the size, shape, and arrangement of the spherical particles 413 and rod-shaped particles 414, the mixed-morphology nanoparticles 411 can achieve more complex optical effects, contributing to the optimization of the performance of the solar cell 100. Rod-shaped particles 414 typically have a larger nanoparticle surface area, while spherical particles 413 have more volume. The mixed morphology can provide a larger total surface area, which can be used to improve reactivity, catalytic performance, or adsorption performance.

[0058] In some embodiments, the diameter of the spherical particle 413 is D1, and D1 satisfies the following condition: 30nm≤D1≤60nm.

[0059] If the diameter of the spherical particles 413 is too small, the light absorption and scattering will be relatively low, reducing the plasmon properties. Large-diameter spherical particles 413 are more prone to sedimentation and are not easily uniformly dispersed in the liquid, potentially leading to inhomogeneity of the nanoparticles 41 and making them difficult to prepare. Furthermore, large-diameter nanoparticles 41 can limit the development of nano-effects. The spherical particles 413 in this embodiment have a moderate diameter, which improves both the light absorption and scattering of the solar cell 100 and facilitates preparation, thus improving the uniformity of the nanoparticles 41.

[0060] In some embodiments, the diameter of the rod-shaped particle 414 is D2, and D2 satisfies the following condition: 30nm≤D2≤40nm.

[0061] Similarly, the rod-shaped particles 414 in this embodiment have a moderate diameter, which can improve the light absorption and scattering of the solar cell 100, and is also easy to prepare, thus improving the uniformity of the nanoparticles 41.

[0062] In some embodiments, the length of the rod-shaped particle 414 is L, where L satisfies the following condition: 1nm≤L≤200nm;

[0063] Similarly, the rod-shaped particles 414 in this embodiment have a moderate length, which can improve the light absorption and scattering of the solar cell 100, facilitate preparation, and improve the uniformity of the nanoparticles 41.

[0064] In some embodiments, the aspect ratio of the rod-shaped particle 414 is R, where R satisfies the following condition: 1.5 ≤ R ≤ 6.

[0065] The aspect ratio, also known as the longitudinal-to-diameter ratio, refers to the ratio of the length of the rod-shaped particle 414 to its width or diameter. This ratio directly affects the properties of the rod-shaped particle 414 and its performance in different applications. If the aspect ratio of the rod-shaped particle 414 is too small, the light absorption and scattering will be relatively low. Rod-shaped particles 414 with a small aspect ratio exhibit poor mechanical properties, such as lower strength, hardness, and rigidity. Rod-shaped particles 414 with a large aspect ratio are more difficult to disperse uniformly in liquids. The rod-shaped particles 414 in the embodiments of this application have a moderate aspect ratio, which can improve the light absorption and scattering of the solar cell 100, facilitate its fabrication, and improve the uniformity of the nanoparticles 41.

[0066] In some embodiments, the thickness of the covering layer 412 is H, where H satisfies the following condition: 2nm≤H≤5nm.

[0067] If the cladding layer 412 is too thin, it will fail to provide insulation between the noble metal core 411 and the perovskite material; if the cladding layer 412 is too thick, the near-field enhancement generated by the localized surface plasmons of the noble metal core 411 will not affect the perovskite material. By setting the thickness of the cladding layer 412 to 2–5 nm, the nonradiative recombination of charge carriers generated by photon absorption in the perovskite material is reduced, ensuring that the near-field enhancement generated by the localized surface plasmons of the noble metal core 411 can affect the perovskite material, and ensuring that the cladding layer 412 has good light transmittance.

[0068] like Figure 5 As shown, in some embodiments, the solar cell 100 further includes an encapsulation cover plate 71, which is disposed on the side of the second electrode 60 away from the substrate 10.

[0069] The encapsulation cover 71 can be a glass cover with a certain degree of light transmittance to allow sunlight to pass through. The encapsulation cover 71 not only provides mechanical support to help prevent the solar cell 100 from bending, flexing, or being damaged by external stress, but also protects the solar cell 100 by isolating the first electrode 20, the first transport layer 30, the photoelectric conversion layer 40, the second transport layer 50, and the second electrode 60 from the external environment, preventing them from being affected by moisture, dust, chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, and mechanical damage, thus helping to extend the lifespan of the solar cell 100.

[0070] In some embodiments, the solar cell 100 further includes a first sealant layer 72, which is disposed on the substrate 10 and surrounds the first electrode 20 in the circumferential direction. The encapsulation cover 71 is bonded to the substrate 10 through the first sealant layer 72.

[0071] The material of the first sealant layer 72 can be fluororubber sealant, polyurethane sealant, epoxy resin sealant, etc. The first sealant layer 72 is not only arranged circumferentially around the first electrode 20, but also circumferentially around the first transport layer 30, the photoelectric conversion layer 40, the second transport layer 50, and the second electrode 60. In other words, the first sealant layer 72 encapsulates the side portion of the solar cell 100. The first sealant layer 72 fixes the encapsulation cover plate 71. Through the combination of the substrate 10, the first sealant layer, and the encapsulation cover plate 71, the overall encapsulation of the solar cell 100 is achieved, improving the encapsulation effect.

[0072] In some embodiments, a gap 74 is provided between the encapsulation cover 71 and the second electrode 60 in a direction perpendicular to the substrate 10.

[0073] The interior of the solar cell 100 can be evacuated to prevent residual air in the gap 74 between the various film layers, the encapsulation cover 71 and the second electrode 60. Then, the gap 74 can be filled with inert gas or inert sealing material.

[0074] In this embodiment of the application, the encapsulation cover 71 does not contact the second electrode 60, which can prevent the encapsulation cover 71 from having an adverse effect on the second electrode 60.

[0075] like Figure 6 As shown, in some embodiments, the solar cell 100 further includes a second sealant layer 73, which fills the gap 74 between the encapsulation cover 71 and the second electrode 60.

[0076] The second sealant layer 73 can be made of the same material as the first sealant layer 72, such as fluororubber sealant, polyurethane sealant, epoxy resin sealant, etc. The second sealant layer 73 can fill the gap 74 between the encapsulation cover plate 71 and the second electrode 60, further reducing the entry of water, oxygen, etc. into the solar cell 100, and further improving the encapsulation effect of the solar cell 100.

[0077] like Figure 7 As shown, in some embodiments, the solar cell 100 further includes an encapsulation layer 80, which is disposed on the side of the second electrode 60 away from the substrate 10, and the encapsulation layer 80 covers the edges of the first electrode 20, the first transport layer 30, the photoelectric conversion layer 40, the second transport layer 50, and the second electrode 60, respectively.

[0078] The encapsulation layer 80 encapsulates all the film layers inside the solar cell 100. That is, the encapsulation layer 80 encapsulates the top and sides of the solar cell 100 at the same time, preventing the solar cell 100 from being affected by moisture, dust, chemicals, ultraviolet radiation and mechanical damage, which helps to extend the life of the solar cell 100.

[0079] Preferably, the encapsulation layer 80 includes a first inorganic encapsulation layer 81, an organic encapsulation layer 82, and a second inorganic encapsulation layer 83 stacked in a direction away from the substrate 10.

[0080] The first inorganic encapsulation layer 81 and the second inorganic encapsulation layer 83 can be made of materials such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride, providing good mechanical support and encapsulation protection to prevent the solar cell 100 from being affected by the environment. At the same time, the first inorganic encapsulation layer 81 and the second inorganic encapsulation layer 83 can also effectively isolate harmful substances such as moisture and oxygen from entering the interior of the solar cell 100, thereby improving the service life and stability of the solar cell 100.

[0081] The organic encapsulation layer 82 can be made of organic materials such as polymers. The organic encapsulation layer 80 can further isolate external moisture, oxygen, etc. from entering the interior of the solar cell 100. The thickness of the organic encapsulation layer 82 is greater than the thickness of the first inorganic encapsulation layer 81 and the second inorganic encapsulation layer 83, and it is more flexible, which can buffer external forces.

[0082] like Figure 8 As shown, the solar cell 100 also includes an encapsulation cover plate 71, which is disposed on the side of the encapsulation layer 80 away from the substrate 10.

[0083] The encapsulation cover 71 can be bonded to the substrate 10 via the first sealant layer 72. The combination of the encapsulation layer 80 and the encapsulation cover 71 can improve the encapsulation effect of the solar cell 100 and ensure the mechanical strength of the solar cell 100, preventing mechanical damage.

[0084] A second aspect of this application provides an electrical device including a solar cell 100 according to any of the above embodiments. Since this electrical device employs all the technical solutions of all the above embodiments, it possesses at least all the beneficial effects brought about by the technical solutions of the above embodiments, which will not be elaborated upon here.

[0085] The electrical equipment can be mobile devices such as mobile phones, tablets, laptops, PDAs, in-vehicle electronic devices, wearable devices, ultra-mobile personal computers (UMPCs), netbooks, or personal digital assistants (PDAs), as well as non-mobile devices such as personal computers (PCs), televisions (TVs), ATMs, or self-service machines.

[0086] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of this application, but the scope of protection of this application is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of various equivalent modifications or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in this application, and these modifications or substitutions should all be covered within the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, the scope of protection of this application should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A solar cell, characterized in that, The device includes a substrate, a first electrode, a first transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, a second transport layer, and a second electrode stacked together. The photoelectric conversion layer includes perovskite material and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles include a noble metal core and a coating layer covering the outer surface of the noble metal core. The coating layer includes silicon oxide modified with passivation functional groups, where the passivation functional groups are Lewis acids or Lewis bases.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The passivating functional group includes at least one of thiol, cyano, or amino.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photoelectric conversion layer includes a perovskite layer and a plasmonic layer, wherein the plasmonic layer is stacked on at least one side of the perovskite layer, the perovskite layer includes the perovskite material, and the plasmonic layer includes the nanoparticles.

4. The solar cell according to claim 3, characterized in that, The perovskite layer has plasmonic layers disposed on opposite sides perpendicular to the substrate.

5. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photoelectric conversion layer includes a perovskite layer and nanoparticles filled in the perovskite layer, wherein the perovskite layer includes the perovskite material.

6. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nanoparticles include spherical particles and rod-shaped particles.

7. The solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, The diameter of the spherical particle is D1, and D1 satisfies the following condition: 30nm≤D1≤60nm.

8. The solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, The diameter of the rod-shaped particle is D2, and D2 satisfies the following condition: 30nm≤D2≤40nm.

9. The solar cell according to claim 6, characterized in that, The length of the rod-shaped particle is L, and L satisfies the following condition: 1nm≤L≤200nm.

10. The solar cell according to claim 9, characterized in that, The aspect ratio of the rod-shaped particle is R, and R satisfies the following condition: 1.5≤R≤6.

11. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thickness of the coating layer is H, and H satisfies the following condition: 2nm≤H≤5nm.

12. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The solar cell also includes an encapsulation cover plate disposed on the side of the second electrode away from the substrate.

13. The solar cell according to claim 12, characterized in that, The solar cell further includes a first sealant layer disposed on the substrate and surrounding the first electrode in the circumferential direction. The encapsulation cover is bonded to the substrate through the first sealant layer.

14. The solar cell according to claim 12, characterized in that, There is a gap between the package cover and the second electrode in a direction perpendicular to the substrate.

15. The solar cell according to claim 14, characterized in that, The solar cell further includes a second sealant layer, which fills the gap between the encapsulation cover and the second electrode.

16. The solar cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The solar cell further includes an encapsulation layer disposed on the side of the second electrode away from the substrate, and the encapsulation layer covers the edges of the first electrode, the first transport layer, the photoelectric conversion layer, the second transport layer, and the second electrode.

17. The solar cell according to claim 16, characterized in that, The encapsulation layer includes a first inorganic encapsulation layer, an organic encapsulation layer, and a second inorganic encapsulation layer stacked in a direction away from the substrate.

18. The solar cell according to claim 16, characterized in that, The solar cell also includes an encapsulation cover plate disposed on the side of the encapsulation layer opposite to the substrate.

19. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, Including the solar cell as described in any one of claims 1 to 18.

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